Modul Bahasa Inggris

MEETING 13. REVIEW

Global Thinking in the 21st Century
At the end of the 20th century, the world is changing in important ways. Until recently,
nations acted independently. Each country did its business and tried to solve its problems
alone. But now, the economy is worldwide and communications technologies have connected
people all over the globe. Many problems are global, too, and can no longer be solved by
individual nations.
Environmental destruction is one of these problems. As the world’s population has grown
and technology has developed, the environment has suffered. Some nations have begun to try
to stop the pollution and the environmental destruction. But the environment is global-the
atmosphere, the oceans, and many forms of life are all connected. Thus, the solutions require
global thinking.
The problem of ocean pollution is a good example. All the oceans of the world are
connected. Pollution does not stay where it begins. It spreads out from every river and every
harbor and affects bodies of water everywhere.
For centuries, people have used the ocean as dumping place. Many cities take tons of
garbage out to sea and dump it there. The quantity of garbage that ends up in the water is
incredible. Five million plastic containers are thrown into the world’s ocean every day! Aside
from plastics, many other dangerous substances are dumped in oceans. These include human
waste and chemical used in agriculture. In every year, oil tankers accidentally spill millions
of gallons of oil into the sea.
Some people believe that the oceans are so large that chemical and waste will disappear.
However, many things, such as chemical and plastics, stay in the water and create problems.
They eventually float to shore and are eaten by tiny sea creatures. Then the larger animals
that eat tiny creatures are poisoned and die. Harbors and coasts around the world have
become unsafe for humans or animals. The world’s fish populations are rapidly shrinking.
Another global pollution problem concerns the atmosphere. Until recently,
chlorflourcarbons (CFCs) were used around the world in manufacturing refrigerators.
Scientists discovered that these CFCs were destroying the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The
ozone layer helps protect the earth from the sun’s rays. Without this layer, most form of life
on earth –including humans- probably would not be able to live.
CFCs will soon completely banned in the United States and in most developed countries.
But many other counties still use CFCs in manufacturing. Among these countries are some of
the most populous on earth, such as India and China. These counties need to change their
refrigerator factories to non-CFCs processes. But they may not be able to make this change
alone. They will need help from industrialized countries. That is what global thinking means-
working together for solutions.
Do not look back at the passage!

1. The passage is about ____________

a. Air pollution.
b. Old ways of thinking.
c. Global thinking.

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d. Refrigerator factories in China.

2. You may infer from the passage that in the past ____________
a. Problems were more local.
b. Nations were more interested in the environment.
c. The economy was more global.
d. Individual nations did not have as many problems.

3. Until now, most nations followed the principal that _______________

a. All countries should share their problems
b. All nations were enemies.
c. Each nation should take care of its own problems.
d. What happens in China affect everyone.

4. According to this passage, many environmental problems ____________

a. Are caused by global thinking.
b. Are caused by old ways of thinking.
c. Are caused by the United States and Japan.
d. Cannot be solved by local laws.

5. The solution to ocean pollution requires global thinking because ____________

a. No one cares about the ocean.
b. The oceans are so large.
c. All of the world’s oceans are connected.
d. More oil is needed in the developing country.

6. Increasing global population and the development of technology _____________

a. Will solve the problem of ocean pollution.
b. Have made the pollution problem worse.
c. Is a result of global thinking.
d. Have resulted in more business opportunities.

7. From this article, we can infer that, in manufacturing refrigerators, ____________

a. CFCs must be used all around the world.
b. Only China uses CFCs.
c. Other chemicals can be used in place of CFCs.
d. Only CFCs are available in China.

8. Nations must learn to think globally because _________________

a. Communication technologies will solve our problems.
b. Large business will spread around the world.
c. Changes in the world require stronger nations.
d. That is the only way to solve global problems.

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The population explosion

The population of the earth is growing fast. In 1950, it was 2.5 billion. By 1992, it had
jumped to 5.5 million. By the year 2050, it will probably reach billion. The worldwide trend
is clearly towards rapid population growth. However, it is not happening in all parts of the
world.
The population of industrialized countries has also stopped growing. But in less-
developed countries, it continues to grow at a very fast rate. Every year, about 97 million
people are added to the world population. About 90 percent of these are in less-developed
countries.
The reason for this difference in population growth lies in the birth rate (the birth rate is
the average number of children per woman of child-bearing age).Population increases or
decreases according to the birth rate. When the birth rate is over 2.0, the population grows.
When it is less than 2.0, the population decreases.
In industrialized countries, a very low birth rate has caused population growth to slow
down or stop altogether. Italy has the lowest birth rate in the world –only 1.3. In most
European countries and in Japan, the birth rate is under 2.0. The birth rate in the United States
is just over 2.0.
While birth rates have been decline in these countries, life expectancy has been
increasing. (Life expectancy is the average length of person’s life.) In almost all
industrialized countries, life expectancy is now well over 70 years of age. This means that the
percentage of older people in the population is increasing. In Italy, for example, one quarter
of all Italians will be over 65 years old by the year 2015.
In less-developed countries, the situation is completely different. The birth rate in many
places is extremely high. It is over 7.0 in many African countries and as high as 8.3 in
Rwanda. At the same time, life expectancy in these countries is very low. For example, the
life expectancy in Ethiopian is less than 40 years. The population, on average, is very young,
which means a high percentage of women of child-bearing age. Thus, even if birth rates
decline, the population will continue to increase for many years.
Rapid population growth also partly explains why less-developed countries remain much
poorer than industrialized countries. There is already enormous difference in wealth. The
average annual income per person in industrialized countries is about $16, 500. In less-
developed countries, it is only about $750. As the population increases, so do the problems.
Crowding on the land means that water, food, and fire-wood become ever more difficult to

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find. Hunger and disease kill millions, especially children. And, as a result, people flood to
the cities, or to other countries to look for a better life.
Thus, the population explosion is another global problem that needs a global solution.
Do not look back at the passage!

1. This passage is about ______________

a. Population growth in less-developed countries.
b. Birth rates around the world.
c. Population growth in different part of the world.
d. The expectancy in industrialized countries.

2. Population growth is _____________

a. Fastest in less developed countries.
b. Slowest in less-developed countries.
c. Happening everywhere at the same rate.
d. Slowing down around the world.

3. Population generally growth fastest when ____________

a. Life expectancy increases.
b. The birth rate increases.
c. Average income increases.
d. The birth rate declines.

4. The birth rate in industrialized countries is ______________

a. About 1.3
b. Generally high.
c. Rapidly increasing.
d. Around 2.0 or less.

5. We can infer from this passage that life expectancy in Italy _____________
a. Is lowest than in Japan.
b. Is under 70nyears.
c. Is over 70 years.
d. Will decline in a few years.

6. In some less-developed countries, the birth rate is __________

a. As high as 8.0.
b. Generally around 2.0
c. Slowly decreasing.
d. Lower than in the industrialized countries.

7. The population in less- developed countries is very young because of a __________

a. High life expectancy and low birth rate.

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b. Low life expectancy and high birth rate.

c. Low average annual income.
d. High percentage of women of child-bearing age.

8. Many less-developed countries stay poor because of _____________

a. Their low annual income.
b. The crowded cities.
c. Hunger and disease
d. The rapidly increasing population.

Why So Many Children?

The rapid population growth in less-developed countries is a result of high birth rates.
Women in these countries have many children on average. Why do they have such large
families, when feeding and caring for them can be a problem? The answer may often be that
they have no choice. Many factors make it difficult for women to limit the size of their
families.
Economic undoubtedly plays an important role. In poor countries, a large family is
necessary for economic survival. More children means more hands for work. They also mean
someone to take care of the parents in old age. In industrialized countries, on the other hand,
children do not increase family income. Instead, they are an expense. Furthermore, people in
these countries usually do not depend on their children in their old age.
However, economics cannot entirely explain birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, has
one of the highest per-capita incomes in the world, but it also has a very high birth rate (7.0).
Mexico and Indonesia also do not follow the general rule. Though they are poor countries,
they have reduced their population growth by 53 percent and 25 percent in recent years.
Clearly, other factors are involved. These factors may relate to the economic situation, but
not necessarily. Population experts now believe that the most important of these factors is the
condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lak of education and
low status for women.
This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. Traditional Arab culture gives
woman little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. It also
explains the decline in birth rates in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia. Their government took
measures to improve education for women and opportunities for them outside the home.
Another key factor in the birth rate is the availability of birth control. Women may want
to limit their families, but have no way to do so. In Ireland, for example, birth control is
illegal. Not surprisingly, Ireland has the highest birth rate in Europe. Where governments
have made birth control easily available, on the other hand, birth rates have gone down. This
is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, and Mexico.
In these countries women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their
families.

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Yet another factor to influence the birth rate is infant mortality. (Infant mortality is the
percentage of babies who die in their first year.) In industrialized countries, infant mortality is
around 1.5 percent. In less-developed countries, however, it can be 20 percent or more.
Fearing the loss of some children, women are encouraged to have more.
Thus, an effective program to reduce population growth must work in many areas. But
above all it must be aimed at women and their needs. Only then does have any chance of
success.

Do not look back at the passage!

1. This passage is about ____________

a. Women in less-developed countries.
b. How economics can influence the birth rate.
c. Population growth.
d. The main factors that influence birth rate.

2. In poor countries ____________

a. The birth rate is usually high.
b. The birth rate is usually low.
c. The pro-capita income is usually high.
d. Children are an expense for the family.

3. In industrialized countries, children ____________

a. Necessary for economic survival.
b. Help to care for their parents in old age.
c. Do not usually depend on their parents.
d. Are expenses for the families.

4. According to this passage, Saudi Arabia is a _____________

a. Rich country with a low birth rate.
b. Rich country with a high birth rate.
c. Rich country with a high birth rate.
d. Poor country with a low birth rate.

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5. We can infer from this passage that women generally prefer ____________
a. Have smaller families.
b. Work at home.
c. Have no children.
d. Have large families.

6. One reason for the high birth rate in Ireland is that _____________
a. Birth control is easily available.
b. Many women work outside the home.
c. Birth control is not easily available.
d. Infant mortality is high.

7. A high infant mortality usually goes together with _____________

a. Easily available birth control.
b. Traditional cultures.
c. Education for women.
d. A high birth rate.

8. Government are successful in slowing down population growth when ___________

a. Infant mortality is eliminated.
b. They focus on the needs of women.
c. Parents are provided with old age pensions.
d. They help women to take care of their families.

Why Bullying is Such a Successful Evolutionary Strategy

Frodo ruled with an iron fist. He incited fear among his fellow group members. His
"demonic streak", as it was later called, started early. From three years old he was throwing
rocks at those around him. Frodo, a large-bodied chimpanzee with a recognisable grey streak,
would later become the alpha male of his group in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park.
The primatologist Jane Goodall called him a "real bully". She had even predicted his rise back
in 1979, writing: "In about twenty years one of these two brothers probably will become the
alpha."
"He was aggressive towards all of the other chimps," says anthropologist Michael
Wilson of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, who first met Frodo in 2001. "A lot of
the other males had a bare patch of fur on their lower back side from where Frodo would bite
them." Many other primates show similar behaviour to Frodo's. His actions hint at something
rather dark about our shared ancestry with chimpanzees. They suggest that bullying your way
to the top has a long history, and may even be innate.
Bullying is not easy to define, namely because there is no one way to bully. It comes in
many forms, from physical playground scuffles to verbal attacks and, nowadays, online
harassment. It is pervasive in human society, having been reported across many different
cultures. Psychologists frequently devote whole papers to its causes and consequences.
There is no legal definition of bullying. The UK government defines it as repeated
behaviour with the "intent to hurt someone either physically or emotionally". Similarly, in a
2014 report, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the US defined bullying as: "any

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unwanted aggressive behaviour(s)…that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance

and is repeated multiple times."
By those definitions there are many ape and monkey bullies. In fact, any hierarchical
society is likely to have bullies in its midst.
An unfortunate monkey at the bottom of the hierarchy is repeatedly attacked and picked
upon by those higher up in the group. They are sometimes beaten up every day, says de Waal.
"It seems to release tensions among the higher-ups," says de Waal. "That reinforces their
bonds, as they have a common enemy." It seems to be an effective way to unite the more
dominant macaques.
The dominant macaques would simply turn on another low-ranking monkey. "When you're
at the bottom, you're at the bottom, you get beaten up, that's how you live in that society," says
de Waal.
Bullying starts early. "Every male reaching adolescence starts his rise in the dominance
hierarchy by teasing females," says Wrangham. Once a chimp has shown his power to all the
females, he can challenge and fight other adult males.
Frodo is an extreme example. In his prime he was a ferocious hunter of monkeys, but also
killed several other chimpanzees. He even snatched and killed a human child. Alpha males like
Frodo, Wilson says, are defined by their ability to outcompete others in any fight. "It's not like
he's necessarily making decisions for [the] benefit of [the] group, he's doing what it takes to get
what he wants, which is usually females."
The thing that defines this aggressive behaviour as bullying is that it is not immediately
related to survival. In fact, it is often unprovoked, says Dario Maestripieri of the University of
Chicago, Illinois. "Dominants attack subordinates out of the blue, for no apparent reason."
"Human bullying is both the product of tendencies inherited from our chimp-like ancestors,
and of competitive social environments like those of chimps and rhesus monkeys," says
Maestripieri. "It's a double whammy."
Maestripieri also suspects that, if a person does not reach their social goal of becoming a
"leader", it might lead them to bully more. Still, bullying as a strategy may not lead to long-
term success. Frodo's demonic approach to ruling clearly came at a cost. In line with that, a
2015 study suggested that ruthless people do not always get ahead. Bullying may well have
deep evolutionary roots. But if a leader wants to be accepted in the long term, they might do
better to be loved than feared.

a. Read the text “Why Bullying is Such a Successful Evolutionary Strategy”. Find
some facts and opinions!
1. Facts :

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2. Opinions:

__________________________ __________________________
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b. From the text, please summarize each paragraph! __________________________
__________________________
Circle the facts and underline the opinions! __________________________
__________________________
__________________________ __________________________
Hong Kong __________________________
__________________________
Hong Kong is a place of industry, of beauty and of culture.
__ More that 200
__
billion dollars worth of goods pass through Hong Kong every year, making it one of
Asia’s largest ports. With its own stock market and with at least three globally
strategic international banks, Hong Kong is also a very important financial centre. To
the fifteen million visitors who pass through Hong Kong every year, however, Hong
Kong is probably better remembered for its beauty, and its unique mix of East and
West.
This blend of East and West is reflected in Hong Kong’s political structure.
The government and legal systems developed while she was a British colony – from
1841 to 1997. With political and economic development now controlled by Beijing,
many local people believe that Hong Kong will gradually become more like the rest
of China, and some are concerned that the city may lose its competitive edge. There
are others, however, who are confident that Hong Kong will continue to be a vibrant
and prosperous place, with a character all its own.
Summary:

Abdul Kalam

Abdul Kalam was the President of India during the period 2002-2007. He is
popularly known as the Missile Man of India as he was responsible for the
development of ballistic missiles and launch vehicle technology. He was instrumental
in spearheading the Pokharan-II nuclear test in 1998.He served as the chief of DRDO.
He was also the Scientific Advisor to the Government of India. He received India’s

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various awards such as the Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna
awards. He was chosen as the Presidential candidate by the NDA government in
2002. He was ostensibly chosen to counteract the image that the BJP party, which
headed the NDA government, had about being anti-Muslim.
Kalam brought a new dimension to the office of the President of India by
being a person with his own mind. Usually, the president toes the line of the
government in power.Kalam was a forward thinking man and liked to engage with the
children and youth of the country. Though Kalam was highly revered, he courted his
share of criticisms. One of the criticisms he faced was that he was not an authority on
nuclear physics. He was an aerospace engineer and not an expert on nuclear
engineering. Kalam had humble roots from the time of his birth in Rameswaram in
Tamil Nadu and his studies at St Joseph’s College, Trichy in Tamil Nadu and
aerospace engineering at Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai also in Tamil
Nadu. Kalam was considered as one of the nicest presidents of India. In the ultimate
analysis Kalam was a simple and good man.
Summary:

Mustaq
Mustaq is a lover of cars. He follows any news about cars that appears in
newspapers, magazines or TV programmes.Currently he owns two cars, a Mercedes
and an Audi. He feels his cars are wonderful. He likes the colour blue and both his
cars are blue in colour. Both cars are diesel powered. While the Audi is a 168 BHP
car the Mercedes is a 190 BHP car. They are sedans and very powerful cars.
The Audi is an automatic transmission car and the Mercedes is a gear shift car.
The Audi has a sun roof but the Mercedes does not. The Mercedes is better than the
Audi. The Audi looks more beautiful than the Mercedes. The Mercedes is more
comfortable than the Audi. While the Audi’s length is 17 feet the Mercedes’ length is
19 feet. Mustaq does not put his cars in the hands of a driver but drives them himself.
He enjoys driving his cars and takes them out for a long drive every now and then.
Mustaq’s neighbours are critical of him for owning such expensive cars. Actually,
they are jealous. But, Mustaq is very proud that he owns them.
Summary:

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Read the passage and answer the questions!

Text 1
Andrew's mother and father unloaded the van after the family returned from
the soccer tournament. Andrew was exhausted from playing in all eight games over
the weekend. Andrew was not helping, because he ran inside the house to call his
grandparents to tell them about the games. He had won a trophy for being the most
valuable player, and his team had won all of their games. He scored at least two goals
in each of the games. He was extremely excited.

1. Which of these sentences is NOT a fact stated in the paragraph?

a. Andrew won a trophy at the soccer tournament.
b. Andrew scored at least 2 goals in every game.
c. Andrew was exhausted, but excited about the tournament.
d. Andrew's team won all of their games in the tournament
2. Which of these sentences is an opinion stated in the paragraph?
a. Andrew was exhausted, but excited about the tournament.
b. Andrew's parents unloaded the van after the tournament.
c. Andrew called his grandparents to tell them about the tournament.
d. Andrew's team won the tournament

Text 2

Steve, Raphael, Karen, and I all went to the movies last Friday night. Steve
had picked the movie, because it was his birthday. He really likes comedies, so we
chose one that starred his favourite comedian. We made it just in time, because the
movie was starting in fifteen minutes. We got really great seats. They were in the
middle of the theatre, fourteen rows from the front. Steve and Karen laughed through
the entire movie. They just loved it! Raphael and I did not think it was funny at all.
The only thing Raphael and I thought was funny was when Steve laughed so hard that
he spilled his popcorn all over Karen.

3. Which of the following is NOT a fact stated in the paragraph?

a. Steve spilled his popcorn on Karen
b. Steve, Raphael, Karen and I went to the movies last Friday night.
c. We has seats in the front row of the theatre
d. It was Steve's birthday, so he chose the movie
4. Which of the following is an opinion stated in the paragraph?

a. Steve's favorite comedian was in the movie

b. Steve spilled his popcorn on Karen.
c. It was Steve's birthday, so he chose the movie
d. Steve and Karen loved the movie.

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Pattern of organization
Text 1
A boycott is an organized refusal by people to deal with a person or group in
order to reach a certain goal. An example is the famous boycott that began in 1955
when Mrs. Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to obey a law requiring
black people to sit at the back of city buses. Mrs. Parks was arrested, and her arrest
sparked a boycott of the city bus system by African Americans. The boycott was
organized and led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Rather than continue to lose money
needed to run the bus system, the city changed the law.

1. The main pattern of organization is:__________

a. definition and example
b. cause and effect
c. comparison-contrast
d. time order

Transitions that signal the pattern:

Text 2
The story of the city mouse and the country mouse is one version of the age-
old debate between the people who prefer city life and those who prefer country life.
In the city there is always something to do. But in the country, you can always find
peace and quiet. In the city, you are constantly exposed to new and different kinds of
people. On the other hand, in the country, you are always among familiar faces. These
are the images we have. The reality is less clear-cut. Rural towns do have their night
spots, and even New York City has places to escape to and be alone with your
thoughts.

2. The main pattern of organization is: _______________

a. definition and example
b. cause and effect
c. comparison-contrast
d. time order

Transitions that signal the pattern:

Text 3
Many people say rapid population growth is the reason why nearly one billion
people go hungry every day. However, political factors are also among the causes of
hunger. Firs, many countries with hungry citizens actually export crops to other
countries. Exporting the crops offers greater profits than selling them at home.
Secondly, surpluses that could feed many people are often destroyed in order to keep
the price of products high. For example, some crops are allowed to rot, and extra milk
is fed to pigs or even dumped.

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3. The main pattern of organization is: ______________

a. definition and example
b. cause and effect
c. comparison-contrast
d. time order

Transitions that signal the pattern:

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