[10144083]

**A scientist used a unicellular alga to study photosynthesis. The graph below
shows the changes in the amounts of a 3-C compound and a 5-C compound
produced in the Calvin cycle before and after light was switched off in an
experiment. All other conditions were kept constant.

light switched off

light dark

amount of
compounds 3-C compound

5-C compound

0 1 2 3 4
time (minute)

a Account for the changes in the amounts of the 3-C compound and the 5-C
compound when the light was on. (4 marks)
b Account for the changes in the amounts of the 3-C compound and the 5-C
compound after the light was switched off. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a When light was on, NADPH and ATP were produced in the photochemical
reactions. 1m
In the presence of NADPH and ATP, the 3-C compound was reduced to triose
phosphate continuously. On the other hand, the 3-C compound was produced
continuously by combining 5-C compounds with carbon dioxide. 1m

In the presence of NADPH and ATP, the 5-C compound was regenerated
continuously by using some of the triose phosphate. On the other hand, the 5-C
compounds continuously combined with carbon dioxide to produce the 3-C
 compound. 1m
As a result, the amounts of the 3-C compounds and the 5-C compounds remained
constant. 1m
b Without NADPH and ATP from photochemical reactions, triose phosphate could
not be formed from the 3-C compound, therefore the 3-C compound accumulated.
1m
Without triose phosphate, the 5-C compound could not be regenerated. Therefore
the amount of the 5-C compound decreased. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10144115]
* a i Name the two products produced in photochemical reactions of
photosynthesis which are used in the Calvin cycle. (1 mark)
ii Describe how each product is used in the Calvin cycle. (2 marks)
b A photosynthetic bacterium carries out photosynthesis that is different from
that in green plants. The equation for the process of photosynthesis in this
bacterium is shown below.
light captured
by bacterial
hydrogen carbon chlorophyll
+ carbohydrates + sulphur + water
sulphide dioxide

What is the function of hydrogen sulphide in photosynthesis? (2 marks)

-- answer --
a i ATP and NADPH 1m
ii ATP provides energy for the reduction of the 3-C compound into triose
phosphate / the regeneration of the 5-C compound. 1m
NADPH provides hydrogen for the reduction of the 3-C compound into triose
phosphate. 1m
b To donate hydrogen 1m
for the reduction of the 3-C compound into triose phosphate. 1m
---------------------------------------------------
[10144117]
* The diagram below summarizes reactions that occur in chloroplasts.

light energy

ADP
Y
photochemical
reactions
X oxygen

ATP hydrogen

triose phosphate

Calvin cycle

carbon dioxide
5-C compound glucose

a Name X and Y. (2 marks)

b State the parts of chloroplasts where the following stages of photosynthesis
occur.
i photochemical reactions (1 mark)
ii the Calvin cycle (1 mark)
c If Y is absent, can ATP still be produced in photosynthesis? Explain your
answer. (1 mark)

-- answer --
a X: phosphate 1m
Y: water 1m
b i Thylakoids / grana 1m
ii Stroma 1m
c Without Y, ATP can still be produced in photophosphorylation, but not in the
Calvin cycle.
1m
[[10144130]
**A scientist obtained some chloroplasts from plant cells and separated the stroma
and the grana of the chloroplasts. He then set up the following test tubes, placed
them under light and measured the rate of carbon dioxide uptake in the two test
tubes.
Tube Contents Rate of carbon dioxide uptake (arbitrary unit)
X Stroma 4000
Y Stroma + grana 96 000

a Explain why the rate of carbon dioxide uptake in tube X was much lower
than tube Y. (4 marks)
b How would the rate of carbon dioxide uptake change if tube Y was put in
the dark? (1 mark)
-- answer --
a Photochemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoids of the grana.
1m
Without grana, photochemical reactions did not occur in tube X. No NADPH and
ATP were produced. 1m
The 3-C compound could not be reduced into triose phosphate and the 5-C
compound could not be regenerated. 1m
Less 5-C compound was present to accept carbon dioxide, thus the rate of carbon
dioxide uptake was much lower. 1m
b The rate of carbon dioxide uptake would decrease to about 4000 arbitrary units.
1m
[10145375]
* In an investigation, the energy expenditure and oxygen consumption of an
individual were measured before, during and after 4 minutes of exercise.
The graph below shows the rate of energy expenditure and rate of oxygen
consumption compared with those before exercise.

12
energy expenditure

10

comparative 8
energy
expenditure 6
and oxygen oxygen consumption
consumption
4

2 oxygen debt
exercise

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
time (minute)

a Describe the relationship between energy expenditure and oxygen

consumption during the 4 minutes of exercise. (2 marks)
The oxygen debt is shown as the shaded area on the graph.
b Explain why there is an oxygen debt after exercise. (3 marks)
Edexcel GCE (A) Biology Unit 4C Jun 2009 Q8a

-- answer --
a In the first 2 minutes, both energy expenditure and oxygen consumption
increased. 1m
The energy expenditure then showed a great decrease but oxygen consumption
decreased only very little. 1m

b During exercise, oxygen demand of muscles exceeds oxygen supply. /

Muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration. /
Lactic acid is produced. /
 Oxygen is needed to remove lactic acid / oxidize lactic acid to carbon dioxide and
water. (any 3) 1m x 3
---------------------------------------------------

[10145384]
**a i Anaerobic respiration takes place where the availability of oxygen is
limited. Describe one advantage of this in highly active muscle cells.
(1 mark)
ii Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells leads to the build up of an
oxygen debt. Describe what is meant by an ‘oxygen debt’. (1 mark)
b Anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue does not produce carbon dioxide as a
waste product. However, anaerobic respiration in fungi and plants produces
carbon dioxide.
The diagram below shows one type of simple respirometer.

capillary tube coloured bead

of liquid

tap

mm scale

germinating
peas

potassium hydroxide
(KOH) or water

Devise a plan for an investigation using the respirometer to determine if a

sample of germinating peas is respiring anaerobically. Your plan should
outline the experimental set-up, the control of variables, the collection of
data and how you could determine if anaerobic respiration is taking place.
(You do not need to give a detailed procedure for the investigation.)
(4 marks)
CCEA GCE (A) Biology Module 2 May 2013 Q3

-- answer --
a i Extra ATP is produced. 1m
ii Oxygen debt is the additional oxygen required to break down the
 accumulated lactic acid. 1m
b Use two separate respirometers, one with water and one with KOH. /
Cover the respirometers with aluminium foil. / Carry out the experiment in
darkness to prevent photosynthesis. /
Use a water bath to keep the respirometers at the same temperature. /
Use the same kind of peas in the two respirometers as different peas have
different metabolic rates. /
Measure the movement of the coloured beads per unit time. /
In the respirometer with KOH, an inward movement of the bead indicates the
peas have taken in oxygen. /
In the respirometer with water, an outward movement of the bead indicates the
volume of carbon dioxide produced by the peas is larger than the volume of
oxygen used. /
This means anaerobic respiration has occurred. (any 4) 1m x 4
---------------------------------------------------

[10145386]
 The diagram below shows how energy is transferred within a cell.
X and Y

energy cellular
oxidation of food
substances processes
energy
ATP

a In what form is energy transferred during the synthesis of ATP? (1 mark)

b Name X and Y. (1 mark)
c Give two specific examples of cellular processes in plants which require
energy from ATP. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a Chemical energy 1m
b ADP and phosphate 1m
c Active transport / cell division / synthesis of biomolecules (any 2 or other correct
answers) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------
[10145405]
**a Explain why ATP is regarded as an immediate source of energy. (1 mark)
b In plants, ATP is produced in photochemical reactions of photosynthesis.
 Give two reasons why plants cannot use this as their only source of ATP.
(2 marks)
c Red blood cells use ATP but they do not contain mitochondria. How do red
blood cells produce ATP? Name the process and suggest one reason for
your answer. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a ATP can be readily broken down into ADP and a phosphate to release energy.
1m
b Plants need more ATP than the amount produced in photochemical reactions. /
In the dark, photochemical reactions do not occur and plants cannot produce
ATP. /
Some plant cells do not have chloroplasts / chlorophyll. They cannot carry out
photochemical reactions to produce ATP. / ATP cannot be transported.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1m x 2
c Glycolysis / anaerobic respiration 1m
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm / does not need mitochondria to occur.
1m
-------------------------------------------------
--
 rbon dioxide uptake change if tube Y was put in the dark?
(1 mark)
-- answer --
a Photochemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoids of the grana.
1m
Without grana, photochemical reactions did not occur in tube X. No NADPH and
ATP were produced. 1m
The 3-C compound could not be reduced into triose phosphate and the 5-C
compound could not be regenerated. 1m
Less 5-C compound was present to accept carbon dioxide, thus the rate of carbon
dioxide uptake was much lower. 1m
b The rate of carbon dioxide uptake would decrease to about 4000 arbitrary units.
1m