APPENDIX

Relative Frequency

f
Relative frequency of a class 
f
Median
 (n  1) 
th

 2  value

Population Mean for Ungrouped Data


x
N

Sample Mean for Ungrouped Data

x
x
n

Population Mean for Grouped Data


mf
N

Sample Mean for Grouped Data

x
 mf
n

Range
Range = highest value – lowest value

Population Variance for Ungrouped Data

 x
2

 (x  ) x x x 
2 2
2 2

     N
 
2

N N  N  N

Population Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

 x
2

x 2

N

N

1
Sample Variance for Ungrouped Data
 x
2

 (x  x ) 2 x 2

n
s 2
 
n 1 n 1

Sample Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

 x
2

x 2

n
s
n 1

Population Variance for Grouped Data

  mf 
2

m   mf  m f
2 2
2
f N
 2
    
N  N  N

Population Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

  mf 
2

m 2
f
N

N

Sample Variance for Grouped Data

  mf 
2

m 2
f
n
s  2

n 1

Sample Standard Deviation for Grouped Data

  mf 
2

m 2
f
n
s
n 1

Chebyshev’s Theorem
1
1 2 , k  1
k

Range Approximation of Standard Deviation

Range
 (population)
4
Range
s (sample)
4

2
Coefficient of Variation

CV  100% (population)

s
CV  100% (sample)
x

Percentiles
th
 kn 
Pk   
 100 
Number of values less than xi
Percentile rank of xi  100
Total number of values in the data set

Box-and-Whisker Plot
IQR  Q3  Q1
L.I.F.  Q1  1.5  IQR
U.I.F.  Q3  1.5  IQR