Describing Data:

Measures of Dispersion
Types of Dispersion
 Range
 Mean Deviation
 Variance & Standard Deviation
 Relative Dispersion
 Coefficient of Variation
 Standard Score
 Others Dispersion
 Quartile Deviation
 Coefficient of Quartile variation
Range
Ungrouped data :
R = Highest value – Lowest value
Grouped Data
R = Un – L1
R = Xn – X1
The major characteristics of the range :
Only two values are used in its calculation
It is influenced by extreme values
It is easy to compute and to understand
Contoh

 Berapa range dari data kapasitas peti

kemas berikut ini:
38, 20, 37, 64, dan 27 liter

 Penerimaan per jam banyaknya

5 – 10 10
10 – 15 21
15 – 20 9
Berapa range nya...
Mean Deviation
Mean Deviation: The arithmetic mean of
the absolute values of the deviations from
the arithmetic mean.
 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)
 Formula :  X X
Ungrouped data : MD 
n

Grouped data : MD 
 f X X
n
Contoh

Berapa deviasi rata-rata untuk berat

sampel peti kayu yang akan di ekspor (Kg)
103, 97, 101, 106, dan 103
Mean Deviation for Grouped Data
Penjualan f Xi f I Xi - X I
20-30 4 25 117.60
30-40 7 35 135.80
40-50 8 45 75.20
50-60 12 55 7.20
60-70 9 65 95.40
70-80 8 75 164.80
80-90 2 85 61.20
Total 50 657.20

657,20
MD   13,14
50
Characteristics of Mean Deviation
It is not unduly influenced by large or
small values
All observations are used in the
calculation
The absolute values are somewhat
difficult to work with
Variance & Standard Deviation

The variance is the arithmetic mean of

the squared deviations from the mean.
The Standard Deviation is the square
root of the variance
The sample variance/standard
deviation is used as estimator of
population variance/standard deviation
Variance
 Ungroup Data  Group Data
• Population • Population
 X    2

 f X   
2
2   2

n n
 X
2
 fX 
2

 X 2

 fX 2

  2 n
2  n
n n
• Sample Sample

  X X  f X  X 
2 2

s 2
 s2 
n 1 n 1
 X
2
 fX 
2

X 2
  fX 2

n
s2  n s2 
n 1 n 1
Standard Deviation
 Ungroup Data  Group Data
• Population • Population
 X   
2
 if  X   2

   
n n
 X
2
 fX 
2

 X   n   fX   n
2 2

   
n n
• Sample • Sample

 X  X   X  X 
2
2

s s
n 1 n 1

 X
2
 fX 
2

 X   n   fX   n
2
2

s s
n 1 n 1
Variance&Standard Deviation for
Grouped Data
Penjualan f Xi f (X i - µ ) ^2
20-30 4 25 3,457.44
30-40 7 35 2,634.52
40-50 8 45 706.88
50-60 12 55 4.32
60-70 9 65 1,011.24
70-80 8 75 3,394.88
80-90 2 85 1,872.72
Total 50 13,082.00

13.082,00 13.082,00
 
2
 261,64      13,14
50 50
Contoh
Umur (x)
38
26
13
41
22

Berapa varians populasi dari umur pasien tersebut?

Contoh
Umur (x)
38
26
13
41
22
140
Contoh
Umur (x)
38
26
13
41
22
140

µ = 140/5 = 28
Contoh
Umur (x) X-µ
38 +10
26 -2
13 -15
41 +13
22 -6
140

µ = 140/5 = 28
Contoh
Umur (x) X-µ (X-µ)2
38 +10 100
26 -2 4
13 -15 225
41 +13 169
22 -6 36
140

µ = 140/5 = 28
Contoh
Umur (x) X-µ (X-µ)2
38 +10 100
26 -2 4
13 -15 225
41 +13 169
22 -6 36
140 0 534

µ = 140/5 = 28
Contoh
Umur (x) X-µ (X-µ)2
38 +10 100
26 -2 4
13 -15 225
41 +13 169
22 -6 36
140 0 534

µ = 140/5 = 28

σ2 = 534/5 = 106,8
Characteristics of Variance & Standard
Deviation
 Variance
All observations are used in the calculation
It is unduly influenced by extreme observations
It can not be negative
The units are somewhat difficult to work with;
they are the original units squared
 Standard Deviation
It is square root of the average squared distance
from the mean
It is the most widely reported measure of
dispersion
 Cont..
 Hukum Empirik:
Untuk distribusi simetris, dengan distribusi
frekuensi berbentuk lonceng, diperkirakan :
- sekitar 68% dari pengamatan akan terletak di
dalam rata-rata hitung ± satu kali deviasi
standar;
- sekitar 95% dari pengamatan akan terletak di
dalam rata-rata hitung ± dua kali deviasi
standar;
- sekitar 99.7% dari pengamatan akan terletak di
dalam rata-rata hitung ± tiga kali deviasi
standar;
Bell - Shaped Curve showing the relationship between  and .

3 2 1  +1 +2 + 3

Relative Dispersion
 The coefficient of variation
is the ratio of the standard deviation to the
arithmetic mean, expressed as a
percentage
It is useful for comparing distribution with
different units and mean
Population : V   x100%

s
Sample : V  x100%
X
Box Plots
A box plot is a graphical display, based
on quartiles, that helps to picture a set
of data.
Five pieces of data are needed to
construct a box plot: the Minimum
Value, the First Quartile, the Median,
the Third Quartile, and the Maximum
Value.
EXAMPLE
Based on a sample of 20 deliveries,
Marco’s Pizza determined the following
information: minimum value = 13
minutes, Q1 = 15 minutes, median = 18
minutes, Q3 = 22 minutes, maximum
value = 30 minutes. Develop a box plot
for the delivery times.
EXAMPLE continued

 median

 min Q1 Q3 max

 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
 
X  Mo 3 X  Md 
Dimana :
X : Rata  rata hitung
M d : Median
M o : Modus
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

Ketentuan besar koefisien skewness :

 Bila koefisien skewness itu positif berarti mean melebihi
median dan modus, maka kurva condong ke kiri atau
ekornya di sebelah kanan.
 Bila koefisien skewness itu negatif berarti mean kurang
dari median dan modus, maka kurva condong ke kanan
atau ekornya di sebelah kiri.
 Bila koefisien skewness itu besarnya sama dengan 0
berarti mean sama dengan median dan modus, maka
kurva simetris
 Padakurva yang memenceng ke kanan
(“ekor” kurva ada di sebelah kanan) 
menjulur (skewness) positif, maka
X  M d  Mo

Mo Md Mean
 Pada kurva yang simetris, maka

Mo  Md  X

Mo
Md
Mean
 Padakurva yang memenceng ke kiri (“ekor”
kurva ada di sebelah kiri)  menjulur
negatif, maka

M0  Md  X

Mean Md Mo
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

Contoh :
Distribusi I : mean = 55; median = 50; dan deviasi standar = 7
Distribusi II : mean = 47; median = 51; dan deviasi standar = 3

Berapa koefisien skweness nya??

Termasuk dalam jenis kurva apa? Simetris/positif/negatif?
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

Ukuran Simetris atau condongnya suatu kurva

Diukur dengan menggunakan koefisien skewness, yang
dapat di hitung dengan rumus pearson :

Mean  Modus
Sk 
Deviasi standar

Modus = 3 (median) – 2 (median)

3 (Mean  Median)
Sk 
Deviasi standar
Skewness
Skewness is the measurement of the lack of
symmetry of the distribution.
X  Mo
Pearson coefficient : S k 
s

Modified Pearson coeff. : S k 


3 X  Md 
s
Sk = 0 (symmetric)
Sk = + (positively skewed)
Sk = - (negatively skewed)
Croxton & Cowden -3  Sk  3
 Cont..
Bowley : S  Q3  Q2   Q2  Q1 
k B
Q3  Q2  + Q2  Q1 

SkB = 0  symmetric (Q2-Q1 = Q3-Q2)

SkB = +  positively skewed
(Q2-Q1 < Q3-Q2)
SkB = -  negatively skewed
(Q2-Q1 > Q3-Q2)
SkB =  0,1 (not significantly skewed)
SkB >  0,3 (significantly skewed)
 Cont..
Relative skewness :
Ungrouped data :   n  X  X 
3
1
3 3
s
Grouped data : 1
n

f X X  3

3 
s3
Karl Pearson : 3   0,5
Kenny & Keeping :
• -2  3  2 (moderately skewed)
• 3   2 (significantly skewed)
Skewness for Grouped Data
Penjualan f Xi f (X i - X ) ^3
20-30 4 25 -101,648.74
30-40 7 35 -51,109.69
40-50 8 45 -6,644.67
50-60 12 55 2.59
60-70 9 65 10,719.14
70-80 8 75 69,934.53
80-90 2 85 57,305.23
Total 50 -21,441.60

1  21.441,60 
3  50
3
 0,10
16,18
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

Contoh Kasus : Penjualan Agen Tiket PT Garuda per hari

dalam Jutaan Rupiah
21.36 5.45 19.84 29.34 10.85 34.82 19.71 20.84
10.37 22.50 32.50 18.40 22.49 17.50 12.25 11.50
33.55 19.87 20.63 6.12 12.72 24.15 36.90 23.81
18.25 26.70 24.25 31.12 7.83 11.95 17.35 33.82
26.43 12.73 8.89 19.50 17.84 26.42 22.50 5.57
24.97 37.81 27.16 23.35 25.15 34.75 13.84 23.05
14.67 24.81 15.95 27.48 21.50 16.44 24.61 10.00
27.49 17.75 31.84 18.75 26.80 21.75 28.40 22.46
24.76 15.10 23.11 30.26 16.30 18.64 9.36 17.89
17.45 28.50 13.52 21.50 14.59 14.59 29.30 29.65
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

1 n
  xi  x 
n

x
3
i
n i 1
x i 1
 21,049 3  3
 0,022
n s

 X  X 
2

s
n 1
 X
2

 X   n
2

s
n 1

S = 7,701
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI
12

10

2 Std. Dev = 7.70

Mean = 21.0

0 N = 80.00
6.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 34.0 38.0
8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

X
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

Ukuran Keruncingan Distribusi

Untuk mengukur runcing atau tumpulnya suatu distribusi
biasanya digunakan 4, yaitu rata-rata dari selisih antara
data-data dengan mean pangkat empat, dibagi deviasi
standar pangkat empat, atau dengan rumus berikut :

n
1
  xi  x 4

n i 1
4  4
s
Peakedness
Formula : 1  X X
4

Ungrouped data :  4  n
s4

Grouped data :
1
n

f X X 
4

4 
s4
Note :
4 = 3  normo/mesokurtic
4 = > 3  leptokurtic
4 = < 3  platykurtic
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

Ketentuan apakah distribusi itu runcing atau

tumpul sebagai berikut :
1. Apabila 4 lebih besar dari 3 berarti diagram
distribusi itu runcing, disebut leptocurtic.
2. Apabila 4 kurang dari 3 berarti diagram
distribusi itu landai, disebut platycurtic.
3. Apabila 4 sama dengan 3 berarti diagram
distribusi itu berbentuk bel dan normal, tidak
terlalu runcing dan tidak terlalu tumpul
Peakedness for Grouped Data
Penjualan f Xi f (Xi - X ) ^4
20-30 4 25 2,988,472.84
30-40 7 35 991,527.95
40-50 8 45 62,459.92
50-60 12 55 1.56
60-70 9 65 113,622.93
70-80 8 75 1,440,651.28
80-90 2 85 1,753,540.10
Total 50 7,350,276.56

1 7.350.276,56 
4  50
4
 2,15
16,18
 UKURAN KECONDONGAN DAN
KERUNCINGAN SUATU DISTRIBUSI

12
Contoh :
10
n
1
 i  x  x 4

n i 1
4 
8

4
 2,363
s
6

2 Std. Dev = 7.70

Mean = 21.0

0 N = 80.00
6.0 10.0 14.0 18.0 22.0 26.0 30.0 34.0 38.0
8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0