Professional Documents
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English in Kinetotherapy
English in Kinetotherapy
ADINA RĂDULESCU
ENGLISH IN KINETOTHERAPY
A PRACTICAL ENGLISH HANDBOOK
FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS
811.111.’615.825
ADINA RĂDULESCU
ENGLISH IN KINETOTHERAPY
A PRACTICAL ENGLISH HANDBOOK
FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS
CONTENTS
UNIT 6
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES
Word formation – derivation ………………………………. 59
Therapist-patient discourse – recommending different
therapeutic exercises ……………………………………….. 63
UNIT 7
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES IN HANDLING THE
PATIENT
Passive verbal constructions ……………………………….. 69
Therapist-patient discourse – positioning and handling the
patient ………………………………………………………. 72
UNIT 8
MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DISORDERS
Pronouncing tongue-twisters ……………………………….. 78
Therapist-patient discourse - describing symptoms and
recommending therapeutic exercises ……………………….. 79
UNIT 9
POSTURAL PROBLEMS
Conditional clauses …………………………………………. 89
Therapist-patient discourse – improving communication …... 94
UNIT 10
REVISION EXERCISES ………………………………… 99
Glossary …………………………………………………….. 113
Bibliography ………………………………………………. 123
CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE
UNIT I
of the room… feel the floor/chair underneath you … open your eyes…
give your limbs a few gentle stretches… have the feeling that you are
alert and ready to carry on with your life…’
’With your eyes open, raise your eyebrows… feel the tension… and
release the tension… frown… feel the tension… and release it… shut
your eyes tightly… feel the tension… and let it go… with your eyes
still closed, spend a few minutes releasing tension in this part of your
face…
Close the jaws firmly, noticing the sensations you get from the
action… hold it… and… discontinue… let your jaw drop… feel the
tension leaving you… and continuing to leave you… then repeat the
action…. Next, bare your teeth… feel the tension in the cheeks… hold
it for a few seconds… and release the tension…. Make a tight ’O’
with your lips… hold it, while you register tension in the lips… and
cancel the action….
Press your tongue against your teeth… feel the pressure and release
it… Now pull the tongue back towards the throat. Feel the muscles
drawing it back and note the sensations you get from this action…
and… release it… ”
(R. A. Payne – Relaxation Techniques)
2. Read the text again, select the words that designate: a) parts of
the body, b) verbal constructions expressing commands and
c) prepositions or other words indicating direction and place them
in three different columns.
♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE
4. Pronounce and learn the names of the main parts of the human
body. For some notions two alternative terms have been provided:
The head:
- eyes, eyelids (pleoape), eyelashes (gene), eyebrows (sprâncene);
- nose, nostrils (nări);
- ears, ear lobe;
- mouth, lips (buze), gum (gingie), tooth - teeth, tongue (limbă), jaw
(falcă), upper jaw /maxilla (maxilar), under jaw (mandibulă);
- forehead (frunte), cheek (obraz), cheek bone (os maxilar), chin
(bărbie), dimple (gropiţă în obraz), dimple in the chin /fossette
(gropiţă în bărbie).
The neck:
- throat;
- Adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage;
- hollow of the throat (scobitura gâtului);
- nape of the neck (ceafa).
The body:
- shoulder, shoulder blade/scapula (omoplat);
- limb (membru), arm/upper limb (braţ), armpit/axilla (axilă), forearm
(antebraţ), hand, elbow (cot), crook of the arm (îndoitura braţului),
palm, wrist/carpus (încheietura mâinii), fist (pumn), fingers – thumb
(degetul mare), forefinger (deget arătător), middle finger, ring finger
(deget inelar), little finger, finger tip (vârful degetului), finger pad
(perniţa degetului), fingernail (unghie), knuckle (articulaţia degetului);
- biceps, thorax/chest (torace), breast (piept), nipple (mamelon),
abdomen, stomach, waist (talie), navel/umbilicus (buric), bottom
(şezut), buttocks (fese);
- hip (şold), leg, thigh (coapsă), calf (gambă), shin/cannon bone
(tibia, fluierul piciorului), knee (genunchi), patella/knee cap (rotulă),
ankle (gleznă), instep (scobitura gleznei), sole (talpă), heel/calcaneus
(călcâi), toes (degete de la picioare).
♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Prepositions
Here is a list of the most commonly used prepositions of place and
position:
►◄Pair work
7. Read the following commands to your deskmate and ask
him/her to follow your indications and practise the exercises.
Then, change activities:
• Without moving your head, turn your eyes upwards behind your
closed lids.
• Roll your eyes in a clockwise circle… Now notice the sensations of
tension…. Pause… Roll them now in an anticlockwise direction.
• Place your palm downwards on a surface (table, chair arm or thigh);
press your fingertips into the surface, drawing them towards your
palm so that your hand gradually takes on the shape of a spider…
Hold the position, feel the tension in the hand and then let the tension
go and relax the muscles.
• Keeping your toes firmly in contact with the floor, raise your heels
up in the air… Now feel the tension in your calf muscles… Relax…
drop your heels to the ground and notice the relief, the comfort, the
warm tingling sensation in your calves.
UNIT 2
1. Read the following texts and write down the new words:
“The function of the bones is to form a hard skeleton for the softer
materials of the body, to enclose and protect some of the most
important vital organs. Bone development takes place at a very early
period. In embryonic life, the parts destined to become bones consist
of a congeries of cells which constitutes the simplest form of cartilage.
This temporary cartilage is an exact miniature of the bone which in
due course is to take its place. The process of ossification is slow and
not completed until adult life. The next step is the ossification of the
intercellular substance and of the cells composing the cartilage. The
period of ossification varies much in different bones. It commences
first in the clavicle, in which the primitive point appears during the
fifth week; next in the lower jaw. The ribs also, and the long bones of
the limbs, appear soon after. For a long period after birth, a thin layer
of unossified cartilage remains between the diaphysis and epiphyses,
until their growth is finally completed.”
(Henry Gray – Gray’s Anatomy. Descriptive and Surgical)
*
“Almost all the elements of the joints of adults are also present in the
joints of the newborn. The most active factor determining the
formation of a joint after birth are the muscles which exert an action
on the given joint, i.e. the work of a joint.
The development of bone articulations is directly dependent on the
formation of the bony and connective-tissue structures and muscular
♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE
2. Pronounce and learn the names of the main parts of the skeletal
system. Add more terms to the list:
1. There are twelve ribs on each side of the thoracic part of the spinal
column.
How many ribs are on each side of the thoracic part of the spinal
column?
2. The foot consists of three divisions: the tarsus, metatarsus and
phalanges.
Which are the three divisions of the foot?
3. The leg consists of three bones: the patella (knee cap), placed in
front of the knee, the tibia and fibula.
_______________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________?
7. That form of cartilage which enters into the formation of the joints
is called articular cartilage.
_______________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________?
_______________________________________________________?
►◄ Pair work
8. Question-answer exercise: Using your anatomy courses notes, ask
your deskmate questions about the skeletal system.
UNIT 3
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
▪ Adjectives – basic knowledge
▪ Describing a certain muscle
1. Read the following texts about the muscular system and write
down the new words:
“There are more than 600 skeletal muscles in the human body and
their total mass accounts for up to 28-35 per cent of the body mass in
females, up to 40-45 per cent in males, and up to 45-55 per cent in
athlets. Up to 50 per cent of the total weight of the skeletal muscles
fall to the share of the muscles of the lower limbs, up to 30 per cent to
those of the upper limbs, and up to 20 per cent to the share of the
muscles of the head and trunk.
Each muscle has a developed network of blood vessels. The
contraction of a muscle promotes rapid flow of blood, i.e. the muscle
is a peculiar ‘pump’ which forces the blood forward. Under conditions
of reduced motor activity (hypokinesia) in an active mode of life or
when prolongued bed-rest is necessary, this function of the skeletal
muscles is excluded as a result of which the blood flows slower,
metabolic processes are reduced and stasis occurs. In contrast, under
conditions of motor activity the reserve capillaries open, new
capillaries form, and nutrition of the skeletal muscles improves.”
(R. D. Sinelnikov – Atlas of Human Anatomy)
♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE
A B
1. Muscle bulk…. a. … a progressive loss of
muscle strength in a variety of
muscle groups.
2. Muscle-setting exercise…. b. …very firm, may be spastic or
rigid and resists sideways
movements.
3. Muscular dystrophy is a c. … a muscle sprain or strain,
degenerative muscle disorder arthritis, a tumor or a ruptured
characterized by …. cartilage disk between vertebrae.
4. Electromyography (EMG) is a d. … very soft, weak and flabby
techique… and is easily moved laterally.
5. A hypertonic muscle feels … e. … gives an indication of the
state of the musculature.
6. If you have observed muscle f…. an evaluation of the
weakness, … condition and functioning of the
muscles, joints and bones of the
body.
7. Involuntary movements and g. … is a method of contracting
tremors … and relaxing a skeletal muscle
without moving that part of the
body.
■ GRAMMAR
Adjectives – basic knowledge
Participial and qualificative adjectives
Degrees of comparison
Constructions with comparisons
Example:
The first piece of the sternum has a triangular form, broad and thick
above and narrowed below.
Both participial and qualificative adjectives can either precede the
noun, having the same form for all genders, both singular and plural
(attributive position) or follow the noun, having the function of
predicatives for copulative verbs such as: be, become, look, seem, turn
etc:
Example:
Moderate exercises have a therapeutic effect on muscles.(attributive
position)
The muscles become resistant to fatigue and the patients no longer
look exhausted at the end of the session.(predicative position)
Degrees of comparison
According to the way they form their degrees of comparison
adjectives fall into three categories:
1) monosyllabic (or short) adjectives and bisyllabic adjectives
ending in -er, -y and –ly which form their corresponding degrees of
comparison by adding –er and –est (synthetic comparison):
thick – thicker – the thickest
thin –thinner – the thinnest
2) long adjectives – bisyllabic (ending in -ful and -re),
trisyllabic or plurisyllabic which form their degrees of comparison
by periphrastic means: more and (the) most (analytic comparison):
extensive – more extensive – the most extensive
3) adjectives with irregular degrees of comparison:
good – better – the best
bad – worse – the worst
little – less – the least
many/much – more – the most
old – older – the oldest (of people and objects)
old – elder – the eldest (of people)
far – farther – the farthest (of space)
far – further – the furtest (of time)
5. Reread the texts about the muscular system and extract all the
adjectives. Group them according to their attributive or
predicative position. For derivational adjectives indicate the noun
that they derive from and their suffix or prefix as in the following
examples:
Example:
Stern + -al = sternal
thorax comfort
sphere to identify
muscle to contract
abdomen access
stomach memory
anomaly to connect
fibre to digest
fever health
cure infection
help pain
8. Tendonul lui Ahile este cel mai gros şi mai puternic tendon din
corpul uman.
9. Muşchiul deltoid este un muşchi lat, gros, triunghiular, situat pe
partea laterală şi posterioară a umărului.
10. Muşchiul abductor al policelui este un muşchi subţire, plat,
îngust, plasat imediat dedesubtul tegumentului (integument).
►◄ Pair work:
8. Using your anatomy courses notes, choose a certain muscle and
ask your deskmate to describe it.
UNIT 4
EXAMINING THE PACIENT
▪ Polysemantic words
▪ Therapist-patient discourse – greetings, identification and
introductory dialogues
GLOSSARY
to cease = a înceta, a se opri
prior to = înainte de
discharge = externare
assessment = evaluare, estimare
previously = mai înainte, în prealabil
perusal = citire, lectură atentă
former job = slujbă anterioară
retirement = pensionare
cultural background = formaţie culturală
medical history = anamneză
disability = incapacitate, invaliditate
clinical examination findings = constatările examinării clinice
medical examination sheet = foaie de observaţie clinică
testing devices = instrumente de testare
tape measure = ruletă, panglică de măsurat
pin = ac cu gămălie
goniometer = goniometru
reflex hammer = ciocănel pentru testarea reflexelor
cotton wool = vată
test tube = eprubetă
gait = umblet, mers
mien = ţinută, comportament
posture = postură corporală
instant awareness = înţelegere rapidă
palpation = palpare
finger pad = buricul degetului
drill = burghiu
to dig in = a înfige
3. Why does the present examiner need to check the patient`s prior
medical examination sheet?
4. Why does the examiner need to note the patient`s current
medication?
5. What things need to be provided when examining the patient?
6. What testing devices does the examiner use?
7. What should the examiner observe while escorting the patient to
the examination area?
8. When can we say that questioning the patient has been
successful?
9. What procedures are to be used when palpating the patient?
10. What should be done if the first examination takes longer than
expected?
♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Polysemantic words
Many words that are pronounced and spelt in the same way can be
used in different contexts with different meanings. They are
polysemantic words. Polysemy is closely related to homonymy and it
is sometimes difficult to distinguish between words that are
homonyms and words that are polysemantic. There is still a criterion
that can help us distinguish one notion from the other: while with
homonymy the words that have the same form do not share any
semantic resemblance in their meanings, with polysemantic words we
can easily notice a semantic feature common to all the elements of a
class. Here are two examples for each notion:
1. examination means:
a) written exercises, oral questions or practical tasks, set to test a
candidate’s knowledge and skill;
b) physical inspection of a patient or parts of his body, in order to
verify health or diagnose disease;
c) the formal interrogation of a person on oath (an accused or a
witness) by a lawyer in a lawcourt.
2. discharge means:
a) an official permission for (sb) to leave, after he has carried out a
duty (discharge a soldier, a patient, release a prisoner from custody);
b) unloading (cargo) from a ship;
c) firing (a gun), launching flying weapons (arrows).
3. background means:
a) part of a view, scene or description that forms a setting for the
chief objects, people;
b) information that is needed to understand a problem;
c) a person’s social class, education, training or experience;
d) a low level of sound, lighting whose purpose is to be an
unobtrusive or appropriate accompaniment to something else, such as
a social activity, conversation or the action of a film.
4. device means:
a) a machine or tool adapted for a special purpose (time-saving
device, safety device, an explosive device etc);
b) a particular pattern of words, figures of speech used in literature
to produce a certain effect on the reader;
c) a written, printed or painted design or figure, used as a heraldic
sign, emblem, trademark by a noble family;
d) a plan or plot, esp. a clever or evil one; a scheme, trick.
• examination paper
• background music
• entrance examination
• working-class background
• to take an examination
• background on the company’s financial
position
• pass/fail an examination
• time-saving device = aparat de uz casnic
• medical examination
• labour-saving device = dispozitiv mecanic
• to be under examination
• an explosive device = dispozitiv explozibil
• to stay/keep in the background
• stylistic device = figură de stil
The therapist:
• Good morning, Mrs. Johnson. Let me introduce myself. I am
your therapist, Dr. Green.
• Please come in and take a seat.
• Make yourself comfortable. I will be with you in a second.
• My name is Dr.Green. I think we talked on the phone, didn`t
we?
• I remember you. You were my patient last year. How is your
back?
• You are Dr. Thomson`s sister, aren`t you? He told me all
about you.
Inquiring about the patient`s problem:
• Well, Mrs. Johnson, what can I do for you?
• Tell me, Mr. Baum, what`s troubling you?
• Well, Mrs. Redcliff, what`s brought you here?
• Well, let`s see… what seems to be the problem?
• Your brother, Dr. Thomson tells me that you have been having
low back pains…
• I couldn`t help noticing your slight limp. Can you tell me
more about it?
• I can`t tell you how sorry I am about your terrible accident.
How is your recovery going on?
• I understand that you have seen several therapists before.
How can I help you?
Programming further sessions:
• Considering your diagnosis, I will have to see you twice a
week, for six weeks.
• For the first two weeks we shall meet every day till your pain
goes away.
• Bring me the X-rays and then I will schedule a meeting for
you for next week.
• I am sorry, but you should have seen an orthopaedist before
coming here.
• I will meet you for our sessions three times a week, for at least
three weeks.
• We shall start on Monday and see how it is going.
• I think we can have good results if you come to all your
sessions.
►◄ Pair work
8. Practise therapist-patient dialogues using the examples above.
You can as well come up with your own examples.
UNIT 5
TYPES OF INJURIES
▪ Passive modal constructions
▪ Present Tense Simple and Present Perfect
▪ Therapist-patient discourse – patient`s symptoms and
complaints
▪ Formal and informal medical terms
1. Read the following extracts and check the glossary below for
new words. Then translate these texts into Romanian:
Hip dislocation
“Hip dislocation is an orthopaedic emergency and must be reduced
immediately. It occurs primarily in conjunction with severe multiple
trauma from high-speed motor vehicle accidents. The longer the hip
remains dislocated, the more likely is the possibility of complications,
including avascular necrosis of the femoral head and posttraumatic
Note : the texts above as well as many other specialised texts in this
handbook are written in American English; this accounts for many
spelling differences that you may encounter for one and the same
word, spelt differently as it appears either in a British English source
or in an American English one.
GLOSSARY
rehabilitation = recuperare, reabilitare
fracture = fractură
adjacent joint = articulaţie adiacentă
to decrease = a reduce, diminua
to increase = a mări, intensifica
splint = atelă
brace = orteză
foot attachment = dispozitiv de fixare a piciorului
weight-bearing exercise = exerciţiu de susţinere a greutăţii corporale
range of motion = grad de mobilitate
strengthening exercises = exerciţii de întărire musculară
to occur = a se petrece, a avea loc
in conjunction with = în legătură cu
avascular necrosis = necroză avasculară
femoral head = cap femural
arthritis = artrită
to take precedence over smth = a avea loc înainte, a avea prioritate
faţă de
skeletal injury = leziune a sistemului scheletic
sprain = luxaţie, scrântire
to relieve pain = a alina durerea
swelling = umflătură
rupture = ruptură, hernie
overload = încărcare excesivă
muscle strain = întindere musculară
failure = eşec, insuficienţă
further = ulterior, adiţional
2. Scan the texts above for modal constructions (can, may, should,
must etc) and write them down. Then, underline the passive ones
as in the examples below:
Example:
Should begin
Should be mobilized
■ GRAMMAR
Passive modal constructions
Example:
The surgeon should closely follow the progress of patient`s
regeneration.
The progress of patient`s regeneration should be closely followed by
the surgeon (agent).
☼ THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE
Formal and informal medical terms
Patient`s symptoms and complaints
A B
1. thyroid cartilage a. dizziness
2. halitosis b. bamboo spine
3. maxilla c. lower jaw
4. alopecia d. palpitations
5. spine e. heart attack
6. tachycardia f. Adam`s apple
7. mandible g. low blood sugar
8. myocardial infarction h. bad breath
9.ankylosing spondylitis i. womb
10. subluxation j. backbone
11. thorax k. flu
12. influenza l. chest
13. hypoglycaemia m. dislocation
14. uterus n. upper jaw
15. vertigo o. baldness
■ GRAMMAR
Present Tense Simple and Present Perfect
Present Perfect and Present Tense Simple are the tenses normally
used to express complaints in the above sentences.
7. Identify each tense in the sentences above and say how they are
formed.
Example:
Have sprained = Present Perfect Simple; formation: the auxiliary verb
have + past participle of the regular verb sprain (short infinitive +
-ed)
Have torn = Present Perfect Simple; formation: the auxiliary verb
have + past participle of the irregular verb tear (tear, tore, torn)
UNIT 6
THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES
▪ Word formation - derivation
▪ Therapist-patient discourse - recommending different
therapeutic exercises
1. Read the following text and write down the new words; then
translate it into Romanian, using the glossary below.
GLOSSARY
dysfunction = disfuncţie
restoration = refacere, restabilire
maintenance = menţinere
strength = forţă, vigoare
endurance = rezistenţă fizică
cardiovascular fitness = tonus cardiovascular
balance = echilibru
functional skills = abilităţi funcţionale
load = greutate
a high-intensity exercise = exerciţiu cu intensitate crescută
fatigue = oboseală
motor tasks = sarcini motorii
to challenge = a solicita
range of motion = grad de mobilitate
to lengthen = a se lungi, întinde
to yield to = a ceda, a nu rezista la
stretch force = forţă de întindere
stable = stabil
well-aligned position = poziţie corect adoptată
carry out = a îndeplini, a realiza
to relieve = a destinde, relaxa
deep-breathing exercise = exerciţiu de respiraţie profundă
acquisition = dobândire, obţinere
smooth movement = mişcare lină, fără întreruperi
upright position = poziţie verticală
sensory cues = indici senzoriali
to enhance = a mări, intensifica
motor performance = randament motoriu
timing = sincronizare
►◄ Pair-work
2. Question-answer exercise: Reread the text above on paragraphs.
One student will ask his/her colleague one or two questions for
each paragraph and he/she should answer it either by
reproducing fragments from the text or by freely expressing a
summary of that fragment. Here is an example for the first
paragraph:
Example:
What are the main goals of therapeutic exercises?
Well, if I remember corectly, the goals of therapeutic exercises
are………….
Example:
-ic: therapeutic
-al: functional
-ing: resulting
-ed: prolongued
-ive: effective
-ly: daily
-(i)ous: conscious
-able: comfortable
-y: sensory
Yet, sometimes there are some slight spelling differences between the
noun and its corresponding verb that can easily pass unnoticed:
Verbs Nouns
To practise practice
To respond response
10. Give other examples of nouns that have the same form as their
corresponding verbs and write contexts in which the same word
functions both as a noun and as verb.
11. Write in the second column the corresponding nouns for the
verbs listed in the first column. The first one has been done for
you as an example:
include inclusion_
1. examine ________
2. prescribe ________
3. operate ________
4. assess ________
5. decide ________
6. retire ________
7. interpret ________
8. confirm ________
9. immobilize ________
10. rehabilitate ________
11. swell ________
12. treat ________
13. dislocate ________
12. Rewrite the sentences below using the nouns in the second
column (exercise 11) instead of their corresponding verbs. Do not
change the meaning of the sentences:
Example:
It was more than vital to include Mr. Dean in our clinical study.
Mr. Dean`s inclusion in our clinical study was more than vital.
☼ THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE
Recommending different therapeutic exercises
Kinetotherapist’s recommendations:
13. Translate the above sentences into Romanian and say whether
you are familiar with these exercises; give examples of such types
of exercises.
UNIT 7
THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES IN HANDLING THE
PATIENT
▪ Passive verbal constructions
▪ Therapist-patient discourse – positioning and handling the patient
1. Read the following extracts and then solve the tasks that follow
them:
Kneel on the mat and place the patient`s heel against your shoulder.
Place both of your hands along the anterior aspect of the distal femur
to keep the knee extended.
The opposite extremity is stabilized in extension by a belt or towel and
held in place by the therapist’s knee.”
TASKS
1. Enumerate the movements that are possible at the shoulder
joint.
2. Name the type of therapeutic exercise that deals with
controlling body weight.
3. What is hand placement?
4. Which parts needs to be stabilized in: hip flexion, ankle
dorsiflexion and wrist extension?
5. What should the therapist do to lengthen the wrist flexors?
VERBS NOUNS
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
to pronate
to supinate
resistance
pressure
to stabilize
to lengthen
to support
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
possible
manual
anteriorly
obliquely
comfortable
necessary
gently
passively
fully
horizontal
severe
■ GRAMMAR
Passive verbal constructions
In Unit 5 we have already introduced the issue of Passive Voice and
exemplified its use in dealing with passive modal constructions.
Learning how to use the passive forms of the most frequently used
verbal tenses is the objective of this unit.
As a general rule, the passive voice is formed by putting the verb to be
into the same tense as the verb in the active voice and adding the past
participle of the active verb. The direct object of the active verb
becomes the subject of the passive verb, while the subject of the active
verb becomes the agent of the passive verb.
Example:
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the passive voice of the tense
indicated:
Example:
The range of motion of the ankle is restored (restore – Present Tense
Simple) by performing stretching exercises.
Example:
The patient sometimes describes pain from muscle spasm as a
headache.
Pain from muscle spasm is sometimes described as a headache.
☼ THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE
Positioning and handling the patient
►◄ Pair work
☺Team work
8. Read the following therapeutic techniques to a therapist-patient
pair who will then illustrate them in front of the class:
►◄Pair work
10. One student will be given a hand out containing indications for
a therapeutic exercise. He or she will read the text and then start
illustrating the stages of the exercise. The task for the other
student is to write down the content of the exercise while watching
it. The exercise will be repeated several times. At the end the
teacher or a third student will compare the two texts and
comment on their degree of similarity. Here is an example of a
hand out:
Example:
The patient is standing, with the hands placed on the shoulders. The
patient bends his body sideways with one hand over his head. The
movement is repeated three times for each side. Then the patient
returns to the initial position.
12. Translate into English, using the new vocabulary of this unit:
UNIT 8
MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DISORDERS
▪ Pronouncing tongue-twisters
▪ Therapist-patient discourse – describing symptoms and
recommending therapeutic exercises
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
3. Ankylosing Spondylitis
4. Osteoporosis
5. Low Back Pain
6. Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis
7. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
GLOSSARY
disorder = disfuncţie, afecţiune, boală
primarily = în primul rând
to harden = a întări
bone resorption = resorbţie osoasă
to outstrip = a depăşi, întrece
subcondral areas = zone subcondrale
ruptured cartilage disk = disc cartilaginos rupt
poor posture = postură defectuoasă
sagging muscles = muşchi căzuţi, lăsaţi
lining = îngroşare
tendon sheath = teacă/înveliş al tendonului
♦ PRONOUNCING TONGUE-TWISTERS
Example:
first syllable stress second syllable stress
■□ □■
spi - nal ro - tate
4. Place the following three-syllable words in their corresponding
stress-emphasis pattern: atrophy, progressive, reduction, skeleton,
excessive, cartilage, formation, disorder, arthritis, physical, systemic,
lateral, sclerosis, surgery, maximum, resistance, endurance, effective.
Example:
first syllable stress second syllable stress
■□ □ □■□
a - tro – phy sys - te - mic
Example:
first syllable stress second syllable stress
■□ □ □ □■□□
vac-ci-na-ted pneu-mo-ni-a
Example:
De-ge-ne-ra-tive □■□□□
☼ THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE
Describing symptoms and recommending therapeutic exercises
or individuals with
occupations
requiring repetitive
motion are at
greatest risk.
7. Amyotrophic The etiology of early symptoms:
Lateral Sclerosis amyotrophic lateral weakness, cramps in the
sclerosis (ALS) is hands and forearms.
unknown, but midcourse symptoms:
proposed fatigue; dyspnea;
explanations slurred speech;
include genetics, dysphagia; asymmetric
metabolic spread of muscle
disturbances, and weakness to the rest of
the body; spasticity;
external agents.
fasciculations;
hyperactive deep
tendon and extensor
plantar reflexes.
late symptoms:
paralysis of vocal cords;
paralysis of chest
muscles, necessitating
ventilatory support.
►◄Pair work
7. Check if your deskmate has attentively read the chart by asking
him/her questions like these:
8. Extract or create sentences using the chart above and ask your
deskmate to say if they are true or false.
Example:
Athlets or individuals with occupations requiring repetitive
movements are very likely to suffer from tendinitis and tenosynovitis.
→ True
►◄ Pair work
11. Consider yourself as a kinetotherapist and choose the best way
to recommend the corresponding therapeutic exercises to your
colleague – patient who may ask you many questions regarding
the duration, the difficulty and the expected results of such an
exercise programme. Use the charts with medical information,
symptoms and treatments above. Here are some examples to help
you:
Example:
Therapist’s recommandations:
• Considering your aggravated joint pain and your stiffness
following inactivity, it is to your best interest that you should
start these therapeutic exercises.
• I do not want to put any pressure on you, but I do believe that
you should consider starting your physical therapy as soon as
possible.
• Your low back pain now radiates down the back of both your
legs. And as things are not getting better, you should really
take some urgent measures and start your therapy.
Patient’s questions:
• In what way will my general condition be improved after
starting these therapeutic exercises?
• How long will this therapy be and how many sessions a week
are necessary?
• Will this therapy be painful? How difficult are the exercises?
• Do I have to make any changes in my diet or in my daily
routine?
• Will this short-term therapy prevent the disease from getting
worse?
UNIT 9
POSTURAL PROBLEMS
▪ Conditional clauses
▪ Therapist-patient discourse – improving communication
GLOSSARY
to bear one’s body = a-şi susţine corpul
postural fault = defect postural
mechanical stress = solicitare mecanică
imbalance = dezechilibru
eventually = în cele din urmă
pelvic tilt = înclinare/aplecare pelviană
forward head = cap împins către anterior
to slouch = a se gârbovi cocârja
swayback = înclinare spre spate
to shift = a deplasa, schimba
stance = poziţie, postură
bear, bore, borne = a purta, a duce
flat low-back posture = postură aplatizată a zonei inferioare a spatelui
■ GRAMMAR
Conditional clauses
Conditional clauses consist of two parts: the subordinate clause or the
if-clause and the main clause. There are three main types of
conditional clauses and various mixed types. Each type is used to
express different real/unreal, present/past conditions, using certain
pairs of tenses. There are also many exceptions from each type but
students dealing with conditionals for the first time should simply
concentrate on the basic rules that will be presented in the following
chart:
a) I met my wife in hospital ten years ago. I had fallen on ice and
broken my leg. She was a nurse in my orthopaedics ward. Just
imagine! If I (1)………….. (not fall) on ice and (2) …………….
(not brake) my leg, I (3) …………………. (never meet) her. So I
could say that there is nothing so bad as not to be good for
something.
c) You know what they say, that it all happens for a reason… Take
my example. If (10) …………….. (passive – not be) injured in
that car accident last year, I (11) …………… (accept) that job
offer in Paris. But here I am now… working in this rehabilitation
clinic… If people (12) ……… (know) how to deal with their
disabilities, they (13) ……………. (be able) to accept them more
easily.
Example:
a) The patient suffers from osteoporosis. Then, he will need
physical therapy, exercise and postural training.
If the patient suffers from osteoporosis, then he will need
physical therapy, exercise and postural training.
b) The patient did not sleep on a firm mattress. He had to take pain
killers and muscle relaxants for his poor back.
If the patient had slept on a firm mattres, he would not have had to
take pain killers and muscle relaxants for his poor back.
1. This injury is severe. That is why the patient may run the risk
of paralysis.
2. He got injured in a football match. He had his left leg broken.
3. I worked hard to finish my science project. I had mild low
back pain for a week after.
4. My mother has a low resistance. She catches diseases very
easily.
5. The old man got panic-striken. His heart started beating more
rapidly.
6. He has the surgery right now. The chances of success may
increase to about 20%.
7. The infection spread. That is why he needed that urgent
treatment.
8. The diagnosis is correct. The family will have to evaluate their
options.
9. You do not spend enough time relaxing. That is why you are
always complaining about being tired.
10. These therapeutic exercises are to be practised every day.
They prevent the patient`s condition from getting worse.
☼ THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE
Improving communication
A. THERAPIST’S INSTRUCTIONS
B. CHECKING IF THE PATIENT GOT THE MESSAGE
C. OFFERING ASSISTANCE FOR THE PATIENT
D. ENCOURAGING THE PATIENT
E. BUILDING MUTUAL TRUST
F. GETTING A POST-PRACTISE FEED-BACK FROM
THE PATIENT
Example:
Do you see my point?→B.(CHECKING IF THE PATIENT GOT THE
MESSAGE)
1. Lean backward and hold the stretch!
2. Did you get it right?
3. Is this too difficult for you?
4. I’m right here if you need me!
5. Don’t worry! I’ll keep an eye on you!
6. You can do it! Give it another try!
7. Need I say this again?
8. You have to trust me on this!
9. Have the cramps gone away now?
10. Lean forward, resting your abdomen on the anterior thighs.
11. Does this make any sense to you?
12. Don’t hesitate to ask for my help!
13. You had to deal with worse than this before!
14. Can you manage practising this exercise by yourself now?
15. You have to take my word for it!
16. Are you with me on this?
17. Don’t give up! One more try!
18. Have you experienced any muscle spasms during this
exercise?
19. Bend your trunk laterally and hold the position.
20. Did you take my hint?
21. If you need a helping hand… I’m not going anywhere!
22. Do your best! It’s worth trying!
23. Does it still hurt when you flex your knee?
24. You will have to learn to trust me.
25. Tuck in your chin and lift your head.
26. Did you get my message?
27. Do you still feel pins and needles in your feet?
28. I give you my word on this! Don’t you doubt it!
29. Lift both arms simultaneously.
30. Are your fingers still numb now?
C.
Dr. Richards: Could you just take off your clothes so that I can
examine you?
Mr. Spike: Okay, I have done this many times…
Dr. Richards: Would you, please, lie flat on the couch for a few
minutes? Can you now show me where it hurts?
Mr. Spike: Right here, in my left thigh.
Dr. Richards: Can you raise your left leg for me? And hold it for a
second? Does it hurt when you rotate it?
Mr. Spike: A little bit, when I return to the initial position.
D.
Mrs. Slender: Hello, Dr. Walsh?
Dr. Walsh: Speaking.
Mrs. Slender: Ah, Mrs. Slender here.
Dr. Walsh: Yes, hello, Mrs. Slender. It is good that you returned my
call.
Mrs. Slender: Is there anything wrong, doctor?
Dr. Walsh: No, nothing to worry about. I have just received your
X-rays and it looks that your ankle is not broken, but just sprained.
Mrs. Slender: Oh, what a relief!
Dr. Walsh: Please, come to see me tomorrow and we’ll discuss more
about it.
E.
Secretary: Wilkinson Rehabilitation Centre. Hello, may I help you?
Mr. Jones: Yes, hello. I’m Jones, I called you a couple of days ago…
Secretary: Yes, Mr. Jones. What can I do for you?
Mr. Jones: It is about my appointment. I won’t be able to make it. I
wonder if we could possibly move it to the 25th of September?
Secretary: First of all, Mr. Jones, you change your appointment at
short notice and then you want to fix the day for your future
appointment?
Mr. Jones: I’m very sorry if I have caused you any inconvenience.
Shall I call back another time?
Secretary: We have your phone number and if someone cancels an
appointment we’ll let you know.
Mr. Jones: Thank you for your trouble.
F.
Dr. Thomson: Yes, you are still working, isn’t it?
Mr. Stiff: Yes, two more years till my retirement.
Dr. Thomson: Have you pushed yourself too hard lately?
Mr. Stiff: You know how things are. I am no longer young and keeping
up with the newly hired ……
Dr. Thomson: What about your working hours? Have you considered
working part-time?
Mr. Stiff: I’m afraid this is not an option in my field.
Dr. Thomson: Then, I hate to bring you the bad news, but you should
consider retiring…. Otherwise…..
►◄ Pair work
10. Create your own dialogues, starting from the following titles:
Introductory dialogues, The first examination, Programming the
first session, Recommending a better treatment, Proposing a new
experimental programme, Explaining how the devices work, How to
focus your effort, Dealing with home exercises programme, etc.
UNIT 10
REVISION EXERCISES
a) Osteoarthritis;
b) Ankylosing Spondylitis;
c) Osteoporosis;
d) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
5. An abnormal, increased degree of forward curvature of any
part of the spine is the characteristic of …………….
a) kypholordotic posture;
b) lordotic posture;
c) slouched posture;
d) flat low-back posture.
6. …………………………. are necessary to treat joint
dysfunctions such as stiffness, reversible joint hypomobility,
or pain.
a) strenghtening exercises;
b) stretching exercises;
c) weight-bearing exercises;
d) joint mobilization exercises.
7. ……………………………… is the ability of a muscle to
contract repeatedly or generate tension, sustain that tension
and resist fatigue over a prolonged period of time.
a) muscle strength ;
b) muscular endurance ;
c) muscular contraction ;
d) muscular extensibility.
3. Find the root-verbs that the following nouns are derived from:
examination, treatment, assessment, decision, diagnostician,
information, retirement, development, selection, questioning,
interpretation, palpation
Example:
examination ← examine (the root-verb)
Example:
verb noun adjective adverb
repeat repetition, repeatable, repeatedly
repeater, repeated,
repeating,
repetitional
7. Read the text below and choose the version that best completes
the empty spaces:
Pain is often the reason why the patient has come for attention in the
first place. Always remember that pain is a/an (1) …………….. to the
patient who may find that it is making his or her life (2)…………… .
Pain is a/an (3)………….. experience and any measurement must
incorporate a degree of (4) ………………. .
Reactions to pain vary widely (5) …………. different people and
depend (6) ……. many different physical and mental factors. Specific
diseases and injuries and the health, pain (7) …………., fear and
anxiety, and ethnic background all affect reactions to pain.
Patients will describe pain (8) ……….. in terms of its sensory
qualities, for example shooting, sharp, burning or in terms of its
affective qualities, for example vicious, cruel, sickening, or in terms of
its evaluative qualities, for example intense, unbearable, annoying.
Severe pain causes pale skin, cold sweat, ”(9)…….. bumps,” wide
pupils, and higher levels of pulse, breathing rate, blood (10) ………..,
and muscle (11)………… . When brief, strong pain starts to go away,
the pulse may be slower and the blood pressure lower than before the
pain began. If pain occurs often or is long term, the pulse (12) …….
and blood pressure may not go up much. If pain lasts for many days,
the (13) ………… to fight infections may be lost. The patient's tone of
voice, speed of speech, cries, groans, or other sounds, face and body
movements, or attempts to withdraw are noted by the physician.
It is hard to (14) ………… strong or long-term pain, but a patient can
learn to live almost (15) ………….. even with some pain.
e) Inverted bicycle
This popular exercise is performed by the subject starting supine, then
rolling up onto the shoulders so that the feet are up in the air. The
weight of the inverted body is borne on the upper thoracic and cervical
spine. Once in this position, the person attempts to balance while
flexing and extending the lower extremities in a reciprocal manner.
Problems with this exercise include the position itself, which places
the head in a forward-head posture. The body weight becomes a
strong stretch force into flexion on the upper thoracic region, a region
that frequently tends to be flexed from a faulty posture. The flexed and
inverted position compresses the lungs and heart, decreasing their
potential effectiveness. It is questionable whether the benefits of this
exercise outweigh the combined negative effects on the neck and
upper back posture, circulation and respiration.
f) Scissors
This activity is performed with the person lying supine and legs held
extended several inches above the exercise mat. The person then
abducts and adducts the legs, mimicking a scissors motion. The
mechanics of the activity are similar to straight-leg raising in that it
requires a strong abdominal muscle contraction to stabilize the pelvis
against the pull of the hip flexor muscles, which, in this case, must
contract strongly to hold the legs off the ground. There is no resistance
to the abductor and adductor muscles, because the legs move parallel
to the ground. To stabilize the pelvis, the person is often instructed to
place the hands under the pelvis. This defeats the intent of
strengthening the abdominals, because they then do not have to work.
GLOSSARY
arteritis = arterită
arthritis = artrită
arthrokinematic = artrocinematic
arthropathy = artropatie
arthroplasty = artroplastie
arthroscopy = artroscopie
articular cartilage = cartilaj articular
articulation/joint = articulaţie
atrophy = atrofie
avascular necrosis = necroză avasculară
axilla/armpit = axilă, subsuoară
balance = echilibru
bandage = bandaj
bladder = vezică urinară
blood vessels = vase sanguine
bowels = intestine
brace = orteză
bradypnea = bradipnee
calcaneus/heel = călcâi
calcification = calcifiere
cardiovascular fitness = tonus cardiovascular
carpus/wrist = încheietura mâinii
cartilage disk = disc cartilaginos
cerebrovascular accident/stroke = accident cerebrovascular
cervical lordosis = lordoză cervicală
chilblain/frostbite = degerătură
clavicle/collarbone = claviculă
coccyx = coccis
compression dressing = pansament compresiv
spatelui
forward head posture = postură cu capul împins către înainte
gait = umblet, mers
gall bladder = vezică biliară
gangrene = cangrenă
go on crutches = a merge în cârje
goniometer = goniometru
halitosis/bad breath = halitoză
hemarthrosis = hemartroză
hemiparesis = hemipareză
hereditary = ereditar
herniated disk = disc herniat
herniation = herniere
high-protein diet = dietă bogată în proteine
hip = şold
hip joint = articulaţia şoldului
hydrotherapy = hidroterapie
hyperglycaemia/high blood sugar = hiperglicemie
hyperkinesia = hiperkinezie
hyperplastia = hiperplastie
hyperreflexia = hiperreflexie
hyperthermia = hipertermie
hypertonic muscles = muşchi hipertonici
hyperventilation = hiperventilaţie
hypokinesia = hipokinezie
hypotonic muscles = muşchi hipotonici
hypoxia = hipoxie
idiopathic = idiopatic
immobility = imobilitate
impairment = afectare
in-patient = pacient spitalizat/internat
inspiratory capacity = capacitate inspiratorie
instep = scobitura gleznei
isokinetic exercise = exerciţiu izokinetic
isometric (static) exercise = exerciţiu izometric
isotonic (dynamic) exercise = exerciţiu izotonic
joint hypertrophy = hipertrofie articulară
joint mobilization = mobilizare articulară
knee joint = articulaţia genunchiului
knuckle = articulaţia degetului
kypholordotic posture = postură cifolordotică
kyphoscoliosis = cifoscolioză
kyphosis = cifoză
kyphotic posture = postură cifotică
lethargy = letargie
limb = membru
lordosis = lordoză
lordotic posture = postură lordotică
low back pain = durere joasă de spate
low-grade fever = febră uşoară; subfebrilitate
lupus erythematosus = lupus eritematos
lymphedema = limfedem
malaise = indispoziţie
medical examination sheet = foaie de observaţie clinică
medical history = anamneză
meningitis = meningită
mien = ţinută, comportament
motility = motilitate
orthopnea = ortopnee
osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease (DJD) = osteoartrită
osteomyelitis = osteomielită
osteoporosis/bone atrophy = osteoporoză
osteotomy = osteotomie
out-patient = pacient extern
overstrain = supraîncordare
overstretch = supraîntindere
palliative = paliativ
paralysis = paralizie
paraplegia = paraplegie
parasthesia = parestezie
paresis = pareză
paresthesia = parestezie
patella, -ae/knee cap = rotulă
pathology = patologie
pelvic tilt = înclinare/aplecare pelviană
pericarditis = pericardită
pharmacology = farmacologie
phlebitis = flebită
physician = medic
physiology = fiziologie
physiotherapy = fizioterapie
plantarflexion = flexie plantară
plaster bandage = pansament gipsat
plaster cast = aparat gipsat
poliomyelitis/infantile paralysis = poliomielită
postoperative = postoperator
postural fault = defect postural
sole = talpă
spasticity = spasticitate
speech theraphy = logopedie
spinal cord injury = leziune a coloanei vertebrale
spinal cord/marrow = măduva spinării
spine/spinal column/backbone = coloana vertebrală
splint = atelă
spondylitis = spondilită
spondylosis = spondiloză
sprain one’s ankle/wrist = a-şi luxa glezna/încheietura mâinii
stance = poziţie, postură
stasis = stază
sterile dressing = pansament steril
sternum/breastbone = stern
sticking plaster = leucoplast
stiffness = rigiditate
stitches = copci
stooped posture = postură aplecată, înclinată
strain one’s muscle = a suferi o întindere musculară
strengthening exercises = exerciţii de întărire musculară
stretcher = targă
stupor/apathy = indiferenţă, apatie
sway back posture/relaxed (slouched) posture = postură aplecată,
gârbovită
symptomatic = simptomatic
synovectomy = sinovectomie
synovial joint = articulaţie sinovială
synovitis = sinovită
tachycardia/palpitations = tahicardie
tape measure = ruletă, panglică de măsurat
BIBLIOGRAPHY