ASSIGNMENT

Subject Code ECC401A

Subject Name Antenna And Propagation
Programme/Cours
e
B.Tech
Electronic and Communication
Department
Engineering
Faculty Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Name of the Student Prakhar Vishwakarma

Reg. No 17ETEC004080
Semester/Year VII/2020

Subject Leader/s
Dr. B. R. Karthikeyan

i
 M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
University House, Gnanagangothri Campus, New BEL Road,
M S R Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA - 560 054.

<Subject Title> ii
 Declaration Sheet
Student Name Prakhar Vishwakarma
Reg. No 17ETEC004080
Programme/Course B.Tech Semester/Year VII/2020
Subject Code ECC401A
Subject Title Antenna And Propagation
Subject Date to

Subject Leader
Dr. B. R. Karthikeyan

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook.
All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are
fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of
University regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the Student Date 05-12-2020

Submission date stamp

(by Examination & Assessment
Section)

Signature of the Subject Leader and date Signature of the Reviewer and date

iii
Contents
____________________________________________________________________________

Declaration Sheet.........................................................................................................................ii
Contents.......................................................................................................................................iii

<Subject Title> iv
List of Tables................................................................................................................................iv
List of Figures................................................................................................................................v
List of Symbols.............................................................................................................................vi
Question No. 1..............................................................................................................................7
1.1..............................................................................................................................................7
1.2..............................................................................................................................................7
1.3..............................................................................................................................................7
1.4..............................................................................................................................................7
Question No. 2..............................................................................................................................8
2.1..............................................................................................................................................8
2.2..............................................................................................................................................8
2.3..............................................................................................................................................8
2.4..............................................................................................................................................8
Question No. 3..............................................................................................................................9
3.1..............................................................................................................................................9
3.2..............................................................................................................................................9
3.3..............................................................................................................................................9
3.4..............................................................................................................................................9

<Subject Title> v
 List of Tables
____________________________________________________________________________

Table No. Title of the table Pg.No.

Table 1.1 12
Table 1.2 14
Table 2.1 18

vi
 List of Figures
____________________________________________________________________________

Figure No. Title of the figure Pg.No.

Figure 1.1 13
Figure 1.2 15
Figure 2.1 19

vii
 List of Symbols
____________________________________________________________________________

Symbol Description Units

A Current Amp
g Acceleration due to gravity - 9.81 m/s2
V Voltage Volts
w Width mm

<Subject Title> viii

 Question No. 1

Solution to Question No. 1:

Part A:Overview:
The phased array antenna produces steerable main lobe of the radiation. The steerable main lobe
can be accomplished through phasing the antenna terminal.

Develop an essay on the topic: “Phased array antenna system.”

A.1.1: Working Principle of Phased Array Antennas:

Basically a phased array antenna is an array antenna whose single radiators can be fed with different phase
shifts. As a result, the common antenna pattern can be steered electronically. A phased array usually
means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled array of antennas which creates a beam of
radio waves that can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antennas.

The working principle of this antenna is based on the effect of interference, i.e. a phase-dependent
superposition of two or (usually) several radiation sources. In this the phase signals amplify each other and
counter-phase signals cancel each other out. So if two radiators emit a signal in the same phase shift, a
superposition is achieved - the signal is amplified in the main direction and attenuated in the secondary
directions. So basically, Phased arrays implement what we call beamforming. This is done by taking the
radiation patterns of each of the antennas in the array and adding them together in such a way that they
concentrate the energy into a narrow beam or lobe. The individual antenna signals are said to be
interfering with one another either constructively or destructively. Some signals combine to form a
stronger composite signal, while others partially cancel one another out

A.1.2: Advantages and disadvantages of phased array:

Advantages of phased array antenna are given below:
 high beam agility
 arbitrary space scanning
 freely selectable dwell time
 multi-function operation by simultaneous generation of multiple beams
 failure of some components does not result in a complete system failure
 high antenna gain with large side-lobe attenuation
  very fast change of beam direction (in range of microseconds)

Disadvantages of phased array antenna are:

 Deformation of the antenna pattern during beam steering
 low frequency agility
 very complex structure (computer, phase shifter, data bus to each radiator)
 high costs
 limited scanning range (up to max. 120° in azimuth and elevation)

A.1.3: Applications of phased array systems:

 Broad casting satellite systems.

 Ultra sonic and medical imaging application.
 Military applications.
 Used in high frequency applications.
 Beam steering applications.

<Subject Title> 10
 Question No. 2

Solution to Question No. 2:

Part B1: Overview:

Develop a MATLAB code to plot the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna, operating between 300 - 400
MHz.

B.1.1: To plot the radiation pattern of the dipole antenna at various lengths (0.2λ to 2λ)
So to plot the radiation pattern of the dipole antenna for the given length:
Matlab code is given below:
For 0.2:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=0.2; %it is for the values of 0.2,0.6, 0.8, 0.9
f=370*10^6; %Given frequency = 370 MHz
lambda=(3*10^8)/f; %Given wavelength=c/f
L=x.*lambda; %Dipole length
k=2*pi/lambda; %free space phase constant
theta=0:0.01:2*pi; %Angle of elevation
n=pi/2;
E=abs((cos(k*L*cos(theta)/2)-cos(k*L/2))./sin(theta)); %Formula of dipole
antenna
Ep=abs((cos(k*L*cos(n)/2)-cos(k*L/2))./sin(n)); %Antenna peak value
subplot(1,2,1)
polar(theta,E);
title('Polar plot of radiation pattern for 0.2 * lambda')
hold on
phi=0:0.01:2*pi;
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(theta*180/pi,E);
title('Rectangular plot of radiation pattern for 0.2 * lambda')
xlabel('Phase')
ylabel('Magnitude')
hold on

<Subject Title> 11
Output:
Rectangular plot of radiation pattern for 0.2 * lambda
0.2

0.18
Polar plot of radiation pattern for 0.2 * lambda
90 0.2 0.16
120 60
0.14
150 0.1 30
0.12

Magnitude
180 0 0.1

0.08
210 330
0.06
240 300
270 0.04

0.02

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

For 0.6:

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern for 0.6 * lambda

1.4

Polar plot of radiation pattern for 0.6 * lambda 1.2

90 2
120 60
1
150 1 30

0.8
Magnitude

180 0
0.6

210 330
0.4
240 300
270
0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

<Subject Title> 12
For 0.8:

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern for 0.8 * lambda

2

1.8
Polar plot of radiation pattern for 0.8 * lambda
90 2 1.6
120 60
1.4
150 1 30
1.2

Magnitude
180 0 1

0.8
210 330
0.6
240 300
270 0.4

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

For 0.9:

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern for 0.9 * lambda

2

1.8
Polar plot of radiation pattern for 0.9 * lambda
90 2 1.6
120 60
1.4
150 1 30
1.2
Magnitude

180 0 1

0.8
210 330
0.6
240 300
270 0.4

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

<Subject Title> 13
B.1.2:To analyse the impact of length of the dipole to its pattern shape and beamwidth:
We can observe from the above plots as the antenna length is increasing, its shape of the pattern is also
varying.
This is happening due to following reasons:
 The main lobes become more narrower and it got turned into an elliptical shape.
 In main lobe, the magnitude of E increases with increase in length.
 When the value of length is below 1λ , only two main lobes were observed.
 Side lobes also increases as length increases
we have calculated the peak and then found out the beamwidth from all 4 graphs (for 0.2,0.6,0.8,0.9).
the beamwidth calculated from graph for 0.2,0.6,0.8,0.9 are 118.56,102.54,85.92 and 76.73. Hence this
can also be observed by the matlab code given below:
l=[0.2 0.6 0.8 0.9];
BW=[118.56 102.54 85.92 76.73];
plot(l,BW,'r')
hold on
grid on
plot(l,BW,'r')
legend('Length Vs Beamwidth of an antenna')
xlabel('Dipole length in metres)')
ylabel('Beamwidth (Phase)')

Output:

<Subject Title> 14
 120
Length Vs Beamwidth of an antenna
115

110

105
Beamwidth (Phase)

100

95

90

85

80

75
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Dipole length in metres)

B.2:Overview:

To develop a MATLAB code to plot the N-element linear array radiation pattern, for the antennas
operating at 800 MHz:

B.2.1: To determine the Broad side and End-fire radiation pattern for a chosen N element array:

Matlab code is given below to determine the broad side and end fire radiation pattern as:
For N=5:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
f=800*10^6; %Given Frequency
lambda=(3*10^8)/f; %Given wavelength=c/f
N=5; %Given number of elements for N element array where N=5,15,25,30
D=lambda./2; %In between distance of two elements
k=(2*pi)./lambda;
theta=0:0.001:2*pi;
psi=k*D*cos(theta); %for broadside antenna
x=(N/2).*psi;
y=psi/2;
AF=abs(sin(x)./(N.*sin(y))); %Array factor

<Subject Title> 15
deg=theta*180/pi;
figure(1)
subplot(1,2,1)
polar(theta,AF);
title('Broadside radiation pattern (polar)')
hold on
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(deg,AF)
grid on
title('rectangular radiation pattern for broadside)')
xlabel('Phase')
ylabel('Magnitude of array factor')
Beta=-k*D;
psi=k*D*cos(theta)+pi*Beta/180; %it is for end-fire antenna
x=(N/2).*psi;
y=psi/2;
AF=abs(sin(x)./(N.*sin(y))); %Given array factor
deg=theta*180/pi;
figure(2)
subplot(1,2,1)
polar(theta,AF);
title('Polar plot of radiation pattern of end fire')
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(deg,AF)
grid on
title('Rectangular plot of radiation pattern of end fire')
xlabel('Phase')
ylabel('Magnitude of array factor')

Output:

<Subject Title> 16
 rectangular radiation pattern for broadside)
1

0.9
Broadside radiation pattern (polar)
90 1 0.8
120 60
0.7

Magnitude of array factor

150 0.5 30
0.6

180 0 0.5

0.4
210 330
0.3
240 300
270 0.2

0.1

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern of end fire

1

0.9
Polar plot of radiation pattern of end fire
90 1 0.8
120 60
0.7
Magnitude of array factor

150 0.5 30
0.6

180 0 0.5

0.4
210 330
0.3
240 300
270 0.2

0.1

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

For N=15:

<Subject Title> 17
 rectangular radiation pattern for broadside)
1

0.9
Broadside radiation pattern (polar)
90 1 0.8
120 60
0.7

Magnitude of array factor

150 0.5 30
0.6

180 0 0.5

0.4
210 330
0.3
240 300
270 0.2

0.1

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern of end fire

1.4

Polar plot of radiation pattern of end fire 1.2

90 2
120 60
1
Magnitude of array factor

150 1 30

0.8
180 0
0.6

210 330
0.4
240 300
270
0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

For N=25:

<Subject Title> 18
 rectangular radiation pattern for broadside)
1

0.9
Broadside radiation pattern (polar)
90 1 0.8
120 60
0.7

Magnitude of array factor

150 0.5 30
0.6

180 0 0.5

0.4
210 330
0.3
240 300
270 0.2

0.1

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern of end fire

1.4

Polar plot of radiation pattern of end fire 1.2

90 2
120 60
1
Magnitude of array factor

150 1 30

0.8
180 0
0.6

210 330
0.4
240 300
270
0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

For N=30:

<Subject Title> 19
 rectangular radiation pattern for broadside)
1

0.9
Broadside radiation pattern (polar)
90 1 0.8
120 60
0.7

Magnitude of array factor

150 0.5 30
0.6

180 0 0.5

0.4
210 330
0.3
240 300
270 0.2

0.1

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

Rectangular plot of radiation pattern of end fire

1.4

Polar plot of radiation pattern of end fire 1.2

90 2
120 60
1
Magnitude of array factor

150 1 30

0.8
180 0
0.6

210 330
0.4
240 300
270
0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400
Phase

<Subject Title> 20
B.2.2: To do analysis through appropriate plots for change in beam width for different number of array
elements:
For the given question,we have obtained various beamwidth of broadside and end fire antenna
from the graph ,Matlab code is given below as:

clc;
close all;
clear all;
N=[5 15 25 30];
BW=[28.34 9.17 5.5 4.6]; %beamwidth of broadside antenna
figure(1);
plot(N,BW,'b')
hold on
plot(N,BW,'*')
grid on
legend('Number of elements in given N array Vs Beamwidth of the broadside
antenna')
xlabel('Number of elements in the array')
ylabel('Beamwidth in phase')
BW=[81.8 46.2 35.6 32.4]; %Beamwidth of end fire
figure(2);
plot(N,BW,'b')
hold on
plot(N,BW,'*')
grid on;
legend('Number of elements in given N array Vs Beamwidth of the end-fire
antenna')
xlabel('Number of elements in the array')
ylabel('Beamwidth in phase')

Output:

<Subject Title> 21
 30
Number of elements in given N array Vs Beamwidth of the broadside antenna

25

20
Beamwidth in phase

15

10

0
5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of elements in the array

90
Number of elements in given N array Vs Beamwidth of the end-fire antenna

80

70
Beamwidth in phase

60

50

40

30
5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of elements in the array

B.2.3: Inference of the obtained results and technical conclusion:

By seeing the obtained results we can conclude some points given below as:
 The high directivity and smaller beam are there in both the arrays due to resonance.
 In broadside antenna if number of elements increases then the beamwidth decreases .
 In end-fire antenna also ,when number of elements increases, beamwidth increases .
 The main lobes are opposite to each other in broadside antenna and they are equal as observed in
B2.1 .

<Subject Title> 22
  In end fire antenna the smaller side lobes and main lobes are in certain direction .
 The radiation pattern in end fire antenna is unidirectional that means it lowers the beamwidth and
overall area covered, but increases the strength of the signal and distance covered in the direction.

<Subject Title> 23