MENTION

SELECTED PROJECT TITLE

PROJECT TYPE: MINOR

NAME: BALIREDDY GIRI VIKAS

BABU
EMAILID: ramvikas36921@gmail.com
BATCH
: 2022
COURSE
: HYBRID AND ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
MENTOR
: SRUJAN

(Project Title) Page 1

 ____________________________________________________________________ABSTRA
CT

(Abstract should contain at least 100 words and should not exceed 150 words)

Global warming has led to the large adoption of EVs (Electric Vehicles) which appear to be the
best replacement for IC engines. Due to the number of EVs are increased on the road, charging
vehicles with conventional fossil fuel-based grids are not efficient and economical. The
renewable energy-based charging station finds control for electric vehicle charging. This project
describes the solar and wind energy-based charging mechanism (SWCM) to generate the power
for charging the battery packs of EVs (electric vehicles). The renewable charging station consists
of both the wind generator and PV (solar photovoltaic) modules. The wind energy-based
charging mechanism immensely reduces the requirement of fossil fuels to generate electricity,
resulting in reduced CO2 and CO-related emissions. An EV (electric vehicle) charging station
integrating solar power, wind power, Grid and a BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) is
designed for the current scenario.

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____________________________________________________________TABLE OF
CONTENTS

Title Page
Title
No. No.
i. Front Page 1
ii. Abstract 2
iii. Table of Contents 3
iv. List of Tables and Figures 4
v. Abbreviations and Acronyms 5

Project Contents
Section 1: Introduction
1.1. Introduction to Topic 6
1.2. Need and Motivation of Topic 6
Section 2: Collected Data
2.1. Review of Collected Data 7
2.2. Conclusion Drawn 7
Section 3: Description of Issue
3.1. Problem Statement 8
3.2. Methods to Solve Issue 8
Section 4: Resolution and Conclusion
4.1. Detailed Description of each method 9
4.2. Conclusion with Justification 9
References

Appendix

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 ____________________________________________________LIST OF TABLES AND
FIGURES

Table Page
Table
No. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Figure Page
Figure
No. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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 ______________________________________________ABBREVATIONS AND
ACRONYMS

EVs Electric Vehicles

SWCM Solar and Wind Energy-based Charging Mechanism

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 _________________________________________________SECTION 1:
INTRODUCTION

(Section 1 must include Citation in Harvard Style)

Sheik Mohammed, S. , Sheeba, R. , Varun, S. P. , Abhiraj, P. , (2021). Optimal Design and

Implementation of Solar-Powered EV Public Charging Station [online], Research Gate.
Available at:
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349816517_Optimal_Design_and_Implementation_o
f_Solar-Powered_EV_Public_Charging_Station> [Accessed 14 April 2022].

1.1. Introduction to Topic

Topics to Include:

1.1.1 Introduction on Topic chosen

There has been a rapid growth in the use of electric vehicles as an alternative to gaspowered vehicles
due to the increase in awareness towards a sustainable lifestyle. Traditionally, the electric vehicle
charging has been grid-based but the technological advancement in the field of solar energy has led to
the use of solar-powered chargers for the electric vehicle charging. These pollution free solar chargers
provide clean electricity to the electric vehicles and additionally results in a green environmental effect.
Furthermore, the introduction of these charging stations would enable the people to rethink their
means of transportation choices and thus switching to zero emission vehicles [1].

By every year, electric vehicles are becoming more and more affordable which leads the investors to
start investing on charging station due to its increasing demand. At present, electric grids are more
dependent on fossil fuels than that of the renewable energy. Though EV’s are electrically driven, they
also will contribute to harmful emissions as electrical energy production for charging stations should
also be taken into consideration which are going to be additional generation from fossil fuels. Thus, in
order to reduce the impact of the harmful emissions, renewable energy, particularly solar energy-based
electric vehicle charging stations can be built [2]. This paper provides the design of a charging station
that uses conventional grid supply for commonly available vehicles, to design and develop a solar fed
charging station, to collect power details of electric vehicles, to implement the charging station that has
the capability to utilize solar energy when it is available and switch to grid supply otherwise [3]. A
charging station powered by the conventional grid supply has got many limitations and disadvantages,
and hence, we use solar energy for the charging purposes. The switching circuit enables the switching of
circuits, and the implementation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) enables the tracking of
maximum solar energy.

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 Contemporary Review on Charging Station Development
The design of charging station infrastructure relies on the standard of electric vehicles available in the
area of implementation. Various charging techniques can be incorporated on analyzing the requirement
of the connected load. Charging of the electric vehicle battery is generally achieved by three methods:
Conductive charging method [4, 5], Inductive charging method [6, 7], and Battery swapping technique
[8, 9]. Electric auto rickshaws which favour conductive charging are our focus of study (Fig. 1).

Conductive charging techniques are classified as level one charging, level two charging, DC fast
charging, based on the charging time and supplied power.

Level 1 charging uses a 120 V which creates lesser impact on electric utility peak demand charges. This
is a slow charging method, typically ranging 3–5 miles per hour.

Level 2 charging uses 240 V power to enable faster regeneration of an EV’s battery system. This type of
charging needs the installation of an EVSE unit and electrical wiring capable of handling higher voltage
power. This is a popularly used

EV Charging Methods

Conductive Inductive Battery

Charging Charging Swapping

Level 1 Slide Swapping

Level 2 Static Inductive Dynamic Inductive Rear Swapping
Level 3 Charging Charging Bottom Swapping
Top Swapping

Fig. 1 Different EV charging techniques

methodofchargingforEV’s.Ithasafasterchargetimecapacity,ranging10–20miles per hour. This method of
charging has a 3% gain in efficiency than level 1 method of charging. Apart from the discussed benefits,
the level 2 charging method is more expensive than level 1.

DC fast charging provides compatible vehicles with an 80% charge in 30–60 min by converting high-
voltage AC power to DC power for direct storage in EV batteries. Automakers currently accept the
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J-1772 plug for level 1 and 2 charging, except for Tesla which has
an adapter. For DC fast charging, there are three plug types used by different manufacturers: the
CHAdeMO, SAECombinedChargingSystem(Combo/CCS),andTeslaSupercharger.Nissanand Mitsubishi
vehicles use CHAdeMO while current and upcoming vehicles from US and European manufacturers
have SAE CCS ports [10]. It is nearly as quick as refuelling a gasoline vehicle. Significantly, more
expensive than level 1 or level 2 equipment and high-voltage three-phase power connections to utility
further increases installation costs.

In [11], author describes a DC microgrid charging station with bulk storage Li-Ion batteries and the
integration of renewable energy sources like wind energy and solar energy. The paper discusses a
control logic method to absorb maximum power from the DER’s.

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In [12], charging strategy is developed so as to manage the charging plan of vehicles using binary and
linear programming. This model was capable of reducing the cost to 60% without management. The
charging station was grid-connected charging time is divided into intervals to minimize the peak
consumption.

The paper [13] presents the impact of EV’s on the power network. The study is performed for the worst
case scenario, by connecting depleted EV’s with the power network for analysis. This paper also
highlights the detailed modelling of DC fast charging station as constant impedance load.

1.1.2 Pros and Cons of one system over other

Advantages:

1. Generates approximately twice as much as solar or wind only systems.

2. Enhanced reliability of the power generation system.
3. Do not require grid expansion as they produce power at different intervals and during
complementary seasons
4. Size of the battery can be minimized as there is less reliance on one method of power
production

5. The system shall be designed for large current ratings in Ampere.

6. Microcontrollers are implemented which are intelligent chips. Hence the system can be modified as
per the need of application.
7. Use of microcontroller ensures reliability of the system.
8. The system is user friendly hence can be easily operated by users.
Disadvantages:
1. The system is costly as compared to existing System.
2. Programming of microcontrollers is required which increases the software cost and creates
complexity at the time of making prototype.
3. Solar panel needs cleaning frequently.
4. Not feasible in some urban locations where the wind speeds are much lesser.
5. Small amounts of losses due to the shading of wind towers.
6. Market maturity not yet achieved.
7. Not all types of wind turbines can be utilized as the wind speed varies with regions.

1.1.3 Anticipate it based on market research

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1 The global EV charging cables market is projected to reach USD 2,453 million by 2027, at a CAGR of
29.8% during the forecast period. The major market players include LEONI AG (Germany), TE
Connectivity (Switzerland), BESEN Group (China), Aptiv (Ireland), Dyden Corporation (Japan)
2 The power grid system market in subsea is expected to grow from USD 9.1 billion in 2022 to USD 14.8
billion in 2027, at a CAGR of 10.2% during the forecast period. To enable an in-depth understanding of
the competitive landscape, the report includes the profiles of some of the top players in the power grid
system market in subsea. These include ABB (Switzerland), General Electric (US), Siemens Energy
(Germany), Prysmian Group (Italy), Nexans (France), TechnipFMC (UK), and Baker Hughes (US). The
leading players are trying to establish themselves in the markets of developed countries and are adopting
various strategies to increase their respective market shares.
3 The global wireless EV Charging market is expected to grow from USD 15 million in 2022 to USD 377
million by 2027, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 88.4% during the forecast period.The
major players Witricity Corporation (US), Momentum Dynamic Corporation (US), Plugless Power Inc.
(US), Efacec (Portugal), and HEVO Inc. (US).
4 The Offshore Wind Market is expected to grow from USD 31.8 billion in 2021 to USD 56.8 billion by
2026, at a CAGR of 12.3% during the forecast period. The key players include General Electric (US),
Vestas (Denmark), Siemens Gamesa (Spain), Goldwind (China), Shanghai Electric Wind Power
Equipment Co. (China). The leading players are adopting various strategies to increase their share in the
offshore wind market.
5 The Concentrating Solar Power Market is expected to grow from USD 3.5 billion in 2020 to USD 7.6
billion by 2025, at a CAGR of 16.4% during the forecast period. To enable an in-depth understanding of
the competitive landscape, the report includes the profiles of some of the key players in the
concentrating solar power market such as Abengoa (Spain), BrightSource Energy (US), ACWA Power
(Saudi Arabia), Aalborg CSP (Denmark), and SolarReserve (US) and other players such as TSK Flagsol
Engineering GmbH (Germany), Alsolen (Morocco), Cobra Energia (Spain), Torresol Energy (Spain),
Acciona Energy (Spain), eSolar (US), and Enel Green Power (Italy).

1.2. Need and Motivation of Topic

(Mention Need and Motivation with bulleted points)

 By charging frequently, you may never need to go to a service station again! EVs
can also reduce the emissions that add to environmental change and smog,
improving public health, and reducing ecological damage. Charging your EV
on sustainable power, for example, solar or wind minimizes these emissions
even more.

 Tax and financial benefits

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  Registration fees and road tax on purchasing electric vehicles are lesser than petrol or diesel
vehicles. There are multiple policies and incentives offered by the government depending on
which state you are in. To find out more about electric vehicle incentives, click below .

  Zero Tailpipe Emissions

 Driving an electric vehicle can help you reduce your carbon footprint because there will be zero
tailpipe emissions. You can reduce the environmental impact of charging your vehicle further by
choosing renewable energy options for home electricity.

 Low maintenance cost

 Electric vehicles have very low maintenance costs because they don’t have as many moving parts
as an internal combustion vehicle. The servicing requirements for electric vehicles are lesser than
the conventional petrol or diesel vehicles. Therefore, the yearly cost of running an electric vehicle
is significantly low.

  Petrol and diesel use is destroying our planet

 The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and their use is destroying our planet. Toxic emissions
from petrol and diesel vehicles lead to long-term, adverse effects on public health. The emissions
impact of electric vehicles is much lower than petrol or diesel vehicles. From an efficiency
perspective, electric vehicles can covert around 60% of the electrical energy from the grid to
power the wheels, but petrol or diesel cars can only convert 17%-21% of the energy stored in the
fuel to the wheels. That is a waste of around 80%. Fully electric vehicles have zero tailpipe
emissions, but even when electricity production is taken into account, petrol or diesel vehicles
emit almost 3 times more carbon dioxide than the average EV. To reduce the impact of charging
electric vehicles, India is ambitious to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power
installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by the year 2030. Therefore,
electric vehicles are the way forward for Indian transport, and we must switch to them now.

 Electric Vehicles are easy to drive and quiet

 Electric vehicles don’t have gears and are very convenient to drive. There are no complicated
controls, just accelerate, brake, and steer. When you want to charge your vehicle, just plug it in to
a home or public charger. Electric vehicles are also quiet, so they reduce noise pollution that
traditional vehicles contribute to.

 No noise pollution
 Electric vehicles have the silent functioning capability as there is no engine under the hood. No
engine means no noise. The electric motor functions so silently that you need to peek into your
instrument panel to check if it is ON. Electric vehicles are so silent that manufacturers have to
add false sounds in order to make them safe for pedestrians.

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____________________________________________________SECTION 2: COLLECTED
DATA

(Section 2 must include Citation in Harvard Style)

2.1. Review of Collected Data

(Collect a minimum of 2 peer reviewed journal papers / standard articles / thesis / reference
guides, related to the topic/issue and tabulate the same in below table)
Sl. Author and Year Methods Used by Conclusion Critical
No. Title of Publication Author by Author Assessment by
yourself
(Mention the key
(Mention the
factor that you have
conclusion
1 considered for
drawn in your
project from the
own words)
reference document)
2

2.2. Conclusion Drawn

(Conclusion of all papers need to be mentioned here in own words)

At EV stations, some electric vehicles have on-board converters that can plug into a standard electrical
outlet or a high-capacity appliance outlet. Others either require or can use a charging station that
provides electrical conversion, monitoring or safety functionality. Our proposed system focus on electric
auto’s, where Mahindra Treo and Kerala Automobiles Ltd are the major distributors of the same in
Kerala with battery capacity ranging 5.4 and 4.8 kWh. Both the e-auto providers have implemented an
on-board charger which requires a 230 V power supply. It is profitable to use solar energy for public
utilities while considering its long-term economic and environmental benefits. The cost of battery is a
factor which restricts many to use a panel–battery arrangement. Moreover, usage of an electro
chemical battery coins its effect of harmful environmental hazards and reduces the overall system
efficiency, as it doesn’t provide enough energy while discharging as compared to the energy required
for charging.

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The feasibility of our proposed system is that it is capable to provide the energy to load almost from the
solar PV array. On analyzing the overall energy injected and supplied to and from the grid, it can be
concluded that the overall system is self-sustain enough to provide supply to the load profile.

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________________________________________________SECTION 3: DESCRIPTION OF
ISSUE

3.1. Problem Statement

(Mention the Project Topic and two methods. First method you can include as research that you
have carried out in section 2)

3.2. Methods to Solve the Issue

Sl. No. Methods Used Resources used
1 Power
requirement
mod

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________________________________________SECTION 4: RESOLUTION AND
CONCLUSION 4.1. Detailed description of each method

(Mention the details of second method only if first method is considered to be research)

4.2. Conclusion with Justification

(Summarize the conclusion generated with proper justification)

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___________________________________________________________________REFERENC
ES

(Note: References should be done in Harvard Style)

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 ___________________________________________________________________APPENDIX

(Mention if any)

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