PHOTOCHEMICAL MACHINE

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
by

22DME39: Shaikh Ahmed Husain.

22DME42: Shaikh Asad.
22DME43: Shaikh Fahad.
22DME53: Shaikh Shahid.

Supervisor (s):
SHAIKH SAAD SIR

Mechanical Engineering

Anjuman-I-Islam
 Kalsekar Technical Campus School of Engineering &
Technology
2022-23

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Photochemical Machine” is a bonafide work of

“Shaikh Ahmed, Shaikh Asad, Shaikh Fahad, Shaikh Shahid”, Roll No.:
22DME39, 22DME42, 22DME43, 22DME53 submitted to the University of Mumbai
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of “Bachelor of

Engineering”.

Supervisor/Guide Co-Supervisor/Guide

Head of Department Principal

 Declaration
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own
words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately
cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to
all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my
submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for
disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the
sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

22DME39 Shaikh Ahmed Husain

22DME42: Shaikh Asad.

22DME43: Shaikh Fahad.

22DME53: Shaikh Shahid.

Date:
List of Content
4
 Sr.no. Chapter Page no.

I. Vision, Mission, & Objectives of EV. 1

Chapter 1 Electric vehicle. 9

1.1 Introduction of EV. 9

Chapter 2 Electric Charging Station. 10

2.1 Introduction Electric Charging Station. 11

2.2 Charging Method. 12

2.3 Modes of Charging. 12

2.3.1 Types of Mode of Charging. 13 - 15

2.4 Different Type of Connector Cables Used for Charging. 17 - 20

2.4.1 Indian Electric Cars & Types of Connectors 21

2.5 Arranging for Electricity Supply for Charging. 23 - 28

Chapter 3 Location Planning & site selection 29 -30

3.1.1 Principle of Location Planning for Public Charging. 37 - 38

3.2 Sites selection & Planning. 31

Chapter 4 Top 7 Charging Station Manufacturers in India 32 - 34

4444.1
4.2 Charging station Across Maharashtra & All Over India. 35 - 36

Chapter 5 Conclusion. 37 - 38

Reference. 39
List of Figures
Figure no. Title Page no.

5
 1.1 E.V Intro Animation. 10

2.1 Electric Charging System/Station. 10

2.2 Electric Charging System/Station layout. 11

2.3 Mode – 1. 13

2.4 Mode – 2. 13

2.5 Mode – 3. 14

2.6 Mode – 4. 14

2.7 Modes of Charger. 16

2.8 Modes of Charger with Different Connector. 16

2.9 TYPE – 1. 18

2.10 TYPE – 2. 19

2.11 GB / T. 19

2.12 CCS. 20

2.13 CHAdeMO. 20

2.14 TESLA. 20

2.20 Arranging Modes of Charging 23

2.21 Existing Power Connection. 24

2.22 New Power Connection. 26

2.23 Captive Renewable Energy. 28

3.1 Principle of location planning. 30

3.2 Site Selection for Location of EV Charging. 31

List of Tables
Table no. Title Page no.

1 Modes Of Charger with Technical Specification. 15

6
2 The Connector Used in All Over the Globe. 17

3 Indian Electric Cars & Type of Connectors Used by. 22

4 DELTA EV charging equipment specification 32

5 MASS_TECH EV Charging Equipment Specifications. 33

6 ABB INDIA EV Charging Equipment Specifications. 33

7 EXIOM EV Charging Equipment Specifications. 34

8 LUBI EV SOLUTION Charging Equipment Specifications. 34

9 AEIDTH EV Charging Equipment Specifications. 34

10 Summary of charging station of city. 36

11 Summary of charging station of States. 36

12 Summary of charging station of highways. 36

Photochemical Machine

Maharashtra’s Electric Vehicle Policy

7
 I. Vision:
Maharashtra - a globally competitive state for Electric Vehicle and
component manufacturing, and maximize adoption of EV in Maharashtra.

II. Mission:
To place Maharashtra amongst the most preferred investment destinations
for global investors through promotional strategies combined with developing a
competitive and sustainable investment environment, thereby making Maharashtra
as one of the most favoured economic magnet and centre of attraction for EV.

III. Policy Objectives:

a) To develop Maharashtra as the leader in EV manufacturing and use of EV.
b) To create newer employment opportunities.
c) To promote export of EV, components, battery and charging equipment’s.
d) To promote R&D, innovation and skill development in EV Sector.
e) To promote sustainable transport system.

IV. Aim & objectives of this report.

a) Building awareness among the people for the adoption of EVs through
their benefits.
b) Learning/enhancing of the professional skills.
c) Preparing a comprehensive report on the topic which can be used by others
for reference.
d) we gather all the information & merge it into one report.

Report on Photochemical Machine

Chapter no. 1
1.1 Introduction on Photochemical Machine:

8
Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as photochemical milling or photo etching,
is a chemical milling process used to fabricate sheet metal components using a photoresist
and etchants to corrosively machine away selected areas. This process emerged in the
1960s as an offshoot of the printed circuit board industry. Photo etching can produce
highly complex parts with very fine detail accurately and economically.

Fig no.: 1.1: Photochemical Machine.

Photochemical machining plays a dominant role in the field of manufacturing. This

process is the higher resolution of the chemical machining process. In simple words, the
replacement of any maskant by photoresist material in the Chemical machining process
turns the process into Photochemical machining. The photoresist material is made use for
ultraviolet exposure before the chemical etching to produce complex geometries on sheet
metal components. This process is widely used for prototyping because of its sharp
dimensional tolerances.

In the 21st century, EVs have seen a resurgence due to technological developments, and
an increased focus on renewable energy and the potential reduction of transportation's
impact on climate change, air pollution, and other environmental issues. Project
Drawdown describes electric vehicles as one of the 100 best contemporary solutions for
addressing climate change.

9
This process can offer economical alternatives to stamping, punching, laser or water jet
cutting, or wire electrical discharge machining (EDM) for thin gauge precision parts. The
tooling is inexpensive and quickly produced. This makes the process useful for
prototyping and allows for easy changes in mass production. It maintains dimensional
tolerances and does not create burrs or sharp edges. It can make a part in hours after
receiving the drawing.

PCM can be used on virtually any commercially available metal or alloy, of any hardness.
It is limited to materials with a thickness of 0.0005 to 0.080 in (0.013 to 2.032 mm).
Metals include aluminium, brass, copper, manganese, nickel, silver, steel, stainless steel,
zinc and titanium. Photochemical machining is a form of photo engraving, and a similar
process in microfabrication is called photolithography.

10
 Chapter 2
2.1 Process Of Photochemical Machine:
Photochemical etching is a precision process for metal cutting and etching using specially
formulated chemicals to create designs on flat sheets of metal. The nature of the process
makes it possible to etch highly complex and intricate features into a wide variety of
metals.

1. Photo-tool Plotting:
The photo-tool is the photographic negative image of the desired profile or “artwork”.
The pattern is drawn using some form of engineering design software, such as drawing
exchange format (DXF), illustrator, Computer Aided Design (CAD), or some other
form of design software. The rendering of the design, including its parameters, is
converted into a photo tool and printed to photographic film (either a silver halide or a
diazo film) by a photoplotter or a laser-imaging system. Compensation factors are also
added to the etching process. This is done by adding width to the profile or making the
outside edges larger, while the inner edges (e.g. holes, slots, and notches) smaller. The
following are some of the factors that affect photo-tool dimensions.

Fig no.:

• Temperature and Humidity Variations:

During plotting of the artwork into the photo-tool, dimensional variations can occur
due to changes in temperature and humidity. This can be controlled by using thicker
polyester films or glass as a photo-tool, or by doing the plotting in a controlled
environment.

11
 • Etch Factor:
The etch factor is expressed as the ratio of the undercut to the depth of etching. This
must be considered while creating the photo-tool. The edges of the image plotted to the
photo-tool must be adjusted to compensate for the undercut.
2. Material Preparation:
The workpiece is then cut and cleaned prior to application of the photoresist coating.
This is to ensure that any oil, dirt, rust, or grease accumulated on the metal surface
from its primary processing and handling will not prevent the photoresist from
adhering. There are two methods of cleaning: chemical and mechanical. Chemical
cleaning involves a mild pickling process where the material is suspended into a
degreasing solution consisting of mild acids and degreasing agents. Mechanical
cleaning, on the other hand, subjects the material to some form of scrubbing and
application of mild degreasing solution. Chemical cleaning methods are preferred over

A hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)
coating may also be applied to increase
the adhesion of the photoresist. This
ensures that the surface is hydrophobic,
leaving a non-polar surface.

mechanical due to the lesser damage applied onto the material.

Fig no.:

3. Photoresist Coating:
Photoresists are light sensitive, organic materials deposited on the surface of the
workpiece. Photoresists can withstand the etching solution, leaving behind a defined
image. When this coating is exposed to UV light, it becomes either soluble or insoluble
to the developer solvent depending on the type used. The photoresist regions are either
protected or exposed by the photo-tool. Photoresists are classified according to the type

12
 of image produced, chemical structure, and form. Photoresists according to the type of
image produced are:

Fig no.:

• Positive Photoresists:
Positive photoresists are the type where the exposed areas become soluble to the
developer
solvent.

Fig no.:

• Negative Photoresists:
This type is opposite to the effect of positive photoresists wherein the exposed areas to
UV light polymerize or cure becoming chemically resistant to the developer solvent.

Fig no.:

Positive photoresists typically exhibit better image resolution in contrast with negative
photoresists. However, they need longer exposure time, are more difficult to develop
and remove, and are much more expensive.

13
 The following are photoresists according to chemical structure:

• Photopolymer
In this type of photoresist material, free radicals are generated when exposed to UV
light.
These free radicals induce cross-linking reactions generating a cured film.

• Photodecomposing
This process utilizes the photodecomposition of a photoactive material, usually
the
diazonaphthaquinone (DNQ). This produces hydrophilic compounds which then reacts
with water to form indene carboxylic acid, rendering the exposed part soluble.

• Photocrosslinking
In this type, acid is generated upon the exposure to UV light which induce crosslinking
reactions to form insoluble networks. This process is utilized for negative photoresists.

Photoresists can also be classified further according to form:

• Dry Film
Fig no.: These are rolls of photoactive
materials sandwiched by a
separation sheet (top layer)

• Liquid composed of polyethylene film and

or Wet a support or protective film (bottom
Film Liquid photoresist is applied by a
layer) composed of polyester. The
Fig no.: variety of methods such as dip
chemical structure of the
coating, spray coating, spin coating,
4. photoactive material can be either
etc. Among these, dip coating is the
photopolymeric or photo
most popular due to its ease and low
decomposing.
cost.

Soft Bake:

14
 After application of the photoresist material, the photoresist is baked or heated to
vaporize and release residual solvents. This is done usually at temperatures ranging
from 90°C to 110°C. This process must be controlled since high evaporation rate can
cause bubbles to form creating voids within the photoresist. Low evaporation rate, on
the other hand, can cause a film to form on the surface which inhibits evaporation of
the residual solvents.

5. Alignment:
For multilayered patterns, it is important to ensure proper alignment of the photo-tools.
This is done by matching markers from the photo-tool and the features on the
workpiece.

6. Exposure
This process is where the image on the photo-tool or mask will be transferred to the
workpiece with a photoresist. Exposure is usually done via ultraviolet waves where the
wavelength is less than 400nm. For DNQ, the required wavelength is around 300nm to
450nm. Note that certain photoresist polymers only react at a certain wavelength. For
producing smaller structures, it is desirable to use photoresist materials and exposure
techniques that operate at the smallest wavelengths.

15
• Mentioned below are several techniques employed for exposing the photoresist:
1. Contact Exposure
In this setup, the photo-tool is in direct contact with the photoresist material. Thus,
the pattern is transferred at a scale of 1:1. This process is fast and simple since the
whole wafer or workpiece is exposed. However, this method is not suited to
produce very small patterns. Also, because of the direct contact between the mask
and the photoresist, the mask is prone to damage and contamination.

2. Proximity Exposure
This is similar to contact exposure in which the imaging scale is 1:1. This is mostly
done on textured substrates that require a gap between the mask and photoresist.
The gap solves damage and contamination issues attributed to the contact exposure
method. However, it does not offer better resolution than contact exposure.

Fig no.:

3. Projection Exposure
This method involves projecting the mask (known as reticles) through reduction
optics. In contrast with contact and proximity exposure, this method uses a stepper
that projects one or a few patterns onto the wafer at a time. The advantage of this
process is that since the reticle is a few multiples larger than the projected image,
any defects on the reticle is reduced thereby improving the resolution.

16
 Fig no.:

4. Laser Direct Imaging

This method does not need any photo-tool or masks to create an image on the
photoresist. This utilizes lasers focused to a narrow beam that directly exposes
regions on the photoresist pixel-by-pixel. Laser direct writing has the advantage of
etching in the scale of tenths of a micrometer that is difficult for conventional
exposure processes. However, depending on the resolution, imaging time takes
several hours to complete.

Fig no.:

5. Electron Beam Exposure

This method involves scanning a focused beam of electrons onto the substrate
enclosed in a vacuum. Like the laser direct writing, the electron beam directly
exposes regions on the substrate to change their solubility. However, the type of
material coating the substrate is not the usual photoresist. Electron beam uses
electron beam (e-beam) resists which respond to electrons or deep UV light (UV
waves with short wavelengths). This method can write in the scale of a nanometer
mostly used in the manufacture of computer processing units.

17
 Fig no.:

7. Post Exposure Bake (PEB)

A common problem after exposure is the

development of standing waves. These are thin
film interference effects caused by the partial
absorption of light or UV waves by the layers of
8. the photoresist material. PEB can be an optional
or critical procedure which is achieved by
subjecting the wafer to temperatures around 110-
120°C, depending on the type of photoresist
used. This is commonly done on chemically
amplified photoresists seen in photocrosslinkers.
Developing:
PEB completes the photoreaction initiated by the
The developer removes the
UV light exposure by thermally catalyzing the photoresist during the developing
chemical reactions. process. The workpiece is
submerged in a developer, an alkaline solution for positive photoresists, with an
organic
solvent used for negative ones. This process takes advantage of the different
photoresist
dissolution properties between the exposed and unexposed areas. For positive
photoresists,
the exposed areas are soluble, which will be dissolved by the developer. The opposite is
true for negative photoresists. The development process is time and temperature
sensitive.
Overdevelopment may result in swelling of the photoresist, which results in image of
distortion.

18
 Fig no.:
9. Etching
The next step is to pass the sheet through an etching machine. Here, the chemical reagent
is
sprayed on both sides of the sheet. The areas of the sheet covered with resist materials
don’t
let the etchant react with the metal while the exposed area of the sheet reacts to the etchant
causing the metal to melt due to change in chemical properties. This metal
removal
fabricates the designed shape on the sheet. The whole process is driven in a fully
automatic
closed machine with rolling conveyors to carry sheet metal from one end of the machine
to
the other.

• The type of etchant used in photochemical milling differs in condition to the base material
being used. Few are listed below:

19
 Fig no.:
10. Photoresist removal or Stripping
The sheet is further passed through a resist stripping machine. The resist that remained on
the sheet to save the sheet from the reaction of etchant is removed by spraying the resist
strip
liquid. This must be done as quickly as possible, without causing damage to the
substrate.
This can be done in different ways. One method is by using solvents such as acetone,
NMP
(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), or by proprietary read to use
stripper
mixtures. Solvents break down the structure of the resist layer usually with the aid of a
heated
environment. Another method is by oxygen combustion. Photoresists with too high
cross
linking which cannot be easily removed by chemical removers are combusted with
O2
plasma.

20
Fig no.:

11. Inspection
Parts are then inspected, ensuring it meets proper dimensional specifications, is burr free,
and
has no other imperfections or defects. Our team also ensures all parts meet high
quality
standards when value added processes such as forming, laser welding, soldering, or plating
are
requested.

Fig no.:

Chapter 3
3.1 Advantages of PCM:

• Cost of PCM
The process of PCM does not require tooling, die processing, or other
mechanical
manipulations. The removal of casting, grinding, and shaping of metals to
produce
production equipment greatly reduces production time and production costs.

• Properties of Metals
Other metal shaping processes bend and change the properties of metals through
the

21
 manufacturing process, which places stress on the metals structure. With PCM, the
internal
structure of a workpiece remains unchanged after undergoing chemical etching.
The
hardness, grain structure, and ductility of a metal is unaffected and maintain its original
state.

• Patterns and Components

Parts and components that have repeating patterns and intricate designs can easily and
efficiently be produced to meet the demands of the highest tolerances.

• Metalworking Inspections
A common problem with any form of metalworking are unwanted bits, flakes, burrs, and
flaws that have to be machined off a workpiece after it has been processed. In many cases, this
requires intense metal working and several man hours that add to the cost of a part. With PCM, this
particular process is unnecessary. Once a part or component is processed, it is ready for shipment
without the need of secondary finishing. There are no stresses, no burrs, and no changes to the
metal molecularly or structurally.

• Photochemical Etching Tolerances

A major reason that so many manufacturers choose photochemical etching is the exceptional
adherence to tolerances, which are ± 0.025 regardless of a part’s complexity

• Metals Etching
Metal etching is capable of shaping over 2000 different types of metals in a very short amount of
time with the highest accuracy and precision.

Disadvantages:

22
Applications:

1. Aerospace Components
The fact that photochemical etching can produce high precision and customizable part
designs, is the reason it is so widely used in the aerospace industry. Thicknesses below

23
 0.0005” to 0.062” can easily be done through photochemical etching while being
impractical for the conventional stamping process.

EV charging requires space to set up an EVSE and to park the EV for the charging
duration. For private and semi-public charging, this space is allocated in the
parking areas of independent homes, apartment buildings, or of commercial and
institutional establishments. For public charging, however, it is necessary to plan
for a network of chargers that are conveniently located and well-distributed across
a city or region. This chapter offers a framework for location planning of public
charging infrastructure that integrates top-down spatial analysis with bottom-up
site selection. It also highlights the institutional arrangements and policy reforms
needed to scale up public charging.

3.1.1 Principles Of Location Planning for Public EV Charging:

Location planning for public charging infrastructure helps identify optimal
locations for setting up public charging facilities. It can be undertaken at different
scales, from a city-level exercise to one at a neighbourhood level. SNAs or ULBs
may conduct or commission a location planning study as part of their mandate to
ensure a well-planned public charging network. CPOs that are setting up charge
point networks may also carry out location planning to identify optimal locations
with high charging demand.

a. Maximize Accessibility:

24
 Accessibility may be understood as the ease of finding and getting to public
charging facilities from any location. This includes areas of low estimated
charging demand, which still need a minimum provision of charging
infrastructure. Network planning and site selection play a role in improving
EV charging accessibility. A greater number of distributed charging points in
an area reduces the average distance EV users must travel to access public
charging. Further, visibility of charging facilities, ease of entry and egress at
charging sites, and their proximity to major roads can also influence their
accessibility.
b. Maximize Utilization:
Public charging infrastructure should be located in areas with charging
demand to ensure high utilization. Public charging demand at a given location
will depend on multiple parameters, including population and employment
densities, parking availability, traffic volumes, presence of points of interest such
as commercial establishments, transit stations or tourist destinations, etc. It also
depends on the availability of other private or semi-public charging facilities in
the area.

c. Minimize Cost:
The cost of public charging infrastructure primarily depends on three
factors – the cost of EVSE, cost of land, and cost of power supply. All three
can be significantly reduced by opting for a distributed charging network of
normal power charging points that are less expensive and require less space
and electricity at any given location.

25
 Accessibility
Indicators: Visibility, access
from major roads and local
roads, 24x7 access
.

Utilization Cost
Indicators: Population and employment Indicators: Cost of EVSE,
densities, traffic volumes, point of interest, land, and power supply
transit stations
. connection.

Fig no.: 3.1: Principle of Location Planning.

3.2 SITE SELECTION AND PLANNING:

26
 Fig no.: 3.2: Sites selection for Location of EV Charger.
When planning for EV charging integration at a given site, the following planning guidelines
should be kept in mind:
a) Allocate space that is easily accessible and clearly visible from the site entrance.
b) Select the charging location to minimize civil work and wiring requirements, where
possible.
c) Follow all safety provisions for EV charging planning as defined by the CEA
(Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply) (Amendment) Regulations, 2019.
d) Clearly demarcate the parking spaces reserved for EV charging with appropriate
signage and markings.
e) Provide ample space for vehicle circulation i.e., to enter and exit the charging bays.
f) Ensure that the charging area is secured against theft and vandalism.
CPOs should work with site owners to adhere to the planning guidelines. Indicative site plans
for two types of charging sites are provided on the next page.

27
 Chapter 4
4.1 Top 7 Charging Station Manufacturers in India:
With the EV space, the need for EV charging stations is increasing rapidly. That is why
many companies are inclined to invest in building EV charging stations throughout India.
This article mentions India's top 10 EV charging station manufacturers that will
supercharge your knowledge and curiosity. As the electric vehicle market is continuously
growing, the need for efficient EV charging stations continues to grow. In recent times,
the Indian Government has declared that they are planning to bring some changes in
transportation. Using electric vehicles is one of the best ways to lower emissions. Here is
a list of some top charging station manufacturers.

A. TATA Power:
The name of TATA is well-known in the vehicle manufacturing sector of India

and owing to its status, it is also one of the most prominent manufacturers of EV
charging stations in the country. TATA’s EV charging network covers an area of
15+ states including Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai, with about 1,000+ charging
points across 180 cities including: Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune,
Chennai, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Lucknow, Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam. Notable
Projects - Tata Power has joined hands with HPCL to set up EV charging stations
at its Petrol Pumps across the country. Partnered with Tata Motors to set up
30(fastcharging stations across Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad.

B. DELTA Electronic India:

Delta is India’s leading EV Charging manufacturer in terms of sales and offers a
wide variety of charging equipment including DC Quick Charger and AC EV
charger. It also provides a Site Management System for parking lots, working
places, residential buildings and more. Notable Projects - Launched Mumbai's first
DC Fast-Charger at Maharashtra Mantralaya.
Table No. 4:
DELTA EV Charging Equipment Specifications:
Mode of charging Plug name Power Output
Ac charger Type -1, Type -2. 3.12kW – 22kW
Dc char3ger CCS, CHAdeMO, DC001. 1kW – 22kW
C. MASS-TECH:
28
 Notable Projects - Panasonic Life Solutions India Ltd. Mass-Tech will be
providing advanced 240KW chargers to PMI Electro Mobility Solution Pvt. Ltd./
Photon,
China, who are gearing up to supply 1000 e buses to 18 cities across India.
MassTech Controls has bagged an order of 200 nos of 240.
Table No. 5:
MASS-TECH EV Charging Equipment Specifications:

Mode of charging Plug name Power Output

Ac charger Type -2. 2kW – 43kW
Dc charger CCS, CHAdeMO, GB/T. 10kW – 200kW

D. ABB INDIA:
EVSE for heavy commercial vehicles including buses and trucks, off-road vehicles
including electric boats. Also provides Smart monitoring, predictive maintenance and
integrated payment gateways for Charge Point Operators.
Notable Projects - ABB India partners with Audi India to provide charging solutions.
Installed Terra 53 Fast Charger Station at NITI Aayog office in Feb 2018. Installed its
first public DC fast charger in New Delhi with EV Motors India, the major charge
point operator for BSES Yamuna Power Limited.
Table No. 6:
ABB INDIA EV Charging Equipment Specifications:

Mode of charging Plug name Power Output

Ac charger Type -1, Type -2. 3kW – 22kW
Dc charger CCS, CHAdeMO. 11kW – 350kW

E. EXICOM:
Notable Projects - Signed MoU with BHEL for EV charging infrastructure
Opened charging station at New Delhi's Rafi Marg EV Charging Plaza, with combo
chargers with 3 connector and electric 4 Wheelers. In 2018, Exicom won the NTPC
tender for setting up DC charging infrastructure for e-buses in Jabalpur comprising of
120kW and 50KW CCS chargers Setup Bharat AC and DC chargers for Tata Tigor
and Mahindra e-Verito cars/procured by EESL.
Table No. 7:
29
 EXICOM EV Charging Equipment Specifications:

Mode of charging Plug name Power Output

Ac charger SBS-75X, Type -2. 1.1kW – 22kW
Dc charger CCS, CHAdeMO, GB/T. 15kW – 200kW

F. LUBI EV SOLUTION:
EVSE arm of Lubi Industries LLP. i.e., an Indian manufacturing company
with offerings across embedded and power electronics, solar energy, industrial
automation, pumping systems, and electric motors.
Table No. 8:
LUBI EV SOLUTION Charging Equipment Specifications:

Mode of charging Plug name Power Output

Ac charger AC-001, Type -2. 33kW – 42kW
Dc charger CCS, CHAdeMO, DC-001. 15kW – 240kW

G. AEIDTH Technologies:
Provides Electric vehicle chargers and charging stations with SaaS CMS &
Mobile app support. Claims to have installed 95+ chargers in 10+ cities. Smart Battery
Management System Enabled.
Table No. 9:
AEIDTH EV Charging Equipment Specifications:

Mode of charging Plug name Power Output

Ac charger BHARAT AC-001, Type -2. 3kW – 22kW

4.2 Charging Station Across Maharashtra & All Over India:

Over 2,877 EV Charging Stations Approved Under FAME-II Program.

30
 Maharashtra has 317 charging stations, the highest approved under FAME-II

The Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) has approved 2877 electric vehicle (EV)
charging stations in 68 cities across 25 states and union territories under the second phase
of faster adoption and manufacturing of hybrid and electric vehicles (FAME-II) program.
The information was revealed by the Minister of State for Heavy Industries Krishan Pal
Gujarat in a written reply in the Lok Sabha.

FAME-II was initially intended for three years ending March 31, 2022. However, it was
extended earlier this year by 24 months until March 31, 2024.

Maharashtra has 317 charging stations, the most permitted under FAME-II, out of which
Mumbai alone has 229 charging stations. Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and
Madhya Pradesh, with 281, 278, 266, and 235 charging stations approved, respectively,
were the other top states.

The notification further states that the Delhi – Kolkata highway has a total of 160
charging stations approved for Energy Efficiency Services Limited, and the Mumbai –
Delhi highway has 124 charging stations approved for Bharat Electronics.

Of the total, 1,576 EV charging stations are approved across 16 highways and nine
expressways. As per the Ministry of Power guidelines, there should be at least one
charging station every 25 km on both sides of highways. There should also be at least one
charging station for long-range heavy-duty EVs every 100 km on both sides of highways.
In cities, at least one charging station needs to be set up in a three-kilometer square grid.

Under the FAME-I program, MHI had authorized about 520 charging stations at the cost
of ₹430 million (~$5.65 million).

Recently, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency invited bids to hire agencies to develop energy
benchmarking for EVs and EV chargers to estimate the impact of EV chargers on the
grid.

4.2.1 Charging Station Available at Highways, City & States of India:

31
Chapter 5
Conclusion:
32
 The rapid growth of EVs emerges new challenges to charging stations in distribution
networks. The construction of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations is an important issue to
encourage consumers to prefer. This report has reviewed recent research works that focus on
finding the optimal placement of charging stations in the urban areas and also the capacity of
these charging stations to cover the needs of the electric vehicles for being charged during
their trips.
The entry of EV into people's lives and economies is in its infancy and raises many
questions. Therefore, a number of countries are conducting research, make strategies and
programs for the development of electricity and other infrastructures related to the increasing
number and capacity of EVs. This is also the potential for economic growth of the regions, as
the solutions and productions in this field are high-tech, innovative, with high added value. In
order to make forecasts and look for solutions, it is necessary developed adequate models of
charging stations such as electric loads to be in place. The development of a new economic
sector requires highly qualified engineers from several specialties, i.e., this also implies
longterm investment in education.

However, the proposed approaches did not consider the electric vehicle user satisfaction, such
as EV energy consumption to reach the charging station, traffic congestion in the Charging
station area, as well as the number of the electric vehicles in the queue inside the charging
stations. These factors should be suitably considered in future works in order to increase the
EV drivers’ satisfaction, which in turn leads to increase the EVs penetration in urban areas.

In this report, the challenges of deploying a charging station are discussed in terms of the
overloading on the grid, charging time of batteries, and traffic congestion due to more waiting
time at EVCS. To overcome these challenges, various technologies are discussed. With the
planned use of these technologies, the whole electrical transportation system can be made
more reliable and efficient. Various charging strategies are also covered in this article as the
battery is the main component of the electric vehicle that needs to be charged efficiently
without causing any internal damage.
Since India is a developing country and moving towards eco-friendly development,
deployment of EVs and EVCS are essential. The transportation system is one of the
significant factors which affect the development of a country. So, to deploy EVCS in India,
certain guidelines and standards are discussed, which can help to bring a revolutionary

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change in the field of automobiles. By adopting 100% electric vehicle, a tremendous change
can be seen in the environment.

This contribution towards the sustainable future will be remarkable. But before adopting them
authorities need to establish more charging station which can charge the batteries faster and
by the help of renewable sources of energy. Now there are lots of research going on to make
whole system more reliable.

Hence, we learn various new things & challenges during this study. Our team is verily
thankful to our SAAD SHAIKH Sir to make this report most innovative and attractive for
report reader.

References:
Table Reference:

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I. Handbook: NITI Government:
1. https://www.Niti.Gov.In/Sites/Default/Files/2021-
08/Handbookforevcharginginfrastructureimplementation081221.Pdf

II. Journals :
1. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1577880

III. Websites:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charging_station
2. https://www.godigit.com/guides/government-schemes/fame-india-scheme
3. https://yocharge.com/in/ev/components/#traction
4. https://www.dazetechnology.com/charging-modes-for-ev/
5. https://thedriven.io/2018/08/28/faq9-ev-charging-speeds-explained/
6. https://yocharge.com/different-types-of-ev-charging-connectors-in-india/
7. https://www.evexpert.eu/eshop1/knowledge-center/connector-types-for-ev-chargingaround-
the-world

Table Reference:
1. https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021
08/HandbookforEVChargingInfrastructureImplementation081221.pdf

2. https://www.evexpert.eu/eshop1/knowledge-center/connector-types-for-ev-chargingaround-
the-world

3. https://yocharge.com/different-types-of-ev-charging-connectors-in-india/
4. https://evreporter.com/ev-charging-solution-providers-in-india/
5. https://mercomindia.com/2877-ev-charging-stations-approved-under-fame-ii/ Figure

reference:

1. https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-
08/HandbookforEVChargingInfrastructureImplementation081221.pdf

2. https://www.dazetechnology.com/charging-modes-for-ev/
3. https://ep-us.mersen.com/markets/isometric-view/ev-charging-stations

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