Blue Book on

Electric Vehicle Transmission System using

VFD and Electric Brakes
Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

Hamdi Yaser Farid

Husain Godhrawala
Gufran Merchant
Sameen Solkar

Under the Guidance of

Er. Samana Jafri

University of Mumbai
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
(2019-20)

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr Hamdi Farid, Mr Husain Godhrawala, Mr Sameen Solkar and Mr
Gufran Merchant are bonafide students of M. H. Saboo Siddik College of Engineering, Mumbai.
They have satisfactorily completed the requirements of the PROJECT-I as prescribed by
University of Mumbai while working on “Electric Vehicle Transmission System using VFD and
Electric Brakes”.

Er.Samana Jafri Er. Abdul Sayeed Dr. Ganesh Kame

(Guide) ( HOD EXTC) (I/C Principal)

Internal Examiner: External Examiner:

Signature with Date Signature with Date

Name:………………………….. Name:…………………………..

PLACE: Mumbai
DATE:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We sincerely thank our guide Er..Samana Jafri for his guidance and constant support and also for
the stick to our backs. We also thank the project coordinators for arranging the necessary
facilities to carry out the project work.
We thank the HOD, Er. Abdul Sayyed, the Principal, Dr.Ganesh Kame and the college
management for their support.

Hamdi Farid
(Signature)

Sameen Solkar
(Signature)

Husain Godhrawala
(Signature)

Gufran Merchant
(Signature)

ABSTRACT

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In this project we have described the general aspects of our Regenerative braking and Motor
Control system using VFD. We will be using innovative techniques and inspirations of the latest
Electric Vehicle Motor Driving systems to construct an electric Vehicle with maximum power
output and minimum cost. Our Bluebook explains in general detail the specifications, Expected
result, Methodology and a brief introduction of the project. We are using innovative Coding
techniques to perfect motor control and to manage the power transmission. This blue book shows
the overall view of the work studied until now and provides a future output that is needed to be
done. Furthermore, it provides details on each circuit of the system, it’s working and what will
be the obstacles. It also shows what previously has been achieved by different organizations and
how will we be improving their results

INDEX

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Chapter No. Topics Pg No.
List of figures VI

List of tables

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................07
1.2 Motivation……………………………………………….
1.3 Problem statement & objective.........................................08
1.4 Scope of the project .........................................................08
1.5 Application………………………………………………

Chapter 2: Literature review

2.1 Literature survey.............................................................09
2.2 Proposed work.................................................................10

Chapter 3: Requirement Gathering Analysis and Planning

3.1 Methodology..................................................................11
3.2 Time Line Chart.............................................................14

Chapter 4: Design phase

4.1 Block Diagram...............................................................15
4.2 Flow Chart.......................................................................17

Chapter 5: Expected Conclusion....................................................................... 18

Chapter 6: References.............................................................................................19

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 List of Figures
Figure 3.1.1: Confusion Matrix 13

Figure 4.1.1: Block Diagram 15

Figure 4.1.2: Future directions and open issues for fake news detection on social media 16
Figure 4.2.2: Flowchart for Naïve Bayes Algorithm 17

List of Tables

Table 3.2: Timeline Chart 14

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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1.1 INTRODUCTION
One of the most necessary parts of any vehicle is the efficiency of the vehicle the ratio of output
to the input. This department of the Electric Vehicle falls under our domain. We have used
innovative techniques such as Charge pumping, Single Cell charging and Regenerative braking
system to establish high efficiency in the power delivery to the motor.

We will be using a 3-phase/6 pole AC motor that will provide rotation to the wheels of our
vehicle. This will be controlled using a VFD that provides 3 phase output to the motor. A VFD is
used to vary the frequency of the 3 phase AC output by varying the Duty Cycle using the PWM
technique. Regenerative braking will provide extra charging to the batteries when the motor is
not running on the supply. The Charge pumping circuit will be providing us with Constant output
voltage so the motor is independent of the remaining charge of the batteries. We will be further
looking into this in detail.

1.2 MOTIVATION

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The Increasing demand for clean energy is rising. Petroleum and diesel-based vehicles are being
discarded due to the high cost of maintenance and high rising prices of fuel. It is expected that
future generations will be fully depleted of natural fossil fuels and will move to sources of
energy like electricity and solar energy. Petroleum-based vehicles damage the environment and
the most exploited sources of fuel in the world. We are motivated to construct an electric vehicle
that can work as efficiently as a normal petrol-based vehicle.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

To provide Motor Control using Variable Frequency Drive and To provide Regenerative Braking
for Charging of batteries.
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1.3 OBJECTIVE
Our Objectives are to provide a High-Efficiency transmission system, provide Motor Control
using VFD and to provide Regenerative braking. We will be providing the Circuits and Coding
techniques that will help us to control the VFD based on the voltage generated by the
potentiometer. Our Primary Concern Is based on the motor Control using VFD that varying the
Duty Cycle of the input and hence varying the speed of the motor. Our other objective is to
create a circuit or a mechanism that will help us to generate power when the motor is not on but
the vehicle is moving. Due to the rotation of the wheels, we are expecting the unused kinetic
energy and convert it to potential energy hence charging the batteries.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Our Scope is to make sure the motor speed could easily be controlled and the regenerative
braking can provide charging to the batteries. Our goal is to deliver a high-efficiency power

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transmission system and to increase the accuracy of the Potentiometer to motor speed ratio. We
also are expecting to provide a regenerative braking system that will ensure that the batteries get
charged when the vehicle is in motion but the batteries are not being discharged. To find the
perfect motor with enough Horsepower and RPM to handle the weight of the car. Make sure
there is are very fewer losses during the transmission of power from the VFD to the Induction
Motor. We will also provide the calculations necessary for power calculation of the motor.

1.5 APPLICATIONS

1. The Vehicle can be used for traveling within the city.

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2. It will be a vehicle that will be used for clean energy.
3. It reduces the cost of maintaining a general vehicle.
4. It can be an alternative to Petroleum Vehicle.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
Moisiadis, Yiannis & Bouras, I. & Arapoyanni, A.. (2002).[1] Charge Pump Circuits for Low-
voltage Applications. VLSI Design. 15. 10.1080/1065514021000012084. In this paper, a low-
voltage, high performance charge pump circuit, suitable for implementation in standard CMOS
technologies is proposed. Its pumping operation is based on cascading several cross-connected
NMOS voltage doubler stages. For very low-voltage applications (1.2 V, 0.9 V), where the
performance of the NMOS transistors is limited due to body effect, two improved versions of the
charge pump with cascaded voltage doublers (charge pump with CVD) are also proposed. The
first utilises PMOS transistors (charge pump with CVD-PMOS) in parallel to the cross-
connected NMOS transistors, while the second improves the pumping gain by boosting the clock
amplitude (charge pump with CVD-BCLK). Simulations at 50 MHz have shown that a five-
stages charge pump with CVD can achieve a 1.5–8.4 V voltage conversion. For the same stage
number and frequency, an output voltage of 4 and 7.3 V can be generated from 0.9 V, by using
the charge pump with CVD-PMOS and the charge pump with CVD-BCLK, respectively.

Hero Electric Bike with Lithium Ion battery [2]. Hero Electric bikes were the first electric bikes
to be launched in India with Lithium ion battery. These batteries are ultra-compact battery box
and it is equipped with its own Battery Management System. The only problem with this battery
is that when the battery voltage decreases the speed of the vehicle decreases which is not
desirable.

Hero Electric Bike with Lithium Ion battery [2]. Hero Electric Bikes uses Lithium ion battery
which is a Large single battery that takes a long time to charge, so instead of using a Large single
battery we are using small batteries of 3.7V in series-parallel way for more efficient way of
charging which reduces charging time.

It is observed that in previous electric vehicle systems that single phase 2 pole AC motors were
used so the speed variation was difficult task but now we are using 3 phase 6 pole AC motor
which provides more frequency variation that in turn helps us in getting more variation in speed
of vehicle.

Nexiontiles [3]. For displaying vehicles smartness, displays are used but it only shows speed and
battery life but it doesn’t include GPS, distance which will be covered in that battery,
Temperature of battery, etc. which will be all in one solution for battery display.

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We are going to be using regenerative braking system that will be used to generate electric
current on braking the vehicle. In conventional vehicle systems the braking is simply used to stop
the car whereas in this electric vehicle we will be utilizing that kinetic energy to convert it to
potential energy.

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 2.2 PROPOSED WORK
 Clean Energy Vehicle
 Petroleum based vehicle replicant
 Efficient Charging System
 Efficient Vehicle Speed Control
 Regenerative braking system

REQUIREMENTS
 VFD
 Arduino
 AC 3 phase induction motor
 31 3.7V rechargeable cells delivering 2200mAh
 A charge pumping circuit
 Dynamo for regenerative braking

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CHAPTER 3: REQUIRMENT GATHERING ANALYSIS
AND PLANNING

3.1 METHODOLOGY
1) Variable Frequency Drive
In this project we are using VFD to control the speed of the three phase AC
induction motor. In VFD we will be varying the frequency and the output voltage
that will be delivered to the motor. There will be three inputs coming out of the
VFD each of these phase will be 120* degree out of phase from each other and will
provide the varying frequency and varying output voltage. The variation in
frequency will be controlled using Arduino which will provide pulse width
modulation technique to vary the duty cycle. The Arduino will automatically adjust
the duty cycle based on the input from the potentiometer. This potentiometer will
be an accelerating pedal which will give analog voltage to the Arduino.

2) Charge Pumping
The Charge pumping circuit is a special part of the system that will allow us to
replicate the electric vehicle as a normal petroleum based vehicle. It will provide
constant output voltage 114V even if the battery voltage decreases. The charge
pumping circuit works on the basic principle of charging and discharging. An
inductor and a capacitor is used to hold the charge when the IGBT is turned off.
Once the IGBT is turned on the inductor and capacitor discharges and gives high
voltage in the load.

3) Regenerative braking

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The Regenerative braking is a revolutionary technique in which we will be
converting the kinetic energy of the wheels to electrical energy and thus charging
the auxiliary batteries in the system. We will be using a Dynamo that will be used
to convert the mechanical energy to current. Each of the tyre will be connected will
be connected to an auxiliary battery. This regenerative braking system will be able
to keep the display system alive and also provide headlight. We will also be
charging the primary battery of the system using this technique.

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3.2 TIMELINE CHART
Planned fortnightly

Sr. Start Finish Percentage of

Task
No. Date Date Work Done

1. Research and Submission of topic 08/07/19 20/07/19 100%

2. Presentation 22/07/19 03/08/19 80%

Searching for research papers and

3. studying different materials 05/08/19 17/08/19 90%

4. Creating the circuits and designing the 19/08/19 31/08/19 80%

working of the system

5. Providing presentation on the selected 02/09/19 14/09/19 90%

topic

Detailed study of circuits and electronic

components that are to be used in the 16/09/19 28/09/19 100%
6.
system

Designing the entire working of the

7. system 30/09/19 12/10/19 90%

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 CHAPTER 4 : DESIGN PHASE

In this chapter, we will be showing you the details involved in the construction of the required
circuits for the system. We will be explaining the technical details related to VFD, 3 Phase
Induction Motor, Regenerative braking system the detailed circuitry, working, block diagram of
the entire Vehicle.

4.1 Physical Layout/ Block Diagram

1) VFD (Variable Frequency Drive)

The VFD also is known as the Variable Frequency Drive. It is used to control the frequency of
the incoming Signal and also manage the power of the Motor.

The VFD consists of 3 pairs of IGBT that are constantly switched ON and OFF. When the IGBT
is turned ON and OFF the duty cycle of the motor can be varied. Due to this variation, the Speed

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of the motor also changes. As we cannot provide high power output from Arduino to control the
IGBT so we will be using Opto Couplers to control the IGBT in the circuit. Each of this IGBT is
120* degree to the next two pairs. This is the general working of the VFD.

The input range of the VFD is

Nominal Input VAC: 480 Volts AC

● Input Range VAC: 380 to 480 Volts AC

● HP (CT) : 3 Horsepower
● Amps (CT): 5 Amps
● Input Phase : 3
● Max. Frequency: 400 Hertz

2)Regenerative Braking

Regenerative braking is a technique in which the Kinectic energy of the vehicle is converted to
potential energy and is used to charge the batteries of the vehicle. If the vehicle is traveling
downslope or is on the road but the motor is not in use then the dynamo will convert the
mechanical energy to electrical energy. This electrical energy is used to charge the batteries. In
the working, the switches S1 and S2 are kept open and a diode is used to simply make sure the
electrical current flows in one direction. Thus the battery charges.

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3) Circuit Diagram

This is the entire circuit diagram of the electric vehicle. We will be giving
220VAC supply which will be converted to 114VAC and then 114VDC using the
rectification techniques. We will be using a BMS system that will charge each and
every cell individually thereby increasing the efficiency of the charging and
discharging. We will be using 31 cells connected in series producing 22A of
current and they will have 10 columns. This entire battery system will give us an
output of 114V DC. At the output of the battery, we will be using a voltage divider
network to read the value of the Battery capacity and displaying it on an external
Display. The output of the battery will be fed to a charge pumping circuit. The
charge pumping circuit is a special circuit that is used to provide a constant voltage
supply to the VFD. When the battery voltage decreases the output of the Charge
pump will be constantly giving 114VDC supply. This output is further fed to the 3

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phase induction motor. There will be an external circuit that will be used for
regenerative braking.

4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 CHAPTER 5 : EXPECTED CONCLUSION

In conclusion, for this project, we bought a car for design purposes. Circuits are designed such as
VFD(Variable frequency drive), etc. The team is ready with theoretical and practical ideas such
as regenerative breaking. The calculated cost of the whole project is estimated to 1,21,000 Rs.
Different ideas have been discussed and will be implemented in the future.

CHAPTER 6 : REFERENCES

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url
=https://heroelectric.in/PDF/hss.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjry_TYnonlAhV
t63MBHVZuBp4QFjAAegQIAhAB&usg=AOvVaw05J2JyCxenhv1KTs
SECTVg (PDF FOR HONDA ELECTRIC VEHICLE) (23 July 2019)X
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27366945_Charge_Pump_Circuits_for_Low-
voltage_Applications (UNDERSTANDING THE CHARGE PUMP) ( 12 August 2019)X

http://www.nexiontiles.com/home (NEXION DISPLAY SYSTEM) ( 29 July

2019)X

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-
types/regenerative-braking.htm (REGENERATIVE BRAKING) (20 August
2019)X

https://www.vfds.com/blog/what-is-a-vfd( VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE

SYSTEM) ( 10 August 2019)X

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.tesla.com/&ved=2ahU
KEwi9psmUn4nlAhX_7XMBHfvcAckQFjAAegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw
0Vx6pW8J4RjA5etoI3_wrm(INFORMATION FOR TESLA ELECTRIC CAR SYSTEM)
(23 September2019)X

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