DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPORT BIDIRECTIONAL

DC-DC CONVERTER FOR PV APPLICATION ON A DC

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

by

SYAZANA AQILAH BINTI ABD RAHIM

(191291956)

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

of
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering Technology
(Industrial Power / Robotics & Automation Technology)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

2022
 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

DECLARATION OF REPORT

Author’s Full Name : SYAZANA AQILAH BINTI ABD RAHIM

Title : DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTIPORT BIDIRECTIONAL
DC-DC CONVERTER FOR PV APPLICATION ON A DC
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Date of Birth :
Academic Session : 2021/2022

I hereby declare that this report becomes the property of Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
and to be placed at the library of UniMAP. This report is classified as:
CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official
Secret Act 1997)*
RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the
organization where research was done)*
 OPEN ACCESS I agree that my report to be published as online open
access (Full Text)

I, the author, give permission to reproduce this report in whole or in part for the purpose of
research or academic exchange only (except during the period of _______ years, if so requested
above)

Certified by:
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR

Date: 06 JULY 2022 Date: 06 JULY 2022

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

To begin, I want to thank my supervisor, Dr. Nurhakimah binti Mohd Mukhtar,

for all her help and encouragement in completing my thesis. As a result of her assistance,
and her willingness to answer my questions, I am grateful to her. Her knowledge and
skills were utilised to aid me in addressing my assignment's problems at this period. She
is always willing to check in on my progress and project reports and to provide
suggestions on how to craft an effective final year project report.

Moreover, UniMAP provided me all the tools I needed to complete my project,

and I'd want to thank them for their support and help. Through the UniMAP archive, I
had access to journal services such as the library explorer, science direct website and the
IEEE Explorer for obtaining prior research and publications that were relevant to my
study subject.

Lastly, but certainly not least, I would want to express my gratitude to my family
for being an unending wellspring of support and enthusiasm throughout the challenging
process of completing my project. During the challenging times I was having with the
project, I'd also want to express my gratitude to my friends for the advice and assistance
they provided.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

DECLARATION OF REPORT ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES 1

LIST OF FIGURES 2-3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 4

LIST OF SYMBOLS 5

ABSTRAK 6

ABSTRACT 7

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 8

1.1 Introduction 8

1.2 Background History 8-9

1.3 Problem Statements 9-10

1.4 Objectives 10

1.5 Project Scopes 11

1.6 Report Outline 12

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 13

2.1 Introduction 13

2.2 Critical Review From Related Work 13-22

iv
2.3 Multiport Converter 22-23

2.3.1 Characteristic of Multiport Converters 23-24

2.4 Photovoltaic Solar System 25-26

2.4.1 PV Components and Standards 26-27

CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 28

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Overall project workflow 28-29

3.3 Block diagram of multiport bidirectional dc-dc converter 31-32

3.4 Configuration of multiport bidirectional dc-dc converter in Simulink 32-33

3.5 Equations 33-34

CHAPTER 4 : RESULT & DISCUSSION 35

4.1 Introduction 35

4.2 Operating Principle for the simulation 35-36

4.3 Analysis result of the charging mode for the multiport

bidirectional DC-DC 36-37

4.3.1 Simulation of charging mode of multiport bidirectional DC-DC 36

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION 40

5.1 Summary 40

5.2 Recommendation for Future Project 40-41

5.3 Commercialization Potential 41

REFERENCES 42-43

v
 LIST OF TABLES

NO. PAGE
3.1 The Parameter design for multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter 33

4.1 The operating principle 35

4.2 The specification parameter for the hardware of multiport

bidirectional DC-DC. 36
 LIST OF FIGURES

NO. PAGE
Figure 2.1 The block diagram of Scenario 1 (P1≥Pout) 15
Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2.2 The block diagram of Scenario 2 (P1≤Pout) 15

Figure 2.3 The block diagram of Scenario 3 (P1=0) 16

Figure 2.4 The topology of the simulation model multiport DC-DC converter 17

Figure 2.5 Proposed isolated, three-port, bidirectional DC-DC converter 18

Figure 2.6 Circuit diagram of the proposed converter topology 22

Figure 2.7 Block diagram of an electronic power system with a power supply

and load 23

Figure 2.8 Block diagram of a multiport converter in an electronic power

system 24

Figure 2.9 Block diagram of a DC-DC multiport convertor with “m”power

supplies and “n” loads 25

Figure 2.10 Solar PV System connected to load 26

Figure 2.11 PV generator assembly 27

Figure 3.1 Flowchart of designing a multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter

Error! Bookmark not defined. 30

Figure 3.2 Basic Configuration of Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

Error! Bookmark not defined. 31

Figure 3.3 The configuration of multiport bidirectional DC-DC for

charging mode by using MATLAB/Simulink

Error! Bookmark not defined. 31

2
Figure 3.4 The configuration of multiport bidirectional DC-DC for
discharging mode by using MATLAB/Simulink 32
Figure 4.1 The waveform of Current Inductor for the charging mode 37

Figure 4.2 The waveform of Current Capacitor for the charging mode 37

Figure 4.3 The waveform of Voltage Inductor for the charging mode 38

Figure 4.4 The waveform of Voltage Capacitor for the charging mode 38

Figure 4.5 The waveform of Voltage Output for the charging mode 38
Figure 4.6 The waveform of Current Inductor for the discharging mode 38

Figure 4.7 The waveform of Current Capacitor for the discharging mode 39

Figure 4.8 The waveform of Voltage Inductor for the discharging mode 39

Figure 4.9 The waveform of Voltage Capacitor for the discharging mode 39

Figure 4.10 The waveform of Voltage Output for the discharging mode 39

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EIA Energy Information Administration

RES Renewable Energy Source

BOS Balance Of System

PV Photovoltaic

FC Fuels Cells

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current

CCM Continuous Conduction Mode

3
 BDC Bi-Directional Converter

HVS High-Voltage Side

LVS Low-Voltage Side

LVDC Low Voltage Direct Current

MPC Multi-Port Converter

MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker

SC Switchgear Capacitor

MATLAB Matrix Labaratory LIST OF SYMBOLS

V Voltage

A Current

W Watt Ω

Ohm mH milli

Henry uF micro

farad kHz kilo

Hertz

4
 Pembangunan Penukar DC ke DC Dua Arah Multiport untuk Aplikasi PV pada
Sistem Pengedaran DC

ABSTRAK

Mengikut unjuran semasa, permintaan elektrik Malaysia dijangka meningkat

daripada 18,808MW pada 2020 kepada 24,050MW menjelang 2039. Pada skala yang
lebih luas, disebabkan oleh gabungan pertumbuhan penduduk global dan pertumbuhan
ekonomi negara-negara membangun, jumlah penggunaan tenaga dunia juga dijangka
meningkat sebanyak 48% menjelang 2040, menurut Pentadbiran Maklumat Tenaga AS
(EIA). Penukar multiport DC ke DC telah digunakan sebagai antara muka untuk panel
solar, penyimpanan, dan beban telah mendapat banyak perhatian. Tenaga fotovoltaik
(PV) adalah salah satu sumber tenaga bersih yang tidak bersuara, bebas pencemaran,
berskala, dan memerlukan sedikit penyelenggaraan. Storan tenaga bateri kebanyakannya
dikaitkan dengan penjanaan elektrik boleh diperbaharui luar grid untuk lokasi terpencil
dan hanya digunakan untuk aplikasi grid sebagai kuasa sandaran. Mereka adalah
beberapa cabaran Sumber Tenaga Boleh Diperbaharui (RES) seperti sistem tenaga suria,
yang menghasilkan voltan tahap rendah, yang tidak dapat menggerakkan kebanyakan
peranti elektronik yang memerlukan tahap voltan yang lebih tinggi untuk beroperasi dan
berfungsi dengan cekap. Untuk mengintegrasikan voltan boleh diperbaharui tahap rendah
ini dengan beban voltan yang lebih tinggi, penukar rangsangan diperlukan untuk
meningkatkan voltan ke tahap aplikasi. Berdasarkan cabaran yang telah diketengahkan
sebelum ini, projek ini bertujuan untuk mereka bentuk dan mensimulasikan penukar
Multiport Bidirectional DC ke DC untuk Aplikasi PV. Projek ini akan terdiri daripada
dua bahagian utama iaitu bahagian reka bentuk dan pembangunan. Penukar Multiport DC
ke DC akan direka dan diuji menggunakan perisian MATLAB/SIMULINK. Selain itu,
b idirectional dc ke dc converter digunakan sebagai peranti utama untuk interfacing
peranti storan antara sumber dan beban dalam sistem tenaga boleh diperbaharui untuk
aliran kuasa berterusan. Ringkasnya, projek ini dijangka akan membangunkan prototaip
perkakasan penukar DC ke DC yang mengumpul tenaga daripada sinaran solar dan
mengubahnya menjadi elektrik yang boleh digunakan untuk menggerakkan rumah atau
perniagaan.

5
Development of a Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for PV Application on
a DC Distribution System

ABSTRACT

According to current projections, Malaysia’s electricity demand is expected to

grow from 18,808MW in 2020 to 24,050MW by 2039. On a wider scale, due to a
combination of global population growth and the economic growth of developing
countries, the total energy consumption of the world is also expected to increase by a
whopping 48% by 2040, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA).
The multiport DC-DC converter has been employed as an interface for the solar panel,
storage, and load has received a lot of attention. Photovoltaic (PV) energy is one of the
clean energy sources that is noiseless, pollution-free, scalable, and requires little
maintenance. Battery energy storage has mostly been associated with off-grid renewable
electricity generation for remote locations and was only used for grid applications as
backup power. They are several challenges of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as
solar power system, which generates low level voltage, that is unable to power most
electronic devices that require higher voltage level to operate and function efficiently. To
integrate this low-level renewable voltage with higher voltage loads, a boost converter is
required to step-up the voltage to application level. Based on the challenges that have
been highlighted previously, this project aims are to design and simulate a Multiport
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for PV Application. This project will consist of two main
parts which are design and development parts. Multiport DC-DC converter will be
designed and test using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Additionally, bidirectional dc
to dc converter is used as a key device for interfacing the storage devices between source
and load in renewable energy system for continuous power flow. In a nutshell, this project
is expected to develop the hardware prototype of the DC-DC converter that collect energy
from the solar irradiance and convert it into electricity that can be used to power homes
or businesses.

6
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

The problem statement, project background history, objectives, project scopes,

and report outline are all presented in this chapter.

1.2 Background history

Solar energy is converted into usable power by a photovoltaic, or PV, system by

using one or more solar panels, an inverter, and several other electrical and mechanical
components. Solar photovoltaic, or PV, systems may be as compact as those found on
rooftops or as large as those seen in utility-scale power plants. The photovoltaic effect is
produced when sunlight, which is made up of energy packets called photons, is allowed
to fall onto a solar panel, where it then causes an electric current to be produced. Although
each panel only produces a little amount of energy on their own, they may be connected
to one another to form solar arrays that produce much more power. Direct current is the
kind of power that is produced by solar panels (or solar arrays) (DC). Solar photovoltaics
(PV) are an advancement in technology that involves the use of solar cells to create energy
by directly converting sunlight into electric current. Photovoltaic (PV) energy is enjoying
one of the fastest growth rates among renewable energy sources due to cost reductions
and technological advances.

The combination of photovoltaic and energy storage systems is quickly

becoming one of the most talked about concepts in the field of renewable energy
producing technology. At night, the electricity that was created by solar energy during
the day is drawn from a battery. During the day, the battery is charged. To transmit power
in either direction, a BDC, or bi-direction direct current–to–direct current converter, is
implemented in such situations. There are non-isolated and isolated topologies that fall
under the category of bidirectional DC-DC converters respectively. A non-isolated,
transformer-less architecture has been shown to be more efficient than an isolated BDC

7
while also being simpler and having fewer components. When considering factors like as
weight or size, which are critical in high-power or spaceship power system applications,
these batteries are favoured.

Using a DC-DC converter, energy can be transferred between DC sources and

DC loads. The electrical upgrades converted power equipment from storage to charging.
Diodes and transistors serve as switches, while inducers and condensers serve as storage
devices. Through the duty cycle percentage, this method gives an output voltage that is
the same as the input voltage. DC-DC converters are classified into several types. For
example, there are buck converters, boost converters, and buck boost converters.
Stepping down voltage is what the buck converter is for. Stepping up voltage is what the
boost converter does. As an outcome, buck boost converters are utilised for both stepping
up and stepping down the voltage. The buck boost converter is an intriguing control topic
due to its fundamental lack of linearity. Control techniques that are used on a regular
basis, such as control voltage and control by injection current, need for in-depth
understanding of the system in addition to performance adjustment.

1.3 Problem Statement

DC Grid integration of renewable energy sources, as an example, solar energy

systems, has many advantages but also a number of disadvantages, including the fact that
the low voltage generated by these systems is insufficient to power most modern
electronic equipment. In order to combine this low-level renewable power with higher
voltage loads, you will need a boost converter that has the capability of stepping up the
voltage to application level [1].

Connecting renewable energy sources (RES) to the grid is not as straightforward

as it may first seem, and the efficiency of these sources is totally reliant on the prevailing
weather conditions. From this perspective, renewable energy sources are seen as
unreliable sources of energy, and it is possible that the operation of these sources, in the
absence of a sophisticated management system, might result in a significant imbalance in
the grid [2]. In addition, as a consequence of the intermittent nature of renewable sources
of energy, energy storage devices, like the batteries, are often utilised in order to stabilise

8
the weather-dependent fluctuations in power output. This is done by stabilising the
variations in power production. [3].

Because of the advancements that have been made in the area of power electronics
over the course of the last few years, a development of topologies for multiport converters
may be regarded as having taken place. As seen in Figure 3, these converters are equipped
with a number of input and output ports, allowing for numerous power supply and loads
to be connected to the device at the same time. In addition, the multiport architectures
broaden the scope of the potential to make the overall system less complicated and more
condensed. This multiport converter is unable to influence the flow of electric power and
cannot interact with the loads or power supplies; moreover, it regulates the energy flow
between the power source and the load [4].

Renewable energy sources and energy storage may be integrated in two distinct
ways. A common DC bus is the most popular method. Different renewable energy sources
are connected to the DC bus using separate DC-DC power converters. This structure, on
the other hand, has a number of drawbacks. Because of the increased availability of high-
power electronic gadgets, prices have risen. There must be a DC-DC converter for each
renewable energy source in order to link it to the DC bus [5].

1.4 Objectives

The objectives of this project are:

a) To design and simulate a Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for

PV Application.

b) To develop the hardware prototype of the Multiport Bidirectional

DC-DC Converter.

c) To validate and analyze the experimental results of a 100 W hardware prototype.

9
1.5 Project Scopes

For the first scope is target output to be generated. This project is limited to a
particular scope. So, this project is focussed to create and evaluate energy storage in
batteries and connect them to the DC source. The limitation is to build a 100 W hardware
prototype that obtains ~95% efficiency. The second scope is choosing the materials.
Choosing the right materials is very important if you want a good design, and the
materials must be correct and right for putting the project into action. However, all the
material selections such as battery, solar panel, DC-DC converter and etc depend on cost
consideration. Last but not least, the third scope is software tools. There are two modes
that need to be applied in MATLAB/Simulink tools. Firstly, the first operated mode, the
power is considered to be transferred from the DC source to the battery. The converter
will be in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM). The simulation will be carried out in
MATLAB/Simulink. In the meanwhile, the power is transmitted from the battery to the
solar array when the system is switched to the second mode. The mode of operation of
the converter is set to continuous conduction (CCM).

1.6 Report Outline

This report is divided into five major chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Each chapter's
main topic was indeed different. The Chapter 1 introduces the project. The Chapter 2 is
about a literature review that is relevant to the project. The Chapter 3 is about
methodology. The Chapter 4 discusses the project's outcomes and data collection. Finally,
in Chapter 5, the project's conclusion has been obtained.

The project's background, objectives, scopes, and a report outline are all covered
in Chapter 1.

The literature review, or what is known as a result of the previous research and
earlier projects that are practically exactly the same that have been finished, has been
discussed in Chapter 2. For this reason, all research on multiport bidirectional DC-DC
converters is cited. In this chapter, you'll find all of the research and information
necessary to complete this project.

10
 Chapter 3, about the methodology, is a step and method used to complete the
entire project research. This chapter explained the process of how the performance of the
multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter is decided. The process flowchart, block
diagram and parameter design has been presented in Chapter 3.

Chapter 4 is about collecting the data and result of this project. All the data has
been collected and has been analyzed in Chapter 4.

Chapter 5 is about the conclusion. The conclusion of this project has been made
based on the result and data that have been analyzed. The recommendation has been made
upon the result to get improvement in an upcoming project.

11
 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This section will shed light on the most important aspects of the project and
provide an overview of the whole process. Past work research may help obtain
projectrelated knowledge and abilities.

2.2 Critical Review from Related Work

To ensure that there is always electricity available, a photovoltaic (PV) system

must be combined with an energy storage system (ESS). Another issue with the PV
system is that it produces an insufficient amount of voltage. Boosting the low-level PV
produced voltage to a higher level so that it may be utilised in applications is
accomplished using DC-DC converters.

Muhammad Yasir Ali Khan et al. (2021) [6] In order to accommodate low power PV
applications, a non-isolated multi-input multioutput DC-DC converter was developed.
The suggested converter is equipped with numerous output voltage levels, the capacity
for inter-source power sharing, and the ability to facilitate bidirectional power flow. In
the architecture of the proposed converter, the suggested converter is designed to be used
for applications that need independent voltage levels at each of the output ports. This
setup has two different input source ports as well as two different output ports. Solar
photovoltaics are used as the energy system's input source (Vin), while batteries are used
as the energy storage system (Vbat). The output of a simulation run in MATLAB shows
that the battery state of charge (SOC) is fifty percent, and the input voltage source is eight
volts. At this stage, the load need is significant, which means that the input source, in
combination with the battery, is responsible for delivering power to maintain the loads.
The decrease in load demand may be attributed to Vin being raised to 12 volts. Therefore,
Vin not only keeps the loads going, but it also keeps the batteries charged. Every time
there is a change in Vin, specifically when Vin moves from 8V to 10V, there is a very
tiny hiccup in the output voltage. The controller was programmed in such a manner that

12
it has a quicker dynamic response and quickly minimises the magnitude of a glitch. This
was done so that the game would run more smoothly. As a consequence of this, when
Vin varies in voltage from 8V to 16V, the outputs are able to get a constant regulated
output voltage of 24V and 48V respectively. The findings of the simulation demonstrate
that the proposed converter maintains a high level of efficiency throughout a broad
spectrum of input source voltage changes. As a consequence of this, it is very effective,
reliable, and works very well for PV applications that need a little amount of electricity.

Vijay D. Mali et al. (2018) [7] A new isolated multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter
was presented as an improvement to an existing photovoltaic (PV) battery system. The
converter that is being considered is intended to handle power that is being supplied in
parallel by a PV panel, a battery, and a load. It does this by employing a resonant circuit
that consists of two inductors and one capacitor to produce zero current switching for the
main switch of the converter (LCL). In order for the suggested converter to function
generally, it will need two controllers. These controllers will be used to ensure that power
will continue to flow on the low voltage side. By controlling the flow of power between
two different sources, they hope to achieve their aim of maintaining the DC-link output
voltage at a constant amount. The solar radiation and the amount of available solar energy
determine which of three modes the converter works in.

Scenario 1 (P1≥Pout)

Whenever the amount of power generated by the PV panel is sufficient to satisfy the load.
Figure 2.1 illustrates how a multiport converter does its tasks. The power that is needed
by the load is provided by a PV panel that is working in the MPPT mode, and any extra
power is utilised to charge the battery. This maintains a constant output voltage from the
DC connection.

13
 Figure 2.1: The block diagram of Scenario 1 (P1≥Pout) [7]

Scenario 2 (P1≤Pout)

When the amount of power supplied by the PV panel is lower than the amount required
by the load. The functioning of a multiport converter is seen in Figure 2.2; the power that
is needed by the load is given by both a PV panel that is working in MPPT mode and a
battery. Since the battery provides the load with the appropriate amount of power, the DC
link's output voltage is maintained at a consistent level.

Figure 2.2: The block diagram of Scenario 2 (P1≤Pout) [7]

Scenario 3 (P1=0)

When the solar panel cannot produce any usable amount of power. Figure 2.3 depicts the
functioning of a multiport converter, in which the load draws all of the power that it needs
from the battery, which supplies the converter. Here, the battery is constantly discharged,
which is why the DC link output voltage is maintained at a consistent level.

14
 Figure 2.3: The block diagram of Scenario 3 (P1=0) [7]

Step-changed radiation is used in the MATLAB simulation to evaluate the converter's

performance with controllers under a variety of situations. When the sun isn't shining, a
solar panel generates nothing. During scenario 3, the converter is utilised. To maintain a
constant DC link voltage of 50 volts, the battery must be discharged in ord er to give all
of the needed power by load. An isolated, multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter for
photovoltaic battery systems is described in this study, which makes use of fewer
switches. Many sources of energy may be controlled at once, such as a PV panel and a
battery.

Mohsen Ebadpour. (2021) [8] In order to charge plug-in electric cars, it is designed to
work in combination with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, vehicle batteries, and the
power source. The suggested converter has two outputs that may be used to charge
automotive batteries from PV systems and the grid at the same time or separately. The
literature suggests an isolated and integrated multiport DC-DC converter with high power
and cheap cost that can operate in PV2V, PV2G, G2V, and V2G modes. Figure 2.4
displays the construction of the proposed integrated multiport CLLLC converter. Fig. 2.4
shows how the battery is connected to the grid using an efficient bidirectional
CLLCresonant converter with few switching components. The suggested DC-DC
resonant converter has a symmetrical construction that allows it to work in both
directions, unlike earlier integrated DC-DC resonant converters.

15
 Figure 2.4: The topology of the simulation model multiport DC-DC converter [8]

Fig. 2.4 shows that the main winding of the transformer is linked to the converter's
PV side, and that the secondary winding is supplied to the battery side. Electricity is
supplied to the secondary winding through the utility grid. The switching frequency,
voltage, and power level of the converter all play a role in determining the turns ratio of
the transformer, which in turn defines the core size of a CLLLC resonant converter when
it is put into practise. MATLAB/Simulink simulations are used to verify the proposed
converter and its controller. Both the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current of
the primary converter components for the PV systems that are being considered are set at
28 volts and 6.8 amperes, respectively. In addition, the grid -side DC-link voltage may be
varied between 300 and 600 volts. 180 kHz to 200 kHz is the maximum allowable
switching frequency. In addition to PV grid integration, a CLLLC resonant converter
integrated for PEV applications is being developed. Overall design, operating conditions,
and control system are represented in the proposed converter.

Jianwu Zen et al. (2014) [9] devised a new bidirectional DC-DC converter with the fewest
switches for use in microgrids powered by solar panels and batteries. Isolated three-port
BDC circuit schematic illustrated in Fig. 1. A high-frequency transformer with a
secondary-side centre tap connects the LVS and HVS circuits, forming a complete
system. In the LVS circuit, a PV system is connected to a single port (Port 1) and a battery
is connected to a second (Port 2). There are two switches S3 and S4, a low-frequency LC

16
filter, as well as Port 3, which may be used to provide DC power to a DC load, in the
HVS circuit.

Figure 2.5: Proposed isolated, three-port, bidirectional DC-DC converter [9]

Modeling simulations in MATLAB/Simulink are used to evaluate the proposed isolated

multiport BDC linked to a PV panel and a battery. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) and
short-circuit current (Isc) of the SunWize SW-S 11 OP PV panel are 22 V and 6.3 A,
respectively. The battery has a nominal voltage of 7.5 volts and a rated capacity of 5600
milliamps. A 24 V DC voltage source is used to model the DC load. The switching
frequency is 100 kHz. The transformer's rotation ratio is n=5:7. A new isolated, threeport,
bidirectional DC-DC converter with the fewest switches has been introduced for PV-
battery-DC microgrid applications. PV panels and batteries are connected to a DC micro
grid using the recommended converter in this study.

D. Anand et al. (2018) [10] The multiport DC-DC converter used in this investigation
controls the flow of power between the input sources and the load, allowing for the
utilisation of renewable energy sources as well as an energy storage system. When
isolation and a high voltage step-up gain are required, an isolated converter is the best
option. This research presents a design with a 1:1 turns ratio for generating a constant DC
output voltage. In order to counteract the loss of converter voltage gain due to a change
in transformer turn ratio, switches S1, S2, and S3 have their gate pulse duty cycles
adjusted. Reducing the transformer turns ratio enhances battery charging capacity, lowers

17
leakage inductance losses, and boosts converter efficiency. In the case of a load that is
inductive, such as a motor, the proposed three-port bidirectional converter may also be
used to transmit the reverse flow of current to charge the battery from the load by way of
a bidirectional bridge converter (controlled converter) located at the load port. This is
accomplished by connecting the load to the load port of the converter.
MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations are used to develop the research converter and
controllers. For the magnetising inductor, Lm, Lr, Lp1 and L′p, the values are 320, 75
and 3.3 H for the inductors, respectively. Three-port isolated DC-DC converter with
reduced transformer turn ratio was found in this study.

A. Elamathy et al. (2015) [11] As an alternative to using separate solar modules and
batteries, this study recommends integrating a multiport boost converter with an energy
management and control system. It enables the conversion of voltage in both directions
while maintaining a very high power density. The interleaving high step-up multiport
DC-DC converter may give options for renewable power systems with several renewable
energy sources and storage backups. Researchers used a buck-boost topology in their
study. Simulated with the aid of MATLAB/SIMULINK, the solar module/battery
system's maximum power point was monitored using an incremental conductance
algorithm based MPPT control approach. The voltage input is 58.89 volts, and the output
voltage is 380 volts for the source system. Under diverse conditions, this multiport DCDC
converter provides the induction motor with a constant supply of electricity. The
incremental conductance MPPT method is used in the power management and control
system to adjust duty ratios in search of the global best solution to a nonlinear problem.

Shengyong Liu et al. (2010) [12] As part of this study, this article presents a multiple
DCDC converter with battery storage that may be used for a stand -alone solar lighting
system. A multi-port, bi-directional DC-DC converter is proposed for use in electrodeless
lamp lighting systems as part of this research. For testing and simulations, the following
converter settings were employed: Bidirectional DC-DC converter frequency is set at
100kHz, with Ldc1,2=25u, Lrs1.2=.05uH, Vin=48V, Vdc=400V, P0=150W, and a
ballast frequency of 2.65MHz, L2=20u, Cp=0.5uF, and Cs=0.8uF. The switch frequency
is 100kHz. The buck-boost topology is used in this study. To manage system energy,

18
regulate battery charge and discharge, and integrate solar energy controllers, the
photovoltaic lighting system described in this work utilises a single converter. Devices in
the system range from simple to complex. During the time the lighting system is
operational, all power devices can be run with ZVS, the battery charge and discharge can
be effectively handled, and system efficiency is enhanced,

Hongyu Zhu et al. (2015) [13] The proposed design will consist of a boost bidirectional
design in addition to a boost half-bridge topology. Magnetic coupling is the method via
which energy is transferred from the dc link (which the PV port connects directly to) to
the load. To use the boost design, a battery's voltage must fall below that provided by the
PV port. The suggested design uses half-bridge topology and takes the battery port from
the dc-link capacitor leg, reducing the component count. This work's initial control
freedom is a 180-degree phase-shifted duty cycle d1=d2. M3's duty cycle (d3) controls
the boost's input current. Managing battery charge via controlling boost stage input
current. The boost converter balances energy in this design. PV port isolated three-port
DC-DC converter adapted from half-bridge design for linking renewable source PV port,
storage battery port, and load port. The suggested converter's working principle and three-
port dc voltage relationship have been evaluated. The suggested converter also has single
module and paralleling control mechanisms.

Faezeh Kardan et al. (2017) [14] This study proposes a three-input dc-dc boost converter
for hybrid power systems. Current converter topologies can only interface one renewable
source and one energy storage device, however the suggested topology can interface two.
Two unidirectional power source ports and one bidirectional battery port are suggested.
The converters are buck-boost and boost. Boosting the FC reduces input current ripple.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed converter, a 152-W prototype circuit is
developed and analysed in three operating modes. 36-V Lithium batteries store energy.
Inductors employ ferrite cores because of high switching frequency. In the second
working mode, when more switches are used, the suggested converter's efficiency is
roughly 86%. This mode has more switching loss than others. This study proposes a
hybrid three-input-one-output DC-DC boost converter. Four diodes and four
semiconductors powered this converter. The proposed boost converter offers more

19
voltage gain. This multiport converter's bidirectional topology allows storage. Storage
boosts the converter's dynamic responsiveness. Input power sources may charge or
discharge the battery while powering the load. This research examines the converter's
steady state.Smrutiranjan Mohapatra et al. (2021) [15] Literature suggests a bidirectional
non-isolated multiport converter for low voltage loads. The design models charging and
discharging. Output and input power are regulated. Low-voltage loads need a
bidirectional, non-isolated multiport converter for 48 V LVDC Microgrids. INC tracks
maximum power since PV must supply maximum power. Depending on load, the battery
is charged or discharged. If load power exceeds PV power, the battery discharges to make
up the difference, but it absorbs the extra power and charges. Based on load power, results
were also achieved when charging and discharging modes were observed concurrently.
Average PV and battery power equaled load power, verifying power balance in the
converter. The suggested architecture seems to work for battery charging and discharging
while maintaining 48-volt LVDC bus voltage.

S. Poovithal et al. (2015) [16] It has been proposed that a multiport connected DC-DC
converter be used here only for the purpose of ensuring optimum power regulation. This
converter may be connected to a variety of renewable energy sources in order to provide
a load with power. Some examples of such sources are solar, wind, and fuel cells. The
photovoltaic (PV) modules used in this investigation function in a variety of
environments and have the capability of being connected to each port of the multiport
converter. In a two-step process, photovoltaic technology transforms sunlight directly
into usable energy using photovoltaic cells. This process does not do any harm to the
environment and does not release any greenhouse gases. In the past, a single PV system
would be connected to two or more switches via the use of an isolated boost type
converter. This form of converter has a variety of limits, such as greater duty cycle ranges
that start at 50 percent and go higher. For the purpose of storing more energy, this
converter design includes the incorporation of a parallel capacitor on the input port side.
In addition, changing the frequencies will result in a shift in the duty cycle ranges. The
MPPT method, in which the duty cycle ratio slightly changes around the optimal duty
ratio, will produce oscillations at a lower level. These oscillations will be caused by the
algorithm. Oscillations of this kind have a power value that is lower than the average,

20
which is acceptable. The performance of a multiport DC-DC converter is the focus of this
study. The converter is intended to manage the power of many PV module applications
at the same time.

Muhammad Yasir Ali Khanet al. (2019) [17] In this study, a multiport DC-DC converter
designed for use with PV systems is proposed. A power electronic interface is used to
facilitate the proposed converter's integration of photovoltaic and energy storage systems
into a DC microgrid. It is possible to share the power from several sources
simultaneously. A switched capacitor cell has a high voltage gain but a short duty cycle,
which is ideal for most applications. Figure 1 is a diagram showing the proposed multiport
converter in its conceptual form (MPC). A PV system and batteries may be connected to
a DC microgrid using this converter. Vin is the port designation for the solar photovoltaic
input voltage source, while Vbat is the port designation for the port that connects to the
battery. An output DC micro grid port is represented by the symbol V0. In the proposed
converter, electricity will be supplied from Vin to charge Vbat, but not the other way
around. In order to avoid a short circuit in the input power sources, a diode designated as
D1 is used whenever the battery loses its charge. The suggested converter incorporates a
switched capacitor (SC) cell, which consists of two capacitors and diodes.

Figure 2.6: Circuit diagram of the proposed converter topology [17]

2.3 Multiport Converters

Sophisticated equipment known as static power converters link the electrical

power supply to the load in order to adjust the characteristics of the source energy in

21
accordance with the needs of the load. The static power converter fulfils two roles
simultaneously: first, it acts as a receiver because of the energy source, and second, it acts
as a supplier of energy because of the load. According to the most current figures, power
converters are responsible for the transmission of around 70 percent of the electrical
energy that is generated all over the globe. Therefore, difficulties that are now being faced
as well as those that might arise in the future for the power electronic business include
the creation of new structures and the energetic optimization of existing ones [18].

An electrical power system has a supply, load, switching power converter, and
controller. Figure 2.7 shows these components. The switching converter is the most
important part of the system because it converts the electric energy delivered into it into
the form requested by the controller. Figure 2.7’s switching converter has two ports
because one connects the power supply to the input and the other to p.

Figure 2.7: Block diagram of an electronic power system with a power supply and load
[18]

2.3.1 Characteristics of Multiport Converters

As a direct consequence of the developments that have taken place in this sector
over the course of the last few years, the field of power electronics has seen the emergence
of multiport converter topologies. These converters are equipped with a plethora of input
and output ports, as can be seen in Figure 2.8, to which a wide variety of power supply
and loads may be attached. Additionally, the multiport architectures boost the

22
possibilities of simplifying and condensing the whole system. This is due to the fact that
there are more ports. This multiport converter is responsible for managing the flow of
energy between the power supply and the load; nevertheless, it is unable to interface the
power sources and loads or alter the flow of electric power.

Figure 2.8: Block diagram of a multiport converter in an electronic power system [18]

As a direct consequence of this, multiport converters have gained popularity to the

detriment of power electronic converters that were developed particularly for the energy
source as well as the load. Multiport converters provide changing output voltages, a
cheaper cost of servicing owing to fewer components and equipment (controllers) in the
intake circuit, more compact dimensions, higher energy efficiency, and enhanced
dynamic performance. Multiport converters need fewer power switches, controllers, and
passive components than two-port converters with intermediate energy buses. A
multiport converter handles more electricity at once.

Potential uses in electric power systems, hybrid electric cars, and fuel cell vehicles
should be given particular consideration. The multiport converter depicted in Figure 2.9
has many ports for connecting energy sources and electric loads. Flow of electricity is
controlled by the converter. It is possible to transfer energy in both directions via all of
the ports.

The following are traits of a multiport converter:

23
o bidirectional energy flow for all the ports; o the control of the energy flow
between the ports with positive load; o the port voltages may change between
dozens of volts up to hundreds of volts; o galvanic isolation between every port; o
all the ports are connected via high frequency trasformation;

Figure 2.9: Block diagram of a DC-DC multiport convertor with “m”power supplies and
“n” loads [8]

2.4 Photovoltaic Solar System

PV solar panels are able to directly convert sunlight into energy without releasing
any harmful by products into the air or water. Figure 2.10 shows a photovoltaic (PV) solar
panel. It has two layers, one of which is positive and the other negative for
semiconductive material. Upon allowing light into the cell, a proton is injected into the
negative layer through the semiconducting atoms, and electrons are discharged from the
negative layer into the positive layer via an external circuitry. This process is called
photoexcitation. Electric current is produced as a result of the movement of the electrons
in the current. PV cells are available in a wide range of forms and sizes, including a
watertight and hermetically sealed packaging referred to as a module. These modules link
to one another to maximise the PV cells' utility [19].

The solar panel of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system not only acts as a collector for
solar energy but also converts the photons that it gathers into energy that can be used. An
inverter for solar electricity converts DC to Alternating Current (AC). A solar tracking
system, which improves overall performance, and a battery bank, which stores the power
production, are both additional accessories that are optionally available. The term
"balance of system" is used to refer to all parts of a photovoltaic system that are not solar

24
panels (BOS). Photovoltaic (PV) systems come in a variety of sizes, from enhances the
natural with only a few panels to large-scale installations that have the ability to produce
several megawatts of power. Figure 2.10 illustrates the rising complexity of a solar
photovoltaic cell as well as the gadgets that make up a fully operating solar photovoltaic
system.

Figure 2.10: Solar PV System connected to load [19]

2.4.1 PV Components and Standards

PV modules are collections of PV cell assemblies, and they generally include 36

cells that are linked in four parallel rows that are connected in series. The area of a PV
module may range anywhere from 0.5 to 1 m2, depending on its size. Panels are groups
of modules that are physically linked to one another and electrically connected in series.
PV generators are collections of multiple arrays, and arrays are collections of multiple
PV generators electrically linked in parallel to produce electricity. PV generators are
sometimes referred to as PV arrays. Figure 2.11 provides an illustration of the
configuration of the layout.

25
 Figure 2.11: PV generator assembly [20]

PV cells, the construction of modules and arrays, and the same thing are not the
same thing at all. These accumulations of inequalities at the cell, module, and array levels
are the root cause of mismatch losses. Shades, array faults, and uneven irradiation in cells
may all produce voltage and current imbalances, which can cause modules to overheat
and incur damage. Shades can also generate array faults. External variables such as
temperature, illumination, and damaged cell surfaces may all contribute to the
deterioration of cells. Therefore, in order to effectively surround the cells, a metal frame,
which is commonly made of aluminium, and a back supporting substratum composed of
glass, metal, or plastic are used. [20].

26
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter is about the methodology and procedures into develop of the
Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter. At first, a flowchart will be proposed to
explain the process in this research. Next, the design and simulate a Multiport
Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for PV Application.

3.2 Overall Project Workflow

The flowchart for the project is shown here in figure 3.1. Because it comprises all
of the data and the historical research pertaining to the project, the literature review serves
as the primary reference point for the whole project. At this point, the literature review is
being expanded to include an investigation into a multiport bidirectional DC-DC
converter for use in photovoltaic (PV) applications inside a DC distribution system.

In continuation of that, a multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter for use in

photovoltaic applications is constructed in MATLAB using Simulink and then simulated
there. It is not possible to design the hardware until the simulation has been tested and
shown to be accurate. The stage where the circuit has been integrated, and where the
prototype has undergone extensive development.

In addition, after the creation of the hardware has been successfully finished, an
analysis of the hardware's performance will be carried out. During the course of the
performance testing, if a problem is discovered, the circuit has to be rechecked before
moving on to the next stage. After the testing has been carried out effectively, the data
will next be gathered and examined.

27
 Last but not least, the documentation for this project based on the data acquired
has been converted from the analysis of the collected data into documentation.

28
 Start

Literature Review

MATLAB Software

-To design/ simulate a Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for PV application

NO Simulation Testing

YES
Hardware Development

-Combine circuit and develop prototype

NO Performance Test ing

YES
Data Collection and Analysis

Documentation

End

29
 Figure 3.1: Flowchart of designing a multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter

3.3 Block diagram of multiport bidirectional dc-dc converter

Figure 3.2 displays the general block diagram of the design. PV panel powers DC-
DC converter. The bidirectional DC-DC converter functions in two modes: charging the
battery and powering the PV.

Figure 3.2: Basic Configuration of Multiport Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

Figure 3.3: The configuration of multiport bidirectional DC-DC for charging mode by
using MATLAB/Simulink

30
 Figure 3.4: The configuration of multiport bidirectional DC-DC for discharging mode
by using MATLAB/Simulink

3.4 Configuration of multiport bidirectional dc-dc converter in Simulink

The three-port converter that was designed has three controlled switches: S3,
which is used to manage power movement away from the PV source; S1 and S2, which
are used to control power flow into and away from the battery, respectively; and S2,
which is used to manage power movement away from the battery. Either two switches or
one switch will be controlled depending on the modes in question. The converter's tiny
design is the consequence of the fact that it has only a single inductor. In addition, the
photovoltaic panel and the battery have been replaced in this Simulink with a DC voltage
supply. Figure 3.3 shows a multiport bidirectional DC-DC in charging mode, while
Figure 3.4 shows it in discharging mode. When the device is in the charging state, the
voltage shown for the output is indicated to be 47.56V. When the power of the load is
less than the power of the PV, the battery needs to take up the extra power. As was said
before, S2 and S3 will be on in this mode, while S1 will stay off for as long as the situation
lasts. When PV power exceeds load power, the battery doesn't need to absorb any more
power. In contrast, while the battery is being discharged, the display indicates that the
output voltage is 48.26V. S1 and S3 will be active in this mode, as was stated before;
however, S2 will remain inactive for the length of the condition as long as the load power
is higher than the PV power. PV power must be less than the load power for this situation

31
to continue to exist. This phenomenon takes place when the power generated by the PV
system is more than the power generated by the load.

In Simulink, the configuration parameter of a multiport bidirectional DC-DC

circuit is shown in Table 3.1. The inductor is set to 1mH, the capacitor is set to 470uF,
the resistor for charging mode is set to 30.72, and the resistor for discharging mode is set
to 11.52. The DC source voltage is set to 17.4V, and the battery voltage is set to 24V.
The switching frequency is 10kHz, and the duty cycle is set to 0.5. The charging mode
and the discharging mode of a multiport bidirectional DC-DC are both critical modes to
determine using these characteristics.

Table 3.1 The Parameter design for multiport bidirectional DC-DC converter

Parameters Values

Duty Cycle 0.5

Switching frequency 10kHz

Output power 100W
Dc source voltage 17.4V
Battery voltage 24V
Output voltage 48V
Inductor 1mH
Input and output capacitor 470uF
Load resistance in charging mode 30.72Ω
Load resistance in discharging mode 11.52Ω

3.5 Equations

The duty cycle of the switch with an estimated efficiency of 90% to 95% is given
by the equation (3.1). VIN is the input voltage, VOUT is the desired output
voltage, and η is the efficiency of the converter.

32
 (3.1)

𝐷=1−

D = 0.5

The Tperiod, where f is representing for the frequency.

Tperiod = 1 / f (3.2)

Tperiod = 1 / 10kHz

Tperiod = 100μS

Io is the output current, where VO = Voltage Output and the RL is the load resistance.

Io = VO / RL (3.3)

Io = 48 / 30.72

Io = 1.56 A

33
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT & DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

The gathered and documented results of the study are the subject of this project's
discussion. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation programme gathered and recorded the
data.

Table 4.1: The operating principle

PV Battery Intervals Duty Cycle Load

panel
S1 S2 S3

1 OFF OFF ON
Charging
Mode 17.4V 24V 2 OFF OFF OFF 48V

3 OFF ON OFF

1 ON OFF ON
Discharging
Mode 17.4V 24V 2 OFF OFF ON 48V

3 OFF OFF OFF

4.2 Operating Principle for the simulation

Table 4.1 illustrates that the operation has two condition which is charging mode and
discharging mode. Battery Charging Mode is this mode of operation is recommended
when the PV power available exceeds the load demand and the extra power is utilised to
charge the battery. The entire switching time period (Ts) in this mode is separated into
three intervals: (1) S3 ON, (2) S2 OFF, S3 OFF, and (3) S2 ON, S3 OFF. The S1 is always

34
switched off in this mode of operation. While Battery Discharging Mode The concerned
mode indicates a circumstance in which the power requested by the load is larger than
the PV power. In this circumstance, the battery must power the load in addition to the
PV. The switch S2 is always switched off during the battery depletion mode. Ts is
separated into three intervals: (1) S1, S3 ON (PV not connected), (2) S1 OFF, S3 ON,
and (3) S1, S3 OFF.

Table 4.2: The specification parameter for the hardware of multiport bidirectional
DCDC.
Parameters Calculated Hardware
Values Values
Switching frequency 10kHz 10kHz
Output power 100W 100W
Dc source voltage 17.4V 18V
Battery voltage 24V 24V
Output voltage 48V 48V
Inductor 1mH 1mH
Capacitor 470uF 470uF
Load resistance in charging 30.72Ω 47Ω
mode
Load resistance in discharging 11.52Ω 20Ω
mode

Table 4.2 shows that the calculated values are derived from the calculation, but the
hardware values are derived from the real equipment that must be applied to the design
hardware.

35
4.3 Analysis result of the charging mode for the multiport bidirectional DC-
DC

In multiport bidirectional DC-DC, PV panel with 17.4V and Battery with 24V

is replaced by DC Source Voltage. The result of the charging mode was presented. 4.3.1

Simulation of charging mode of multiport bidirectional DC-DC

By running a simulation in MATLAB/Simulink, the pulse and output waveform

are shown in figures 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, and 4.10. These figures may
be found in the following tables: The waveforms of the current inductor, the current
capacitor, the voltage inductor, the voltage capacitor, and the voltage output are shown
here. This is the waveform for the charging mode, while this one is for the discharging
simulation. Both the charging and discharging modes of the proposed system architecture
are investigated and examined. Control is exercised over both the power output and the
power input in accordance with the standards. The output voltage is set at 47.56 volts
while the charging mode is active. In addition, the output voltage while the battery is in
the discharging mode is 48.26V. This discussion will focus on the mode known as
continuous conduction.

Figure 4.1: The waveform of Current Inductor for the charging mode

36
Figure 4.2: The waveform of Current Capacitor for the charging mode

Figure 4.3: The waveform of Voltage Inductor for the charging mode

Figure 4.4: The waveform of Voltage Capacitor for the charging mode

Figure 4.5: The waveform of Voltage Output for the charging mode

37
Figure 4.6: The waveform of Current Inductor for the discharging mode

Figure 4.7: The waveform of Current Capacitor for the discharging mode

Figure 4.8: The waveform of Voltage Inductor for the discharging mode

Figure 4.9: The waveform of Voltage Capacitor for the discharging mode

Figure 4.10: The waveform of Voltage Output for the discharging mode

38
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

As conclude, the multiport bidirectional DC-DC, the PV panel with 17.4V, and
the Battery with 24V have been replaced by the DC Source Voltage. In addition, there is
one piece of resistor with a value of 30.72 ohms for the charging mode and 11.52 ohms
for the discharging mode. There are three pieces of mosfets, three pieces of diodes, one
piece of inductor with 1 mH, one piece of capacitor with 470 μF, and one piece of diode.

A multiport, bidirectional direct current-direct current (DC-DC) converter has

been devised so that usage in 48 V may be maintained. Depending on the amount of load
power, the battery may be employed in either the charging or the draining mode. Battery
discharge occurs when the load power exceeds the amount of electricity that can be
produced by PV; battery intake occurs when there is an excess of PV power, and the
battery remains in charging mode. When both charging and discharging modes were
monitored at the same time, findings were likewise obtained for a step change in the load.
These results were based on the power of the load. It was discovered that the average
power of the PV and battery systems combined was equal to the power of the load, which
is verification of power balance in the converter. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in
conjunction with energy storage devices such as batteries have the potential for a solution
to the current energy problem. Solar panels are capable of delivering the power they
create into a DC source, or the electricity may be stored in batteries for later use. Because
of the way it's designed, it's possible to transmit power in both directions, from the DC
supply to the battery.

5.2 Recommendation for Future Project

In accordance with the results, some suggestions have been put up for furthering
the process of improvement. In addition, the value of each component has to be increased

39
and additional calculations need to be done in order to reach the output value that is
wanted. It is advised to use this converter for battery-powered devices with a long life,
portable military radios, low-power sensors, and solar panels that include a post-regulator
or charger. This research also suggests using it in applications such as a power supply
that can automatically regulate itself. It is used in the functioning of battery power
systems and comprises consumer gadgets. Applications of this technology include
adaptive control and power amplifiers. Higher output voltage is one of the benefits that
come with using a Buck Boost Converter. MOSFETs that have a low operating voltage
and duty cycle. Increasing the number of ports on the circuit to either four or five is still
another option to consider. A variety of ports are connected to a wide range of renewable
energy sources, each of which has its own specific voltage level. Because of the many
phase differences that exist between them, the interaction between these ports will be
challenging. It is challenging to keep track of the flow of electricity and to deal with the
interaction between the ports. Limiting and regulating the interaction between many ports
may be accomplished by the method of "shorting" one port, which was used in the first
part of this research.

5.3 Commercialization Potential

The development of a buck boost DC to DC converter turned out to be quite helpful

in the long run. Buck-Boost converters feature an adjustable output voltage that could be
set to be either greater or lower than the input voltage. This allows the output voltage to
be altered in either direction compared to the input voltage. The chosen output voltage
can then be kept at its original setting. The primary motivation for making this project
commercially available is to provide service to regions in Sabah, more specifically on
local property, in which the electrical utility is cut off and is not approved by Sabah
Electricity Sdn. Bhd (SESB). Because of this scenario, the civilised population that lives
here is subject to several challenges throughout the night, the most of which involve
electrical equipment such as lights. This initiative aims to create eco-friendly
technologies that employ natural energy sources. This programme doesn't degrade the
environment and has minimal impediments; thus this location has good commercial
potential.

40
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