19.

EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

Single Correct Answer Type I. Urine is hypertonic in distal convoluted

1. Consider the following statements tubule.
I. Flame cells are excretory structures in II. When the urine passes into the collecting
flatworms. tubule, it becomes hypotonic.
II. Green glands are excretory organs in III. Urine is isotonic in proximal convoluted
annelids. tubule.
III.Columns of Bertiniare the conical IV. Urine becomes more and more hypotonic as
projections of renal pelvis into renal medulla it passes through the Henle’s loop. [Kerala
between the renal pyramids. [Kerala CEE CEE 2005]
2007] a) I and IV b)I, II and III
a) I and II correct b)II and III incorrect c) II and III d)III
c) I and III correct d)I, II and III correct e) I only
e) I, II and III incorrect
11. Name the condition when the concentration of
2. Major nitrogenous waste product in ureotelic ketone body increases in urine [WB JEE 2010]
animals like rabbit and other mammals is a) Acromegaly b)Ketonuria
[AMU 2005] c) Diabetes insipidus d)Cushing’s disease
a) Uric acid b)Urea 12. Which one is mismatched? [BHU 2003]
c) Ammonia d)Amino acids Bowman’s capsule
PCT−¿Absorption of
3. Urea synthesis occurs in [BHU 2009] a) −¿Glomercular b)
a) Kidney b)Liver N a+¿ ¿ and K +¿¿
filtration
c) Brain d)Muscles DCT−¿Absorption d)None of the above
4. Antennary glands of crustaceans are meant for c)
of glucose
[DUMET 2006] 13. Which one of the following statements in
a) Excretion b)Respiration regard to the excretion by the human kidneys
c) Digestion d)Circulation
is correct? [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
5. The yellow colour of urine is due to the
a) Descending limb of
presence of [MHT CET 2009] Distal convoluted
loop of Henle is
a) Urea b)Uric acid b) tubule is incapable of
impermeable to
c) Urochrome d)Bilirubin reabsorption HC O 3
6. Smell of urine is due to the [AMU 2007] water
a) Urochrome b)Urinode c) Nearly 99 per cent of d)Ascending limb of
c) Urea d)Melanin the glomerular loop of Henle is
7. Which term is used both for a part of kidney filtrate is reabsorbed impermeable to
and a part of skeleton in the mammals? [AMU by the renal tubules electrolytes
2007] 14. Melanuria is caused by the abnormal
a) Centrum b)Pelvis catabolism of [Punjab PMET 2005]
c) Cortex d)Medulla a) Alanine b)Tyrosine
8. Glomerular filtrate is [UP CPMT 2004] c) Proline d)Tryptophan
a) Blood minus blood b)Blood minus 15. Haemodialysis helps in patient having [BHU
corpuscles and corpuscles 2007]
plasma protein a) Anaemia b)Uremia
c) Mixture of water, d)Urine c) Goitre d)Diabetes
ammonia and 16. Which one is the excretory organ in the
corpuscles following? [Kerala CEE 2003]
9. Glomerular area of adrenal cortex is a) Archaeocyte b)Choanocyte
responsible for [Haryana PMT 2006] c) Pinacocyte d)Solenocyte
a) Water and b)Carbohydrate e) Cnidocyte
electrolyte balance metabolism 17. Loop of Henle is associated with [AMU 2009]
c) Steroid and d)Blood pressure a) Excretory system b)Respiratory system
hormone secretion c) Reproductive systemd)Digestive system
10. Which of the following statements is/are true? 18. Which one of the following is not a part of a
P a g e |1
 renal pyramid? [CBSE AIPMT 2011] a) Uricolysis b)Micturition
a) Convoluted tubules b)Collecting ducts c) Ornithine d)None of these
c) Hanle’s loop d)Peritubular 31. Which one is related to urine concentration in
capillaries mammals? [AMU 2006]
19. Ammonia is converted into urea in [Punjab a) Testosterone b)Antidiuretic
CET 2006] hormone hormone
a) Kidney b)Lungs c) Oxytocin hormone d)All of these
c) Liver d)Spleen 32. What will happen if the stretch receptors of the
20. Bowman’s capsule is found in [BCECE 2008] urinary bladder wall are totally removed?
a) Glomerulus b)Uriniferous tubule [CBSE AIPMT 2009]
c) Nephron d)Malpighian capsule a) Urine will not collect b)Micturition will
21. Juxtaglomerular cells of renal cortex synthesize
in the bladder continue
an enzyme called [Kerala CEE 2005] c) Urine will continue d)There will be no
a) ADH b)Oxytocin
to collect normally micturition
c) Rennin d)Urochrome
e) Glucocorticoids in the bladder
33. Animal which excrete urea, produced during
22. In human, the waste products of nucleotide metabolism of amino acid, belongs to [AFMC
metabolism are excreted as [UP CPMT 2006] 2004]
a) Ammonia b)Uric acid a) Ureotelism b)Uricotelism
c) Urea d)Amino acid c) Ammonotelism d)Aminotelism
23. Urine is concentrated in [UP CPMT 2005] 34. A person is undergoing prolonged fasting. His
a) Kidney b)Liver urine will be found to contain abnormal
c) Colon d)Heart quantities of [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
24. In micturition, [DUMET 2004] a) Fats b)Ketones
a) Urethra relaxes b)Ureter relaxes c) Amino acids d)Glucose
c) Ureter contracts d)Urethra contracts 35. Choose the correct statement. [Kerala CEE
25. Which is not correct with respect to human 2011]
kidney? [J&K CET 2006] a) The juxtamedullarly b)Vasa recta is well
a) The peripheral b)Malpighian capsule nephrons have developed in cortical
region is called are present in the reduced Henle’s loop nephrons
cortex and central cortex region c) The PCT and DCT d)The golmerulus
medulla are situated in the encloses the
c) Blood enters d)The concave part of medulla of the Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus through kidney is called hilus kidney
efferent arterioles e) The ascending limb
26. A man takes large amount of proteins. He is of the Henle’s loop
likely to excrete a greater amount of [UP CPMT extends as the DCT
2004] 36. The conversion of dangerous nitrogenous
a) Urea b)Uric acid waste into less toxic excretory matter is
c) Sugar d)None of these
carried out in man in the [J&K CET 2009]
27. Longest loop of Henle is found in [BCECE
a) Blood b)Liver
2008] c) Kidney d)Skin
a) Kangaroo rat b)Opossum 37. Sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule
c) rhesus monkey d)All of these
will be increased if there is an increase in
28. The waste products produced in man which
[CBSE AIPMT 2003]
need excretion are? [MHT CET 2011]
a) Plasma potassium b)Plasma volume
a) Carbon dioxide b)Urea and salts
c) Excess of water d)All of these concentration
29. Main function of glomerulus is [BCECE 2004] c) Mean arterial d)Urine flow rate
a) Filtration of urine Reabsorption of pressure
b) 38. A large quantity of fluid is filtered every day by
H2O
Reabsorption of d)Concentration of the nephrons in the kidneys. Only about 1% of
c) +¿ ¿ it is excreted as urine. The remaining 99% of
Na urine
30. The expulsion of urine from the urinary the filtrate [Manipal 2009]
a) Gets collected in the b)Is lost as sweat
bladder is called [MHT CET 2005]
P a g e |2
 renal pelvis protozoans
c) Is stored in the d)Is reabsorbed into c) Birds, reptiles and d)Frogs and toads
urinary bladder the blood insects
39. If Henle’s loop were absent from mammalian 48. When does glomerular filtration occurs in
nephron, which of the following is to be Bowman’s capsule? [EAMCET 2007]
expected? [MHT CET 2008] a) When hydrostatic b)When hydrostatic
a) The urine will be b)The urine will be pressure of blood in pressure of blood in
more concentrated more dilute the glomerulus is 70 the glomerulus is 70
c) There will be no d)There will be hardly mm Hg and net mm Hg and net
urine formation any change in the filtrate pressure is filtrate pressure is
quality and quantity -25 mm Hg -35 mm Hg
of urine formed c) When hydrostatic d)When hydrostatic
40. Excretion means [Haryana PMT 2004] pressure of blood in pressure of blood in
a) Formation of those b)Removal of such the glomerulus is 70 the glomerulus is 70
substances which substances which mm Hg and net mm Hg and net
have some role in have never been part filtrate pressure is filtrate pressure is
the body of the body 10 mm Hg -70 mm Hg
c) Removal of useless d)All of the above 49. Almost all the aquatic animals excrete
substances and ammonia as the nitrogenous waste product.
substances present Which of the following statements is not in
in excess agreement with this situation? [KCET 2006]
41. Average pH of human urine is [Haryana PMT a) Ammonia is easily b)Ammonia is released
2007] soluble in water from the body in
a) 6.0 b)9.0
gaseous state
c) 3.0 d)7.0
c) Ammonia is highly d)Ammonia gets
42. All Bowman’s capsules of the kidney are found
toxic and needs to be converted into a less
in [BHU 2008]
a) Pelvis b)Medulla eliminated as and toxic form called
c) Cortex d)None of these when formed urea
43. The net pressure gradient that cause the fluid 50. Blackening of urine, when exposed to air is a
to filter out of the glomeruli in the capsule is metabolic disorder in human beings. This is
[MHT CET 2008] due to [Kerala CEE 2005]
a) 20 mm Hg b)75 mm Hg a) Phenylalanine b)Tyrosine
c) 30 mm Hg d)50 mm Hg c) Valine replacing d)Glutamine replacing
44. Blood leaving liver and going towards heart is glutamine valine
rich in [UP CPMT 2005] e) Homogentisic acid
a) Bile b)Urea
51. The size of filtration slits of glomerulus is [WB
c) Ammonia d)Oxygen
45. A child has single kidney since birth. This JEE 2009]
a) 10 nm b)15 nm
variation is [BCECE 2006]
c) 20 nm d)25 nm
a) Hybridization b)Negative meristic
52. Which of the following is correct with
c) Blastogenic d)Substantive
46. Many freshwater animals cannot live for long reference to haemodialysis? [Kerala CEE
in sea water and vice versa mainly because of 2009]
a) Absorbs and resends b)The dialysis unit has
the [Kerala CEE 2010]
a) Change in N levels b)Change in the levels excess of ions a coiled cellophane
of thermal tolerance tube
c) Variations in light d)Osmotic problems c) Blood is pumped d)Anti-heparin is
intensity back through a added prior to
e) Spectral quality of suitable artery after haemodialysis
solar radiation haemodialysis
47. Uricotelism is found in [Manipal 2007] e) Nitrogenous wasters
a) Mammals and birds b)Fishes and are removed by
freshwater active transport

P a g e |3
53. A terrestrial animal must be able to [Manipal PCT of sodium
2007] e) The counter current
a) Excrete large b)Conserve water systems contribute
amounts of water in in diluting the urine
urine 62. In which part of nephron, reabsorption is
c) Actively pump out d)Excrete large minimum from filtrate? [J&K CET 2008]
salts through the amounts of salts in a) Henle’s loop b)Proximal convoluted
skin urine tubule
54. Podocytes are the cells present in [BHU 2006] c) Distal convoluted d)Collecting duct
a) Cortex of nephron b)Inner wall of tubule
Bowman’s capsule 63. Functional kidney of frog tadpole is [AMU
c) Outer wall of d)Wall of glomerular 2004]
Bowman’s capsule capillaries a) Archipheros b)Pronephros
55. The condition where urea accumulates in c) Mesonephros d)Metanephros
blood is [Kerala CEE 2011] 64. The characteristic that is shared by urea, uric
a) Glycosuria b)Uremia acid and ammonia is/are
c) Ketonuria d)Acidosis I. They are nitrogenous wastes.
e) Anaemia II.They all need very large amount of water for
excretion.
56. Which one of the following groups of
III.Theyare all equally toxic.
structures/organs have similar function?
IV. They are equally in the kidneys. [Manipal
[AIIMS 2005]
Typhlosole in b)Nephridia in 2009]
a) I and III b)I and IV
earthworm, earthworm,
c) I, III and IV d)I only
a) intestinal villi in rat Malpighian tubules 65. Which one of the following statements is false?
and contractile in cockroach and [Kerala CEE 2007]
vacuole in Amoeba urinary tubules in rat a) Presence of albumin b)Presence of glucose
c) Antennae of d)Incisors of rat, in urine is in urine is glycosuria
cockroach, gizzard albuminuria
tympanum of frog (proventriculus) of c) Presence of ketone d)Presence of excess
and clitellum of cockroach and tube sugar in urine is urea in blood is
earthworm feet of starfish Ketonuria uremia
57. Specific gravity of urine normally is [MHT CET e) Presence of
2007] haemoglobin in
a) 1.010-1.015 b)1.015-1.020 urine is
c) 1.020-1.025 d)Both (a) and (b)
haemoglobinuria
58. Glucose is mainly absorbed in [AFMC 2005]
66. Excretion of bile pigments in the urine
a) PCT b)DCT
c) Henle’s loop d)Nephron indicates [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
59. Which one is not correct? [BHU 2003] a) Rickets b)Jaundice
a) Humans-Ureotelic b)Birds-Uricotelic c) Diabetes d)Anaemia
c) Lizards-Uricotelic d)Whale-Ammonotelic 67. Which of the following disorder is an outcome
60. Human urine as compared to human blood is of irregularities in metabolism of the
[BCECE 2004] nitrogenous waste? [Guj CET 2008]
a) Hypotonic b)Hypertonic a) Osteoporosis b)Gouty arthritis
c) Isotonic d)All of these c) Osteroarthritis d)Rheumatoid arthritis
61. Find the correct option regarding mechanism 68. Chick excrete their secretion in the form of
of urine formation in man. [Kerala CEE 2009] [MHT CET 2005]
a) The glomerular b)The ultra filtration is a) Ammonia b)Urea
filtration rate is opposed by the c) Uric acid d)Crystal of guanine
69. Which of the following organs synthesises
about 125 mL/min colloidal osmotic
urea? [Guj CET 2011]
pressure of plasma
a) Duodenum b)Kidney
c) Tubular secretion d)Aldosterone induces
c) Liver d)Pancreas
takes place in the greater reabsorption 70. The net filtration pressure in the glomerulus of

P a g e |4
 the kidney is [J&K CET 2007]
a) 70 mm Hg b)35 mm Hg
c) 25 mm Hg d)10 mm Hg
71. Vasopressin released from the
neurohypophysis is mainly responsible for
[KCET 2008]
a) Facultative b)Obligatory
reabsorption of reabsorption of
water through water through
[Guj
Henle’s loop Bowman’s capsule
c) Facultative d)Obligatory CET 2008]
a) A-Collection of urine, b)A-Pressure filtration,
reabsorption of reabsorption of
B-Secretion B-Reabsorption
water through DCT water through PCT
72. The excretory material of bony fish is [MHT C-Reabsorption, D- C-Secretion, D-
CET 2009] Pressure filtration Collection of urine
a) Urea b)Protein c) A-Pressure filtration, d)A-Reabsorption, B-
c) Ammonia d)Amino acid B-Secretion Secretion
73. Which substance is in higher concentration in C-Reabsorption, D- C-Pressure filtration,
blood than in glomerular filtrate? [Manipal Collection of urine D-Collection of urine
2009] 80. The renal fluid isotonic to the cortical fluid and
a) Water b)Glucose blood is found in [EAMCET 2008]
c) Urea d)Plasma proteins a) The collecting duct b)The distal
74. The vital morphological and physiological units and ascending limb convoluted tubule
of mammalian kidney are [MHT CET 2004] and ascending limb
a) Ureters b)Uriniferous tubule c) The proximal d)The ascending limb
c) Nephridia d)Seminiferous tubules convoluted tubule and descending limb
75. The rupture of urinary bladder is prevented by and distal
[Haryana PMT 2007] convoluted tuble
a) Pseudostratified b)stratified columnar 81. Duct of Bellini opens on [BCECE 2006]
epithelium epithelium a) Ureter b)Renal papilla
c) Stratified cuboidal d)Transitional c) Duodenum d)DCT
epithelium epithelium 82. What is glycosuria? [WB JEE 2010]
76. Mammals excrete [Punjab CET 2006] a) Low amount of b)Low amount of fat in
a) Urea b)Uric acid sugar in urine urine
c) Ammonia d)All of these c) Average amount of d)High amount of
77. Renal portal system is [JCECE 2008] carbohydrate in sugar in urine
a) Present in all b)Present in all
urine
vertebrates chordates 83. The principle nitrogenous excretory compound
c) Absent in mammals d)Present in all
in humans is synthesized [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
mammals a) In kidneys, but b)In kidneys as well as
78. Haemodialysis is associated with [Haryana
eliminated mostly eliminated by
PMT 2007]
through liver kidneys
a) Liver b)Spleen
c) In liver and also d)In the liver, but
c) Kidney d)Stomach
79. While urine formation progress, which of the eliminated by the eliminated mostly
following process takes place in the region same through bile through kidneys
84. In which of the following regions of a nephron,
labelled as A, B, C and D in the given diagram?
does maximum reabsorption of useful
substances takes place? [KCET 2005]
a) Henle’s loop b)Glomerulus
c) Proximal convoluted d)Distal convoluted
tubule tubule
85. Which one is the component of ornithine cycle?
[UP CPMT 2009]
a) Ornithine, citrulline b)Ornithine, citrulline

P a g e |5
 and fumaric acid and arginine into efferent renal
arteriole
c) Ornithine, citrulline d)Amino acids are not arteriole
and alanine used 95. With respect to mode of excretion bony fishes
86. The living steady state has a self-regulatory are? [Guj CET 2007]
mechanism which is known as [Kerala CEE a) Osmoconformers b)Ammonotelic
2004] c) Uricotelic d)Uriotelic
a) Feed back b)Homeotherms 96. Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed in the
mechanism [WB JEE 2011]
c) Homozygous d)Heterozygous a) Proximal tubule b)Distal tubule
e) Homeostasis c) Collecting duct d)Loop of Henle
97. Which of the following is not an excretory
87. The average quality of urea excreted in urine organ? [OJEE 2010]
by man per day is [Kerala CEE 2010] a) Liver b)Book lungs
a) 1-5 g b)25-30 g c) Kidney d)Hepatopancreas
c) 1-1.5 L d)80 g 98. Physiologically urea is produced by the action
e) 100-500 m of an enzyme [UP CPMT 2011]
a) Arginase b)Urease
88. Uric acid is the chief nitrogenous excretory c) Uricase d)None of these
component of [CBSE AIPMT 2009] 99. Erythropoietin is secreted from [J&K CET
a) Man b)Earthworm 2011]
c) Cockroach d)Frog a) Pituitary gland b)Pancreas
89. Glomerular filtrate rate per day is [MHT CET c) Adrenal gland d)Kidney
2005] 100.Which among the following is the only
a) 150 L b)190 L osmoconformer vertebrate? [DUMET 2004]
c) 170 L d)180 L a) Rabbit b)Hagfish
90. Renin is secreted from [AMU 2009] c) Bird d)None of these
a) Juxtaglomerular b)Podocytes 101.A portion of uric acid is converted to urea and
cells ammonia by intestinal [Punjab CET 2005]
c) Nephridia d)Stomach a) Urogenolysis b)Ureolysis
91. Which of the following is both osmoregulator c) Uricolysis d)Ureotolysis
as well as nitrogenous product? [DUMET 102.A bird excretes nitrogenous waste materials in
2007] the form of [Kerala CEE 2009]
a) N H 3 b)Urea a) Uric acid b)Ammonia
c) Uric acid d)All of these c) Urea d)Amino acids
92. Glomerulus is formed by [MHT CET 2004] 103.Uricotelic mode of passing out nitrogenous
a) Branch from renal b)Uriniferous tubule wastes is found in [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
vein a) Birds and annelids b)Amphibians and
c) Branch from renal d)Coiling of proximal reptiles
artery part of uriniferous c) Insects and d)Reptiles and birds
tubule amphibians
93. Loop of Henle is meant for the absorption of 104.Volume of urine is regulated by [WB JEE
[BHU 2004] 2010]
a) Potassium b)Glucose a) Aldosterone b)Aldosterone and
c) Water d)Carbon dioxide testosterone
94. During urine formation, which of the following c) ADH d)Aldosterone and
processes create high osmotic pressure in the ADH
uriniferous tubule? [Guj CET 2008] 105.In the nephron of rabbit, reabsorption of
+¿ ¿ −¿ ¿
Active N a Active C l glucose occurs in [EAMCET 2003]
absorption, followed absorption, followed a) Descending limb of b)Proximal convoluted
a) b)
by absorption of by absorption of Henle’s loop tubule
C l −¿ ¿ N a+¿ ¿ c) Distal convoluted d)Ascending limb of
c) Active secretion of d)Active secretion of tubule Henle’s loop
N a+¿ ¿ into efferent C l −¿ ¿ and absorption 106.Triazenes are derived from [AMU 2003]
a) Uric acid b)Urea
arteriole followed by of N a+¿ ¿ into
−¿ ¿ c) Ammonia d)None of these
absorption of C l efferent renal
P a g e |6
107.The urine is [EAMCET 2009] pores) for the
away from the
a) Hypotonic to blood b)Hypertonic to blood filteration of blood
glomerulus towards
and isotonic in and isotonic to into the
renal vein
medullarly fluid medullarly fluid Bowman’s capsule
c) Isotonic to blood andd)Isotonic to blood and 115.Excretory product of spider is [UP CPMT
hypotonic to hypertonic to 2009]
medullarly fluid medullarly fluid a) Uric acid b)Ammonia
108.If one liter of water is introduced in human c) Guanine d)None of these
blood, then [DUMET 2009] 116.Which one of the following statements is
a) BMR increases b)RBC collapses and correct with respect to salt water balance
urine production inside the body of living organisms? [AIIMS
increases 2005]
c) RBC collapses and d)BMR decreases a) When water is not b)Salmon fish excretes
urine production available camels do lot of stored salt
decreases not produce urine through gill
109.In 24 hours, total glomerular filtrate formed in but store urea in membrane when in
the human kidney is [WB JEE 2011] tissues fresh water
a) 1.7 litres b)7 litre Paramecium d)The body fluids of
c) 17 litres d)170 litres discharges freshwater animals
110.Solenocytes are used for [DUMET 2006]
c) concentrated salt are generally
a) Elimination of b)Respiration
solution by hypotonic to
nitrogenous
contractile vacuoles surrounding water
excretory wastes
117.The region of the nephrons found in the renal
c) Digestion d)All of the above
111.The human kidney [MHT CET 2011] medulla is [Kerala CEE 2007]
a) Is responsible for b)Concentrates the a) Malpighian b)Proximal convoluted
the storage of urine by actively corpuscle tubule
c) Distal convoluted d)Henle’s loop
nutrients such as transporting water
tubule
glycogen out of the filtrate
e) Glomerulus
c) Produces more d)Responds to
dilute urine when antidiuretic hormone 118.A person who is on a long hunger strike and is
the collection ducts by increasing urine surviving only on water, will have? [CBSE
become less output AIPMT 2007]
permeable to water a) More sodium in his b)Less amino acids in
112.Normal level of urea in blood plasma is [BHU urine his urine
2007] c) More glucose in his d)Less urea in his urine
a) 80-100 mg/100 mL b)18-38 mg/100 mL blood
blood blood 119.In ornithine cycle, which of the following
c) 30-40 mg/100 mL d)1-10 mg/100 mL wastes are removed from the blood? [MHT
blood blood CET 2008]
113.RASS secretes which of the following a) Urea and urine b)Ammonia and urea
hormone? [DUMET 2007] c) Carbon dioxide and d)Carbon dioxide and
a) Mineralocorticoids b)Glucocorticoids ammonia urea
c) Both (a) and (b) d)None of the above 120.Marine teleost fishes excrete [DUMET 2006]
114.Which one of the following correctly explains a) Uric acid b)Ammonia
the function of a specific part of a human c) Urea d)None of these
nephron? [CBSE AIPMT 2011] 121.Which one of the following statements is
Henle’s loop – Most Distal convoluted correct with respect to kidney function
reabsorption of the tubule−¿Reasorptio regulation? [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
a) major substances b) n of ions into the a) Exposure to cold b)An increase in
from the glomerular surrounding blood temperature glomerular blood
filtrate capillaries stimulates ADH flow stimulates
c) Afferent arteriole−¿ d)Podocytes−¿Creat release formation of
Carries the blood minute spaces (slit angiotensin II
P a g e |7
 c) During summer d)When someone a) Ureotelic animals b)Ammonotelic
when body loses lot drinks lot of water animals
of water by ADH release is c) Uricotelic animals d)Amniotes
evaporation, the stopped e) Desert animals
release of ADH is 132.Which of the following is first formed
suppressed nitrogenous waste of vertebrate? [Guj CET
122.Which of the following is responsible for
2006]
excretion of dilute urine? [Guj CET 2007]
a) N H 2 b)Urea
a) More secretion of b)Less secretion of
c) N H 3 d) N H 4
insulin vasopressin
133.The stage of ornithine cycle at which
c) More secretion of d)Less secretion of
arginaseenzyme is used? [JCECE 2007]
Aldosterone glucagon
Ornithine →
123.Which one of the following body functions is a) b)Arginine →ornithine
not performed by kidneys? [JCECE 2003] citrulline
a) Excretion b)Osmoregulation Citrulline→arginosu
c) d)Ornithine →urea
c) Regulation of blood d)Destruction of dead ccinic acid
volume blood corpuscles 134.Kidney stones are produced due to deposition
124.The structural unit of human kidney is [RPMT of uric acid and [Manipal 2005]
2005] a) Silicates b)Minerals
a) Nephron b)Ureter c) Calcium carbonate d)Calcium oxalate
c) Loop of Henle d)Bowman’s capsule 135.Malpighian tubules are [MHT CET 2009]
125.If excess water passes out from tissues without a) Excretory organs of b)Excretory organs of
being restored by kidneys, the cells would insects frog
c) Respiratory organs d)Endocrine glands of
[AMU 2004]
a) Burst open and die b)Not be affected at all of insects insects
c) Extract water from d)Shrivel and die 136.The function of Henle’s loop is [BCECE 2007]
a) Passage of urine b)Formation of urine
plasma
c) Conservation of d)Filtration of water
126.Green glands present in some arthropods help
water
in [UP CPMT 2009]
a) Respiration b)Excretion
c) Digestion d)Reproduction Assertion - Reasoning Type
127.Which one of the following amino acids is not This section contain(s) 1 question(s) numbered
found in proteins? [Haryana PMT 2009] 137 to 137. Each question containsSTATEMENT
a) Arginine b)Ornithine
1(Assertion) and STATEMENT 2(Reason). Each
c) Aspartic acid d)Tyrosine
128.Wolffian body is also known as [DUMET 2005] question has the 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out
a) Pronephros b)Mesonephros of which ONLY ONE is correct.
c) Metanephros d)Abnormal heart a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True;
129.Ornithine cycle refers to the sequence of Statement 2 is correct explanation for Statement
biochemical reactions taking place in the 1
[Kerala CEE 2003] b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True;
a) Oral cavity b)Liver Statement 2 is not correct explanation for
c) Pancreas d)Stomach Statement 1
e) Kidney c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False
d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True
130.Nitrogenous waste products are eliminated 137
mainly as [KCET 2007]
a) Urea in tadpole and b)Urea in adult frog Statement 1: Nitrogenous waste from
uric acid in adult and ammonia in arterial blood is removed,
frog tadpole when blood passes through
c) Urea in tadpole as d)Urea in tadpole and dialyzer unit.
well as in adult frog ammonia in adult Statement 2: Arterial blood of patient and
frog dialyzing liquid are made to
131.Excretion of nitrogenous waste product in flow on two sides of
semisolid from occurs in [Kerala CEE 2003] permeable membrane.
P a g e |8
 (a) 4 1 2 3
Matrix-Match Type
(b) 4 3 2 1
This section contain(s) 4 questions. Each question
(c) 5 4 1 3
contains Statements given in 2 columns which have
to be matched. Statements in columns I have to be (d) 5 4 1 2
matched with Statements incolumns II.
(e) 4 1 3 2
138 Match the entries in column I with those in
. column II and choose the correct answer from 140 Match the excretory organs listed under
the following columns. . column I with the animals given under column
Column-I Column- II II. Choose the answer which gives the correct
combination.
(A) Uremia (1) Excess of protein Column-I Column- II
level in urine
(B) Hematuria (2) Presence of high (A) Nephridia (1) Hydra
ketone bodies in (B) Malpighian tubules(2) Leech
urine
(C) Ketonuria (3) Presence of blood (C) Protonephridia (3) Shark
cells in urine
(D) Glycosuria (4) Presence of glucose (D) kidneys (4) Flatworms
in urine (5) Cockroach
(E) Proteinuria (5) Presence of urea in
urine Codes :
Codes :
A B C D
A B C D E
(a) 2 5 4 3
(a) 5 3 2 4 1
(b) 4 2 1 5
(b) 4 5 3 2 1
(c) 1 2 4 3
(c) 5 3 4 2 1
(d) 2 4 5 4
(d) 3 5 2 1 4
141 Refer the following diagram and identify the
(e) 2 1 3 4 5 . parts of a kidney indicated

139 Match the excretory functions in column I with

. the parts of the excretory system in column II.
Choose the correct combination from the given
answer.
Column-I Column- II

(A) Ultra filtration (1) Henle’s loop

(B) Concentration of (2) Ureter

urine
(C) Transport of urine (3) Urinary bladder Column-I Column- II

(D) Storage of urine (4) Malpighian (1) Uremia (a) Excess of protein
corpuscle level in urine
(5) Proximal (2) Hematuria (b) Presence of high
convoluted tubule ketone bodies in
Codes : urine
(3) Ketonuria (c) Presence of blood
A B C D cells in urine

P a g e |9
(4) Glycosuria (d) Presence of glucose
in urine
(5) Proteinuria (e) Presence of urea in
urine
Codes :

1 2 3 4 5

(a) corte nephr pelvis medull ureter

x on a

(b) corte medull nephr pelvis ureter

x a on

(c) neph cortex medu ureter pelvis

ron lla

(d) neph cortex medu pelvis ureter

ron lla

(e) neph ureter pelvis medull cortex

ron a

P a g e |10
 19.EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

: ANSWER KEY :

1) b 2) b 3) b 4) a
5) c 6) b 7) b 8) a
9) a 10) e 11) b 12) c
13) c 14) b 15) b 16) d
17) a 18) a 19) c 20) d
21) c 22) b 23) a 24) a
25) c 26) a 27) a 28) d
29) a 30) b 31) b 32) c
33) a 34) b 35) e 36) b
37) a 38) d 39) b 40) c
41) a 42) c 43) a 44) b
45) b 46) d 47) c 48) c
49) b 50) e 51) d 52) b
53) b 54) b 55) b 56) b
57) b 58) a 59) d 60) b
61) c 62) d 63) b 64) d
65) b 66) b 67) b 68) c
69) c 70) d 71) c 72) c
73) d 74) b 75) d 76) a
77) c 78) c 79) b 80) c
81) b 82) d 83) d 84) c
85) b 86) e 87) b 88) c
89) d 90) a 91) b 92) b
93) c 94) a 95) b 96) a
97) d 98) a 99) d 100) b
101) c 102) a 103) d 104) d
105) b 106) b 107) b 108) b
109) d 110) a 111) c 112) b
113) a 114) d 115) c 116) a
117) d 118) a 119) c 120) d
121) d 122) b 123) d 124) a
125) d 126) b 127) b 128) b
129) b 130) b 131) c 132) c
133) b 134) d 135) a 136) c
137) c 138) a 139) a 140) a
141) d

P a g e |11
 19.EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

Single Correct Answer Type ↓
1 (b)
Green glands are excretory organs in Arthropoda. Urochrome (¿ pigment of urine)
The renal columns of Bertini is the part of cortex
6 (b)
continued inside medulla between pyramids.
Urine is a transparent, light yellow liquid with a
2 (b) slightly acidic pH. The colour of urine is caused by
Animal Excretory Example the pigment urochrome, which is a breakdown
Product product of haemoglobin from worn out a red
Uricotelic Uric acid Reptiles blood corpuscles, while the pungent smell of urine
Ammonot Urea Sponges is due to urinode.
-elic
Ureotelic Ammonia Mammals 7 (b)
like rabbit Pelvis is the main, basin-shaped cavity of the
Aminoteli- Amino In some kidney into which urine is discharged by
c -acids animal, nephrons. The term ‘pelvis’ is also used for the
amino
basin-shaped structure formed by the hipbones
acids are
excreted together with the sacrum and coccyx (or caudal
in small vertebrae).
amount
3 (b) 8 (a)
Glomerular filtrate=Plasma−¿Proteins
The formation of urea form N H 3 and C O 2occurs
in liver through ornithine cycle or Krebs Henseleit =Blood−¿(blood cells +
cycle. plasma proteins)
4 (a) 9 (a)
The excretory system of crustacean ( Palaemon) Glomerular area of adrenal cortex is responsible
consists of a pair of antennary or green glands, a for water and electrolyte balance.
pair of lateral ducts and an unpaired renal or Zonaglomerulosa layer of adrenal cortex secretes
nephroperitoneal sac. Coxa of each antenna hormones that influences the kidneys to excrete
encloses an antennary gland. or retain sodium and potassium, depending on
the needs of the body. These hormones and
5 (c)
mineralocorticoids.
The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence
of pigment Urochrome. This pigment is formed by 10 (e)
bile pigment bilirubin. The kidneys have a special mechanism for
concentrating the urine, it is called counter
Bilirubin current mechanism. The animals which excrete
↓ Liver hypertonic urine have longer loop of Henle.

11 (b)
Intestine
Increased concentration of ketone bodies in urine
↓ is called ketonuria.

12 (c)
Urobilinogen
The urine formation includes glomerular

P a g e |12
 filtration. Selective reabsorption and tubular
secretion. The glucose is reabsorbed at proximal
convoluted tubules.
13 (c)
The plasma fluid that filters out from glomerular
capillaries into Bowman’s capsule of nephron is
called glomerular filtrate. A comparison of the
volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 L/day)
with that of the urine released (1.5 L), suggest
that nearly 99% of the filtrate has to be
reabsorbed by the renal tubules. This process is
called reabsorption.
14 (b)
Abnormal catabolism of tyrosine causes
melanuria. The excretion of urine of a dark colour
resulting from the presence of melanin or other
pigments, etc.
15 (b)
Haemodialysis is the process, in which an artificial
kidney is used for removing accumulated
excretory substances like urea, uric acid,
creatinine and other waste products from the
blood. It is generally used in case, of uremia (in
which concentration of urea is increased) in urine
patients when kidneys are not functioning
properly.
16 (d)
Solenocytes or flame cells are the excretory organ
in phylum-Platyhelminthes.
17 (a)
Kidneys are excretory organs of vertebrates. They
are consisted of numerous units called nephrons.
Each nephron contains a U-shaped tube, which
has an ascending and a descending limb. This U-
shaped tube is known as loop of Henle. Thus, it is
associated with excretory system. The loop of
Henle works on the basis of counter current
multiple system and thus, helps in regulating
concentration of urine.
18 (a)
Convoluted tubule is the highly convoluted
segment of nephron in the renal labyrinth of the
kidney. It is made up of the proximal tubule
leading from the Bowman’s capsule to the
descending limb of Henle’s loop and the distal
tubule leading from the ascending limb of Henle’s
loop to a collecting tubule.
19 (c)
Ammonia is converted into urea through urea
cycle or Krebs-Henseleit cycle in liver.
20 (d)
Each nephron or uriniferous tubule is made up of
two main parts, i. e ., Malpighian body and renal
tubule.
Malpighian body is composed of glomerulus and
Bowman’s capsule. Bowman’s capsule is a blind
cup shaped end of uriniferous tubule.
21 (c)
Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete an
enzyme renin, which converts angiotensinogen in
liver into angiotensin-I, which is then converted
into angiotensin-II. Thus, this renin-angiotensin
pathway stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce
+¿ ¿
aldosterone, which maintains N a and water
concentration and controls the blood pressure.
22 (b)
Uric acid is the excretory product of purine
catabolism in primates, birds and some other
animals, but in many other vertebrates, it is
further degraded to allantoin by the action of
urate oxidase. Human urine consists of 95%
water, mainly nitrogenous organic compounds
including urea, uric acid, creatinine and hippuric
acid.
23 (a)
Kidney regulate the concentration and volume of
blood by maintaining chemical balance and
removing excess fluids in the form of urine. Urine
formation takes place in kidney. It includes
glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and
tubular secretion.
24 (a)
The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is
called micturition. It is a reflux process but in
grown up children and adults, it can be controlled
voluntarily to some extent.
25 (c)
Blood enters in glomerulus through afferent
arterioles and exits out through efferent
arterioles.
26 (a)
On taking large amount of proteins, a great
P a g e |13
 amount of urea is excreted out.
27 (a)
In kangaroo rat, loop of Henle is significantly
longer as it descends further into the medulla and
produces a higher concentration gradient in the
surrounding tissue. This concentration gradient
allows more water to diffuse into the surrounding 36 (b)
tissues to be reabsorbed.
28 (d)
Excretion is the elimination of metabolic wastes
from the body. Carbon dioxide is removed as a gas
by respiratory organs. The common excretory
product in man are C O 2, minerals, salts, urea,
water, pigments, etc.
29 (a)
Main function of glomerulus is filtration of urine.
30 (b)
The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is 39 (b)
called micturition.
31 (b)
ADH or vasopressin is a hormone secreted from
posterior pituitary. It controls the reabsorption of urine would have been more dilute.
molecules in the tubules of the kidney by affecting 40 (c)
the tissues permeability.
33 (a)
Urea is generally excreted outside the body
through Nephridia or kidney. Animals, which
produce urea are known as ureotelic and
excretion as ureotelism, e . g . , mammals, adults
amphibian, etc.
34 (b)
Presence of ketones or acetone bodies in urine are 42 (c)
due to metabolism of fatty acids instead of glucose
during diabetes, starvation, fasting and
pregnancy.
35 (e)
The ascending limb of Henle’s loop (the next part
of renal tubule) continue as another highly coiled
tubular region called Distal Convoluted Tubule
(DCT).
The juxtamedullarly nephrons have long Henle’s
loop.
Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical
nephrons.
Bowman’s capsule encloses the glomerulus.
The Malpighian corpuscles, proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
are situated in the cortical region of the kidney,
whereas the Henel’s loop in the medulla.
Ornithine cycle or Kerbs Henseleit cycle takes
place in liver cells. It continuously removes
dangerously toxic ammonia and some C O 2 from
blood and releases less toxic urea into the blood.
Kidney continuously remove urea from blood to
excrete it in urine.
37 (a)
Sodium reabsorption in DCT is controlled
primarily by aldosterone. Increase in plasma
aldosterone concentration increases N a
+¿ ¿
reabsorption.
The main function of the Henle’s loop is to absorb
water from the tubular lumen thus, making the
urine concentrated. If they have been absent, the
Metabolism of food materials products some
waste materials, and removal of these waste
materials from the body is called excretion.
41 (a)
Normal urine is slightly acidic. Variations in urine
pH are closely related to diet. A high protein diet
increases acidity, a diet composed largely of
vegetables increases alkalinity.
Cortex region of kidney is outer region. The
proximal end of each nephron forms a blind or
closed enlarged and double walled cup, the
Bowman’s capsule in the cortex. Thus, all the
Bowman’s capsules of the kidney are found in the
cortex.
43 (a)
Kidneys help in the formation of urine, from the
blood flowing through glomerular capillaries.
About 20% of plasma fluid filters out into the
Bowman’s capsule through a thin glomerular-
capsular membrane due a net or effective
filtration of about 10 to 15 mm Hg. So, the nearest
P a g e |14
 option is (a).
44 (b)
As urea formation takes place in liver through
ornithine cycle, the blood leaving liver and going
towards heart has high amount of urea.
45 (b)
Meristic variation is a type of variation involving
the number of arrangement of parts of an
organism.
In meristic trait, the phenotype is determined by
counting.
46 (d)
Due to osmotic problems, many freshwater
animals cannot live for long in sea water and
vice versa.
The average size of filtration slit or slit pore of
glomerulus is 25-60 nm.
52 (b)
Haemodialyser is also known as blood dialyser or
artificial kidney and is used in the condition of
renal failure. During dialysis, the blood is taken
form radial artery, mixed with heparin
(anticoagulant) cooled to 0 ℃ and passed
through cellophane tubes of the disposable
dialyser. The nitrogenous waste products are
passed out into dialysing fluid through simple
diffusion. Then purified blood is mixed with
antiheparin and passed into radial vein.
53 (b)
A terrestrial animal must be able to conserve
water.

47 (c)
Birds, reptiles and insects are uricotelic animals.
These animals excrete uric acid as excretory
product.
48 (c)
Glomerular filtration occurs in Bowman’s capsule
when hydrostatic pressure of blood in the
glomerulus is 70 mm Hg and net filtrate pressure 55 (b)
is 10 mm Hg.
49 (b)
Ammonia is the universal excretory of the waste
product of nearly all aquatic animals, because of
the following reasons :
1.It is readily soluble in water and also needs
large amounts of water to dissolve.
2.It is highly toxic to internal environment of the
organism and needs to be eliminated as and when 57 (b)
it is formed.
3.It is converted to a less toxic product in aquatic
animals like sharks, string rays, semi-aquatic
amphibians, aquatic or semi-aquatic reptiles and 58 (a)
aquatic mammals.
50 (e)
Alkaptonuria is a genetic disease. It is a metabolic
disorder, in which patient excrete large amount of
homogentisic acid in urine. Such urine turns
black, when exposed to air.
51 (d)
54 (b)
Podocytes or foot cells are specialized cells of
peculiar shape present in the epithelium visceral
inner layer of Bowman’s capsule, surrounding the
glomerulus. They posses foot like processes or
projections, the pedicers. Hence, called as foot
cells.
Malfunctioning of kidney can lead to accumulation
of urea in blood a condition called uremia, which
is highly harmful and may lead to kidney failure.
In such patients, urea can be removed by a
process called haemodialysis.
56 (b)
Nephridia in earthworm, Malpighian tubules in
cockroach and urinary tubules in rat,all are
excretory in functions.
Urine specific gravity is a test that measures the
concentration of particles in the urine. Specific
gravity of urine is normally 1.015-1.020.
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is involved
with complete reabsorption of glucose by active
transport and reabsorption of most of the amino
+¿ ¿ +¿¿
acids and vitamin-C, N a (70%), K (75%) and
a large amount of C a 2+¿¿ from glomerular filtrate.
59 (d)
The animals that excrete nitrogen in the form of
urea are called ureotelic. Ureotelic animals

P a g e |15
 include man, other mammals and aquatic
mammals like whales. So, whale is ureotelic and
not ammonotelic.
60 (b)
The urine is hypertonic (i . e , it has higher
osmotic pressure than the blood plasma).
61 (c)
Tubular secretion takes place in DCT and
collecting tubules. It is the active secretion or
excretion of waste products from blood capillaries
and interstitial fluid into the lumen of nephron.
62 (d)
In nephron, reabsorption from filtrate is
minimum in collecting duct, while maximum in
proximal convoluted tubule.
63 (b)
Pronephric kidney is the most primitive type of
kidney. It opens into body cavity and the
functional unit is ciliated funnel or nephrostomes,
e . g . , tadpole of frog.
64 (d)
Urea, uric acid and ammonia all are nitrogenous
wastes. Ammonia is highly toxic and soluble in
water, therefore, requires a large amount of water
for excretion. Urea is less toxic and less soluble in
water than ammonia. Uric acid crystals are non-
toxic and almost insoluble in water.
65 (b)
Presence of excess urea in urine is uremia.
66 (b)
Jaundice is characterized by the presence of
abnormal amount of bilirubin in blood and urine.
67 (b)
Uric acid, a normal waste product of nucleic acid
metabolism, is ordinary excreted in urine without
any problems. However, when blood levels of uric 74 (b)
acid rise excessively (due to its excessive
production or slow excretion), it may be
deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the
soft tissues of joints. An inflammatory response
follows, leading into an agonizingly painful attack
of gouty arthritis (gowte) or gout.
69 (c)
Synthesis of urea takes place in liver through
ornithine on Krebs-Henseleit cycle.
Ornithine+ N H 3 +C O2 →Citrulline +water
Crnithine+ N H 3 → Arginine+ H 2 O
Arginine →Urea +Ornithine
70 (d)
Effective Filtration Pressure (EFP) or Net
Filtration Pressure (NFP) is glomerular blood
hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) minus the colloidal
osmotic pressure of blood (BCOP) and capsular
hydrostatic pressure (CHP).
EFP/NFP= GBHP−¿(BCOP+CHP)
= 60−¿(32+18)
= 10mmHg
71 (c)
ADH released from the posterior pituitary plays
an important role in regulating the amount of
urine passed out by affecting the permeability of
the DCT. Water absorption in DCT mediated by
ADH is called facultative water reabsorption.
72 (c)
The excretory material of bony fishes like
Hippocampus is ammonia. So, bony fishes are
ammonotelic.
73 (d)
The plasma fluid that filters out from glomerular
capillaries into Bowman’s capsule of nephrons is
called glomerular filtrate. It is a non-colloidal part
and possesses urea, water, glucose, amino acids,
vitamins, fatty acid, uric acid, creatinine salts, etc.
RBCs, WBCs platelets and plasma proteins are the
colloidal parts of the blood and do not filtrated
out from glomerulus. Thus, plasma proteins are
higher in concentration in blood than in
glomerular filtrate.
Uriniferous tubules are the vital morphological
and physiological units of mammalian kidney.
75 (d)
Transitional epithelium occurs, when there is a
great degree of distension or expansion in the
body, e . g . , urinary bladder and uterus. It
appears stratified with 4 to 6 layers. This
epithelium prevents rupture of urinary bladder by
permitting distension. It is a type of specialized
P a g e |16
 epithelia.
76 (a)
In mammals, main excretory product is urea (20-
30 gm).
77 (c)
Renal portal system is well developed in fishes
and amphibians, reduced in reptiles and birds and
is absent in mammals.
78 (c)
When the kidneys completely damaged and do
not function, the patient often receives
haemodialysis (treatment with an artificial
kidney). Haemodialysis is the separation of
certain substances (e . g . , urea, uric acid,
creatinine, etc) from blood by use of a selective
permeable membrane.
79 (b)
The correct process of urine formation in the
given figure are-
A-Pressure filtration
B-Reabsorption
C-Secretion
D-Collection of urine
80 (c)
The process of pressure filtration through
glomerular capillaries in Bowman’s capsule is
known as glomerular filtration and the filtrate is
called renal fluid. Renal fluid is isotonic to cortical
fluid and blood in PCT and DCT.
81 (b)
Duct of Bellini is one of the main urinary ducts of
the mammalian kidney, acting as a common
collecting duct receiving branches from a number
of Malpighian bodies.
All duct of Bellini then, open at the tip of the
papilla or papillae into the pelvis.
82 (d)
Glycosuria is the condition, when glucose is
excreted in the urine because the blood sugar
level exceeds from the normal.
83 (d)
In humans, the principle nitrogenous excretory
compound (i. e ., urea) is synthesized in liver by
ornithine cycle. Urea is eliminated mostly through
kidney as excretory product.
84 (c)
Reabsorption is the selective transport of
substances across the epithelium of excretory
tubule from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid. The
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) region of a
nephron does maximum reabsorption of useful
substances such as glucose, amino acids, vitamin-
2 +¿ , ¿
+¿ ,C a ¿
C, N a+¿ , K ¿
etc.
85 (b)
Ornithine cycle or urea cycle or Krebs-Henseleit
cycle was discovered by Hans Krebs and Kurt
Henseleit. It takes place in liver cells. The main
component of ornithine cycle are arginine,
ornithine and citrulline.
86 (e)
The living steady state has a self-regulatory
mechanism which is known as homeostasis.
87 (b)
An adult man normally passes about 1 to 1.5 litres
of urine in 24 hours. It contains about 30 g urea.
88 (c)
Cockroach excretes uric acid as the chief
nitrogenous excretory product. Man excrete urea
as the chief nitrogenous excretory product.
Earthworm excretes 40% urea, 20% ammonia
and 40% amino acids. Frog excretes urea as the
chief nitrogenous product.
89 (d)
The GFR in a normal adult person is 125 mL of
plasma per minute or 180 litre of plasma per day.
90 (a)
Rennin is an enzyme which is released by
Juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys when blood
pressure becomes low. It plays an important role
in reabsorption of sodium.
91 (b)
Urea is both nitrogenous product as well as
osmoregulator. It is the excretory product in man
and mammals, Ascaris , earthworm, fishes like
sharks and string rays, etc.
92 (b)
Each nephron or uriniferous tubule contains a
P a g e |17
 network of blood capillaries, the glomerulus,
connected with afferent arteriole on one side and
an efferent arteiole on the other side.
93 (c)
Water is a high threshold substance. During
selective reabsorption 99.5% of water is
reabsorbed (active transport) and reabsorption
takes place in loop of Henle.
94 (a)
Osmotic pressure is a measure of tendency to take
in water by osmosis. During urine formation,
−¿¿
approximately two-thirds of the NaC l and
water filtered into Bowman’s capsule is
immediately reabsorbed across the walls of
proximal convoluted tubule. This reabsorption is
+¿ ¿
driven by active transport of N a out of the
filtrate and into surrounding peritubular
−¿ ¿ +¿ ¿
capillaries. C l follows N a passively because
of electric attraction and water follows them both
because of osmosis.
95 (b)
Mostly aquatic arthropods, bony fishes,
freshwater fishes, amphibian tadpoles, etc,
excrete ammonia, i. e ., phenomenon called
ammonotelism and the animal concerned is called
ammonotelic.
96 (a)
Proximal convoluted tubule of nephron is pivotal
site for reabsorption of glucose, amino acids,
+¿ ¿
N a+¿ , K ¿ by active transport. Here, 80% of water
is reabsorbed by passive transport.
97 (d)
Hepatopancreas is not an excretory organ.
Hepatopancreas is an organ of the digestive track
of arthrous, mollusks and fish. It provides
function as same on liver and pancreas of
mammals.
98 (a)
Urea cycle takes place in liver cells with the
hydrolytic enzyme arginase. Arginase splits
Arginine into urea and ornithine with the
elimination of a water molecule.
99 (d)
The Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a
peptide hormone called erythropoietin which
stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBCs).
100 (b)
Osmoconformers are those organisms whose
body is osmotic, i. e ., osmotic concentration of
internal environment and surrounding sea water
are approximately equal. There is no net tendency
for water to move in or out of body in
osmoconformers. Among vertebrates hagfishes
are osmoconformers.
101 (c)
Intestinal Uricolysis converts uric acid into urea
and ammonia.
102 (a)
The excretion of nitrogen in the form of uric acid
(excretory product) is called Uricotelism and the
concerned animals are called Uricotelic, e . g . ,
insects, birds and reptiles. Uric acid is the end
product of purine metabolism and is excreted in
semi-solid form.
103 (d)
Reptiles, birds, land snails and insects excrete
nitrogenous waste as uric acid in the form of
pellet of paste with a minimum loss of water and
are called Uricotelic animals.
104 (d)
Both Aldosterone and ADH regulate volume of
urine. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) stimulates the
reabsorption of water through the distal
convoluted tubule of the kidney nephron in
mammals and thus, limits the water content and
the overall volume of urine. Aldosterone, secreted
from adrenal cortex, increases the reabsorption of
sodium ions and water and the release of
potassium ions in the collecting duct and DCT.
105 (b)
It has been found that in rabbit, all the glucose,
amino acids and some urea are absorbed in the
proximal convoluted tubule.
106 (b)
Triazenes are derived from urea.
107 (b)
Urine consists of water and organic and inorganic
substances. It is hypertonic to blood. The
medullarly part of kidney possesses loop of Henle,
which has fluid that is hypertonic to blood plasma
but isotonic to urine.
108 (b)
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 If one litre of water is introduced in human blood minute pores (site pores) for the filtration of
then RBCs absorbs it (as water is hypotonic to blood into the Bowman’s capsule.
their internal environment) swell up and burst.
115 (c)
Besides of this, there is also increases in the urine
Spiders excrete guanine and therefore, these are
production as more water is passed in the nephric
called guanotelic. Guanine is a metabolic waste
filtrate.
product of nucleotide metabolism.
109 (d)
116 (a)
The blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
Camel is called as ‘Ship of Desert’ due to its
become very high, so that there is continues
adaptations for xerophytic environment. Camel
process of ultra-filtration. Glomerular filtrate
excretes a highly concentrated urine to conserve
contains a large amount of water and other
water and can also tolerate desiccation up to 40%
dissolved substances such as urea, uric acid,
cellular content.
creatinine, amino acids, glucose, sodium,
potassium, vitamins, etc. 117 (d)
Loop of Henle is found in renal medulla of kidney.
About 120 mL, GP is produced per minute, i. e .,
It consists of a descending limb and an ascending
approx 170 L filtrate is produced in 24 hour.
limb. The upper part of descending limb is the
110 (a) thick segment while distal part of descending limb
Solenocytes are excretory structures similar to is the thin segment.
flame cells but supplied with blood vessels for
118 (a)
picking up excretory products present in some
The normal concentration of sodium in the blood
invertebrates and lower chordates.
plasma is 150 mEq/L. If this level drops below
111 (c) 120 mEq/L, the result may be lethargy, coma or
From the distal convoluted tubule, the filtrate death. Unlike deficiencies of other important fluid
enters the collecting tubule, where further constituents, the most common cause of this drop
reabsorption of water takes place. Now the in sodium concentration is not a nutritional deficit
filtration become more concentrated which place. of sodium, but rather an excess of water.
Now the filtration become more concentrated
119 (c)
which makes the filtrate hypertonic. When the
The mammals, C O 2and ammonia are removed
collecting duct become less permeable to water it
from blood and used up in ornithine cycle.
produces more dilute urine.
120 (d)
112 (b)
In certain marine mollusus, crustaceans and
Human blood normally contains 18 to 38 mg of
teleost fishes, the excretory product is TMO
urea per 100 mL blood.
(trimethylamine oxide). In these animals,
113 (a) ammonia is converted into trimethylamine (TMA)
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) operates a after its methylation. Thus, either TMA or its
multihormonalRenin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone oxidation product trimethyl oxide (TMO) is the
System RAAS. JGA releases an enzyme renin in the excretion product in these causes.
blood, which initiates chemical reactions that
121 (d)
produces angiotensin-II, a potential stimulator of
When someone drinks lot of water which is not
aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) release by the
required by body, the osmolarity of the blood will
glomerulosa cell. It increases blood pressure,
decrease. The decrease in osmolarity will inhibit
blood volume and completes the feedback circuit
the release of ADH.
by supporting the release of renin.
122 (b)
114 (d)
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) or vasopressin
Podocytes or visceral epithelial cells are the cells
produced in the hypothalamus of the brain and
in Bowman’s capsule in the kidney that wrap
released into the blood steam from the pituitary
around the capillaries of glomerular. They create
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 gland, enhances fluid retention by making the
kidneys to reabsorb more water. Hyposecretion of
vasopressin leads no water absorption in the
collecting ducts, which results in secretion of
133
dilute urine.
123 (d)
Kidneys do not take part in destruction of dead
blood corpuscles.
124 (a)
Nephron is the structural unit of human kidney.
125 (d)
Loss of water from tissues results in the
dehydration of cells.
126 (b)
Green glands are present at the base of the
antennae of certain crustaceans. These glands
help in excretion.
127 (b)
Ornithine is not found in proteins. It is formed by
hydrolyzing arginine and important in the
formation of urea.
128 (b)
Wolffian body is also known as mesonephros.
129 (b)
Ornithine cycle or urea cycle takes place in the
liver cells by which urea is produced from the
deaminated excess amino acids.
130 (b)
Tadpole of frog, excretes ammonia as a waste
product, called ammonotelic and this
phenomenon is called ammonotelism, whereas
adult frog, excretes urea as a waste product, called 137 (c)
ureotelic and the phenomenon is called
ureotelism.
131 (c)
Uricotelism is found in those animals, which need
water conservation. It is the elimination of uric
acid and urates as the main nitrogenous wastes in
the form of paste or in a semisolid state.
132 (c)
Nitrogen compound is produced by various
metabolic process, known as Deamination. A
small fraction of nitrogen is used to produce new Matrix Match Type
compounds, while the remaining part is washed
away as waste products. First formed vertebrate
was fish, which excrete out ammonia. Ammonia is
a water soluble compound so, it can diffuse out
from the body easily.
(b)
The enzyme arginase cleaves arginine to form
urea and ornithine. The urea is transported to
kidneys for excretion. Urea is synthesized in liver
through ornithine cycle, which was discovered by
Hans Krebs and Kurt Henseleit (1932).
134 (d)
During urine formation, salts and other wasters
are dissolved in the filtrate and pass with it out of
the kidney as urine. But sometimes, certain salts
(such as calcium oxalate) do not dissolved and
form crystals called calcium stones. These can
partially block the flow of the urine from the
kidney.
135 (a)
Malpighian tubuleare the excretory organs of
insects. These open at the junction of midgut and
hindgut (ileum) in cockroach. Malpighian tubules
absorb excretory substances from haemolyph and
fat bodies and pass into the proctodaeum. The
excretory product of insects is uric acid related
with water conservation in the body. These
tubules are related with homeostasis,
Osmoregulation and excretion.
136 (c)
Loop of Henle, also called nephron loop, is a U-
shaped tube that extends from the proximal
tubule. It plays a role in the transport of ions and
water and the concentration of urine.
Assertion - Reasoning Type
When the kidneys are completely damaged, the
patient receives haemodialysis. Blood from artery
is pumped into the tube that run through dialyzer,
which is filled with dialysis fluids. It contains the
same quantity of electrolytes and nutrients as
normal plasma. Cellophane tube is kept in the
dialysis fluid. Molecules of waste substances such
as urea,ammonia and waste diffuses into the
dialysis fluid. Now the blood is returned to
patients body through vein.
138 (a)
Column I Column II
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 Uremia Presence of urea in 140 (a)
urine Column I Column II
Hematuria Presence of blood
cells in urine Nephridia Leech
Ketonuria Presence of high Malpighian Cockroach
ketone in urine tubules
Glycosuria Presence of glucose in Protonephridia Flatworms
urine kidneys Shark
Proteinuria Excess of protein level
in urine

141 (d)
A-Nephron or uriniferous tubules is structural
and functional unit of kidneys. They are
embedded in a connective tissues.

139 (a) B-Cortex Granular, outer dark part of internal

Column I Column II kidney.
(Part of
(Function) Excretory C-Medulla Striated, inner, pale part of internal
System) kidney. It has 8-18 conical renal pyramids with
Ultra filtration Malpighian broader bases towards outer side and pointed
corpuscle
papillae like towards pelvic side.
Concentration Henle’s loop
of urine D-Pelvis Funnel-shaped cavity of the kidney,
Transport of Ureter
which receives urine before passing to ureter.
urine
Storage of Urinary E-Ureter A muscular duct or tube, for passing the
urine bladder
urine from kidney via pelvis to the bladder or
cloaca.

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