Background Theory:

A wattmeter is a device that measures the amount of electric power delivered to or generated by
an electrical circuit. A wattmeter is made up of two coils: a current coil and a potential coil.
Based on working principle, there are two types of wattmeter.
1. Electrodynamometer Wattmeter:
The dynamometer principle is used to operate the electrodynamometer wattmeter. Between two
current-carrying conductors or coils, there is a mechanical force that acts. It comprises of a fixed
component that is divided into two parallel halves and is connected in series with the load, while
the moving component is connected across the load via a series multiplier resistance. The
stationary coil is known as the current coil, while the moving coil is known as the potential coil.
A mechanical force acts between the coils due to the currents in the coils. The moving coil and
pointer are deflected over the scale as a result of this mechanical force. When the deflecting and
controlling torques are equal, the pointer comes to a standstill. The currents in both the current
coil and the potential coil are reversed when the circuit current is reversed, therefore the direction
of deflecting torque stays unchanged. As a result, an electrodynamometer wattmeter can detect
power in both AC and DC circuits.

Figure 1:Electrodynamometer Wattmeter

2. Induction Wattmeter:
The principle of electromagnetic induction governs the operation of induction type wattmeter.
The Shunt Magnet and Series Magnet laminated electromagnets make up the induction
wattmeter. The shunt magnet is linked across the supply and delivers a current proportionate to
the voltage. The shunt magnet's coil is made to be very inductive, so the current in it lags the
supply voltage by 90 degrees. The load is carried by the series magnet, which is coupled in series
with the supply. The series magnet's coil is engineered to be extremely noninductive. The flux of
the two magnets is cut by a thin disc (made of aluminum) positioned on a spindle situated
between them.

Figure 2: Induction wattmeter

Relation between power and power factor in ac circuits:

Ac circuits which are developed by resistance and capacitance or resistance and inductance or by
both. They have both active and reactive power. The total power is the sum of active power and
reactive power, and that power is called apparent power. There is phase angle between active and
reactive power between the sinusoidal waveform of current and voltage. AC circuit contains
impedance that is defined as the ratio of voltage and current phasors which is produced by AC
circuit components. It is the total impedance of the circuit which opposes the current.
The active, reactive, and apparent power are represented by the sides of the Power Triangle. The
Active, Reactive, and Apparent power are represented by the base, perpendicular, and
hypotenuse of this right-angled triangle, respectively.
The cosine of the angle between the voltage and current phasor is defined as the power factor. It's
abbreviated as pf and written as:
PF=cos ∅
Real Power P=VI cos ∅ (wattsW )
Reactive Power Q=VI sin ∅(Volt −Ampares VAR)
Apperent Power S=VI (Volt −Ampare VA )

Circuit design and experiment setup:

In this experiment we have obtained the real power of the circuit by using a single-phase
transformer with MI ammeter and MI Voltmeter. The rated voltage and current are 240V and
5.6A. The power is 1350 VA.