INDEX

S. No Topic Page No
Week 1
1 Disaster risk: Hazards X Exposure X Vulnerability 1
Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better: Risk Perception and Disaster
2 Risk Preparedness- Part 1 28
3 Risk Perception and Disaster Risk Preparedness – Part 2 50
4 Build Back Better – People’s Perspectives 71
5 Architecture at Risk 97
6 Culture, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction 128
7 Ayutthaya at Risk 165
8 Disaster vulnerability 190
9 Cultural Heritage: Reassembled 210
Week 2
10 Rock shelters at risk 223
The Built Environment Professions in Disaster Risk Reduction and
11 Response 242
12 Gadri discussions: social dimension of risk, health and DRM 266
Community Participation in Disaster Risk Governance : Voices from
13 Mumbai and Ghana 276
Community Participation in Disaster Risk Governance : INSIGHTS FROM
14 MUMBAI 309
Week 3
15 Frameworks 327
16 Disaster Preparedness from Cognitive and Heuristic Perspectives 348
17 Information for Disaster Preparedness 381
18 The Role of Social Networks in Disaster Preparedness 397
Diffusion of Disaster Preparedness Technology : What Pioneers Contribute
19 ? 420
Week 4
20 Cities and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation 444
21 Temporary Shelter Construction in India 462
22 Temporary shelter construction in Kenya 494
23 Build back better in Nepal recovery 519
Week 5
24 Lessons from Peru 540
25 Progressive Housing in El Salvador 562
26 Decentralizing (re)construction in Colombia 584
27 Tsunami reconstruction in Tamilnadu– Part 1 (Approach) 608
28 Tsunami reconstruction in Tamilnadu– Part 2 (Findings) 631
Week 6
29 Culture and (disaster)risk 658
30 Cultural theory of risk 691
31 Guidance to DRR 714
Week 7
32 Self-help housing in Turkey 735
33 The Production of refugee place in time: Case of Tibetan refugees 756
34 Assessments 799
35 Designing culturally responsive built environment in disaster context 821
36 Disaster Risk Communication 840
Week 8
37 CAM and CBDRM 860
How to teach disaster recovery and built back better in-built environment
38 education 884
39 Source , Message and Receiver in Disaster Risk Communication 914
40 Summary and Conclusion 937
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 01
Disaster Risk
Hazards X Exposure X Vulnerability

Hello everyone, we are talking about lecture course on disaster recovery and build back
better. I am Subhajyoti Samaddar, from Disaster Prevention Research Institute(DPRI), Kyoto
University. In this lecture, we will talk about disaster risk considering 3 components; one is
hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. so, we will give some small examples; illustrations with
some theoretical ideas to define the very core aspect of disaster risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:15)

Let us imagine that this is a place near Roorkee in Uttarakhand; it could be a tourist spot,
people coming here watching this mystic stone in a mountain well now, considering this slide
is it risky? Does it look like that this could be fatal for the people, should you consider this is
as disaster or disaster risk? Now, how about that if there is one individual is there; working
there on the foothills, should you consider it more risky than the before one?
(Refer Slide Time: 01:51)

1
Now, look at the next slide, so if there is a rain then, there is a possibility that this stone
would hit this person so yes, we consider this is as risky.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:17)

But if it is like that maybe in a mountain when there is no human being and this stone falling
down on a forest, do you consider it as risky; a disaster?
(Refer Slide Time: 02:23)

2
If we have avalanches, landslides in Himalayas, do we consider these events as disasters?
(Refer Slide Time: 02:43)

But maybe if it is not in a remote mountain but people are living there, settlements are there
compared to that top one, if we consider the bottom one to us, it is more risky than the top
one.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:54)

3
Maybe, we are more concerned, when there are more settlements are there.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:58)

If this is happening; this landslide at night time.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:03)

4
And if this landslide is happening at day time, we have different concerns and different way
of measuring risk. So, we considered that night time may be more risky because people are
sleeping there. But day time maybe people are not sleeping at their home but they are
working outside so, they are not exposed to that kind of risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:29)

But if this same thing is happening in an urban place in a city area what happens?
(Refer Slide Time: 03:31)

5
Should we consider this is as risky? more risky so, these illustrations I am giving you just to
explain that what is the meaning of hazard exposure and vulnerability and how these 3
components define risk in our case, it is kind of disaster risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:55)

So, here are 3 scenarios; 3 pictures you can see in the left hand side; a landslide happened
somewhere where no people are there, no settlements are there so, this is considered to be
less risky in another place there are people but not that densely populated settlement, we
consider to be more risky or more disastrous than the previous one. In the extreme right, we
have another one which is an urban area and disaster landslide took place and more casualty
and losses are reported.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:36)

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Now, this one is considered to be risky and with this stone can fall, if we have rainfall; heavy
rainfall or if we have earthquake, then it will come and hit this place so, it has some kind of
conditions; some latent conditions that may trigger some threat in future and can have
different origin, it could be earthquake, it could be a landslides, it could be heavy rainfall.

So, hazard is defined as a potentially damaging physical event phenomena or it could be

human activity that has some latent conditions that may represent future threats and can have
different origin but also it may cause the loss of life of injury, property damage, social and
economic disruption and environmental degradation. So, hazard which is a potential
damaging physical event and phenomena or human activity which can cause in future may
cause some loss of life, injury and property damage and social and economic disruptions.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:55)

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And it has different origins like, we have natural hazards which are trigered from natural
process or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute damaging event.
Natural hazards can be classified according to their geological, hydro-meteorological and
biological origin.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:18)

Let us look here, we are talking in the origin and the phenomena; one origin is hydro-
meteorological hazards and the phenomena’s are flood, debris and mudflows, tropical
cyclones, storm surge, wind, rain and other severe storms, lightning. Also, we have drought,
desertification, wildland fires, temperature extremes, sandstorms or we have more snow
avalanches so, these are all considered as hydro-meteorological hazards.

We have also geological hazards, these are considered to be natural earth process or
phenomena that include processes of endogenous origin or tectonic or exogenous origin such
as mass movement, let us look at the phenomena of geological hazards. They are like
earthquake, tsunami, volcanic activity, emissions, surface collapse, geological fault activity,
mass movement, landslide, rock slides, liquefactions, all are considered to be geological
hazards.

We have also biological hazards like, outbreaks of epidemics or some kind of animal
contaminations or extensive infestations, these are considered to be biological hazards.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:48)

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We are also not very related to here, but we can also consider some technological hazards can
happen through disasters and also some environmental degradations which can also cause
disasters. In case of technological hazards like, if there is an earthquake or heating an oil
refinery, it can also cause technological hazards or even if we are exposed to heavy metals,
hazardous materials, this should be considered as technological hazards.

Similarly, we have environmental degradations; we are not going to discuss in detail of these.
But just to give you a brief idea about the types of hazards in natural disasters.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:29)

Here, the map that showing the distribution of natural hazards let us look more maps on
these.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:42)

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This one is the distribution of natural disasters by country and type of phenomena from 1975
to 2001. If you look into this distribution, you can see that the flood; this is one of the most
reported disasters from 1975 to 2001.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:01)

Go to next slide; if you look into the disaster distributions, different kind of disasters or
hazards in different countries, the most affected people and killed are in low-income
countries and the least the high-income countries. So, poorer the countries, poorer the
communities, poorer the societies, they are more affected by disasters than the prosperous
developed nations and societies and communities.

So, low-income countries you can see that most they are affected by drought and also their
flood, in case of lower-middle-income group countries, you can see that these they are

10
affected mostly by the flood, and the other bigger contribution of human losses came from
flood and also from epidemic.

Now, hazards; when we are talking about hazards, we have to consider few characteristics of
the hazards or features when we are talking about disaster recovery or disaster risk
management.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:19)

One is the frequency of the hazards; how often is the event likely to happen, and then is the
duration of the hazard; the length of time that when it happened how long it continued, an
extent; the size of the area where it took place, it is in a village or in a town, what extent,
what geographical area it is covering so, these are important components of hazards will
dealing with disaster risk management.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:48)

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Now, coming another important feature is the speed of onset like, if we consider a flood, it is
a flash flood, it is very sudden without warning, very quick or is it a kind of slow process like
in case of cyclone, we have much time to predict so, we have; we can prepare our self, we
have better early warning system and we can take time but in case of earthquake, we do not
have any time, it is very sudden or in case of flash flood, we have less time also consider to
other kind of a flood.

Or so, speed of onset is very important and when you are considering the hazards in disaster
risk management and the spatial dispersion; area likely to be affected by particular event.
And temporal spacing also very important; what time, when and it is happening, are they
random, are they occurring in a cyclic process in a recurring process or they are one-time
events, so these are important features when we are dealing with hazards.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:07)

12
In case of just for an example, maybe we can see that in case of earthquake; earthquake
occurs along the boundaries of the tectonic plates of the earth crust. this is one hazard and
when this is the source of the hazards and when this happen and this happens, we can see that
these plates come in contact with each other and the pressure builds up an earthquake occurs.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:29)

Now, this is just simply a physical event, this is you can see some of the distribution of the
tectonic plates in some places and this hazard; this earthquake hazard, we have 3 processes;
physical process that can trigger this hazard.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:50)

13
One is that convergent boundaries; when two plates collide together this created the
Himalayan mountain so, one way of the event of earthquake that can happen when two plates
are colliding each other. Another was is the subductions; there is when one oceanic plate goes
under the land plate and created the this kind of earthquake. And another one is the divergent
one, when two plates are moving apart, this can also cause earthquake. And this is we call
divergent region.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:40)

Now when we are talking about hazards, can we avoid hazard? No, historically hazards were
there, it is there and it will remain. So, we cannot avoid hazard basically.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:54)

14
Now, looking into the disaster; number of disasters from 1980’s to 2005, you can look as I
told also before, it is the flood that is the most reported disastrous event. 35% of the all
disasters are from 1980 to 2005 are flood disasters. Another one is also big share is the wind
storm, earthquake is only 11%, an extreme temperature is 11%, so overall 90% of disasters
are related to hydro-meteorological disasters, that is very important finding.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:42)

Also, when we are looking into the loss of human life from 1980 to 2005, we can see that
nearly 70% of loss of life are related to hydro-meteorological factors. So, hydro-
meteorological disasters are very critical, particularly when we are looking into developing
countries or underdeveloped countries. Here you can see that 28%, drought is the reason of
human loss in 28%.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:16)

15
Similarly, flood 9%, earthquake is only 14%, here is the regional distribution of natural
disasters from 1980 to 2005. You can see that Asia is one of the biggest source of disaster, it
is one of the hotspot compared to any other region, when we are talking about disasters. And
it is the hydro-meteorological particularly, the flood and drought which play a big share of
the all disasters and disaster impacts.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:52)

Here is also you can see from 1991 to 2002, the growth of disasters. So, actually it is
increasing in all continents particularly in Asia, so in 1990’s and 2002, you can see in Asia’s,
these disasters are actually more and more reported and more and more human losses and
property damage are reported.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:15)

16
So, also here is another chart you can see from 1950 to 2005, the number of events that flood
is increasing, storm also are increasing, earthquake is almost the same as from 1950’s to
2005, you cannot see much huge differences but other disasters you can see they are
increasing very prominently.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:42)

So, we are talking about hazards that this landslide or this stone when it is exposed to heavy
rainfall or earthquake, it can have some potentiality to cause human injury or loss or property
damage. It may cause, not necessarily that it will cause. Now, as I said that we have
avalanches and we have landslides in Himalayas, we do not care why we do not care, if there
is an avalanche, if there landslides in Himalaya.

17
Why, so that is important when we are talking about disaster risk management. When there is
an landslide in Mumbai, landslide in Delhi we are concerned about but when there is an
landslide in Himalaya, we are not concerned about this, when there is an earthquake in deep
sea, we are not very much concerned unless and until the tsunami is coming on the mainland.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:03)

So, now if it is not a barren land or a forest, but some people are working there, then do we
care now? Like, it can cause that this rainfall because of the rainfall, this landslide will take
place and it may hit this person and he will be injured and property loss will be reported. Yes,
we concern because this person is there and earlier he was not there.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:31)

So, the presence of this person is very important. So, it is not only this person but if we have
more settlements, more houses, more people we care more right, maybe here you look, we

18
care more and more because the simple reason is that more and more people and settlements,
houses, buildings are there. So, this one we are calling as exposure; the situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible human assets located in
hazard-prone areas.

So, if these people, these houses are not there, we do not care about the hazard disasters, we
do not consider them as risky, we consider this landslide as risky because people, properties,
buildings, infrastructures they are exposed to that potential hazard. So, how many people are
exposed, who are exposed, these are important in disaster risk management. So, when we are
talking about the exposure, the size of the city or the settlements and where this hazard will
take place is one important component of exposure.

Another one is the quantity; how many people or structure or buildings are exposed to the
hazard, another one is the amount and type of activities they support. Like, if they are
engaged in agricultural sectors, if they are engaged in business sector or industrial sectors,
they have different exposure, if they are engaged in an industrial sector, small properties are
exposed to hazards, then compared to in agricultural sectors.

And also in a city areas where diverse occupations are there, people are also densely
populated so, their property is also concentrated compared to in the villages areas. So what
kind of activities, amount and type of activities are going so, these also defined that how
many and what extent people are exposed to a particular hazard. It also matter that if this
hazard would take place at day time, when people are not working, people are working
outside, people are not at their home. Or maybe night time when people are sleeping so, at
day time of course, we have less people are exposed to hazards compared to night time, at
night time people are sleeping and which are very close to hazardous areas, so they are more
exposed to these hazards. Compared to village areas, if it is in urban sectors like, in case of
big cities; in metropolitan cities compared to a small village; yes, more and more people and
properties are exposed.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:58)

19
So, when we are talking about exposure, maybe these are indicators, we can define how
many, what extent, who are exposed. Let us say, building use; residential, commercial,
industrial, they define that how many people, what extent, what type of people are exposed to
disasters. Also, the types of buildings; the type of constructions or building height, if they are
all taller building more people are exposed to hazards or in a building edge or built-up floor
areas of the buildings.

So and also it depends on the occupancy details, we have to take like the population density,
who are the owner of these houses and buildings.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:31)

So, exposed to hazards; it depends on how many people and the buildings are exposed to a
hazard. Now, when we are talking about hazard and exposure so, if we say that okay, this

20
much of people are exposed to this disaster, is it enough to define a disaster? I mean when we
say that okay this much of people are exposed to a landslide, a particular hazard, can we say
that hazard and exposure, they will decide the degree and the type of disasters, is it enough
definition to quote that hazard multiplied by exposure will decide the magnitude of the
disaster or the degree of disaster?
(Refer Slide Time: 23:30)

Like, it is not only that how many people, how many buildings are exposed, but what are
their characteristics, what are their features also define that what extent they are potentially at
risk. If in a place that is prone to landslides or potentially to have a landslide, like this one
you can see and maybe in this village, the all people living there are old people; senior
citizens above 65 years old.

So, if there are only senior citizens or maybe only children are there, only kids so, of course
they are more vulnerable, more exposed and more at risk, this place we consider to be more
risky. And so, young people is less so, if a community is comprised by only old people, no
young people, then we consider that this community is at risk than a community which has
more younger population.

Or if the people who are exposed they are only poor, they are more at risk, they are more
vulnerable and if a rich people who have better economic capacity, we consider to be that
they are less risk. This also depends on what kind of houses or buildings are there like, if we
have Kutcha houses and mud houses and you have concrete houses, it also wood houses,
these also define that one extent, people will be impacted with these hazards.

21
So, hazard that may cause some kind of impact on human life and property does not only
define the disaster, it also matter that how many people when they are exposed to that hazard.
But that is not only enough, it also depends on what and what types of people, what are their
characteristics, what are their features, who are exposed to that disaster, so to define disaster
so, the question is why is so?

We consider this is a vulnerability, that vulnerability is one of the critical conditions to define
that the degree of disasters. Now, we define vulnerability as the condition, that determined by
physical, social, economic and environmental factors or process which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:39)

So, which places are more vulnerable to a hazard; which geographical region, socio-
economic class etc., who are the vulnerable people like which kind of households or
individuals are and what should be done like, what kind of capacity or adaptation, capacity
building or adaptation measures, preventive measures we can take.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:06)

22
So, these also define that what extent people are at risk, so as I said that, there are different
conditions that define the vulnerability. We have the social vulnerability like, coping ability,
resistance or resilience or we could have some social empowerment like, age, gender,
ethnicity, household type as I said that younger people are when a society is comprising only
by elder people, the society is considered to be more vulnerable than when there are younger
people also.

And females are compared to be more vulnerable because they have many less socio-
economic opportunities, political opportunities, so than the male counterpart, so they are
considered to be more vulnerable in a male-dominated society. It is also depends on what
kind of ethnicity these are exposed to disasters when a mainstream ethnic community or
majority of ethnic community they are exposed; they are less vulnerable than a minority
community or minority ethnic races.

So and also it depends on household type, is on joint family or nuclear family, so these all
social environments that define the social vulnerability of a disaster, we have to also consider
the economic environment or economic factors of vulnerability. One is the income and assets
and insurance and debts. How much the person's income has, not only income, but also if
they have insurance like if someone has flood insurance so if they are affected, and how they
will be impacted by the flood, it depends on insurance. Because if they are impacted, their
livelihood would be hampered, and if they have insurance back there that can help them to
recover from that process. Also, if they have loan or debts that also define that what extent
they can absorb the shock of a particle, a disaster.

23
(Refer Slide Time: 29:32)

So, we have this model of disaster, defining disaster vulnerability, we will talk this one later
on.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:45)

But this is just for as a reference; we can have also physical factors of disaster vulnerability.
Like, the land use and this mainly came from land use and engineering architectural
perspective to define the physical vulnerability of disaster and also like the which locations
the building are there, what are their conditions so, these all defined the buildings of
vulnerability.

So, some people are saying that, placed in harm ways, or being in the wrong place at the
wrong time, some people may consider this is also as kind of exposure but for some people

24
this is also considered to be as vulnerability. And so, population density levels, remoteness of
the settlements, design and material used for critical infrastructures, what kind of building
materials we are using so, these all define the physical factors of social vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:47)

And as we discussed also that social factor of vulnerability are the level of well-being the
communities of societies like education, age, gender, social status, social equality, culture and
traditions, health conditions they all define the vulnerability of the people.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:09)

Also, we have economic factors like economic status of individual, community, and society
and income, income reserves, debts, access to credits, loan, insurance they all define the
disasters.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:25)

25
Also, we have environmental factors like the extent of natural resource depletions, the state of
resource degradations, exposure to toxic and hazardous pollutants.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:40)

So, hazard, exposure and vulnerability these 3 components are important to understand
disaster risk. We will later on also discuss about disaster vulnerability in a more broader
perspective.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:01)

26
But, here is the definition of disaster that is hazard, exposure and vulnerability; that is
defining the disaster. And it is a formal definition given by United Nations, ISDR as disaster
is a function of the risk process, it results from the combination of hazards, condition of
vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative
consequence of risk.

So, a disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of community or a society causing

widespread human, material, economic, environmental losses which exceed the ability of the
affected communities or society to cope using its own resources.
Thank you very much.

27
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 02
Risk Perception and Disaster Risk Preparedness – Part 1

Hello everyone, we will discuss, welcome to this lecture series on disaster recovery and build
back better. In this lecture, we will focus on risk perception and disaster risk preparedness, I
will tell you that why we need. Also to focus on risk preparedness, not only in mitigation and
also I will tell you what is the critical role of risk perception when we are trying to promote
preparedness.

So, I am Subhajoti Samaddar, from DPRI; Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Japan.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:14)

We already know that we have many hazards including natural hazards okay, like flood or
kind of volcano but also we have many other hazards which are not directly related to
disasters but let us look at in a broader perspective, we could have smoking or GMO.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:29)

28
And then we have some risk, like if you smoke, you are endangering yourself with a lung
cancer, or if there is a flood, poor people is affected, vulnerable people would be affected.
Also, we could have earthquake and tsunami impacts and triggered Natick, kind of questions
like Fukushima, a nuclear power accident so, we have all this risk right, this is accepted.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:02)

Now, looking at disaster risk, particularly in Asia that is for sure that Asia is one of the
hotspot, it is one of the most disaster-prone region in the world. No other region is that much
affected by disaster; natural disasters particularly, well you consider earthquake, you consider
volcanic eruption, flood; Asia is the most vulnerable, most disaster-prone region in the world.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:37)

29
One more thing is that urban population; urban population in the world is dominating. In
1950, it was only 29.7% of total population was urban population, only 29.7. In 2030, it is
considered that it will grow as 61.1% that means more and more people are living in urban
areas and they are exposed to various kind of disasters.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:13)

You can see this graph also that is showing that how earthquake, flood, windstorm is
increasing from 1950 to 2000. That is for sure that flood is increasing and windstorm is also
increasing has increasing red, earthquake is relatively similar but great natural disaster in the
world are really increasing.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:36)

30
Also, not only the disasters are increasing, but economic loss and social impacts due to
disasters are increasing, here is one you can look at economic losses or insured losses with
trend from 1950’s to 2000 that is for sure that it is increasing.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:01)

So, what is the trend now? Large catastrophic disaster is more likely to occur, large
catastrophic disaster; big disasters like 2011 Japan one which surely is going to increase but
that was very extreme. Number of disaster for which some international aid is executed, in
60s and 90s, international aid 1 : 3; 3 times more, economic losses due to disaster in 60’s and
90’s; 1:9.

Insured loss increased at in higher rate in 60s and 90s; 1:16. That is amazing figures right, so
what is happening then, what is actually happening in the real-life? what are the impacts of

31
disaster, what are these facts, this is a small data I have given you, I can give you a lot more
data, but for the considering the time, we may focus on small data, but that data is telling us
few points, pretty clearly.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:12)

One is more and more people and buildings and settlements are now being exposed to
hazards. More urbanized area we are having more and more populations are living there,
concentrated in one pocket and more and more people are at risk, that is for sure, more and
more people are exposed. People's capacity, their characteristics, their features, the building
characteristics, settlement characteristics, the way it is happening, the unhappiness that
unplanned development across the globe particularly in developing countries. Also, in
particularly in Asia is, of course, making people more vulnerable than before that is for sure.

But the most important finding is that structural measures; engineering measures are
important, but not enough that is for sure, you can build dikes, bridges, dams but you can
make a lot of things like that structural measures, but they are very necessary for
infrastructure development to protect and mitigate disasters. But that is not enough; the one
great example is 2011 Japan or 1995 Kobe earthquake, also in India, we have giving so much
effort, like a country which is so prepare like Japan investing so much on infrastructure
development. But still it is sure that by structural measures, you cannot simply make
communities resilient, nature is more powerful than you. So, if you are ever exploiting the
nature, if you are exploit, if you are living where you should not live, then structural
measures is not enough.

32
What do we need to do then? we need to make people, increase people's risk awareness, we
need to promote preparedness, small thing that if there is a big disaster, is the tsunami you
have to evacuate, no other option, people who are living near the coastal side, they have to
evacuate when there is a disaster, but people always do not like that.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:31)

So, what is happening is that we need to focus on preparedness, to promote preparedness and
risk governance to the people. So, in order to do that, we have many kind of small
countermeasures, not a very big issue like we can promote, we can motivate people to buy
flood insurance or we can ask people to evacuate during emergency.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:05)

Or maybe just simple technologies like rainwater harvesting for better water resource
management. Or maybe a eco-friendly house, energy-saving house so, these small measures

33
by the individuals or maybe simply consider that for accident, we need to put helmets. but
this is a great challenge, when you are asking one person; one household, they said okay, I
can do this solar power energy-saving house in my; I can put solar panel. But my effort is too
little, if only I do it, it would not promote the preparedness in this community, because my
effort is too little, why should I do it and that is true; that is true.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:03)

So, what we need to do is then we need to promote more and more, we need to encourage
people more and more people should do it, only one people is putting helmet it is not enough
right, so putting a lot; small, small, small, small , small things can be a very big, very big
effort, a gigantic effort.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:20)

34
So, we can have many more such small things right, we have many more such like insurance,
like rainwater harvesting, we have many more such small technologies. Now, we need to
promote, we need to encourage people to adopt and install these small technologies, a small
thing but a big challenge.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:45)

So, what do we do for the local government? let us say, municipal authority, they ask people
to follow something like you have to evacuate during certain time or you have to manage
your solid waste, you have to follow building bye-laws, you have to store food during
emergency, or you have to keep survival kit, or contingency kit like that. Now, this process
that a local government is telling something to the people at risk to reduce their risk and to
install and adopt some disaster preparedness technology.

We know this is called a simple risk communication process, right but it is not always easy,
the conventional risk preparedness mechanism or system, they think that only providing
information to the people is enough, if I ask people to evacuate during emergency that is
enough but that is not always enough. People from the field, from various research across the
globe is showing that after putting a lot of money, running a lot of projects, spending a lot of
time, the inclination; the tendency of the people to prepare against disaster is elusive, it is
really low.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:27)

35
Why; why people are not preparing? Here is a good example; what do you think as risky,
people may not think is risky. Like this one, I told maybe many times that this other person
on the other side of the boat is considered that he is not at risk because this boat is sinking but
he is in other side, he is not going to die.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:42)

Or maybe another person whom this lady is asking that why 40% of your umbrella is
covered, he said I received an emergency message is saying that there is a chance of 40%
rain. So, he interpreted the message of early warning this way, so that way people interpret,
way people perceive them is varies, right. Not only that people have a different orientations
about preparedness. People think okay, I know about disaster, I know my area very well so,
when the flood will come, tsunami will come, I can easily escape, do not underestimate me.
Actually, people overestimate their knowledge that they know all, or people estimate that

36
they are prepared enough that even flood will can earthquake will happen I will be safe
because I am not that vulnerable, I am prepared enough, my house is good, my house is three
storied, no flood can affect me.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:52)

Or maybe people think that okay, it is also the responsibility of others like, people often
blame the municipal authority for getting flood, they said that flood is an the issue of the local
government, it is not my duty to protect myself against flood risk. It is the duty or
responsibility of the local government to protect me. So these factors, there could be many
other factors that actually reduce people's risk awareness or low-risk perception, and
eventually, reduce the preparedness.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:40)

37
Here are some data we can see that, actually, ideally we should have more money should be
invested on prevention and preparedness. But if you look into the current situation, it is
totally opposite, we are spending more money in emergency response and very less money in
prevention and preparedness, right. So, we need something to do and we are not doing it.

So, disaster preparedness which we are promoting it is not enough, people are more, we are
spending more money on disaster relief, people are not ready to spend money on
preparedness so, government is also failing to spend money on preparedness, people are not
motivated to do it. Not only that, proactive risk financing is less used in developing countries,
it is showing that we have very, very less during the pre-disaster financing, the local
government or the national government in developing countries are spending very little
money.

Whereas, during the emergency, we are spending a lot more money. So, disaster preparedness
which is so necessary to increase communities, resiliency is not happening; it is so difficult,
so challenging to encourage people to prepare against disaster. So, these risk communications
like local government to the community, how we can manage this one?
(Refer Slide Time: 15:20)

Let us imagine that a flood is coming and local government is trying to say to the people that
flood is coming so, you are at risk so, your family is at risk so, please, please, please
evacuate, do not take the risk, but please evacuate to a safer place that we told you.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:38)

38
And, this message was given to the people through newspaper, through mass media like TV,
radio, internet. But this person does not care, he is not listening, he is at risk, he is enjoying
the flood while reading newspaper, he does not care. So, is it not really challenging? this is
very common scenario this is not a very extraordinary scenario, this is very common scenario
that people are not doing it when we are telling them; telling them to prepare, telling them to
evacuate.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:26)

Then, by the time this person realized, it is no more the 50 kilometre, it is 50 centimetre, he is
inundated, his area is inundated. So the big challenge is that, what people think what is risky
their knowledge, sometimes sudden, sometimes they agree that okay we are at risk but many
times they do not agree is very uncertain. Also, if they find that, I am really at risk what can
be done? Sometimes, it is very agreed, people agreed that okay, if I evacuate I can protect

39
myself from flood, I can mitigate, reduce the disaster risk. But sometimes people challenge
the mitigation measures or preparedness measures itself, will it work; will it work for me so,
knowledge is what is risk and how it can be solved that is the consent is always challenged.

So, in case of risk perception, always there is the question; who, what is risky, what extent is
risky, why risky, right?. Similarly, preparedness; what is priority of work, what should I do,
what is effective, will it work, evacuation will work to protect myself to reduce my risk, who
will do it, if I am saying that okay I will put rainwater harvesting, is it my responsibility to
put rainwater harvesting or the government will do it. And when would it be done, who will
takes this responsibility and temporal questions.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:01)

So, these are very common questions when we are trying to promote disaster preparedness.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:12)

40
Here is a very important data, then what is risk? Why people are not believing risk? there is a
Britain Royal Society; they publish a White book on risk assessment in 1982 and in 1983, it
was revised again.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:26)

They actually asking many famous acknowledged internationally acclaimed professors,

scientists to estimate and tell them what is risky, to talk about a risky but very funny thing is
that when these society is publishing this white paper, they are saying then you know
disclaimer they are not saying that this report is not a report of the society, the views
expressed are those of the authors alone.

So, I am not taking the responsibility here; society is telling, no collective view about risk, so
it is not about to tell you that this is what is risk, a forum of debate, this is just only a forum

41
of debate. What happened, why after calling so many international researchers, professors,
they are saying that this is what we are not going to take the responsibility. So, this is a
disclaimer, why it is so?
(Refer Slide Time: 19:35)

Experts and scientists are called and but disagreement continued about risk. So, actual risk we
as scientists saying that we there is actually an actual risk, what is that? So, we are saying that
there are 2 kind of risk; one is objective risk that is scientific risk; another one is the
perceived risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:02)

Objective risk that kind of it comes from the scientific estimations, it follows scientific rules
and regulations and laws. Perceived risk; the way laypeople, the common people, they
perceive about the anticipate about the future event that is perceived risk.

42
(Refer Slide Time: 20:13)

Now, risk in general, we know the probability of a particular adverse event to occur during a
particular period of time. So there is a probability question in a particular time question, and
it would challenge the existing situation, and so it is a consequence and is the event
probability.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:33)

So, determinant of risk; how we determine a risk? Generally, we determine any kind of risk
by numerical measures, like expressed in chance of that much cost in dollar or in rupees, loss
is expected to due to a flood, a loss of productivity has been lost, that much of amount due to
earthquake so, these always we express in numerical figure; 5 billion, 20 billion, 200 billion,
or, 50 people died, 100 people died like that.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:15)

43
So, probability and magnitude often adverse event. Now, risk estimation progress; if we want
to progress more if you want to refine our estimation, one thing is very clear that we need
data, without data we cannot do it so, more data where you have, the more fine-tuned, more
cutting-edge estimations we can make. So, but they are making it very simple, the scientists
are saying that you need data but remember that risk perception that is subjective risk, what
laypeople think.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:06)

Please do not incorporate that element in disaster risk management, is it really so? Let us
look, reducing the gap; they are saying that it is very important for the risk manager that what
scientifically true, and what people think we should reduce that gap, we should tell people
that what is scientifically true and why it is true, what they think is not right.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:26)

44
For example here, if you are smoking you are at risk, you believe or not you may be doing it
because you want to be macho, or your body needs nicotine, but once you were smoking you
are at risk that is very clear. Or maybe if you want to be a flamboyant hero like this guy you
are at risk, if you are doing it at high or any place, you are at risk, you believe it or not, is
simply up to your perceptions, but scientifically we can tell that this is your problem.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:12)

Or if you are driving and not putting seatbelt, this is your problem. Now the question, is it a
fun or danger? Scaring? Whose is it fun for the young people, also for the old people, is it
danger for the young people or for the old people. So, young kids and old seniors, so the
probability; the person’s perceptions of the probability; fun or danger, which one?
(Refer Slide Time: 23:28)

45
Now, the question comes, can we really measure risk, can risk be measured?
(Refer Slide Time: 23:35)

There is a person Lord Kelvin, he is saying that anything that exists; exists in some quantity
and can, therefore, be measured, if there are 5 people, we can say 5 people so, it exists so,
anything that exists, that exists in some quantity, a glass of water; yes we can tell it.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:56)

46
So, distinction should be made between real, actual, objective measurable risk, which follow
the scientific rules, scientific law of statistics. So, statistically we can say how much risk is
there, another one is the subjective one that perceived by non-expert, there is nothing called
cultural risk, it is your problem man, but there is a scientific.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:24)

Now, Britain Department of Transport, they are saying that yes we can measure the risk, it is
very simple, we can measure it based on casualty record, how many people are dying in a
particular time and a particular road. The consequence of real accidents, these are simple
parameters to tell people how much risk is there. Also, this is actual danger because if you
want to be flamboyant, you can be, no problem but that is the consequence.

47
And if you do it, if you do not believe it, this is your personal problem but, scientifically we
know that this road is danger, you should not do this so, you are at risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:19)

Safe and unsafe road; according to them is very clear like, if there is no accident left-hand
side then this road is safe, and if this road is unsafe, because we can see that there is an
accident okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:38)

So, really; can we really measure the risk? so that is a big question, these questions that
whether we can really measure, can we really distinguish between objective risk and
perceived risk that challenge will continue. In our next series, we will discuss on this aspect
that how, when, what extent we can distinguish between objective risk and subjective risk
and can we really do it, so and what and how extent it will affect the preparedness.

48
Thank you very much.

49
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 03
Risk Perception and Disaster Risk Preparedness – Part 2

Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture series on disaster recovery and build back better, we
in this lecture discuss about the second part of risk perceptions and disaster preparedness. We
already discussed it at some extent so, I will continue that one. I am Subhajyoti Samaddar
from disaster prevention research institute, Kyoto University, Japan. So, just for a small
introduction for the continuation what we were discussing.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:13)

So, we need some small household preparedness mechanism to enhance people's

preparedness against the disaster that is for sure, like insurance, like evacuations, like
rainwater harvesting.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:22)

50
What we found that one person say, for too less, so we need to encourage more and more
people to for disaster preparedness. So we should encourage more and more people and
small, small, small effort could be very gigantic. Now, this process in order to encourage
people, we need to understand their mind because we have to communicate with them.

We need to improve our risk communication mechanism in order to improve their

preparedness intention, their attitude towards preparedness.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:00)

So, one this side is local government who is trying to promote these preparedness intention,
motivations of the common people and other side is the local people.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:12)

51
But, what we found that it is really challenging, is really challenging, after spending a lot of
money, a lot of time, running a lot of projects, people; the community at risk, they are not
very willing to prepared. We would like to know that why it is so, why our conventional risk
communication mechanism strategies are not working that is the challenge. So, we found that
one side, there is a possibility that people who are estimate their own knowledge, they think,
they know everything. So, if disaster happened, they know that it will not happen to me, it
would not happen to them, or maybe they are knowing that okay, disaster is coming but I am
prepared, the preparedness measures I took enough so, I would not be at risk okay, I would
not be impacted. Other one is that the transferring of knowledge, they want to take the
responsibility by others like local municipal authority or by the central government on
regional government.

So, these factors we discussed already can actually increase the low preparedness intention.
We also discussed about objective risk and the perceived risk, scientific risk we have and
what scientists estimate and the perceived risk; what laypeople think about. Now, we are
talking about that risk is actually the probability and the magnitude of an adverse event.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:06)

52
For one thing that we need more data and we in order to refine our existing knowledge,
existing information, existing estimations of a risk. But they are making us telling us that
okay in any case, please do not incorporate people's perceptions, lay people's perceptions in
disaster risk management that would be itself a disaster. So, what we need to do?
(Refer Slide Time: 04:42)

We need to simply reduce the gap, we need to tell people that what they know is not simply
true, what we are telling as a scientist, as an expert is true so, our estimation is the right, only
then we can enhance people's preparedness so, actually we should know what is right, what is
not wrong.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:59)

53
So, now if the scientists are really saying that, the question is even the scientist can they
really measure the risk accurately?
(Refer Slide Time: 05:19)

As I said before, this person is saying that anything that exists; exists in some quantity and
can, therefore, be measured.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:23)

54
Like the example they have given that, this road is in danger, so do not be flamboyant, do not
try to be hero, you will be at risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:30)

This road; left-hand side road is safe; right-hand side road is unsafe.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:34)

55
But here is the question; which one told me; which one you feel is more risky, going by air or
going by road, which one actually more risky? Yes, you were right, I know, most of the
people think that going by air is risky than by road. But actually, data is very opposite;
aviation is one of the safest medium of transport; mode of transport so, by air is much safer
from the point of accident rate or casualty rates than by road.

But people have actually very different perceptions, people want to avoid by air than by road
also, when you are talking about estimating data, do we have enough data; if there is some
accident, some earthquake happened in Ghana in Western Africa, can we get this data; road
accident data, can we get it? No, can we really depend on the statistics that we are coming
from many developing countries; basically, no, it is not well documented.

In a country like Germany or Japan or US or UK that is more developed documented data

they have, more reliable statistical data they have so, they can have better risk estimation than
these countries, so then which one I should believe; the laypeople or the scientist?
(Refer Slide Time: 07:39)

56
Here is another interesting data, interesting fact, there is a diary written as by Roald Dahl on
BOY, the tales of childhood, let us look what he is talking about, it is maybe 80 years before
or in 1920’s okay. He is saying that I can remember very clearly the journeys I made to and
from the school because they were so tremendously exciting, the excitement centred around
my new tricycle.

I rode to school on it every day with my eldest sister riding on hers. No grown-ups came with
us. All this you must realize, was in the good old days when the sight of motor-car on the
street was an event, and it was quite safe for tiny children to go tricycling and whopping their
way to school in the centre of the highway.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:50)

57
So, what is that he is going and coming from school and home by tricycle, not only that he
has the experience that he used to go through highways. So, tricycle on highway and that is
very enjoyable, very safe. Do you believe in 1920’s, the roads were more safer than today,
tricycle on road was much safer than today? If it is so, let us that look at data, we told that
okay, a road is risky, if there are more casualty.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:47)

But, here is the road accident of children in 1922, every year 736, whereas in 1986, this is
only 358, so the child road death rate per motor vehicle has fallen by 98%, unbelievable! But
this person is saying that it was tremendously exciting but quite safe, is it really so, then come
to believe the scientists or the general people, it is not a matter of believing, but how I have to
tell him that scientific estimation is saying a different story?.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:35)

58
How I can convince him, Mad Cow disease in 2003, you know, somebody said that scientists
focus on danger that consumers on the whole cow.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:55)

When because of mad cow disease, when the Japan government ban importing US beef in
Japan, the US agricultural undersecretary wrote this quote “in fact, the probably getting out of
your automobile and walking into the store to buy beef has higher probability than you will
hit by an automobile than, then the probability of any harm coming to you from eating beef”.

So, eating beef is less much safer than the probability of the risk you are taking through
buying the beef from your automobile, while you are walking from your automobile to the
beef shop.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:42)

59
So, Peter Sandman, on the other hand is saying that risk that actually upset people are
completely different than the risks that kill people. The risk that upset people are completely
different from than the risk that kill people.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:03)

So, can we know the risks we face, is it possible?

(Refer Slide Time: 12:15)

Well, some dangers are known, some are unknown basically.

(Refer Slide Time: 12:21)

60
So, no person can know everything, right? I do not know what everything in my life, there is
so many things are happening, I do not know about a chemical risk maybe I know little about
disaster risk around me, most people cannot be aware of the most of the dangers most of the
time. So, no one can calculate precisely the total risk to be faced. So, I have so many risks in
life.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:00)

I have health risk, I have job risk, I have financial risk, I have academic risk, flood risk,
personal risk. I am not only facing disaster risk, every day is a live risk from my home to
office, I take so many risks, accident can happen, you are talking about disaster risk but, I
might concern is more about my job risk or my health risk, so which one I should prioritize?
which one because I cannot being an individual, I do not know that what will actually
happen.

61
Because my knowledge is very limited and that should be, being an individual I cannot know
everything in this world, so we have many risks at life so, we need to prioritize which one to
consider, which one to ignore.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:48)

Now, the question is, how then do people decide which risk to take and which risk to ignore?
(Refer Slide Time: 13:59)

Now, coming also the question; are dangerous really increasing, are we really at risk than
before?.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:10)

62
Or, are we are more afraid, which one true? The dangers are increasing, or we are at more
risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:23)

Please consider, maybe I can help a little bit.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:24)

63
Let us look; accident rate, life expectancy, infant mortality what do you think dangers is
increasing? No, we are much safer, accident rate basically decreasing, life expectancy
basically increasing and infant mortality rate basically decreasing.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:46)

But, on the other hand, we are more exposed to toxic chemicals and we are far away from
nature than before, right, we are more and more exposed to radiation than before so, these
risks are increasing. Also, our stressful life is increasing, environmental pollution definitely is
increasing, sound pollution is increasing at least in India, it is increasing for sure, so there
was a survey conducted public policy and risk on 4 kinds of risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:45)

64
One is the Foreign Affairs, and the crime, pollution, and the economic failure. People who
worry about the future, do those people worry equally about all kind of risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:50)

Three kind of people were interviewed; general public, corporate executives, and federal
regulators.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:01)

65
What result we have found, is risk increasing than before? Twice as many people in the
general public compared to so, general public twice compared to company executive, think
more risk in society than 20 years ago.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:23)

What about domestic political instability; 61% both public and executive, they believe that
we have more risk today than before. Whereas the bureaucrats or the government officials,
public officials, 44% of them agreed with this statement, they do not believe domestic
political instability is increasing.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:54)

66
Dangers from chemical? Increasing than 20 years before? Company executives - they believe
38% say yes and public and government regulators; 13 % said yes increasing.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:10)

Economic risk than before - 10% government employees public officials, they said yes, 41 %
of company executive said yes.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:24)

67
So, people have different perspective in about understanding risk, how we have to encourage
them for the preparedness then, not only that risk but also about countermeasures, this person
if we ask someone that okay, flood is coming, please evacuate. He is in under great dilemma
whether to evacuate or not, maybe risk is coming, maybe flood is coming but I simply cannot
make that decision why?

Because, I really do not know the effect of evacuation, is it really effective? or is it not
effective? well, what are the merits of evacuation, what are the demerits of evacuation is not
very clear to me. So, if now, if even if I accept that there is a risk, I cannot; I am not very sure
that my decision to evacuate would be an effective countermeasure. So, he may think initially
that evacuation is not an effective measure.

So, this is his own cognitive mechanism, in which individual collect and process informations
and develops the perception of risk, but it is also possible that, he first said that I do not want
to evacuate because this is not effective, evacuation is not a right measure to protect myself
from flood. Now, if he does not believe it, we cannot improve; encourage him to take
preparedness action.

But, it is possible that he has a lot of friends and they believe that, evacuation is an effective
measures, and they told him that okay, believe us evacuation is an important component and
this guy is a social animal, he is influenced by others so, he dropped his initial idea and he
joined them and started to evacuate.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:57)

68
So, we have this context one is the knowledge, one is the consent; in knowledge, we have risk
sometimes certain, sometimes uncertain. In case of consent, that is what actions to be taken is
sometimes we agreed with each other, sometimes we do not agree with each other so,
contested and complete, when knowledge is uncertain, but consent is complete, decision
making is difficult.

When knowledge is sudden, but consent is uncertain or contested, it is also difficult that I
know flood is coming. But, I do not know which actions to be taken, evacuations or not
evacuate or to prepare for a flood preparedness in other way, which one would be affected, I
do not know. So, knowledge is known sudden but what to do consent is contested or it could
be that also both are actually contested.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:06)

69
Some knowledge are uncertain, and also consented. So what is risky, what extent something
is risky, why risky is important for people to know. And also we need to know the
preparedness; what is the priority work, which one I should do first, what is effective, who
will do it, and when would be done so, these components should be included when we are
talking about a disaster preparedness.

And how to work on, how to send a message, encourage people to take preventive actions
against disasters and that we will look into so.
Thank you very much.

70
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 04
Build Back Better – People’s Perspectives

Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture series on disaster recovery and build back better, in
this lecture, I will show you some people's perspective on a Reconstruction and
Rehabilitation work, we call “build back better people's perspective”.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:15)

I will talk from Gujarat earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction, in 2001, there was a big
earthquake in the western part of India in Gujarat state particularly in Bhuj region which is a
population of 1 million and 28 persons per square kilometer, literacy rate at that time was
57% and it has an area of 44,000 square kilometers.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:29)

71
So, on 26th January 2001, there was an earthquake of 6.9 Richter scale, according to Indian
Meteorological Department, the epicenter of that earthquake was northeast; 20 kilometres
northeast of the Bhuj town, and the tremor and the effect was felt 1500 kilometer radius from
the epicenter, and approximately 20,000 people were died and another 1, 60,000 people were
injured.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:32)

And you can see the asset loss due to earthquake, housing sector is one of the most affected
area estimated damage assessment for housing in Kutch was that there were 2.5 lakhs houses
buildings residential buildings were partially damaged, 1.28 lakh residential buildings were
fully damaged or collapsed, total damage was 3.79 lakhs, human life lost was 20,000 around
seriously injured 20,000, person injured 1.66 lakhs.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:14)

72
There are also lots of cattle dead, here are some of the picture of Gujarat earthquake, you can
see the devastations that happened there.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:23)

And, you can see that it was everywhere the devastations you can observe through these
pictures, just for your references.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:39)

73
Here is also some more in the villages, remote areas and also in urban areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:47)

So, after the Gujarat earthquake, the Gujarat Government declared rehabilitation and
reconstruction policy, we are focusing here at the housing sector, residential buildings, there
were mainly 2 packages were available. One; package one is that relocation of completely
damaged villages like, if there was a damage of more than 70% buildings are affected
partially damaged or fully damaged, then this village will be relocated to other place.

Of course, it depends on the consent of Gram Sabha, the local government there and there
they will build earthquake resistance infrastructure facilities, and the state government will
provide layout design, technical specifications, compositions of material ingredients for the

74
reconstructions, and the minimum contributions, if any NGO is going to adopt a village, their
contribution should be 50% of the total cost.

Now, this is basically for the relocations. The other package was given for in-situ, and that is
that if the village is partially or completely collapsed, devastated, damaged then, there if the
people do not want to relocate to a another place, then it could be in-situ development and if
the owners of the buildings, the citizens they want to build their own house, then government
will directly provide them financial assistance.

In case that assistance will be given directly to the owners, 50 % of the cost. Before that,
there will be a damage assessment carried out by a team of government, and the allocated
money will be given in 3 phases. First; just after the sanction of the project, they can get 40%
of the; around 30% or 40% of the money you can see this graph and then when you finish the
lintel level, you get another 40% or 35%.

Then, the rest of the money will be delivered the assistance after the completion of the entire
reconstruction.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:54)

For this is the category of different kind of assistance, like, for the landless agricultural
labourer, the house that will be built, plot area would be 100 square meters and the
construction area would be 30 square meter, marginal farmers up to 1hectare landholding,
they will get 150 square meters plot area and within that 40 square meter of construction area.

75
The small farmer, between 1 to 4 hectare landholding and others, they can have 250 square
meter plot area and the construction area will be 40 square meters.

Farmers with more than 4 hectare land holding, they can get 400 square meters plot area and
construction area would be 50 square meters. They have different categories of damage
assessment; G5 to G1, so G5 which was completely destroyed house, they can get that time
Rs.3000, Indian rupees per square meter up to a maximum of 1 lakh and then the rest of the
will got; and those who have other huts; in case of hut, they can get a 7000.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:22)

So, actually the one of the objectives of Gujarat rehabilitation and reconstruction is to build
People-Centric Reconstruction and Rehabilitations, the program should be people-centric.
Now, the 2 packages we mentioned here of rehabilitation and reconstructions, from that
different approaches of rehabilitation and reconstruction may emerge, but we can actually
take out of that many, 3 very prominent models or approaches of rehabilitation and
reconstruction of the Gujarat.

One is from the package 2, there is owner-driven approach; in that case, the villagers in
which villagers decided to build their own house, they will get the money from the
government and they will construct their own house. So, they will get an assistance and
government will help them to install, rebuild physical and social infrastructure, and the
owners they will construct their own house by getting assistance.

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They can also contribute their money, this is we called owner-driven and also there is the
kind of NGO or contractor driven approach that can be 2 types; one is product-centric
approach and people-centric approach. This product-centric approach where it is done by the
NGO itself, it is mainly NGO driven or agency driven. People's-centric approach is more like
a collaboration of partnership between people and the private agencies or NGO’s.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:35)

So, we have total 3 categories of models; 1, 2 and 3. So we can see clearly here also that there
is one package from package number 2, there is owner-driven. And from package number 1,
there are 2 that are NGO driven and community NGO partnership approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:53)

What they have done in Gujarat; post-disaster interventions, they Rs.1 lakh was made to the
next of kin of each of the deceased person, Rs.1250 rupees per family was given as the

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household kits was to provided and in case of cattle death, different amount of money was
given like for goat 150, for bull 750 rupees, for cow 2500 like that.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:37)

Shelter reconstruction; some of the reports here; now, progress of housing reconstructions in
Kutch, number of total destroyed houses was 1 lakh 56,000 little more than that in Kutch
area, and that was planned by the NGO was around 50,000 among them, the under-
construction house right now that time 2003 was little more than 6000, completed almost
40,000 thousand little less than that.

Self-construction that is owner-driven basically is around 96,000 to 97,000, and the total
houses constructed were 1 lakh 35,000 thousand that time. The mode of reconstructions;
NGO constructions you can see that even in case of NGO mostly, it was 56% was in-situ but
is a great number of also relocated house, in case of owner-driven or self-constructed
majority are in-situ development, only 22% is relocated buildings.

So, total 102 NGOs; 100 NGO’s were involved working on reconstructions, 65 of them have
been a part of “public-private partnership” program and 37 out of them is working as
independently without much collaborations with the local people. 82% of work of the total
requirement of housing by 2003 were reported as complete, 96,000 or little more than that
was owner-driven or self-construction house under the category of G4 and G5 damaged
category.

And, another 31,000 was NGO reconstructed houses.

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(Refer Slide Time: 14:11)

Now, what was the variation in the rooms in case of new houses, is it increased, decreased,
remain same? When NGO constructed, increase is around 20%, what they had before they
received more built-up area, or rooms that is 20%, most of the cases is same but also
significantly 27% compared to 20% increase that decrease, whereas in case of owner-driven,
it did not increase much also, did not decrease much, it remains most of the cases the same,
the total area.

Use of reconstruction house; are they really using these houses according to a Abhiyan
survey in 2003, NGO houses are almost also very significantly people are using, owner-
driven of course but NGO-driven also some people are not using around 20%. Area of NGO
constructed house, you can see this table mostly from 200 to 350, this is around 50%, around
60% of the total stock and this is from 350 to 450 or above, this is around 35% or little more
than that.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:02)

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What was the level of satisfaction according to the Abhiyan 2003 survey, an NGO called
Abhiyan that NGO 80% people that those buildings were constructed by NGO 80% are
satisfied and in case of owner-driven, 91% were satisfied. The status of school mostly regular
and some are irregular of course and here is also the list of cost of one unit in Rs is per square
feet by NGO okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:45)

Study area; we conducted surveys in 3 areas, I would like to show in different approaches and
models and their case studies. One is NGO agency driven approach in Hajapar, that is 52
kilometers south from Bhuj, area is of the village is around 4 square kilometer in total
including the agricultural land, population is 720, household size is 6.5, literacy was 35%,
their main occupation is animal husbandry and agriculture.

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This was the old settlement of Hajapar you can see this organic settlements, the yellow ones
are the residential area, these greens are the agricultural areas and the blue are public and
semi-public areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:46)

A distribution of communities; you can see that the Harijans and Muslims, they are on the
outskirt one side is a very segmented community, they prefer to live in one segments and
also, the other caste that is Maheshari, they are in one sector they are, so they are 3 groups
category you can see. The electricity line, educational facilities, one primary school, health
facilities, one health centre, Panchayat building and two temples and one mosque were all
destroyed.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:33)

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More than 80% of the houses were totally damaged by 2001 earthquake. The reconstructions,
so this was the existing before the earthquake that was the layout and this was the newly
located village layout. You can see here that these yellow colours are abandoned places and
some people who do not have any land rights in this area, no land rights, they do not have any
formal land rights and many people they did not relocate it.

They developed their; build their own house in their own, some people only a minor group of
people, they did not relocate it, only a minor group in dark maroon, they were relocated.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:36)

This is the number of occupancy in the new, you can see these new constructed house is lying
empty, the cost of dwelling units was 1 lakh 20,000 Indian rupees according to that time
comparatively much higher. So, most of the houses are vacant, only yellow part you can
occupied and you can see here that many people did not actually relocate it to the newly
constructed house because it is a totally different layout and people did not accept that one.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:17)

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They have health center but, people are not using that. Ayurvedic health centre also, this is
not used by the people, the schools are there is primarily; primary school, this is working
well, people are using it, people are sending their kids there, panchayat office is rebuilt,
electricity installed, telecommunication system was installed.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:43)

Constructions; those who are rich they did not relocate better off and they build their own
house in the damaged side, some people who did not have the land tenure rights, they
constructed temporary houses or got a temporary houses and remaining there, they were not
included into the reconstruction projects and the newly constructed projects remain
unoccupied.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:15)

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Because, these people preferred to live together, they did not like this new iron-grid pattern of
layout, it was done by the Hindustan Benevolent.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:29)

There was no training program, allocation of financial assistance given to the NGO directly
and decision makings, villages were not involved into the decision-making process,
government has provided the land for new site, villagers did not share any part of that, no
contribution for the villagers financially, they did not contribute any labour for the
reconstructions.

Building materials; all building materials for these reconstructions were locally available
building materials, contractor bought the building materials from outside, entirely designed
by the NGO without any involvement of the people and it took 1 year 2 months to finish this

84
project, women participations was not there and cost was Rs.1 lakh in case of 40 square meter
dwelling unit and Rs. 80,000 in case of 30 square meter houses.

And organizations; NGO and Sarpanch monitored the reconstruction work but majority of the
decision was taken by NGO.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:39)

So, what do we see here that no utilisations of local resources designed by the NGO, no
training program, NGO decide every aspect; very weak organizational setup and absence of
ownership right, people refuse this one and absence of monitoring also. As a result, this
project was very high cost and took some time but it was most way that socially not accepted,
it was rejected by the villages and the project did not help to enhance people's awareness and
the houses are poorly maintained.

So, actually that is increasing their vulnerability, mistrust between communities and NGOs
and lack of education, so this had in case of contracted driven approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:36)

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In community NGO partnership approach, we have Ludiya village, there is 100 kilometer
north from Bhuj, area is around 5 square kilometer, total population is 1800 mainly by
Harijans and Muslims population comprised by literacy rate was 35%, there also occupation
was animal husbandry, wood carving and cultivations.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:08)

You can see that most of the people are involved in cattle rearing and wood cravings, so 50%
of them are in cattle rearing and animal husbandry and some are also involved in agriculture
around 20% of populations. And distribution of community also, you can see that there is a
segregations that Harijans are there and here are the Muslims populations, these two
communities and there is a poor community basically around Indian rupees 2500 to 5000, this
shared the entire pie almost 90%.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:55)

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So, electricity supply, educational facilities, one primary school they all were devastated by
this earthquake.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:07)

Here are the detail extent of damage of the houses in Ludiya village, totally that destroyed
Bhungas was 5, whereas the Kaccha, Pucca house was much higher, Bhungas were little
damage or repairable damage or irreparable damage, but it is mostly the most affected at the
Kaccha, Pucca houses let us see whereas, it is only 5 to 7, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:44)

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Reconstructions; total 235 houses were rebuilt and each family was provided 2 traditional
Bhungas, Bhungas style that is prone to resilient to earthquake and resilient to cyclone that
we found that was less affected by the earthquake, this style with the help of NGO’s, people
reconstructed these Bhungas and Chowki along with the facilities for a separate toilet and
bathroom.

So, each household they received 2 Bhungas, 1 Chowki and one toilet for, and 170 metered
connections through the village were given to the electricity, water is now supplied by
Mumvara group water supply scheme, the villagers get quite regularly the water supply,
telecommunications was given to 11 houses and other educational, 2 primary schools and
Anganwadis were rebuilt, all the schools were reconstructed in Ludiya.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:01)

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Neighborhood clusters; so they decided that they need to the people should interact with each
other, so they made a very close neighborhood that is extending their kinship structure or
their clan structure and accordingly, they were given divided the group into a cluster, and
new village layout was well planned and also accepted by the villagers.

Villagers have designed their own houses; therefore; the dwelling units is very well
maintained. The cost was much significantly lower that is only 56,000 Indian rupees that time
and 40% of the dwelling units is electrified and telephone facility was provided and people
participated in the reconstruction and rehabilitation process, here is a file per picture.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:02)

So, people who are involved into the decision-making process, they design their own houses,
finances they provided 2000 Rupees to build these houses, Muslims provided land to Harijans
and in return Harijans given their own labour. Also, each one member from each house they
should provide labour, building materials; they used the local building materials like sun-
dried bricks, Khip straw, branches of the babool tree were used.

Women also participated so, people who were very satisfied with these projects, particularly
with shelter, very good water supply, and the cost of the one Bhungas is around 22,000 and
each cost of the each dwelling unit was 55,000.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:57)

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The whole project was completed within 7 months.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:04)

So, they use the local skill, labour, land, building materials and money designed by the
villagers, better village level organization they had, they conducted training program,
monitoring and therefore they have low-cost socially acceptable and earthquake-resistant
building.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:27)

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Another one is the owner-driven approach in Bitta village, 85 kilometer from the Bhuj, total
population is around 1000 and here it was the existing layout. You can see, they have some
commercial stops, building, land use and most of the residential yellow and some public and
semi-public, it was the biggest village among these 3 villages.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:51)

This was the village bus stop and here a lot of Banshali, Baishnab, Gadbi, so lot of
distribution of communities are you can see here. Now, occupational distribution of villages;
they are mostly involved as a cultivator and agricultural labour, some are self-employed,
wage labourer are also there. And traders; 12% are traders, some people are rich like 26% +
14%, they have more income than 10,000 rupees.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:29)

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And some are poor, 33% around so, this showing that Pucca House or concrete house broken,
but whereas, Bhugas remain there without any impact of earthquake, here you can see the
damage level of the houses those partially how they was affected in different category and
educational facilities were done, health facilities were done, panchayat.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:02)

So, people receive money from the government and they reconstructed their own house, they
also added money into it. Here is the Thakar house built after earthquake, there were 153
meter connections in the village, presently three tankers of providing water supply, they
reconstructed government reconstructed the school, panchayat office was reconstructed also,
religious buildings were reconstructed.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:27)

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People build their own house but there was no training program, people actually borrowed
money from the government rest of the money; not borrowed but they got the assistance from
the government and the rest of the money they provided, and source of money 28% is the
own money, they receive the loan from formal institution also, the community Mahajan's or
own local Kings, relatives they provide money.

So, these are some of the financial contributions from difference so, a great number of people
contributed the dark one you can see that they spend money for their own house like 50,000
or more than 30,000 thousand.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:15)

Here is the contribution of the labour for their own, most of the people they did not provide
their own labour but they hired labour, you can see these all are hired labour and some few

93
people especially the Harijans and some low caste groups, they contributed labour for their
own constructions.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:35)

Here was it was since they built their own house, they were satisfied and they constructed and
it is well maintained and most of the houses by 4 months to 6 months, a 50% reconstruction
took place and for the wall, they use concrete blocks, bricks, stone. Roof; mostly RCC but
also people use local tiles, mud, 35 % for the floor, cement 73%.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:06)

The cost, it varies from owner to owner, in some cases it is; the lowest one is 50,000 to 1 lakh
and but it is a highly cost like 1.5 and more in many of the cases. People were very satisfied
as per the shelter and electricity, but they were not happy with the public infrastructure.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:30)

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And some received the money from the government, but did not use it, did use it for other
purposes so, they have less monitoring, and upper-class people are very less but they receive
more assistance from the government. Whereas, lower caste people they are the majority in
numerically but they receive low assistance according to some survey, and according to
Abhiyan, only 60% of houses are earthquake resistance in this village.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:00)

So, no utilization of local resource, weak organizational setup, inadequate training,

inadequate monitoring, hegemony of upper caste in decision-making. Therefore, they have
high-cost long time vulnerable structure, lack of awareness and so it is creating that lesser
cause that those who use utilization of local resources, they have less cost, short time socially
acceptable that was the model we found.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:27)

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So, we can say that it is the community NGO partnership approach that worked much better
than others.
Thank you very much.

96
 Disaster Recovery And Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Satheesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 05
Architecture at Risk

Welcome to the course, Disaster Recovery and Build Back better. My name is Ram Sateesh, I
am a faculty from department of architecture and planning, Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee. Today, we are going to talk about architecture at risk, so today we are going to discuss
about the theoretical component along with the implications, the practical implications with
various variety of examples and how architecture as a domain it contemplates with the theory.
And especially in the post-disaster recovery practice.
Whenever a disaster happens, we encounter a huge loss not only to the lives of people but to
their properties, to the civic buildings, to the religious buildings, to the cultural heritage of the
communities.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:26)

For instance, in this photograph what you are seeing is the Durbar square in the Nepal, the recent
Nepal earthquake. And many of the historic buildings which are under the UNESCO heritage
have been demolished. Now a lot of efforts have been taken up in the reconstruction of these
historic buildings. This place is known as Bhaktapur which is listed under the UNESCO world
heritage site in Kathmandu.

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It goes back to the 12th and 18th centuries where this particular square was traditionally used for
the coronation ceremonies and the religious festivals and many of the residential buildings got
damaged.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:10)

So there was obviously a need of reconstruction not only from the shelter point of it but also to
rebuild the lost heritage. Similarly in 2003, Bam earthquake in Iran what you can see here is,
before and after the earthquake.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:31)

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What you can see here is a huge demolitions happened you can see the rubble masonry, I mean
the whole rubble fallen on the historical site. And it took almost more than a decade to rebuild
the whole process you know the each and every monument is worth or each and every building
of its whether it is a merchants owner I mean merchants house or it is any civic building or it is
any fort.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:06)

So it needs a very longer time to actually understand its historical significance, understand its
materiality and then reflect back with its historic integrity and within its historic context. This is
one of the biggest challenge when an architects work in a cultural settings, especially in the post-
disaster recover. Like here you can see a list of properties.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:34)

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Which are the state properties or the private properties and whether it is a citadel, whether it is a
residentials, whether it is a mosque, or religious buildings and which are listed under the national
heritage have been damaged by this earthquake. And then the recent efforts by various
organizations from the German NGOs came forward to reconstruction and there is a kind of
collaboration between the Iran government and as well as the German parts.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:07)

And that is how they started working on like a few examples where a merchants house has been
rebuilt by the clay brickwork and they also use a kind of the fiber-reinforcements and looking at
the alternative materials which can sustain the earthquake in future as well. So how they are

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actually rebuilding these walls and also the archer, walls these are because you need to regain the
same form you know what kind of alternative materials one has to procure first of all.

And the skilled labour, how we can train them and conservation it is not just only the
preservation or the reconstruction or the restoration process. We can call it as a kind of
conservation project which is a bigger umbrella of all these components which can go into
restoration, the reconstruction aspects and that is where we deal with the authenticity of the
product you know what this particular heritage structure belongs to.

And how it has an outstanding value so how we can actually reflect that back when we are doing
such kind of conservation works. So these are some of the challenges apart from our regular
shelter and housing programs which we deal with normally in the disaster-affected areas. We
also deal with the identity the place and identity issue the space and place. Let us talk a little bit
of the in parallel I would like to discuss about the concepts of place and its identity.

When we talk about place many of the theories geographers, anthropologist, sociologists they
argue as place is a territorial instinct, it is a boundary which where a person feels safe
comfortable delivered. It is also a kind of survival instinct.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:01)

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Which is normally referred with a geographical location by the Latitude and longitude, and it
also reflects through its material form and which is a physical features, whether is a hill
architecture, whether it is the coastal architecture, whether it is through its natural settings and
the built environments. More importantly, the place is associated with the meanings and the
values that the people or the communities invest in them so this is where the identity comes in.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:31)

So many geographers talk about place is a social construct, Doreen Massey talks about it is a
social construct, and we actively make places and our ideas of place are products of the society
in which we live. A small example for the students to understand I hope many of you have seen
the movie of Cast Away, where Tom Hanks played a role of a Korea person and he met with an
accident in the flight while in the Korea flight.

And he is a lonely survivor he finds himself in an island which an untouched island no one ever
been to that island and the whole story is all about how he lives in that place for 4 years.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:25)

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A civilized person look at the excitement which he had of when he actually makes fire for
himself. So he becomes a hunter, he becomes his home, he makes his own place, he makes his
own habits for the past 4 years he develops his own sense of place. One day he gets a small food
packet delivery from the shore which actually float from the shore probably it could have been
from the same accident and then he finds a small football and he names it as Wilson.

And Wilson becomes a company for him throughout his stay in that island. Here he talks about,
he cares about Wilson, he talks about Wilson, he talks with Wilson, he shares his pain, anger
everything with him. So here whatever it is not just only for the food or the shelter it is how a
man makes a sense of belonging with other individual though it is not a living being but he still
makes some attachment.

He lives here for 4 years and then one day he gets angry and he throws out that Wilson out. Then
after 4 years he will again find his way back to home. That night when he throws Wilson out in
his anger he again goes back and searches for Wilson so with both love and emotions you know
play in a sequence and when he was travelling back to the mainlands in a small boat a huge
hurricane comes and finally he loses his Wilson.

So here what I want to say here is, a man is attached with a lot of emotions, its values, 4 years
that ball has given him a sense of being. That is where Sack talks about places cannot exist

103
without us, but equally important we cannot exist without places. Like some of the post-disaster
experience which where my journey have started. There is Latur earthquake on the right-hand
side recovery and the Gujarat earthquake geodesic domes.

The post-disaster context is always seen a very immediate need for both the beneficiaries and the
providers. The providers for them it is a great need because they have to give a helping hand for
the people who lost their houses for them there is an immediate requirement that they need to
shelter their families for that kind of pressurized situation, people tend to accept whatever they
get for free or whatever they get that is how it ended in Latur.

Even today many houses are still empty more than 20 years now but still many houses you find
they are abandoned, it is now this situation opens as a dialogue of what kind of a housing
demand we have. Now despite of having so many housing solutions but why people are able to
reject it? what is something beyond a house beyond the building it is far beyond the question is
far beyond it.

So that is where people may have rejected for their livelihood needs the proximity or their cattle
needs with their social needs there are many other aspects there many other forces which make
the people to take these choices. When I was traveling during my masters time immediately after
the tsunami, I was travelling in Tamil Nadu. I was looking at how various agencies are working
once I visited the place where I worked earlier in Auroville.

I was interacting with various architects and that is where the Auroville building centre is
proposing up some housing options.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:47)

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So what you are seeing is a few photographs of the building models which the architects have
demonstrated that these are the solutions which they may review. Having worked there, I also
have an understanding what those architects have previously worked I can see that there is some
kind of imitations which people trying to imitate from their previous projects may be the
architect have worked on a similar project which is the real project.

So as a terracotta roofing structure may have simplified this as a module and proposing it as a
kind of universal solution to develop a village or to develop a cluster whatever it might. So here
one can see as an architect as a professional try to take an imitations from what already he has
done. Now, for instance, there is another setting of this kind of a raised house so there are some
different understanding how maybe the flood water can go beneath something like that.

So different ideas but here you can see the veranda concept which is this traditionally you can
find today in Tamil Nadu as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:01)

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So, when we talk about the theoretical understanding of the place and space, one of the important
understanding one has to look at the Henry Lefebvre works the production of space. He says the
space is a social product, and it offers a theoretical assemblages and tactics in which power,
architecture, and also their associated agencies alter and potentially dissolve the centrality of
space in the depoliticized arena of post-disaster recovery.

How different forces can actually alter and transform the space and it can also tend to shift its
meanings.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:49)

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So that is where I can just briefly talk about what Lefebvre talks about. Lefebvre talks about 3
aspects, one is conceived space, lived space, perceived space. Conceived space which actually
talks about the intellect and here it is also a space that has been conceptualized or conceived by
planners, scientist which talks about the representations of the space, and these are based on
certain visions on certain principles developed by decision-makers.That is where we called
conceived space is thus a knowledge and science in combination with an ideology.

And, perceived space; the second form which he talks about the space of spatial practice where
the movement and the interaction takes place, and the networks develop and materialize, this is
where the daily routines and the individual level, as well as the networks, keep building on it is
not only at an individual but also at the collective orders.

So the lived space which is an unconscious and nonverbal direct relations of humans to space
which is also a form of representational space. It is lived through various associations through
schemata through also measures through various symbolic aspects and this kind of understanding
where we have the intellect which conceives this, the instincts which develops this networks and
then the intuitions, how it is understood through various images and the symbolic aspects.

This whole lecture is developed based on one of the important article by Camillo Boano and
William Hunter who actually developed an article ‘architecture at risk’ the ambivalent nature of
the post-disaster recovery. So I am going to describe about a brief aspects which described from
a theoretical perspective along with various understanding of what I have understood about that
project with various examples.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:21)

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Post-disaster spatial practice assemblages; there is a strong need that architecture as a theory has
to contemplate on the transformation nature of the shelter practices, the built environment
especially in the post-disaster recovery because it talks about both as a short term the medium
and long term adaptive practices.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:54)

One of another contribution which I would like to refer is Paul Oliver’s contribution on ‘built to
meet needs’ where in part 4, he talks about the culture, disasters, and dwellings in disaster
contexts what happens. Ideally our dependency on the built environment itself enhances
vulnerability because we depend more on the built environment, we depend more on the shelters,
earlier when man was a nomad when man was hiding in caves.

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That time the vulnerability component has a different meaning, but today our dependency of life
I mean our life dependence is more to do with the built environment. For instance, in Cappadocia
an example in the Central Anatolia.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:45)

Where lot of peasants live and you can see these tufa rock pinnacles which are actually formed
from the ancient deposits of the lava dust, and because of the exposure to the air and these soft
rock hardens so that the interiors have firm walls. So people started dwelling to their all small
dwellings and people started living in those houses and as you know the fault line passes through
turkey and it has been one of the earthquake-prone area.

And these pinnacles often collapse destroying the dwellings and you can see many of those have
the Cavusin which is a Greek village which has actually been demolished.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:26)

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(Refer Slide Time: 18:32)

And despite of these people given an opportunity to go back and settled somewhere else, they
came back and they settled because of various other reasons because tourism is one of the
important component, people come so that is where their livelihood is based on.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:45)

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So there are other associated reasons, the materiality of houses and problematic of spaces another
example I would like to say
(Refer Slide Time: 18:58)

This is in Gibellina in Sicily when 1968 a violent earthquake have destroyed almost 1 lakh
people became homeless.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:08)

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And this is where the Mayor Corra have talked about looking at cultural renaissance through the
urban reconstruction of Gibellina earlier it was only a 5000 habitants, but now they projected it
for 50,000 people.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:20)

So if you look at a huge squares the monumental aspect of architecture and today what you are
seeing in these pictures is no one is present, so the vastness of the project is so huge. The housing
where you can see earlier it was more of an informal way of interactions with the neighbours.
But because of we have the front garden which is detaching the house from the street.

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And it actually separates the neighbours, so there is the social interactions for weekend and the
scale of parking because the kind of vastness they are projected it also has to implicate with the
maintenance of the project. And these particular squares the artistic they also brought some
artists, various artists this has become almost like a huge competition there is a big platform
where a many creative people were invited.

And they asked to design this particular place, and many artists came, and they started working
on that, and these are all some exercises where to pull the community together, and they can
practice, and they can develop a kind of participatory approaches.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:49)

But today what you are able to see is, because of various other funding issues today many of
these artifacts are completely half-finished or just lying abandoned.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:03)

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Now what you can see is not many people out there and their economic regeneration, the
maintenance aspects there are many other issues came later on. This is a the previously affected
site this is a monument which the Alberto Burri have developed The Cretto in 12 hectares what
they did was he made the whole skeleton of the village the settlement as it is and he made as
concrete mounds where it talks about a one-meter height.

And so that it becomes a memory a collective memory. So he is trying to give a spatial

dimension to the collective memory of the old city turning a place of devastation and pain into a
work of art.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:47)

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But what we can see similar is both the Cretto and Gibellina Nuova has one common thing
which is silence, the first is a city forever captured under a shroud of cement. The Cretto is
captured which is archaeology of archaeology as a reminder of the past; and the second is a
cemetery of houses, squares, monuments, and unfinished infrastructure. So that is one example.

When we talk about the philosophical aspect of place, where especially we talk about the
perceived space, and the lived space where certain sense of emotional attachments place on the
daily where the habitat and habits interact with each other. So the habit and habitat that is where
Kim Dovey also talks about habitats.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:45)

He reflects about second birth Bourdieu talks about second birth these are some of the refugee
homes which were created by the Ikea. People from Syria or Afghanistan they were forcibly
given these kinds of prefab elements to use, it could be a tent cities, it could be camps, it could
be many other forms where because they are forced to enter into a different field, so that is where
they have to learn a different practice, different set of rules, different process.

How they were living in Africa and how they were living in Syria how they were living in
Afghanistan is very much different in what they have set up in Turkey or what they have set up
in Belgium. So that is where it takes time to adapt to the way they have to accustom with the new
field and new game rules.

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(Refer Slide Time: 23:39)

The relationship between home and homelessness is more complex than the simple presence or
absence of home and the physical adequacy of the shelter. So it is not just a part of the building
there is more meanings to it.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:59)

Another aspect, inherent complexity as practice and discipline. (Refer Slide Time: 24:08)

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There was never just one cultural context for providing shelter following a disaster. It is always 2
they are just distinct one is the haves and the other one have-nots, the powerful and the
powerless, the relief organizations and the victims, so there is the 2 dialects of the process, one is
a giver one is a taker, one is a intender one is the victim.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:35)

Allen Barton’s perceived disaster as a part of larger category of collective stress situations which
occur when many members of a social system failed to receive expected conditions of life from
that system. And more importantly especially the relief operation, the traditional and local
systems of organization are likely to be rejected in favour of systems familiar to and exercised by
the relief culture.

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So whenever the relief organizations whether it is a world vision whether it is Oxfam whether it
is any other Christian aid or red cross any other organization coming to these affected areas, they
do not even consider what is a local system. So they simply believe that it is traditional in the
local systems are does not work. A victim culture is made aware of the failure of local,
traditional, indigenous system to either anticipate the disaster.

Or be able to cope up when it happens. So many attempts were made to make the victims realize
that their traditional models are the reasons for these failures that is one thing one has to
seriously think about it. You are coming from some other place, but then without understanding
a lack of understanding we actually educate them that their system is not is absolutely a failure.

And we talk about the participatory methods. In many of the cases we can see that we did the
models and we can say please select one of that we are giving you a choice.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:25)

And then the poor man thinks about let me take whatever I get for free. His situation is different
before disaster and after disaster. The dynamics of the situation, the situational aspect changes
from time to time. When they talk about participation, one has to interpret exactly what
participation means and to whom it renders and the most ambiguous terms and the most
powerful of concepts. So we need to be clear on that participation aspect.

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(Refer Slide Time: 27:02)

These models often driven by the top-down implementation push of a result given solutions they
often expect a result whether it is a dwelling, whether it is a habitat, whether it is a cluster, and is
characterized by limited a variety of interventions so because the project mode. So they are try to
look at a limited variety of interventions and a fragmentation of donors and agencies and
political imperatives managing forcibly disabled populations.

It is not just one agency dealing with everything it is one agency dealing with shelter another
dealing with surveys another dealing with their livelihood so different fragmented agencies come
forward to help one beneficiary community in different angles. So there is always a dialogue
there is a gap which occurs within this.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:45)

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Another aspect is a control paradigm,
(Refer Slide Time: 27:51)

The aid industry culture where organizations struggle against the resistance of conservative
supporters unwilling to invest in anything different from what they have funded before where
regulators are reluctant to approve anything they may lose control over. So even the aid agencies
they might have develop certain trial and error process they might have tested certain models,
and they want to implement these things whether it is Japan, whether it is China, whether it is
India, whether it is Sri Lanka, whether it is Bangladesh. You are doing with a paper waste
structure I mean if the structure is made of paper waste if it is worked out there then they might
try to impose this here as well. So they mostly think of invest in what they have already tested

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what they have already funded before and similarly the approving authorities they also have a
challenge in approving some new things.

Because, how this could be tested how this has to be validated.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:51)

Technocracy and participatory rhetoric;

(Refer Slide Time: 28:53)

We are living in a generation where the architecture profession in the disaster context has moved
from a singular vision to a shared vision. In the first version of build back better where Michael
Lyons and other authors have demonstrated the various participatory approaches have been

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successful and obviously they also bought the pros and cons of each approaches and bringing
various case examples.

Like, most of them they are talking about putting people in the centre, like we can see in some of
the examples where the south Indian fishermen federation societies, Benny Kuriakose. Where he
have implemented a bottom-up approach of completion from the documentation to the design to
the erection process and the one to one consultation process has been its a time taking process.

Where you know Bernstein and Sushma Iyengar, they talked about how the paradigms from the
housing construction India have shifted from the vulnerable self-built housing to the safe
contractor-driven and they also emphasize on the owner-driven prologue approaches. And also
there are other aspects where that particular monograph discussed about the scaling up the
owner-driven process in various addition.

How one household at a time the multiplication from one household to a 100 and the replication
from one cluster to many clusters. So this is where the different owner-driven and contractor-
driven processes work. Especially in terms of the advancements of its built forms, and how they
develop a schemata, or a model, and then how they can replicate it whether in a scale of a cluster
whether in a scale of a settlement in that whole model. So that is how they are both pros and cons
of each model.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:53)

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Also there are issues of land tenure and ownership, the people who are having houses before and
but who have lost their houses in the disaster maybe when the aid agency support they may not
give the tenure full tenure. But the people who are not having houses who have a little money but
now they could able to afford the land and then they have a tenure so there is always the
discrepancies occur in the tenure and the ownership aspect.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:22)

You can see the responses what the aid agencies have given, and what people have developed.
There is always a personalization is a natural response to the cultural deficiencies whether it is a
kitchen, whether it is a religious, what you can see is a toilet has been converted as a worship

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place. So which means it is more to do with the religious aspects, two brothers have extended
one single roof to represent a family belonging, so there is a family.

A lady who lost her husband in the tsunami, she actually does not have any livelihood support.
So then she developed a house, there were no place for people to play around so they have
started encroaching the public places nearby. So there are many dimensions of how this place is
conquered and how this place is modified.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:16)

Normality and a normality of disasters: relief agencies normally they rarely pay attention to the
way in which housing is delivered.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:29)

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Often assuming that developing countries have no experience in low-cost social housing
schemes, no finance mechanisms, nor they do sometimes possess a profoundly rich and
established informal sector. So this is a kind of belief system that when the relief agencies, aid
agencies come to the developing countries, they think that these people does not have an
experience how the self-built programs work how their participatory mechanisms work that is
the blind belief.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:54)

So if you look at the schematic understanding of what we have discussed that Boano and
William Hunter have come framed in a nice conceptual diagram where there is a reconstruction

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phase, how it is programmed with different forces. One is a discourse, where the disasters the
reconstructions and the usual development process work on.
We have the option and choices; we have the relocation options, we have the in situ. we have the
building typologies, we have the international competitions, so there is options and choices come
forward which is a set of force. Land issues and tenures that is what I just discussed with you the
ownership, the renting, and the squatting.
The materiality; the scale of destruction, the recurrent technology, the geography of the disaster,
the displacement, the type of housing and the construction industry.

The social relationships; the social complexities, the poverty, poverty has a direct equation with
the disaster risk and the vulnerability. The marginalized representation systems who often get
affected by the disaster.

Power; whether it is a local government, whether it is an agency, whether it is a feudal system,

so that is where the ideologies how they frame how they conceive the development. The political
capacity to exert control over funding and policies, the development.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:19)

So that is where in short summary Ian Davis reflects. Shelter must be considered as a process but
not as an object, and this whole set of cases and examples which we are facing in our daily

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observations it opens a call for more culturally sensitive approaches to home making or remaking
in the aftermath of disasters.

So the culture is very important, and understanding of the philosophical understanding of place
and space and the process of making a place is very important that an architect has to understand
and this particular subject needs even further more debate to actually look at a reflective learning
you know how we learn from the practice is very important. I hope you understand.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Satheesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee

Lecture – 06
Culture, Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better, today we are going to talk about
culture, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. And we see about the relationship
between disasters and climate change. Much of the scientific literature often does not relate that
these two are interrelated because disasters they often triggered with an event, but whereas the
climate change, it has a long-run mechanism into it.

And it has the impact is more from a long-run instances like when you see about the recent
phenomenon, the recent concerns they are relating that the climate change is, directly and
indirectly, related to the disaster risk. So let us see how the discussion is going on.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:26)

When we say about from the CRED report 2015, this is what the map you get the EM-DAT has
recorded about 240 climate-related disasters per year before 2000. When compared to the 341
per year so that there is a 44% of increase and if you look at it when we see the number of
natural disasters here, mostly in the Chinese you can see that China, India, Mexico the later on
you can find part of Russian and African continents.

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And also the northern part of the Canadian aspect. So you can see that these are the number of
disasters and how they are very much prone.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:25)

If you look at the classification of the disasters, It is just a geophysical disaster which we are
talking about the earthquake or the tsunami or these are most of the landslides which are more
related to the geophysical aspects of it, and they are very less. But whereas here it is going
almost these are climatically whether it is a hydrological or meteorological aspects so this is
where the climate-induced. So there have been various studies which actually address that
climate-induced disaster is on higher end.

And there is a need that we need to integrate that climate change and the disaster risk and how
we have to work in hand-in-hand to work with it. And that is where like many of the
international conventions, frameworks held by United Nations, IPCC the Intergovernmental
Panel on climate change have recognized that there is a relationship between disaster risk and
climate change in a rational manner.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:32)

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Similarly, the conceptual approach of the SREX report, where SREX which talks about putting
the disaster risk in the center, and how the settlements are exposed and vulnerability component
and also the long-run weather and climatic events put these settlements into vulnerable
conditions, and how they are exposed, and on one side we have these greenhouse gas emissions
which are on the continuous concerns.

And which is actually causing the anthropogenic climate change and also the natural variability.
So which is subjected to the disaster risk and this is where the disaster and the development and
this where they are interrelated, you know from Frederick Connie when he talks about the
disasters and development are interrelated with each other, and that is where the development
within which the disaster risk management and the climate change adaptation, how they can
actually contributed to the disaster risk you know this is what the whole understanding. And the
main important point here is linking the CCA climate change adaptation, and the disaster risk
reduction is one of the important crucial steps to achieve the sustainable development.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:52)

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So this is one of the important indication that we need to integrate these two components.
Disaster risk reduction and how it has been conceptualized when we have the concept and
practice of reducing disaster risks through a systematic efforts to analyse and manage the casual
factors of disasters. The first stage which talks about the risk assessment where the scientific
knowledge also contributes in analysing the risk, and also the local knowledge also contributes in
understanding the risk.

Whereas a dialogue when we talk about the communication part of it read inside actors outside
actors actually they interface with each other, so that is where the NGOs the governments, the
scientific community the policymakers and also the victims, the beneficiaries you know who are
the inside actors the communities and the marginalized groups.

And then coming to the action which is again there should be an interface between the top-down
initiatives on the bottom-up initiatives and how there is actually in holistically they contribute to
the DRR (disaster risk reduction), so there have been a jargon in these terminologies of disaster
risk reduction, disaster risk management.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:14)

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So Begum categorizes this into two main components one is DRM disaster risk management and
within which the disaster risk reduction is one of the component, and the disaster management is
another component. The DRR is a concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through a
systematic efforts to analyse and manage the casual factors of disasters. Whereas the disaster
management follows four different phases.

It talks about mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. So it goes that this DRM goes
beyond the DRR by adding a management perspective which involves prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, and with response. So this is how it has been understood by I mean different
experts. For instance in India when we talk about climate change adaptation, there are national
action plan on climate change which is from the Prime Ministers Council on climate change.

They are talking about Government of India have established the different national missions like
for instance these eight national missions which talks about the solar mission, enhanced energy
efficiency, sustainable habitat, water mission, national mission on sustaining Himalayan
ecosystems, national mission on green India, sustainable agriculture and strategic knowledge for
climate change.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:34)

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So these are different missions which were established by the Government of India and in order
to address the sustainable development goals and as well as the climate change on the green
aspects of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:53)

And in fact, the Hyogo framework for action which talks about for the ongoing climate change
negotiations have also led to the growing consensus among the policymakers, politicians and
practice that there is a great need to integrate DRR and CCA. Not only by conceptually but in
terms of practice both regional level, sub-national level, national, and international level.

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And UNISDR also recommends the functional linking of DRR and CCA Within the context of
poverty reduction because we are ignoring that poverty has to because there is a bottom level
situations how we can actually communicate to them, how we can increase, how can address this
poverty groups, who are the marginalized groups who are often affected by the disasters. And
who have a bigger impact on these climate change impacts.

We mentioned about these eight missions, but the important thing one we have to do is every
mission is have their own objectives, every mission has their own action plans, every mission has
set up to deliver certain things. But unfortunately they are all talking about habitat and Eco-
sensitive habitats and how they are interrelating how these different missions are interrelated to
each other, how they are coordinating with each other, how they are cooperating with each other.
This is one thing which we have to understand, and this is a very little focus in on disaster risk
reduction. Because their each mission is focused on the green emissions, on climate change, in
but how they are able to see the disaster risk reduction as one of the integral component within it.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:42)

So this particular aspect has not been laid so far.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:47)

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And before getting into any further discussion, I think we need to understand what are the major
differences and challenges for integrating DRR and CCA. So one is you have John Berkman, and
many other authors have listed out these are the fundamental differences and similarities you
know how they are they have these challenges bringing them together.

One is the scales, because they two talk about different scales. The CCA talks about the more
longer and temporal and larger spatial scales. Whereas disaster it talks more on the shorter and
smaller scales you know it triggers by the event and it talks about the both positive and negative
effects and whereas here the disaster is mostly focus on the negative impacts. The research
preferences it is mostly on the top-down approach, but these are the preferences which mostly on
the bottom-up approach.

Whereas the common challenges which has a multi-stakeholder participation and multi-scale
coordination.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:50)

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So for instance scale mismatches and if you look at any particular settlement like this is Banda
Aech before tsunami and after tsunami, and it is being focused in that particular spatial level
where it has an impact with the disaster with a little tsunami or an earthquake. But when you
look at the weather impacts like this is from the Swedish methodological agency and where we
can see the snow cover have started gradually reduced from year after year.

So earlier it was 8 months snow cover, now it is six months, now it is gradually reducing. So
they have both positive and negative impacts. For instance, the farmers say yes, snow coverage
less so we may get an extra crop but there will also other impacts; the temperature is increasing
on it, and it has impacts on the health and as well as the communities the way they live.

So and similarly the climate change like what you can see is the coral reefs, which has a negative
and positive impacts and no effect on the global level. So one data is talking about a global level
impact on the coral reefs, and the other data talks about the snow cover impacts, and the other
data talks about very limited to a spatial scale maybe the affected area. So this is where the DRR
and climate change have a the data itself talks in a 2 different scales.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:11)

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Like for instance, we are also I want to bring you that when we talk about culture you know how
this culture is related to climate change and disaster risk reduction. So I would like to bring one
of the important contribution of Regina Mapua Lim where she talks about the Philippines
cultural identity on traditional settlements in development, and she uses a framework of cultural
environment for analysing these indigenous traditional settlements and their cultural identity, and
their understanding towards the impacts of the climate change and as well as the day-to-day
routine vulnerable situations.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:52)

Like if you see the Philippines, you have the mountaineers culture on the top, and you have the
mainstream culture The Tagalog mainstream culture, and you have the sea culture which is the

137
Coran islands. So about 7,000 islands that compromise the Philippines there are over 120
ethnolinguistic groups that continue to inhabit traditional settlements spread out over the
Archipelago.

So these vernacular settlements are located in different terrains within ecosystems creating
economies, or ways of living particular to culture place and people. So they have their own
language, they have their own dialect, they have their own culture, they have food habits, they
have their dressing senses, they have their communal understanding.

So what she did was she developed a kind of conceptual framework of analysis. So she actually
looked at how what kind of structures that create the cultural identity, and that concepts of
development and she worked in this cultural environment framework of how the mainstream
cultures, alpine cultures, and the coastal cultures how they respond, what kind of systems they do
have, and that is what she derives some very participatory approaches.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:13)

Like for instance, and some of these rice harvesting culture, where these mountain people like
they have these rice harvesting as one of the important livelihood source. And here even the pig
is also one of the important food which they consume, and you can see that they also conduct lot
of feast of with these pigs and also big jaws and you know they put the rice bundles and which
are actually a symbolic representation of the ritual feasting.

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(Refer Slide Time: 14:45)

So, in fact, there are different hierarchies within the community, and that is where the tradition of
the ritual feasting by wealthy members of the community which is a practice reinforces the
egalitarian qualities needed by Sadanga society to maintain the rice production culture. Because
the butchering of so many animals for a family wedding is a way of redistributing the
accumulated wealth to the poor.

It is a family’s privilege to work diligently accumulating animals to be butchered for the

community to share and one cannot accumulate wealth and not share it for the task of rice
production requires the sharing of labour and community cooperation in order to bring in the
harvest. So here even the traditional feast it is talking about how it actually one is sharing his
wealth, and that is how brings the labour and the community’s cooperation. So that they have to
come together for the harvest.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:41)

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Now they also use the Sadanga language to conduct these rituals and to negotiate a numerous
peace pacts which define the territorial boundaries and rights related to the neighbours. So these
feasts also brings the neighbours together they also discuss various stocks, and they also talks
about the water rights understandably have been the cause of tribal wars. Because it is a resource
essential to the cultivation of rice, without an entire settlement could be starved.

So they also discuss about these water rights; how to share the water because when agriculture
has become the main occupation, one has to look at water resourcing and distribution is an
important task among the communities. So even these traditional patterns also formulate certain
negotiations within the distribution of natural resources accumulate I mean sharing of the
accumulated wealth, and bringing the community together like I will show you a small video of
Regina’s work watch it.
(Video Start Time: 16:46)
(Refer Slide Time: 16:46)

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(Refer Slide Time: 17:46)

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(Refer Slide Time: 18:16)

So you can see that you know even the kind of grainers how they store and how the whole ritual
process have been organized within the community and again across communities.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:46)

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Also talks about the common shared systems and how they shared land the elders plays an
important role. (Video End Time: 18:56).

And here it becomes you know the rice culture with all the rituals believes the inheritance
patterns and all these associations with the land and territory continue to be part of their identity
providing means in their lives. So each and every system how the community lived they are all
becoming a kind of structures that have created an identity for this community and how they can
sustain.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:21)

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Whereas similarly in the Coron island which is actually the fishing settlement, fishermen
settlements.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:31)

And how they can adopt the indigenous knowledge in understanding the fishing techniques and
as well as understanding the nature or the ecosystems. Like Regina have actually a map given
how the fishermen they understand the sacred places you know which are more important for the
breeding purposes and where the community have defined the boundaries where they have
defined the boundaries showing different lakes, beaches and the sacred places.

You know this is a kind of survey which have done how the communities have understood this.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:07)

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And there is also certain indigenous myths how they have also transferred some knowledge to
the next generations that for example the Panyaan or the sacred area is a home to the giant
octopus. Like one of the interviewers say that my father taught me to avoid these places it is a
forbidden place, and none of the indigenous Tagbanwa would go to these sacred places because
they mutually respect and recognize it.

When one goes to these places, the giant octopus holds onto the boat and sinks it till it drowns.
So when in sacred places one must remain quiet and sometimes ask permission for being there
like in Calis have sacred places Panyaan where there is a manlalabyot a large octopus with 7 or 3
large tentacles. So normally they have a myths which has been transferred from their forefathers
and grandfathers where they say that you don not go to this place.

So they really respect that as a communal understanding, and that is how they say that you know
there is a large octopus which might hold your boat and pull it down. So in fact when they ever
happen to go to these places their elders speak do not mind this person he is from here do not
harm him. If a prayer is not intoned by the elders, a sickness will occur. So this is all kind of
intangible traditions where certain understanding of the lake, and the fishing, fish breedings and
the nature of fish and how they have to respect these particular fishing grounds. So this all has to
a part of the intangible traditions which pass from one generation to another generation. A small
film of Regina’s work will be again shown here.

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(Video End Time: 31:51)
But here in the present conditions one has to understand that many migrated fishermen have
understood that a lot of fish available here and they started migrating to these places and they
had adopted different various advanced fishing techniques.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:08)

And they are not necessarily environmentally friendly, but they might have used a dynamite, the
fine nets that catch even a very small fish fry, and the pounding of the coral reefs to drive fish
into the nets, all created problems of overfishing and the destruction of the environment when the
fish live where the fish live and multiply. So these advanced techniques these newcomers into
these islands they started using the fine nets.

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So that each, and every net have a different proportion on how what kind of fish it catches and it
can hold. But now they are not leaving any more fish, so that is actually bringing a lot of
environmental concerns especially with these migrant fishermen, and because when they are
coming in different place they are not tied to this place they are not their attachments are never
tied to a particular place.

With the fish gone, they move on to another Island that is what so these Tagbanwa myths were
no relevance to the fearless migrant, and in fact with these migrated fishermen coming into the
picture even this Tagbanwa learned new fishing techniques that did not go against their beliefs.
That is how it has an impact of one do not understand the cultural aspects and how different
cultures understand their ecosystems on the environment.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:30)

With this what you can see that how the coral reefs have been damaged and because of using the
Dynamites and poisoned by sodium cyanide which used for bringing in live fish. So now one can
see them, one can witness how it has an impact on the coral reefs you know one certain coral reef
has been damaged and obviously it affects the marine system, the marine system is affected
when aqua system is affected. It also affects the human systems, so there is a chain process, in
fact, the impact of tourism on bird’s nest production, the diminishing fish catch caused by illegal
fishing techniques, and the careless attitudes of the people who do not have a long-term interest
in protecting the land and sea which provide a livelihood of the Tagbanwa people.

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(Refer Slide Time: 34:22)

So these are some of the interesting facts that how local cultures understand the ecosystem and
the environment, how these myths also protect the environment but when the foreign intrusions
comes, how they get impacted, and one do not understand the other cultures interest and
knowledge.

There is a spatial scale challenges when we talk about the climate change it talks about its very it
talks up to much bigger scales, larger scales whereas the disaster it talks about much more to the
pointed affected areas. So it is very difficult to bring them together, for instance, when we talk
about a flood impact in somewhere in Bihar it may not necessarily that the impact the cause is
from the same place it might have been the cause the root cause might be in some other country
which is in China like for instance of China builds a hydropower dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet.
It may have impact in the Indian subcontinent.

So it is the cause is falling under the different political interest and the mind so it is a challenges
in addressing that as well. So there is also a mismatch between the horizontal scales and vertical
scales where the sources of climate change often lie in other regions and countries then where it
is affects are shown. So and also there is a scientific knowledge which has been generated from a
very vast spatial scales of study and analysis is often not reflected for appropriate considerations
at local level, this is the gap one can understand.

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(Refer Slide Time: 35:48)

Also, the temporal and functional challenges; when we talk about the temporal and functional
challenges, it is also about the role of different agencies whether it is an NGO or a government
sector or quasi-government which whoever are coming so especially the NGOs who are coming
the agencies to do the disaster recovery projects. They are here on a contract, they are here to do
certain targeted work.

Whether it is a livelihood dimension, whether it is a shelter dimension, they finish that, and they
move on, their visas are also expire, and they move on. So long run what happens, who will take
care of it, so they do not have long-run commitments of how this place will get modified further,
how people get adjusted to it like there is no proper evaluation. The Ministry is only evaluate
how many houses they have provided but not on how they have been accommodated. How
people have responded to it what are the temporal changes it occurred you know how to make it
into a mainstream development procedures. So for instance in Latur and Gujarat we can see even
some of the houses still or empty unoccupied.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:58)

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Where we have also the knowledge mismatches in the norms when we talk about the climate
change, it was when it was discussed in the 80s which was the first era from 80s to 2002 it was
mostly focused on the greenhouse gas emissions. Where the most of the scientific community are
involved, it is an environmental problem.

Whereas in the second era from 2000s this has been seen by the International agenda, and also
the social dimension come into the picture where the social scientists and the development
workers have increased their cooperation in the second era.

In the third era it also looks from the you know this has been felt by other countries and other
regions. So this is become a question of global justice in the near future that is where the legal
dimension came in third era which is, and this is where we need to talk about develop of certain
legislative cultural and behavioral norms which determine the functioning of human society and
how the interactions between nature and society were created. So many of these legislative
norms were often violated in the context of informal and coastal settlements. For example, the
coastal regulation zone which was formed in 1991 and revised 19 times until the tsunami have
struck. But then they were barely implemented.
(Refer Slide Time: 38:21)

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Also the knowledge mismatches when we talk about different scales, different data sets, different
climate and risk scientist’s practitioners which they do not bring the transparent communication
and collaboration and joint programming between various levels of actor’s, institutions, and
agencies. So there is all this actually leads towards an important question of how to use this
macro-level knowledge data sets to inform the micro-level data sets.

And who should take this into consideration, in what way a clear roadmap is needed for a better
integration of CCA and DRR.
(Refer Slide Time: 39:00)

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So to summarise whole aspect we see that differences and challenges we have disaster risk
reduction and the climate change adaptation. This because it is aimed at the adaptation strategy
which tells of scale mismatches because it is aimed at disaster event, it is a long term
implications. A draught is not just only a matter of one month, it may come from years of years
or together.

Whereas the spatial scales respective to regions and localities prone to occur, well it is a global
scale sometimes is a continental and intercontinental impacts. Temporal and functional
challenges; because this is more to do with the short and medium-term and mostly to the event
related, and this has more of a prevention and also the long term adaptation strategies. Here the
differences in function of agencies plays players involved and what is the scope of work roles
and funding, because at the end of the day, funding is the most important part.

Mismatches regarding the norms: when we have the legislative norms, urban planning norms,
coastal regulations how they enter do not relate to each other that is one aspect. Knowledge
mismatches when we say the different types and scales of knowledge data sets and work applied.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:20)

So for this Lei and Wang they actually come up with more explicit frameworks they call about
“6w framework”. So they talk about why adaptation is needed for natural disaster risk, what is
adaptation to disaster risk, and adapt to what, who has to adapt?.

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(Refer Slide Time: 40:42)

Who should adopt? How to adapt? What are the possible principles or criteria to assist
effectiveness of adaptation?.
(Refer Slide Time: 40:51)

So there is a brief summary of this whole 6w framework has been listed out and now one of the
important understanding from a built environment perspective what we can see is there is a scale
mismatches. The spatial levels data so it is always if you look at the built environment we as a
planners or architects we only look at the plots buildings and elements. We completely ignore the
underlying topography and the natural systems ecosystems, and the public linkage systems so
they all are interrelated to each other so one has to see the different sets of data how they can

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come together, and how can macro-level information can be informed the micro-level
information.
(Refer Slide Time: 41:39)

So it is where in my current ongoing study I developed this framework where we have the spatial
dimension and which has also the vulnerability in impacting on these, and there is also the
adaptation process both pre-disaster in disaster post-disaster and the future risk which has a
short-term and medium-term of single and multiple disasters. And this has a long-term
adaptation through social learning. And here we can see that how the nature and culture can
come together.

And this also talks about how the adaptive built environments open up choices, connect past and
future, and how it can reintegrate the humans in nature for which cooperation coordination
between various agencies political, technological, ecological, educational and as well as the
participation and communication across various segments the global actors in the National. So all
these things has to come this is a very holistic framework which we worked on.
(Refer Slide Time: 42:39)

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And when we talk about an integrated multi-dimensional framework, so it investigates on three
aspects; one is how different building practices have offered choices to variety of users and
users, how the natural environment with its ecosystems and services has been integrated in the
place making process in different disaster recovery process. At the same time how different
rebuilding processes have addressed the challenges to connect both past and future needs and
aspirations of the beneficiaries.
(Refer Slide Time: 43:10)

So there are few references listed out so one can actually go through that. Thank you.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee

Lecture – 07
Ayutthaya at Risk

Welcome to the course Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better. My name is Ram Sateesh, I am
Assistant professor, Department of Architecture and planning, IIT Roorkee. Today I am going to
discuss on a topic of heritage at risk, especially with the case of Ayutthaya which is the ancient
capital of kingdom of Thailand. So I will go through a brief of various reports and very different
kinds of analysis, the flood risk analysis and what kind of measures they have taken.So this is a
very brief overview of how the heritage context comes under risk.

Before coming into the heritage context, let us also brief you about a kind of historical
understanding of Thailand.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:25)

Much of the literature of Thailand goes back to 13th century which we found more evident that
is where the Lanna Kingdom where you can see the Lanna Kingdom and this is the data for of
the first ancient kingdom which is Sukhothai. So the Lanna Kingdom is in a northern part of the
Thailand. And Chiang Mai actually comes from here and the Bangkok, the today’s Bangkok
comes from here and Ayutthaya some somewhere here.

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So now from the 13th century if we go back to the 14th century, this is where the Ayuthaya,
Lanna and you can see this Ayuthaya, Ayodhya when you heard this name Ayutthaya or
Ayodhya it actually reflects the mythological stories of Ramayana, the epics of Ramayana from
Indian subcontinent. There are many similarities between the Indian culture and the Thai culture,
in fact, when you say even Indonesian cultures to Thai cultures, we have some similarities which
shared this particular epic.

Have you heard about Jatayu which is a kind of bird which protected tried to fight with Ravana
when he was carrying Sita to Lanka? So, in fact, the national symbol of Thailand is actually
Jatayu. So they share a similar epics of what we shared and it also reflects to the birthplace of
Rama. I mean there has been various studies like there is a document on locating Lanka. Where
they discussed about different understandings of the how Ayutthaya has been positioned both in
Thailand and as well as in the Indian continent.

And there might have been a lot of geomorphological issues from that generation or that time to
this time. So maybe we never know how was the situation at that time but the story has been
reflected and has been continued for generations and generations even today, and Ayutthaya also
reflects back to Rama.

And this is a friend of mine Burin Tharavichitkun from Thailand, he actually worked on the Thai
identity. And I could able to see that you know gathered some information from his work
basically on the historical aspects of it. So now this Sukhothai have gradually becomes the
Ayutthaya you know this is the Ayutthaya Kingdom and which is about a century after 13th and
14th century.

And now the Chiang Mai plus Siam which is the Siamese on the 20th century. So now this whole
thing has been now into the Chiang. And now the Lanna part has been very limited, and that is
where the Chiang Mai which is still reflecting its traditional identity and the cultural resources.
So this is how the overall understanding of how the historical layers have been framing Thailand.

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 And the Bangkok becomes a capital city of the Thailand and Chiang Mai becomes a kind of
cultural capital.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:56)

So Burin also works out the kind of timeline especially in 12th century or 13th century where the
Sukhothai has frames the Lanna Kingdom and about Ayutthaya which is the 1350 to almost 17th
century where the Burmese have devastated the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the war. And that is
where the Siam which is the Siam kingdom has been started from 17th century, and you can see
that king Rama 5.

So many of their king names is actually named of king Rama 1 Rama 2 Rama 3, and that is how
the Burmesian envision also has an impact on, so this is the time we are talking about Ayutthaya
and which has been the capital as well. In terms of the houses in terms of the architecture it also
varies from different historical influences, and different belief systems have also made some
significant differences in the architecture.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:04)

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For instance, many of the traditional houses they were designed for this hot and humid climate,
and you know, therefore the ventilation is very much essential for this kind of climate. And that
is the climate, and the geography is one aspect, and also there is religious aspect there is a
seniority plus Buddhism which frames the form of the building and a steep roof and a long use
for heat production and fast drainage for heavy rain because it has been a very flood-prone areas.

And there is a supporting stilts, a buffer area, provide air circulation to cool living spaces and
avoid seasonal flooding because that is one aspect all the houses are raised in a stilt.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:55)

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So this is how a traditional houses in the central parts of Thailand which you see like you have
the whole house is raised in stilts, and that is how the whole program.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:05)

And in Chiang Mai and Bangkok these are the two important places one has to look at it because
this is more of a kind of metropolitan, so capital city and this is more of a cultural capital.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:14)

And the Lanna house and the Siamese house how they differ you know in terms of their
orientation, and in terms of their organizers, like you have the Chan they call it is the terrace the
Tenn veranda and the kitchen has been little isolated from it and that is how this is a kitchen and
this is a Chan where they do even some kind of agricultural activities like taking out the seeds

169
and other things, and this is how the common terrace so this is a very slight difference in there in
terms of the layout.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:54)

And the Lanna house is very much linked to the animist approach you know the animist beliefs
systems that is where they tried to portray that in the shape of a buffalo because they believe in
animism which is providing the protection and happiness to the family. Whereas the Siamese
house or the Thai house it reflects to the spiritual aspects of the highest goal you know of the
Buddhism which is talking about the Nirvana.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:20)

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And then we come to the Ayutthaya which is has been an ancient kingdom as I said to you it also
reflects some stories about the Rama the birthplace of Rama and Ayutthaya. But in Thai it has
been founded in 1351 by King U Thong who went there to escape a smallpox outbreak in Lop
Buri and proclaimed it the capital of his kingdom, and this is often referred as Ayutthaya
kingdom or Siam.

So that is where the Ayutthaya has became the second Siamese capital of the Sukhothai,
Sukhothai which I showed you earlier. So this has become more of the second capital, and this
city is located at the junction of Chao Phraya and Lopburi and Pasak rivers, so it is almost a kind
of delta kind of thing.

So this particular historic city has some religious meanings and the historical understanding to it.
And there is a cultural significance and cultural integrity and as a cultural context which actually
frames this historical city. And this has been 17th century it has been destroyed by the Burmese
military and then later on it has been converted as a Ayutthaya historical park when it has been
recognized as in a school world heritage site, and this is where it has reflected with its
outstanding universal value where we talk about OUV.

I am going to refer about mainly two to three important documents and this particular paper
Which talks about the disaster aspect of it where the flood risk assessment in the areas of cultural
heritage and how it has been applied in the Ayutthaya.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:08)

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So this is a group of authors which worked that has been published in natural hazards and Zoran
Vojinnovic, and Michael Hammond, Daria Golub, Sianee Hirunsalee, and others you know they
have actually published is a very recent document.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:29)

So first they talk about what is a flood risk assessment you know because that is FRA, we call it
as flood risk assessment that is a very basic key tool as a traditional approach in the traditional
approach to understand and managing the flood risk. So and if you look at FRA techniques much
of the work has been mostly focused on the quantitative aspects or the target based on how much
has been impacted or the cause of them.

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And the cost of damage to the property and the business description and you know either it may
be quantified in financial terms. And when it talks about these quantifiable impacts, do not
reflect the entire effects of flooding you know that like, for instance, there is not only about the
monetary aspects, there is a physical aspect, and there is also to do with the non-monetary
aspects of the intangible aspects of it. So this is where the loss and life, loss of cultural heritage
which has been often neglected in the FRA tools.

So when we say about the hazard assessment of any floods that is where the hydrologist they talk
about many hydrological models when it is a 1d model the 2d models and which actually talks
about the represent the process by which rainfall is converted into the surface runoff. So you
know so how much water volume of water and how much surface runoff is carried out, so this is
all about the quantitative aspect of it and the modeling and the simulation aspect of it.

Whereas in the vulnerability assessment it actually has to it is often assessed using the site-
specific indicators or measurements, and this is where the multiple aspects which has to be
combined by multi-criteria methods.

There is also the qualitative aspects, there is also the financial aspect, there is a livestock, there is
livelihood, there is human loss, there is a property damage, there is a infrastructural damage. So
it is a different sets of impact situations which we considered varies from site to site but in this
kind of conditions we need to look at the culture as an important cultural vulnerability. So there
is two approaches when the authors they try to relate with the traditional approach.

Where we call about R=risk=hazard when vulnerability adds on to it that is where the risk
component comes to it and this is the risk perception approach how people how the communities
percept this approach you know the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:15)

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Like, that is where they try to compare, like in the factors underlying the level of risk here the
Hydrometeorological conditions and the catchment the land use areas and what are the land use
of exposed demographic social and political institutions and the governance. Whereas here when
we talk about the perception aspects of it the level of knowledge the beliefs and values the media
and the trust in the expert’s cultural institutions, and the past experience what they have
understood what they have experienced.

Disaster characteristics: this is where the flood magnitude, flood frequency, and uncertainties.
Whereas the direct and indirect damages the tangible and as well as intangible damages so this is
where again the perception brings about the familiarity, controllability, voluntariness of
exposure, catastrophic potential.

And assessment techniques: Maximum they might narrow down to hydrological and hydraulic
modeling. And depth-damage curves except inundation maps and all this. Whereas here they talk
about the heuristics, cognition, and intuitions. And what is the output out of it it takes us a hazard
map, and the vulnerability map, and that is how a flood tisk map regeneration. But there is also
the risk perception, risk acceptance as risk to whom then how do they prepare for it how do they
accept it risk behaviour so this is again this whole thing comes from the social and community.

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It is very community-specific, it is also society specific how they look at it how they see it how
they behave to it.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:58)

So now when you look at the Ayutthaya island which is located in the urban area. So almost one-
third of this island is under the world heritage site. So and you can see that the river process the
kind of the whole island is set up in the river bases.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:23)

The two lands coming and what this authors have tried to do they tried to club both the methods
of both, one is the scientific approach of it, and second is the social approach to it, and the
perception of it. And see how they are actually relating to it. Like it is about a 1D model this is a

175
1D model of 52 kilometer stretch of Chao Phraya river and which has a number of tributaries
that include Lopburi, Pasak rivers which actually meet at Ayutthaya.

But they also collected lot of rainfall data and 4 rain gauges and then this 1D model is coupled
with a 2D model of the urban area to investigate the propagation of excess flood offered that is
where how much an inundation is created. And from the 1d river system of Pasak, Lopburi and
Chao Phraya rivers into the using and they use the software of DHI MIKE flood software.

So here is what you can see is that the intensities, this is you know about they develop this
contour topography of Ayutthaya land derived from 2 meter grid-scale resolution from the
satellite data and how it can actually create the inundated areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:48)

Then the physical vulnerability so there is a for assessing the physical vulnerability 4 different
classes of the built environment or identified. Residential buildings, cultural properties, and the
critical infrastructure, and the roads and the connectivity. And within each group they also
categorize the vulnerability part of it low, medium, and high. So if you look at it the pillared
house in the residential buildings there a subjected the medium.

But whereas in the high, which is a one-storey house which is based on and they are subjected
mostly to the high risk. Similarly, in the cultural properties which has been submerged they are

176
not restored. And whereas the archaeological remains you know and whereas some of these
properties which are restored back. Critical infrastructure includes hospitals, police stations, and
ATMs, water supply and they are all subjected to the high risk.

And the roads which is asphalt roads which having the low risk and gravel roads and unpaved
roads which are more into the high risk. That is how the categorization of the built environment
into 3 vulnerable classes.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:53)

And then coming to the social approach, what they did was they divided into 8 sectors the whole
region into the eight sectors like you can see the River Delta which is forming out and the whole
heritage properties about here. And that what they did was they divided this whole territory
residential territory into 8 sectors and the community representatives from each sector formed
the group to accomplish the group mapping exercise. So there is a huge exercise what they did
developed in each sector.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:27)

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And collected a lot of inventories and the data. So the biggest difficulty here is comparing the
two maps because of the spatial data format one is the traditional flood risk map uses the one-
meter raster grid cells, whereas the risk perception map is based on the polygons of varying
sizes. So that is where a difficult to compare the same set of spatial data.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:53)

When this is the flood hazard map of the extreme and there is given the threshold values of 0.5 to
1.5 meter depth of inundation there is inundation map and if you can see that this whole region is
completely flooded right about 1.5 meter height of inundation. And on the banks at least you can
see that the whole thing is in the inundation.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:23)

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So that is how what they did was they tried to classify different layers of it and like physical
vulnerability now when you talk about the physical vulnerability what are the places which has
been in highly damaged, medium damaged, and the low damaged and which has been not
defined. Similarly, the social the target groups which are actually which are the most of these
communities which are often affected and this is the social vulnerability map. (Refer Slide
Time: 19:56)

And the economic vulnerability: When we say economic vulnerability, when the flood happens
obviously what kind of business sector often closes down, shuts down for a period of some time
and or how their livestock gets damaged so this is all about the economical. Mostly you can see
that on the edges you can see that most of the commercial aspect has been damaged.

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The cultural vulnerability: and you can see that you know much of the cultural properties are
under the high risk.

And this is where one has to understand that the heritage which is UNESCO world heritage it is
subject to the high risk and tomorrow if these things get collapsed and they get damaged then we
are actually closing the history we are actually bringing an intense damage to the history the
where the next generations has to learn about their own country their own ancestors.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:52)

Now what they did was they tried to combine this map and one is using all the digital tools how
they combined and this is again a combined flood risk map by a traditional approach. So by both
by the social approaches and as perception approach and by their scientific approaches how they
have able to get a similar set of data but of course they could able to identify. There are some
possibilities which were more possible in the scientific approach.

But in certain perception approach they have lacking some kind of data. So that is then authors
they have articulated very well in that report that what aspects they could able to get from these
and what aspects they could not able to get in these. I think one can go through that report but
here what we have to see is what we have to learn from is that how even the satellite imagery and
the social understanding, how they are able to correlate with each other, and also they in parts
they also contrast with each other.

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I mean till now I talked about the flood analysis part of it and how different techniques have been
used by various authors. But then from the conservation point of it how the ICOMOS.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:18)

Or what kind of report they have produced on the historic city of Ayutthaya.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:25)

So one is there is a direct impact of the major flooding in 2011which, and there has been lack of
some emergency measures for conservation as well because there is a also some rush process
indicated. And this flood water will have both the mid-term and the long-term impacts. You
know on the heritage sites. So what kind of conclusions they have come up with now when we
say about the conclusions.

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(Refer Slide Time: 22:51)

The future measures against major floods. One is the protection from flooding, how we can
protect this sites but if you look at this existing site if the river is just these temples have this Wat
Chai place is just near to the so it all the whole thing gets flooded. So the authorities are actually
preparing to set up an emergency flood prevention barrier, and they want to make an artificial
barrier using the concrete and metal barrier.

So that at least it can obstruct the flood water penetrating into the historic sites. So this is one
aspect. The other aspect is the measures to mitigate the impact of floodwater. So when we say
about what kind of measures we can adopt so one easiest expensive method is planting the trees.
So imagine if people start planting the trees and especially bamboo is one aspect one because it
can densely grow and as well as it was very quick in growing so there are some species one can
identify, and plantation could be possible in this kind of flood-affected areas.

So because being a historic context one has to look at the learning from history.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:12)

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So reproduction of a city wall; so historians think that how this geography was existing even
before this has become a heritage site even in 13thcentury how the ancient I mean those days
how people have survived. Obviously they might have built a wall before in order to protect this
particular kingdom. So why not we can think of reproducing of the city wall. So there might be
possibility that when the kingdom has moved.

So they might have taken all these bricks and taken out, and probably this area might have got
abandoned. So these are some various theories which has also thought about so how in what
ways we can reproduce a city wall.

And when we talk about the looking back about how man has lived and have survived these
floods this is where the traditional measures we can even identifying from the rediscovering the
traditional wisdom. The traditional knowledge systems which of that days man have
implemented so there is a need that we can relook into it rediscover into these kinds of practices
and then try to implement in our contemporary practice situations so at least some learning could
help us should show some direction.

And the third aspect is the comprehensive plan for conservation and utilization. So how you
know the arts department have developed a comprehensive plan for both the conservation and
the living heritage.

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Then they also talked about the international symposium of Ayutthaya symposium where we can
learn from the global experts of flood resilience you know how we can learn from each other so
that is a kind of international symposium.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:07)

So some of the photographs I will go through it and then so there is a new square bases which
has been constructed using some concrete tie-beams and what they tried to do is they made the
bases with the tie-beams to raise the plinth, and then they covered with the brick part of it. So in
many places that is one thing the authentic question you know why is there any particular
scientific study which says that why we have to cover the tie-beam? why not a tradition of how
they come to that kind of conclusion and the question of authenticity also comes into the picture
and is it the right way of conservation practice. So there are many questions in this particular
practice which comes.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:50)

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And these are all again the new constructed plinths and whether is it the only method we have
going aback with the structural understanding or how the traditional understanding has been
overlooked, these are some aspects we can look at.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:07)

And conservation philosophy and execution should ideally converge because on one side we are
talking about the authentic heritage on the other side we have to talk about how to protect it or so
they has to really come together.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:28)

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Now, these undulating bricklayers not the best of the workmanship, for instance, if you ever look
at this kind of circular mounds, even in Andhra you can see in Ghantasala where this similar kind
of structures Stupas have been brick Stupas have been constructed where the brick sizes were
very different the brick component is very different and even the bonding you can see that you
know how the bonding could be also worked out so that the load could be transferred easily.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:03)

And you can see that a lot of improvement could be done because whatever they have done it
still one can see that you know the bonding has not been appropriately taken care of even the
material component on the bricks sizes.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:19)

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And also the material the composition of mortar the lime and the old and new lime mortar so one
can see that the basic fundamental difference of it. Of course in conservation, we also have to
make sure that what has been added later it has to reflect because it all varies about the context
where we are applying and what context, what we want to show and what we need to show, that
is how the whole conservation and management plan has to talk about.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:47)

And re-plastering in patches you know like see that these many of the things have been re-
plastered and different patchwork has been done but is it the only way to do it because this is the
one of the common practice you find in many of the conservation projects. Where they try to put

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this either lime plaster or but the nearest composition we should take back at least the nearest
composition that will make some difference.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:18)

And the new tiles: Where they have raised for the tourism purpose you know that have actually
raised and challenge to the authenticity of the monument. So they need to be removed and
replaced with the brick paving so in that way that authenticity has to be maintained.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:34)

And here, what you can see is that conservation philosophy of restoring and the reconstruction,
but where to stop it, How to stop it, that is one aspect one has to really think about it.

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As we see the straight joints, you know so how this reflects the poor workmanship. The problem
is the workmanship in the conservation projects is very moderate at cases it is poor in such a
situation.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:53)

So I hope you got an idea of one of the heritage site of Ayutthaya how the analysis has been
carried out and with that what kind of implications has been framed out and still what are the
challenges we have in conservation and the development this will give you an idea.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Department of Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture - 08
Disaster Vulnerability

Hello, hi everyone. This series we are talking on disaster recovery and build back better and
you are welcome. This lecture, we will talk on disaster vulnerability, some concepts. I am
Subhajyoti Samaddar from the DPRI Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto
University, Japan. Let us look here. For very very long time, disaster was taught, considered
that is only a physical event.

If this physical event is bigger, disaster is also big. If this physical event is small, disaster is
also small. If this physical event is not there, nobody could expect a disaster. So, as simple
the bigger the physical event, the bigger the disaster and the disaster we are facing because of
natural and physical events or acts, so it was the focus was much on engineering or
technocratic solutions to manage disaster.

But we already know that even this stone coming from this mountain to these foothills,
nothing will happen and we are not worried about it. Why?
(Refer Slide Time: 02:16)

The simple reason is this is just simply a hazard which is potential to cause some effect. It is
just a physical, this stone is just a physical event or phenomena, or it could be some human

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activity also. It may cause some effect like injury, human loss, property damage, social and
economic disruptions or environmental degradations right. And it is latent, it depends on
probability, it also depends on from where it is coming from, so it is latent.

So, we do not care about this physical event phenomena until there is a human being. Like we
discussed before in other lectures that if we have avalanches in Himalayas we do not care. If
we have earthquake in deep sea, we do not care unless and until the Tsunami comes on
Mainland. So, if this human being is not working there in the down at the foothills, then this
stone is not considered to be disaster or risky right.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:50)

So, if there is a rain, if this human being is working, then there is a possibility that this stone
will hit this person. Then, we only are concerned. So, this person is exposed to that kind of
hazard, and that is why we have concern to manage that particular disaster or particular
disaster risk right.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:09)

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If it is like that where he is not here, he is not working, no human being, only forest, then we
do not care about it, we do not consider it as risky. It cannot cause any human loss or human
effect. That is as simple as.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:32)

Now, it is not that how many people are exposed, but it also depends that who are they, what
are their characteristics, are the young, are they old, are they kid, are they poor, are they rich.
So, their human characteristics also matter when we are talking about disaster risk right. If
they are poor than rich, they are more vulnerable than rich. If they are old senior citizen, they
are more vulnerable than young people.

If they are kids, they are also vulnerable than other common people, so the characteristics of
these people that matter right.

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(Refer Slide Time: 05:25)

Also, it matters that what kind of settlements, who are, how their buildings are there, it is a
kutcha house, pucca house, wooden house, stilt house, concrete house. So, these
characteristics of the buildings and population, they do matter, that how and what extents this
stone can actually affect this place. This could be human loss; it could be other socio-
economic loss or property damage right.

So, vulnerability is that a condition that determined by physical, social, economic

environmental factors or process which increases at what extent. This particular object that is
exposed to a particular hazard will be impacted. If I kick someone, then somebody can resist
it, somebody cannot resist it because he is weak. So, even though I can force someone, I can
just kick someone, but it impact depends not only on my capacity but also whom I am
kicking.

Somebody can resist that one, somebody cannot resist that one, it depends on their
characteristics also. So, if I am hit by an earthquake, it depends on my capacity, on my
conditions, my characteristics that how I can resist the shock. So, disaster risk is we already
know, is already agreed decisions that it is the 3 critical components.

One is the hazard; of course, that should be there, a latent physical event that may cause some
potential damage, also the exposure; some people and settlements should be exposed to that
hazard, and the vulnerability; the conditions and the characteristics of the people or the

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settlements they are exposed to that hazard. So, disaster in general is considered to be the
function of these 3 components as it is very clear.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:55)

Now when we are talking about disaster vulnerability, this is nothing a new concept. For last
two decades, it has been discussed at a length, but the problem is to put this idea into practice
or to improve disaster risk management strategies or disaster risk reduction strategies and
policies. We need to know clearly what is the meaning of disaster vulnerability, what kind of
characteristics would define disaster vulnerability.

So far, we have so many definitions are there. We have very rarely agreed to reach any
consensus decisions. So, scientists, practitioners, planners, they have different opinion about
the definition of disaster vulnerability, its indicators, its parameters. So, therefore, it is critical
to look into some of the critical, theoretical aspect, conceptual aspect of disaster vulnerability
that how they are defining disaster vulnerability.

Here, in this lecture, we will focus on these two such prominent early theories or concepts on
disaster vulnerability. The first one is the double structure of vulnerability. It is by Bohle in
2001. So, they are looking disaster vulnerability from 2 aspects. They are saying disaster, not
disaster vulnerability only but, vulnerability is there is a two components, two important
components are there.

One is internal component, another one is external component when we are talking about
someone's vulnerability. What is the internal component? Internal component is the coping

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component,, and then what is the coping component? It is actually my capacity that how I can
resist bounce back or can absorb the shock of a particular event. So, my capacity to anticipate
that something will come, something will happen and to cope with.

If something will happen, what extent I can overcome that problem, that risk or that danger
and how I can absorb the shock, the resist. If something happened, I can resist what extent.
Like poor people, they cannot resist financially, but maybe rich people can resist. If
someone's shop, a very rich person has a business, it is affected by disaster, he can easily
recover from that because he has greater capital.

That a person who depends on agriculture or maybe a landless labor, after the disaster, he is
not affected, but also it is very difficult for him to bounce back because he has no money or
maybe a small shop owner. Once his house or his shop is affected by disaster, it takes a long
time for him to run the business again because he has very little money. So, how I can resist
that one also or recover that one also matter.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:09)

So, this is my capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of hazard
is the defining idea of coping, and this is my internal, this depends on individual internal
characteristics or communities own characteristics. It is not an exogenous variable, but there
is also, so these components are much in someone's hands, in a group’s hands or communities
they can control this one.

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On the other hand, we have external one which we cannot less control, is an exogenous
variable. What are they? External variables is considered in this double structure of
vulnerability as exposure. So, exposure to what, some shock or some events like it depends
on what kind of shocks, is it natural phenomena or some epidemics or not merely a kind of
special exposure but how defenseless like I am for that one.

It also defined the social and institutional structure, features of that one that also bring
individuals in a particular exposure of threat and like if I am an outcast, I have less networks,
it actually increase my exposure to a hazard, to a threat, to a risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:50)

So, double structure of vulnerability, two components; one is the exposure one and this
exposure one according to Bohle that we can understand this exposure context from 3
different dimensions. One is human ecological perspective, population dynamics, capacity to
manage the environment, population growth, and how human ecology is looking at
population growth and the capacity to manage the environment.

And also the entitlement theory, the capacity theory and that the people have for control and
to get to secure the means of their economic needs. And also the political-economic approach
like the question of inequalities or disparities of assets, the power structures. So, these issues,
these approaches should be considered when we are talking about exposure.

Well to understand people's coping, we can also borrow the ideas from crisis and conflict
kind of studies, who have the access to assets and resources and how it matter of conflict

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between individuals and groups or maybe sometimes action theory approaches, how people
act, react frequently as a result of social-economic and governmental constraints and model
access to assets like a mitigation of vulnerability through access.

So, these approaches can help us to understand the coping characteristics or internal
characteristics of people to respond vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:44)

There is another more prominent and very popular conceptual idea of vulnerability is the
sustainable livelihood framework. It is not really on vulnerability, but they are one of the
pioneering approach that define and quoted the vulnerability and which was now very
regularly used in disaster risk and other risk management. So, this idea came originally
developed by famous person Robert Chambers and Conway in 1992, quite long back.

Well, they are talking about poverty issues and livelihood issues and which was this model
was later on adopted by the DFID Department for international development.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:41)

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Their focus is like one poor people and their livelihood. When they are talking about
vulnerability, it did not came from, did not come from the disaster perspective, but they are
talking defining poor people and their livelihood in case of development and people at the
center of their model. People should be put into the center of the development and
vulnerability is considered as a kind of shock or a kind of trend or seasonality that influence
the capacity of the people to maintain their livelihood.

So, vulnerability is directly connected with people's livelihood and their capacity to manage
their livelihood basically. And two major components here, one is the sustainability, and
livelihood. So, a livelihood becomes sustainable in different conditions or a livelihood should
be considered as sustainable. When? Let us look.

When it is resilient to face any kind of external shocks like natural disasters or epidemics that
they can absorb this shock, they can bounce back, they will not finish. Then, one can say that
this livelihood or these people are not at risk, they are not vulnerable. Also, someone's
livelihood should not depend on external agencies, external support.

If we are talking about a village community, there should be self-dependent, not independent,
not depend to external people. Then, we call it as sustainable. Also, we should not consider
from very short-term, but we would see that how resilient this livelihood in long-term basis,
long-term perspective and not undermine that in order to maintain my own livelihood I am
not wasting, I am not harming others livelihood options or choices.

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So, according to this model, people are actually operating, you know they are working in a
context of vulnerability. What is the context of vulnerability? So, vulnerability context is
defined with 3 characteristics that people are at vulnerable because shock, trends, and
seasonality.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:38)

(Refer Slide Time: 19:43)

So what are the shocks? One is the natural shocks like flood, drought, and cyclone. And
health shocks like epidemic like cholera or even dengue let us say, or economic shocks like
some financial recessions or maybe death in the family for a household or maybe violence
like civil war in case of Syria or in many other countries in case of Sri Lanka when they were
in civil war or in case of Bosnia.

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So, people who are at civil war that really put the individuals as a vulnerable and violence
and civil unrest. These are all considered to be shocks that are increasing that under which
people are living in a vulnerable context. Another one is the seasonality and seasonal shift in
price like the price of the crops of the food for the agricultural labor or the productions
because of production is low or high, because of climate change maybe the production is not
so high this year.

Or maybe the food availability or employment opportunity, how many days I have
employment opportunity in a particular season, maybe in winter I do not have any job in as
agricultural labor because nobody is harvesting this time and we have better job during rainy
days. And trends and changes like the population, if the population is increasing rapidly, then
also it could be a threat or putting people into vulnerable context.

Also, in case of some countries like in case of Japan or in case of many European countries,
there is a question about the populations. There are only few people, young people in any
community. So, it can also increase the vulnerability of that community. Environmental
change or some technological changes, market and trades, globalization, and government and
policies like some governments are stable, some governments are not stable. So, if the
political situation is in a turmoil that will of course increase people's vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:20)

So, 3 conditions are important to define people's direct vulnerable context. One is the shock,
trend and seasonality. Now, this vulnerability context actually, this is the poor people and is
affecting their household capacity or their own individual capacity. So, they have actually

200
different kind of capitals or capacities. One is a human capital, social capital, financial capital
and physical capital.

So, now they both are interlinked, vulnerability, and capital. And also capital define that how
and what extent they are vulnerable to particular shock.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:07)

So, how one look into these livelihood assets or capitals? Livelihood assets we say that there
are 5 capitals; human capital, social capital, physical capital, financial capital, and natural
capital.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:25)

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And human capital; knowledge and skill like education or good health I am capable person,
nutrition I am getting enough food, nutritious food, ability to labor I can work, I can give my
labor, capacity to adapt, in any situation, I can adapt culturally.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:44)

And social capital, of course my network, network works very well, my human networks,
connections with each other or membership in a group, formal and informal. Like I can go to
some club or maybe in a puja or in so any kind of formal and informal relationship defines
my social capital. If I am outcasted, I am not included in any particular group then I feel that I
am isolated; I have less capacity to absorb the shocks or absorb the threat.

And trust and mutual support, during emergency situations or any situations, we need to
cooperate with each other and we need to trust each other because trust minimize the
uncertainty so trust and mutual support between individuals in a group is very important and
this is one of the social capital, and also it depends on the social capital, the rules and
sanctions, social norms are there.

Some people whether the people have open access to get all the opportunities to maintain
their livelihood or not. In case of very hierarchical societies, the low caste people or low-class
people are restricted. Generally, their achievements are not achieved by society, so they are
not given enough opportunity socially to compete with other. So, their movements, social and
economic movements are restricted because of various kind of social norms which actually
increase their vulnerability.

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And also the leadership, a good leader is very important, so what kind of leadership quality
one carries it depends on their level of vulnerability. And participations; participation in
decision-making, if I have the ownership, I have the right to participate in the village
decision-making process in the town neighborhood decision-making process, I can influence
the decisions that is a great capacity, it has a direct impact on my vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:17)

And then after social capital, we have physical capital like basic infrastructures and basically
it is the infrastructure of a community like a transport system or shelter or buildings, adequate
water supply, sanitation, access to information. So, this defines one village, you can compare
easily from one village to another village based on physical capital or affordable energy.

And the production producer goods like basically tools and technologies like tools and
equipments for production, fertilizers, seeds, pesticides. This should be considered as a
producer goods or local technology.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:04)

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And then we have a financial capital, so what are the financial capital like affordable stocks:
like some bank deposit or savings, credits, livestocks, jewelry, all should be considered as
affordable stocks. Regular inflow of money: like pensions, remittance, wages, these are the
regular inflow of money.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:32)

What are the natural capitals? Land, forests, marine, environmental services, so all are
considered to be natural capital.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:42)

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Now, these like for example the rich people they have greater financial capital, also greater
human capital whereas the poor they are very poor at financial capital, human capital and
physical capital we can say.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:02)

So, here is greater example of landless labour. He had human capital like labour, but he or
she is illiterate or no education and poor health, unskilled and social capital generally is not
but outcasted considered to be no network, network within own community, no outside and
cannot influence the village decision, a labor class people, also low status she enjoys and
poor external networks.

Physical capital: maybe no irrigation facility, depends on rain-fed agriculture, poor housing,
and organic fertilizers only, local farming technology, traditional agricultural knowledge.

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Financial capital: also like low wages, no savings and no remittance and no access to bank
loans. And natural capitals: is landless, live on flood prone areas and drought areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:12)

So, these all define vulnerability context and then the vulnerability context also is livelihood
assets or the various kind of capital and this capital also is redefining the vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:28)

But these two also is influencing the policy institution and process. How? They determine the
5 access to 5 different type of capitals and terms of exchange between different types of
capitals and the economic and other returns from livelihood strategies.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:52)

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So, what are the transformation structure and process? One is institutional, organization,
policies and legislations. And what are the shaping livelihoods and how they are operating at
levels.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:10)

So, transformation structure and process, we call the policies, policies of the government, it
could be local, regional or central government that has a great impact on human capital and
vulnerabilities like policies of the NGOs, they will come here or not. International like United
Nations or institutions like what are the institutions there, what are the conditions of that
structure, political, administrative sectors, representative, executive agencies, civil societies
and NGOs, political parties and law, commercial enterprise.

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The process it depends on who are the decision-makers and how the decision, is it very
democratic or not, law, customs, norms, they are strict or not, they are formal or informal,
explicit or implicit, these all matter. And language; What language, are they well
documented, what language is used. And social stratifications like caste system, class system,
the status that all actually define this process.

So, we have vulnerability context, then it is impacting human capital vice versa, and then it is
influencing the policy institutions and process.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:37)

And this framework also influencing the vulnerability and also then it leads to the livelihood
strategy people take, and this livelihood strategy ultimately went to livelihood outcomes. So,
what is and that again actually affects people's capitals and vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:00)

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Here are the livelihood strategies people can take. One is vulnerability context and using and
combining livelihood assets and capital under the influence of transforming structure and
process. So, what vulnerability I am exposed to, and then what kind of capitals and what kind
of governance or transforming structures I have that actually define the livelihood strategies.

And so vulnerability context actually influencing the capitals, and capital then also
influencing the vulnerability context which are shock, trends and seasonality. And then these
two combined are vice versa influenced by the policies, institutions and the process. So,
policies, institutions, and process also directly influence the vulnerability and the capital of
people and based on this framework people take livelihood strategy or they can take
livelihood strategy.

And that livelihood generally have some outcome which also impacted their capitals and also
again the vulnerability, so this concept is this way and thank you very much for listening.
Thank you.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Satheesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 09
Cultural Heritage: Reassembled

Welcome to the course, disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh
Pasupuleti. I am an assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee.
Today I am going to talk about cultural heritage re-assembled. It was one of the project where I
was familiar with, and I was also partly part of the ongoing project of the moving Kiruna in
Sweden.

And today I will explain you that how the whole city has been moved and what are the
challenges involved in this moving as town, and what kind of participatory approaches has been
adopted, what kind of concerns it has the development authorities have shown, and what kind of
confusions they have ended up with. So this whole thing I am going to discuss briefly about the
Kiruna project.

Where I was working with professor Kristina L. Nilsson and my colleague Jennie Sjoholm from
Lulea Technological University where she did her own PhD as well. So I will be referring to
their contributions on their academic work also the project work. So it will give you an idea of
what are the various challenges in the relocation context. So when we talk about Sweden we
always see thinks about the Scandinavian geographies with very harsh climatic conditions.

If you ever go to Stockholm up south in the Swedish part, it is much more closer to the European
landscapes, but the northern climates are much harsher. I used to live in Lulea Technological
University place called Roneo which is 35 kilometres from Lulea, and here the temperature goes
off to sometimes -20, -30, -32 so this is how the variance in the winter times and many of the
months we do not see even the sunlight.

It hardly comes for one or two hours and then disappears very gently and in summer we do not
see it all the night, the sky never gets darker. So it is very extreme kind of temperature either -30

210
degrees, -20 degrees, -10 or maximum the +15 degrees sort of thing. So this is a place
somewhere in the arctic circle after the polar circle on the border of slightly in the border of
Norway and the Sweden, the Finland. So this is the place where I am talking about Kiruna and
this is the arctic circle.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:15)

So in the photograph what you are seeing here is mine, you know countries like Sweden the rich
by means of mining investments you know the mining resources. So whereas in Norway it is rich
in oil resources so similarly this particular mining town has been not a very old town, but it is
hardly 150year old town. So this is iron-ore mine what you are seeing and this is the Kiruna
town.

Now, just imagine any mining town in these kind of harsh climatic situation it exists the people
are existed because of the iron-ore. Because there is a business sector involved in it because there
is a livelihood component involved in it why would people go all the way to -30 degrees and
start living there if there is no employment opportunities? So when this iron-ore have started just
150 years before and that is where people started developing a small habitat for them.

And the problem with this mine I mean it is one of the richest ore. They started digging the mine,
and they are going underground when I was living in 2013 it came almost down to the city centre
close to the city centre. So now they thought that this is going to you know because the mining

211
activities may hamper the living of the city, you know the city life it may anytime it can bring
danger to that whole habitat.

So then they thought why not we move the city into a different place a safe place so in that way
they started analysing the geotechnical analysis have been done and they looked at how you see
this mining activity keep on going in different stages and by 2033 it will almost reach here. So in
that way you are actually living on the whole cities on an iron-ore which is not safe for living.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:29)

So that is where the thought process of why not we relocate to a better place; a safer places. If
you look at the Kiruna context, first of all, there is also Sami tribes lives around this region and
whose main occupation is about reindeer herding and they have this dog sledges and what you
are seeing is the river which gets frozen completely and it is used the dog sledges uses as a kind
of passage.

So here the winter climates one has to understand a barrier becomes path, and a path becomes a
barrier in a different season you see. So here a barrier as a river has now become a path it is
connecting different spaces and similarly the Sami tribes their traditional livelihood is all
reindeer herding, and that is how the tourism has been enhanced like ‘ice hotel’ is one of the
place and also the Lapland near to the Finland side.

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They have also some tourist attractions of Santa Claus village which we call it as Rovaniemi. So
that is how this whole winter experience is and very authentic, and it is unforgettable experience
for the tourists who come to this particular place.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:51)

Now when they start deciding to move, where to move, so finally they have identified another
place A and place B. This place is basically next to the Luossavaara mountain which was earlier
a mine has been closed, and there is no mining activity going to happen there, and it is much
more safer. Obviously when we think about if it is a safer point we always prefer yes we may
move to A because in B the problem is the mining activity is going in this direction.

So sometime later it may reach to B as well so we may have to go somewhere else, but in reality
the authorities have chosen this. How they have chosen? Because in order to move a city you
need to think of moving the services you know the whole underground services service
infrastructure has to go and also there is also some uncertainty how after 50 years what is going
to happen with this mine.

So a lot of reasons they prefer to go for the B because it is easy to expand the extend their
services part of it then the Kiruna Kommun and the mining company the state-owned mining
company LKAB all together they have actually floated a competition and for the new city centre

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for Kiruna and finally the winning entry is the ‘white architecture’ with Ghillaradi + Hellsten
architecture Space Space AB and Vectura consulting and evidence BLW AB.

So like there is a ‘white architects’ and his partners have won this company they developed about
a 100 year master plan how from 2018 how it can be gradually improved like for instance first
you move this and then later on this whole thing is built up you know so in that way gradually
how this city has to be progressed and about a 100 year transition plan they have developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:04)

Now when they started developing you know one of the important aspects is they talked about
these highway corridors if you ever happen to make these corridors onto this line then what kind
of impact because the Sami tribes they says that you know the moment you are making these
highways and the whole development it is going to take the reindeer herding routes you know
these are the what you can see is reindeer herding routes.

And you know these grazing lands become smaller because the moment you are taking out the
whole city from here to there and this whole transition is going to have an impact on the
ecosystem you know and that has been the animal you know grazing sources where do they
graze so that is what the Sami tribes have actually understood the whole process and then finally
they have decided of they moved this whole highway corridor.

214
Which is connecting to the railway station and the new location as well so the highway corridor
has been constructed and this is how they even showed the concern of the tribal people and their
livelihood resources and also the natural resources as well.

Now comes the problem yes we are moving to a new city maybe the whole housing sector can be
rebuilt again maybe we can demolish the whole housing. But what happens to the culture
because a lot of emotions which are attached by these people, one is the Kirunavare Church and
the Town Hall and there are also many other buildings which are all listed buildings in 1984 so
what happens to these particular historical buildings you know the listed buildings which have
carry a lot of emotions and society have laid upon these emotions, and it has created an image
within the society.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:13)

So now, in fact, this church was actually designed by architect Gustaf Wickman, and also the
Town Hall where Arthur Von have designed this, and in fact this is a place for a kind of civic
centre you know the civic engagement centre is all, this is one of the image the cultural image of
this particular Kiruna. It is not very old like 14th or 13th century, there are hardly 100 year old
but still they carry a lot of meanings to those people who live there. So the problem is how to
move these heritage buildings.

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We cannot, it is not easy to demolish these important buildings and then we are going to
construct a new set of image because it is to play with the peoples emotions peoples belonging.
And Jennie Sjoholm what she did was because in this particular point of time there is a huge
jargon on you know who is doing what and there are many reports coming on reports and
reports.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:15)

And in fact there also to understand the Kiruna character and the belonging of it like you can see
this is the LKAB company land, and this is the Kiruna Kommun this is the service and the
supply town and wherever the railway aspect is there this is the railway land, so you have these 3
are the major stakeholders of the Kiruna one is the railway the other one is the LKAB state-
owned mining company and the other one is the Kiruna Kommun to serve the people.

And a lot of documents a lot of heritage board there is lot of documents coming in Kiruna
councils country administrative board, and LKAB and a lot of consultants which are developing
all the reports but then Jennie what she did was she tried to really put together and she tried to
analyse you know what is the purpose of this whole document and how are they related to the
conservation of these heritage buildings.

You know what are they talking about to get the jargon of what is happening so I am just
showing a gist of her work.

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(Refer Slide Time: 13:16)

And then in 1984 what you can see here is like it is all the red dots which are actually talking
about the designated areas you know they are all the listed buildings around, and there is a
conservation plan which has been adopted in 1984. And here the heritagisation have actually
referred to various aspects; one is the addition of new heritage because when they came to know
that yes the Kiruna is going to move further.

And then there is a relocation aspect which has been planned out for these heritage buildings
because apart from the reconstruction aspect they are also talking about the relocation of these
heritage buildings so then that is where people started recognizing their listed heritage buildings,
and you know the designated areas, and that is where probably they are claiming some more
importance to certain buildings.

And also the reaffirmation of already designated heritage so how they are giving a reaffirmation
as a special importance on it again so that they emphasise that this is the most important building
you need to keep that on the move as well. Re-interpretation of already designated heritage and
the rejection of previously designated heritage this is where the whole process went on.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:45)

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Let us see how it went, and there have been a lot of the controversial aspects of how this
particular culture has going to be taken into account in the move process so that is where even
the general director of national heritage board also wrote in a debate article that you know the
battle is about which history we will be able to tell about Kiruna in the future and thereby about
the modern Sweden of 20th century right.

So this is where the Jennies work talks about bringing all these interpretations of what different
agencies are thinking what the government is thinking is about what different boards are thinking
about you know so and when you are taking an opportunity of the move always people think
about how we can envisage with the modern thinking you know how what kind of history you
are going to tell about it.

Or we will still bring back these old things or you were completely coming with a new thing you
know that is whole thing the concerns of the different stakeholders. And coming to the
Heritagisation process I would like to emphasise on 3 important aspects one is a heritagisation,
re-heritagisation and de-heritagisation.

So one is the heritagisation process I just explained you that in 1984 the whole listed the
conservation plan has been developed. And when the Kiruna is on move when people know that
these buildings are going to move to the new location as well and that is where they started

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reaffirming these the significance of these heritage properties even the old miner have stayed
here the first miner have stayed here or his cottage or a railway track, railway coach you know
like that there are various aspects which come into the picture and then they started re-
heritagisation that is where Jennie calls it as re-heritagisation.

And then finally this whole media jargon is very different and interpretations are very different at
the end of the day the decision makers come onto the board looking at the financial cost how
much it is going to cost to move that Kiruna Church or the Town Hall, a Kiruna Church, for
example, the heritage structure which has a huge long almost very long span structures of the
wooden shingles.

So they have to take care of each and every shingle out, and carry it, and place it, and erect it. So
this is going to cost few millions worth of project you know so then they try to assess the budget
of it you know what kind of so after all taking care of the practical considerations.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:19)

That is where they started looking at the last stage of in a more practical way of how we can deal
these certain buildings you know so the de-heritagisation process have started and that is where
they come up with about 12 Black horn buildings and you know there is a few about 17
structures 12 to 17 structures they have identified yes these will be taken care of on the move.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:41)

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Also there has been complexities in the spatial planning practice and theory I was working with
Professor Kristina Nilsson and Kristinas work is based on planning complexities being a
landscape architect and the planner she looked at what kind of challenges involved in it and
especially in moving the town and she adopts the critical realist theory and methods, and she
brings different aspects into what are the real challenges.

In fact, if you look at it there is a LKAB which is a state-owned mining company and the Kiruna
kommun which is a municipal board and where is the local communities the people who are
actually relying on the town. So there is always a tripartite relationship with these 3 stakeholders.
One is LKAB is the financial support for that, and the administrative support is the Kiruna, and
the people relying on both.

Now the people has a confusion who is going to take the move who is responsible for the move
because whether it is a duty of the municipal administration or Kommun administration or it is a
duty of the their funding agent to who are actually the whole and soul mining institution LKAB.
Who is the decision-maker here whom can we approach right so there is become who is on the
higher order.

Whether the Kiruna Kommun is on a higher order whether the LKAB is a higher order that has
created a lot of confusion. Also the uncertainties, today yes we are planning for next 50 years we

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are preparing ourselves maybe after 50 years we may have to move to the next place but then 50
years before itself they are also thinking about how we can invest on advanced technologies like
prefab or anything or to easily move the places later on you know.

So all these thought process has went on but the real problem is let us say in another 10 years
they have invested a huge amount of money in the relocation with the advanced mining tools and
techniques let us say in another 10 years the whole mine is closed or if the mining sector comes
into a different financial crunch you know so what happens then what happens to this kind of
investment.

So all these certainties and uncertainties are in question because that is where they have to look
for kind of alternative livelihood systems and the chaos which has been created by this
interrelationship and the non-linearity and also the interdependence is because these people
depend on this to maintain their Kommun and these people depend on the financial aspect and
you know this whole relationship are very much interdependent with each other.

And the actor-network perspective you know whose role is what who will take a decision what
role is Kommun has to play what role the LKAB has to play you know these whole challenges
have been a big task. Also the self-organization you know how each of the institution is self-
organized by itself in its role how they defined it you know.

And the second thing is about the time variables, when we say about the time various you know
what kind of because we are working in a harsh weather conditions and how we are going to
move this project let us say if you are taking about 5 year, 10 year, 2022 if you want to move it
up then what segment of the people we have to take care and then how to connect them again
back to the workplaces so there is a lot of project management issues as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:17)

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So that is where I would like to brief you about this is how these are the challenges were
involved and what I really appreciate in this process is Sweden unlike in many countries in South
America when they are moving some towns or some Hamlets because of the mining issues. In
South America what they did was they just gave the Chinese companies they gave the money to
the people, and they just ask them to vacate the places wherever they want they go.

But here they are at least considering even the animals, the grazing grounds, the ecosystem and
they are thoughtfully thinking about what happens to the future if we go like this if we invest this
was it really worth that is definitely a very thorough thinking process I can say, and still there are
many challenges even within that sparsely populated urban areas as well. I hope this will help
you in understanding the challenges in the relocation contexts.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture - 10
Rock Shelters at Risk

Welcome to the course ‘disaster recovery and build back better’. My name is Ram Sateesh. I
am an assistant, Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology,
Roorkee. Today, I am going to discuss about a heritage component, how it is subjected to risk
and how one can analyze from a very multi-disciplinary perspective and also how the
conservation plan works along with the risk management plan.

So, this is about rock shelters at risk; and in the whole world if we look at the ancient man's
shelter, the very basic form of shelter is the caves, you know the cave dwellings and the rock
shelters. And different parts of the world still carry some evidences that how the earlier man
have lived and some images of their paintings, there have been some images of their nomadic
or pastoral life or hunting life you know.

So, these are all some learnings of how the today's generation can also learn from our
historical records and the anthropological aspect of human life.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:45)

So, when you see at this image, I am not talking about as an historian, I am not talking about
as an architect, I am talking from a risk perspective, how this heritage component subjected

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to risk and how one can look at from a multidisciplinary perspective. So, when you look at
this image, obviously one can notice that there has been some kind of liquid, lava or
something which has been flown around this region and it has got settled down.

And that is how from the Google Earth map you can see that the whole gradients and the
slopes and aspects which are formed by the way it has been cool down. And then you can see
some cliff kind of environment here and a valley sort of thing. If you go little closer, the same
cliffs, it looks like this where there is mountains around it, a very plateau sort of mountains.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:45)

And if you go further closer and this is what we can see the Pitalkhora caves. This is in the
Western Ghats in the Satmala range of the Western Ghats in Maharashtra state of India and in
fact I want to give a credit of two important people like this is most of the information this
has been from the source of Prabhakar Nandagopal. That time he was a superintending
archaeologist in the Archaeological Survey of India.

And his work has been, he has been working on this projects and also Deshpande’s work, so
this I have able to procure from Shivi Joshi’s, who was my student earlier in SPA Bhopal. So,
many of the photographs and many of the details which I am learning from their work, Dr.
Nandhagopal’s work. And what you could see is the cave dweller settlement, and in fact this
was also a kind of excavation site where people realize that there has been a human
settlement here.

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And in this, you can find many nomadic tribes you know roaming around and one is it is also
just not only in the name proximity but they do travel.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:10)

If you look at their networks, the trade networks, it goes back to Mahishmati, it goes back to
Ujjain, it goes back to Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh you know, so Ellora, Ajanta. So, like
that there has been a network how people have traveled and migrated and settled in different
parts of central and the western part of India and also their expansion in the port cities like
you know on the western side of the port cities how they have settled down.

And you can see some similarities of how these cave dwellings have some similarities in the
African continent as well as in the South American continent, some kind of similar depictions
of how man has lived.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:58)

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So, this is the layout of a Buddhist site which is a Pitalkhora caves which is in the district of
Aurangabad. Now, initially these sites goes back to almost pre 250 BC which is almost to the
3rd century BC as well and they are not done. If you look at there are about 13 caves which
has been discovered in the excavation process and some of them have been discovered much
later and some were discovered in the beginning.

And if you look at the phase wise, and what you are able to see here is the cave numbers
which has been written on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 6a and on the bottom side you have 10, 11
and 12 and 13. There is also they are not the same form, they are not of the same alignment
like you can see from number 3 which is a kind of Chaitya sort of thing and here again in 13
as well you can see a kind of Chaityas and Viharas for Buddhist style.

And whereas where we talked about number 1 which is of a very rudimentary stage of a cave
which is about dates back to pre 250 BC and then the phase II which talks about the 1c and 2
and 3 which is a smaller one and the third one is a kind of a Chaitya which is an elongated
corridor. So, that is again goes back to 250 BC’s whereas number 4 which is supposed a huge
square base which is between 250 to 200 BC’s.

Whereas in 7 which has a similar, which has again a smaller components, smaller
compartments around it and that is dating back to phase 4 which is about 200, 280 BC and
similarly you have number 6 and 2a, they are all again getting back 180 to 160 BC and if you
come like that number 11 and 12 where you can see on the bottom side on the other side of

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the caves, you can see that they have dates back to first century BC and first century AD as
well.

And number 8, 9 this also again goes back to 13 which is more refined stage in the second
century AD. So, this is how it took almost about from pre 250 BC onwards till the 2nd
century AD. So, that is a kind of timeline of how these cave dwellings have been developed
in this region in the Satmala range of Western Ghats in Maharashtra. Now, how do they able
to figure out this process.

You know there have been evidences, there has been some iconographist who have studied
how their paintings were done, how the symbolic representations on their pillars, who have
donated it, when it was donated. So, there has been a linguistic understanding, there has been
an artistic understanding in it, and you know the style interpretation of it. Now, for example
when we talk about how they have identified.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:23)

On the right-hand side in the photograph, you can see some small text which has been written
in either Pali or and this is saying that the pillar is the donation of Mitadeva which is a
Mitradeva of the Gadhika family, a resident of Patithana which is Pratishthana the modern
Python. So, it says, these inscriptions are telling actually about who is the family who have
donated to the construction the pillar, so which means and from where they belong to.

So, all this process has been become a very rich evidence to know that what kind of families
used to live around, how they are connected, what kind of time they were talking about and

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like that if you look at the phases, we find nearly 5 phases of inscriptional records at the
Pitalkhora. One is the Mitadeva and Sanghakasa, Rajavejasa family, Dhenukakataka and
Bhutarakhita and whereas phase IV it talks about Nun and Kanhadasa and phase V Avesena.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:37)

So, this is how some of the evidences and similar to this you can see that this is also donated
by the Saghaka both the residence of Patithana.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:47)

And if you look at the panoramic view of the whole caves, what you can see is small small
caves which are actually located in a very linear pattern and has been embedded under this
mountain Big Mound which has been covered.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:05)

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And there are also some iconographic aspects of science and symbolic aspects of it where
you can find some sculpture as well where in their time elephant is referred to the conception,
bull is referred to nativity, horse is referred to great departure, lion is referred to Sakya and
Simha you know. So, like that there are some different meanings associated to these symbolic
expressions.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:31)

In the Buddhism, one of the important phase we talk about the Mahayana phase of Buddhism
at Pitalkhora. It is also the paintings which also depict with the time like if you see the left-
hand side one which actually both of them they are talking about the paintings of the
Mahayana phase were drawn where the caves were occupied by the followers for the
Mahayana sect.

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But you can see the time difference, the style of Buddha, both of them are talking about the
Buddha’s where it is the hairstyle have been different, and their artistic style is also very
different. In fact, some point of the time people also used to make it, this is a kind of
Pitalkhora style of hairstyle you know, these are all some representative skills which has been
developed through time.

Now, this is a brief about the caves and their historic aspect like the Buddhist sects and how
they have been represented, but then I will also touch upon the geotechnical aspects of it, the
geomorphological aspects of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:39)

Now, in Pitalkhora we actually notice a very thick layer of Tacheletic Basalt at the lower
proximity of the hill, which have restricted the scope of excavation as per projected plans
because you know this is about this Basalt which actually sometimes it becomes a very soft
material when keeps making an excavation it breaks into the pieces you know, that is how
there is a chance that the evidence will also be losing, we will be losing some evidence.

Like now what you see here is a kind of lava where we talk about the ‘Aa’ which is the
basaltic lava which is characterized by a rough or a rubbly surface and these lava blocks also
we actually extract the clinker from this kind of rough and rubbly surface lava is called ‘Aa’.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:34)

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This is a very smooth surface which is unbroken lava is also a basaltic lava that has a very
smooth, billowy, undulating or a ropy surface and this is called a Pahoehoe and this is a
Hawaiian meaning which is called smooth and unbroken lava, it just floats in a very smooth
liquid like you know when the mercury starts flowing down.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:02)

When these kind of molten lava gets cooled up that is where it develops the structural forms
whether structural joints are developed and some hollow spaces are also developed and this is
where the hollow spaces becomes eventually man have made his shelters.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:22)

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Now, what we can see is the layers of the horizontal layers of one over the another. So, these
layers also talks about these beds which are talking about, so a set of lava have come down
and gradually another set of lava and the by the time it cools down the another set came,
another set came. So, this is how this horizontal layer started developing one over the
another.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:46)

And this Tacheletic Basalt which is not a conducive rock for cave excavation as its chemical
properties react sharply with moisture and disintegrate into pieces. The moment you are
making an excavation process, it gradually brokes into small wedge-shaped pieces you know,
that is one of the important aspect in the excavation challenges and excavation challenge
especially with this kind of material.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:11)

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This is another form we talk about the ropy structure, so that is where this is again a
Pahoehoe sort of thing which actually twist into a trend of ropy format.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:23)

And you can see also as time passes on the spheroidal weathering takes place because this
layers on the top layers keeps coming like a chip by chip and this is again in a spheroidal
manner, this is called spheroidal weathering.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:39)

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And on the left-hand side, you see an example of how the whole rock formation and because
of the weathering aspect how it chips down. On the right-hand side what you see is a kind of
Bole beds which is actually look at the time intervals of how these successive lava flows have
been trapped in the Deccan Trap you know.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:05)

And as the time passed on obviously there has been some water bodies, small waterfalls or
they keep channeling it as per the slope and the gradient which has been a natural form. But
then it has been there for ages and until people have discovered no one have realized it, and it
has been there since many decades. Now, things are the water is following and the seepage
has started within the caves and this is one aspect.

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Now, what they did was the archaeologists team they have actually mapped down, they have
actually documented the whole set of caves including the analysis of the cracks this is where
they talk about a geological mapping of the ceiling of the caves and this is one of the Chaitya
where they have documented where are the cracks coming into it, what are the categories,
they have classified the categories of the risk.

So, depending on the nature of the crack and from the stable to the most unstable level, so
that is how they leveled crack category 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and that is where they classified and
categorize these risk aspects and similarly this is again, they again categorize with what are
the different aspects of the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:30)

One is the slightly weathered vesicular basalt and also water seepage zones which are more
of this dotted aspects of it and where the edge of the broken ceiling you know the roof, and
this is where they try to again classify all these aspects and also where the cracks are also
appearing continuously not only in a horizontal in the ceiling level but throughout the cave
structure, how this vertical cracks are also coming up.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:00)

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And after having this, I showed you only a small set of analysis of how one have able to
document all these caves and how they were able to map down from a spatial point of it and
analyze what are the root causes for it, where are the material aspects into it, where are the
water seepage issues, whereas the ceiling has been broken down or if there is the pillars have
been broken down, whether the floor aspect which has been chipping out because of
weathering aspects or during rainy season what kind of impacts it is having.

So, all these documentations have been done. So, but then when you look at the set of
activities which has been taken as a part of the conservation plan from 1954 to 2008 you see a
huge span of time but then a very limited work what we can see but then one has to
understand, it is not a regular building project, it is a conservation project.

So, it normally takes time because even analyzing to make a small scaffolding how to do it is
also a big task you know because you might destroy the evidence like in 1954-55 this has
been completely blocked up to the big boulders and debris. They have started clearing it, and
then there are already some fallen and collapsed parts of rock lying in front were removed
and the area has been leveled up.

And in 1955-56, so has been very little known group of caves were affected by the
construction of steps to the caves from hilltop and removal of huge boulders fallen from the
ceiling and other debris in the Vihara adjoining the main Chaitya. So, in 57 and 58, clearance
in front of the Chaitya and Vihara caves reveal some unique features and sculptures that is
where I showed you the lion and bull, the horses.

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And in 58-59, there is again cave 4 revealed two more elephant caryatides, and like that one
by one they started discovering, and they started and they again in 1959-60 by this time it is
almost 6 years to even taking the debris from the hillside opposite cave 1 to 4 you know that
is how it is a six-year project only just to clear the debris. And whereas in 60-61 a rock-cut
cistern was cleared of debris for the storage of water and the excavation of rock-cut drain on
the top of the cave was started the work.

So, in that way they started the cistern as well as the water storage and 1995, this is where
they started about a mild-steel footbridge because the tourists start pumping down and in
order to channel them without destroying the evidence that is where they try to keep some
kind of access. Whereas there also in 2001 onwards, the deposit work is awarded to GSI
Geological Survey of India towards the cost of geological and geotechnical and geophysical
and geoenvironmental studies of the Pitalkhora caves and the surroundings.

Whereas here it is not only that how a set of activities are related to, there is a different
dimension of technicality comes into it. Now, it is not a story of a conservation architect, it is
not only a task but how this analysis works with the geotechnical and the geoenvironmental
studies also collaborate in it because they becomes the base now in order to understand the
impact aspects of this kind of case that is risk aspect. Now, inside the caves following all
these analysis what kind of modifications has been done?
(Refer Slide Time: 20:48)

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So, now you can see that they have started looking at how the edges of the roof and the
structure of the vertical aspect and the roof aspect are merging that is a lot of damage have
occurred, and there might be a chance that it might collapse at any time. So, that is where
they started giving some kind of support system at the edges so that there is a you know the
balance of the structure as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:10)

Also, what you can see here is whatever the columns they already have and now retrofitting
them and giving a kind of support to the ceiling as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:20)

So, now you can see the scaffolding process because in the scaffolding process is a very
important task because you do not need to like in a normal building project you hit the wall,
you puncher it and then you try to keep a support system, but here in conservation project, it

238
does not work like that, you have to because each and every evidence is much more
important significant and it is very critical to understand that.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:47)

So, this is how the restoration process has been done. And on the flooring part you know
because there has been some times, it has been chipped out so that is where they start making
some kind of flooring restoration has been done.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:00)

And similarly, they also given some support systems where there has been cracks and there is
a possibility that this may not bear the load after some time that is where they started giving
some kind of huge rubble masonry wall, not masonry, it is a kind of dry stone wall which
they have able to give a little support on that. So, without giving any additional material or a
render to it but just keeping as a stone wall.

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(Refer Slide Time: 22:29)

Also, the paintings are most important elements that is where they keeps check to the risk.
So, how to restore these paintings that is one of the biggest challenge and that is where you
have to work out with the people from chemistry, with people from archaeologists because
you need to see that there is a material scientists could also be involved in it, how we can
actually protect them is very important.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:54)

Now, what you can see is a small canal, but after having a thorough understanding of the
topographic aspects and after having a understanding of where the water seepages are
coming, they understood the root cause of the water is not just not in the cave, it is
somewhere beyond the mountain. So, then they started making a kind of channel you know
how to divert this water so that at least it can protect the water seepage in the caves.

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So, this is, it could be a very small intervention, but then a thorough analysis has to be done
in order to protect these heritage structures. In fact, one of the scholar who actually worked
on this particular structures M.N. Deshpande, and where there has been many names of this
Pitalkhora, Pithalkhoraya ChiLeni, Khora, is a ravine, a gorge or a glein and Sinclair Levi
which is a Brazen Glein, Pipal Khora which is Ficus religiosa which is a Bodhi tree which
reflected the Buddhism.

And you know that is how a lot of disciplines come together and they work on this
assessment of the risk as well, also the conservation but how you manage it is also an
important aspect. I hope this helps you.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture - 11
The Built Environment Professions in Disaster Risk Reduction and Response

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:31)

Today, we are going to talk about the built environment professions and disaster risk
reduction and response. Until the Tsunami recovery, there has been a lot of professionals get
involved either in the terms of voluntary organizations or through any development agencies
or any local NGOs. So, many of the professional youngsters and even individuals or even
groups they try to get involved under the immediate impact of a disaster.

They try to get involved and try to contribute to some sort of assistance but then especially
from the built environment because we are trying to talk from the built environment
perspective, there are various disciplines comes within that bigger umbrella. My own
experience when I was in Devanampattinam village, and I was documenting a few fisherman
villages, I have come across even many dentists is involved in the reconstruction part of it in
the smaller fisherman Hamlets.

So, they were coordinating with some NGOs, so which means even a medical body apart
from his medical profession how he is engaged in a different manner has actually you know

242
and one side it is exciting to see how a different profession is contributing to the shelter
process. On another side, I also have to see how the relevant processes are not on the table
you know relevant professions are not in the discussions. So, in that way, we can see a good
overlap of various professions like what is the role of an engineer, what is the role of an
architect, what is the role of a valuer you know.

So, all these come, professional individuals come together to contribute for building back
better. So, this is where to understand this jargon and to classify various categories and roles
and responsibilities of each profession and how they can contribute to the disaster risk
reduction and more focused into the built environment practice. There is a guide to the
corporates, all the NGOs who are working in the humanitarian sector.

It was developed by the Max Lock Center in University of Westminster, London where I was
doing my doctoral research at that time and my supervisor Tony Lloyd-Jones and his team
they have contributed a guidebook for the humanitarian agencies.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:14)

What is the role for whom and when? So, this is the report which you are looking at it, the
built environment professions in disaster risk reduction and response. And this guide have
noted a number of challenges. For instance, it presents the variety of different built
environment professions and the complexity this presents; because you can see an architect, a
planner. A planner’s pre-qualification as an architect who have turned into a planner and an
engineer can turn into a planner. So that is where a very complex situation of understanding

243
the professionals contribution and its scale on the spatial scale, a lack of precise
understanding of what each profession does and how they relate to one another.

In our built environment education, especially in the architects training, we do have training
on the surveying and leveling. But then to what extent it is useful in your daily practice and
especially in the disaster recovery programs to how you can actually take away the
knowledge from the surveying and how you can implement in the architectural practice.
What is the limitation and what actually the surveyor who have done his qualification and
what is his role and a person who has a smallest contribution what is his role, you know this
matters a lot, this was a complexity.

There is always overlap because everything is interdisciplinary. The architecture has a part of
planning, an urban design and on one side you are talking about the structural engineering,
one side you are talking about the surveying. So, this interdependency of expertise and the
need to bring together teams of practitioners from different disciplines. There was a great
need that we have to work with different teams of experts.

Also, a lack of information and how to employ built environment practitioners on individual
or teamwork basis, whether a particular individual is likely to have the relevant expertise and
experience?. In fact, one has to look at what kind of information do you have. Especially,
when you have to hire some agency or form a team of architects or planners to document
something or to do a habitat mapping exercise.

What kind of relevant expertise one has to look at it, what kind of relevant experience one has
to look at it. If we ever look at any recruitment website of United Nations, UNDP or Aga
Khan Foundation or any other agencies who are working on the humanitarian shelter
programs, they often describe that if you have an experience working in the humanitarian
sector, how many years?

We have the project management on this, irrespective of whether you are an architect,
whether you are a doctorate candidate or if you are whatever the rich qualification you have,
but they look for whether you have worked in this context or not, whether you have some
apprenticeship where you have so which means that forms a basis of an understanding of the
professional to get an understanding of the reality of the disaster context.

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Uncertainty as to how long they may need to be engaged and for the associated cost. If you
have to engage an architect or an engineer, how long one can engage? Is it throughout the
reconstruction process? Is it from the relief stage to the post-disaster recovery or the whole
reconstruction stage? To what stage one has to be engaged? Which profession has to be
engaged in what point? Where are the pickup and drop points of that particular profession?

Where are the travel together partnership positions? The fact that these different professions
can vary considerably from place to place both in name and the specific areas of expertise
that they offer and also there are many misunderstandings arising through professional
jargon.

Here, this particular guide brings the Hyogo Framework for Action and built environment
practice. It talks about the guiding principles, what have been listed under the Hyogo
Framework for Action and how it is relevant to the built environment practice and what kind
of activities one has to look at it.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:42)

The first point talks about ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and the local
priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. I would like to share my own
experience. When I was doing my architectural thesis on disaster recovery in Gujarat, many
of my friends advised why are you taking that project, do you really have a future in that
profession?

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And because unless you may have to wait for a disaster because there is not much of
awareness during my time whether this field has such a large gateways and different
disciplines to work together. And later on after the Tsunami, the many of the state
governments and the national governments and the international sectors, they have
emphasized that it has to be a national priority also with the local priority.

And there should be a strong institutional network, and that is where the National Institute of
Disaster Management has been formulated and then you can see the State Disaster
Management Authority, you have the District Disaster Management. So, there is from nation
level to the state level, and you have the local level that whole hierarchy has been established.

When all these has to work in an instrumental level and also the institutional level, which can
formulate land-use planning, the building codes, the control mechanisms which can reduce
the disaster risk from hazard. Also, ensuring that appropriate zoning and building regulations
are in place and being properly implemented. In India, until the Tsunami, no one have
realized the importance of coastal regulation zone which was earlier formulated in 1991.

And it has been revised 19 times still there, and even then there is not much serious
implication that people started building near the sea-shore, and that is where many of the
houses have been damaged in the low-lying areas. So, one has to understand that importance
of this policy level decision-making process and how it can be taken to the local level
implementation strategies.

That is where we talk about the building safety and the protection of critical facilities such as
hospitals and power stations and draws directly from the expertise of the practitioners. So,
under the any immediate impact of a disaster one has to look at how you can safeguard the
people, what are the facilities the basic like hospitals, schools or where you can put them,
how the sanitation facilities? The immediate response could be facilitated, so all this has to be
taught.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:31)

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Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. So, one has to look at
the risk assessment process I think in the whole course we are talking about many of our
lectures are focusing on the risk assessment process which rely on systematic hazard mapping
and risk information collections, how the historical layers of the risk also talks about yes this
is a prone area and inundation maps.

And in Turkey, surveyors catalogue and make available detailed information on building
construction throughout the country. So, they make a catalogue that which part of the region
and which is affected by the earthquakes because a fault line goes in that region and such
kind of catalogues will help, and it can actually give a meaningful solutions for any local
authority to work on a disaster preparedness plans or which could also talk about targeting
schools and homes and workplaces.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:38)

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The third principle is use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety
and resilience at all levels. So, we also need to talk about the sectoral understanding, the
sectoral training of engineers, architects, and surveyors also the masons you know how to
train them. That is where in Hunnarshala you can see that the NGO’s have been incorporating
the skill development programs.

How they train the rural communities so that they can also secure skill as well as the
employment and they can enhance their livelihoods. So, it has to become an essential part of
culture of safety and resilience in the construction industry, especially in the hazard-prone
areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:24)

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Reduce the underlying risk factors; and it is not just a story of a building which is prone to
the hazard, it also we have to talk about the environmental management, how a larger sector
can reduce the risks related to natural disaster because it is all a chicken-and-egg story you
know something happens here, something happens big, something happens big it happens it
affects the small thing.

We talk about the climate change, is there a relationship between climate change adaptation
and the disaster risk reduction.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:55)

So, the fifth principle, strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. So,
practitioners have a key role in disaster preparedness and response, and it also has to outlay
the human and financial cost of any catastrophe and what kind of repair and the
reconstruction is going to cost and how to procure the local skills, how to procure the
resources, so all these things fall within there.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:30)

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When we talk about the built environment, the guide describes the built environment which
refers in general terms to human settlements, building and infrastructure, transport, energy
water, and waste and related services and it also includes the commercial property and
construction industries and the built environment and the related professions.

So, when we talk about the professional, who is a professional, the term built environment
professional includes those we refer to as practitioners primarily concerned with providing
technical support services, consultation and briefing, design, planning, project management,
and implementation. Also, someone who can investigate the technical failures including
monitoring and evaluation studies.

They may be employed directly by a client or indirectly through a contractor. So, apart from
this monitoring and assessments, they also are very much concerned with the designing and
implementing the policies, standards, codes and the regulatory frameworks which have a
crucial influence on reducing the risks from the hazards and apart from the dissemination part
how this built environment practitioners, how they disseminate the knowledge with the
training and the professional education and the research.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:55)

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So, we have a set of expertise, the surveyors, the engineers, the architects, of course in the
architectural profession, we have another one the builder and the client, but in a disaster
context it varies with the context in the context. So, the main question is what expertise to use
and when. This is a very fundamental question which this whole guide talks about. So, for
this, the team has understood that how one can look at the process of understanding the
disaster management.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:28)

They have identified the 7 phases; one is the risk and vulnerability assessment, risk reduction
and mitigation, disaster preparedness and pre-disaster planning, emergency relief, early
recovery and transition, reconstruction, post-reconstruction development, review and ongoing
reduction. So, we are talking from that is where we draw a line, so this is more of pre and
then during and then a long-term.

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So, this is how they looked at the process of before disaster, during disaster and the post-
disaster. So, in that process they have classified.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:24)

So, a framework have been understood a conceptual understanding how a disaster risk
management and response spiral from the impact, you have the relief which happens only for
a few days like providing you know securing them, clearing the debris and water, food you
know for the immediate, as immediate response and then gradually how they secure the
livelihoods or how they get on to their works or how they can provide some temporary early
recovery in transition.

And one can look at the reconstruction phase, and that is where when we talk about, when we
are talking about this, we have to understand that you know how we can integrate the
sustainable development and that is where one has to look at the disaster prevention and the
sustainable development. So, there is you have to create that because this might repeat again
because the same incident might occur again and again at the same place.

So, how one can understand this and how can plan for it so that you can reduce these risks
later. So, that is where one will try to you know improve the resilience of vulnerable
communities and inform the disaster management process to reduce the further risks. So, here
the cycle actually shows the unfolding over time and offer the opportunity of achieving
sustainable development in the disaster management process.

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So, it talks about if you want to achieve the sustainable development, you need to understand
that pre-disaster conditions which can reduce the risk and vulnerability and increase the
capacity, the resilience of local communities to a goal of disaster prevention. So, that is where
your training, all the capacity building will focus so that it can actually help the communities
further.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:15)

So, this is how all these 7 phases have been listed out by time and then 4 different
professionals, architects, surveyors, planners, engineers. This is a kind of framework which
they try to describe the whole guide. Now, let us say a few activities.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:36)

What are the activities that include in the risk and vulnerability assessment? It can talk about
the nature and magnitude of current and future risks. Are we predicting any earthquakes, are

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we predicting a Tsunami, are we predicting a landslide in this process, which are the areas
which are landslide prone and in that process, where you can procure you know where we
can actually facilitate them like hospitals, schools.

And how different techniques could be used in using computer modelling, satellite image GIS
techniques, and it could be also the participatory the communities knowledge and how their
knowledge on the vulnerability and the ability to cope. So, all these things will come under
within the risk and vulnerability assessment.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:22)

If you look at the social causation of the disasters, God has given as a natural environment
and then if you look at how this environment has been distributed, it is distributed, it is
spatially varied; it is unequal distribution of opportunities and hazards. In South America,
they have rich gold mines, but they have again some disaster affected areas. Similarly, in
some other part of the country, they do not have anything, but they have very less resources.

So, there are obviously talks about their good opportunities and the hazards, and then this
social process determines unequal access like for example even the gender and Tsunami
recovery time you have noticed that many of the women have died because they are unable to
swim. It may be a different case if it has affected in a different part of the Western continent
because the women they know how to swim; they are taught in the school.

If you do the same thing in Saudi because there is a huge in the Middle East, so they have the
skill difference is so huge because women have certain restrictions. So, in that way, it

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obviously talks about different opportunities, different access to certain resources, different
class, different gender and the disability. What about the disabled people? The refugee,
immigration status and what kind of facilities we provide and not.

The social systems and the power relationships and the political and economic systems at the
national and international scale. So, this whole chart talks about how different dimensions
contribute to the risks. If you are talking about the statistical aspect, if you look at this
particular table from the CRED Center for research in Epidemiology Disasters, you will see
that the famines, these are the slow onset and the rapid onset.

The famine which is a drought is 86.9% deaths whereas what you see the rapid onset disaster
is very negligible. Similarly, you can see the deaths of the political violence is 270 millions
and 62.4% which talks, this is what the data talks about.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:45)

And now there has been advancement in the tools, how a surveyor can naturally do and the
geomatics people can develop the hazard mapping, the landside prone area, this is a map
developed from my Ph.D student, assistance from the Geometrics Department.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:07)

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And risk reduction and mitigation: Here, we talk about what kind of strategies or the policy
orientation, how we can frame to reduce the vulnerability to already known risks, and we
have to talk about how to strengthen vulnerable structures, prevent building activity in high
risk, so how we can prevent those activities and managing and maintaining assets, continuity,
also community-based disaster preparedness. So, these are all comes under risk reduction and
mitigation.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:33)

Like when we talk about the building regulations, if you are to prevent something and in fact,
Cassidy Johnson was talking about the building course, the need for the building course
especially in the low and middle-income group countries. So, there is global assessment
report on disaster risk reduction talks about creating an enabling environment for disaster risk
and this especially focus on the regulatory frameworks for land use planning and building.

256
And if you look at it, it talks about the informal settlements which are often tend to be
affected. It talks about the building and construction level; this is more of a planning and land
management. So, these are two different scales should try to cover that.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:17)

And the disaster preparedness and the pre-disaster planning, so we talked about you know
what kind of skills we have to impart and how we have to prepare for it and later on after the
disaster, we have to talk about emergency water supply and sanitation. I do not know if any
of you remember after the Hudhud cyclone, the roads have been cut off and being a coastal
area, many victims have not even got drinking water.

They were unable to serve some basic needs because of the connectivity issues. Similarly, in
Kashmir floods where after one week or two weeks then it has resulted a different set of
disaster, the epidemic and endemic diseases because the water have went down and different
mosquitos have breed, and it has resulted different set of impacts.

In the emergency relief, one has to look at the logistic planning, how you can procure these
materials, the temporary tents, the food, the shelter and how we can transport them, how we
can make sure that the livestock is protected you know, so all these aspects, relief shelters and
sheltering materials. So, if something happens, how to safeguard them and what kind of
temporary structures we have erect and what time it takes, this is all preparation.

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The project planning and management: So, this is where a strategic action plan and how this
immediate relief conditions has to be operated because the different actors come into the
place.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:53)

Like a good example of how the surveyors can prepare using the GIS based database, how
they prepare for the future risk events. In the early recovery and transition, which moves on
from the relief stage that is where we talk about how one can do a survey of the physical
conditions of the audits, the audit process.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:14)

How to facilitate whom, how many houses for this village and which village we have to give
priority. So, all this part has to be given and this is where we talk about compensation
packages, rapid mapping exercises with community resource mapping, housing needs, land

258
survey and acquisition because the main important part is here that if we want to provide any
temporary shelter, where do you provide, where is the space, which is a safe place and how to
negotiate it. So, all this comes in the land survey and acquisition.

Housing needs, how many people or given for the whole village or only a set of people who
got damaged, partially damaged, or fully damaged. So, this whole audit process goes on, and
that is where one has to look at. For example, on the right-hand side, you see for the same
kind of activities, architects will advise on the selection of building materials and technology
that were part of the compensation package.

Similarly, the surveyors talk about financial compensation package, advise in the breakdown
of cash costs per family, so per unit this much cost, this much one has to look at because
there is more to do with evaluation, there is more to the assessment. And planners which talk
about the qualitative cost and the benefits of individual versus settlement. So, they look at the
overall process as well as individual.

And here they talk about the construction methods; you know what kind of methods, prefab
methods are we going to use, or some traditional methods we are going to use. So, I just
briefly touch upon here and there. So, similarly the architects work with the social
development agencies to carry out surveys with community groups and house because one
has to understand that habitat mapping exercise.

Like for instance in Tharangambadi, Benny Kuriakose and his team, they work with the
communities, they understood even when the Tsunami have struck they did not even get the
area of which has been damaged, I mean which was an existing, so they need to involve the
community people and so that is where who wants what, there is no documents left over
sometime. So, how you have to make a record of that, so that is where a surveyor looks at.

And then you know they look at the participatory surveys, of course you can see some
overlap here, and the engineers talk about the access and the provision of key vital services,
how the water supply or sanitation has to be provided. So, like that here you can see that
carrying out land surveys in concept planners, so they have to relate with the planners,
hydrologist and the technical.

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So, if you are developing an inundation maps, how do you get the data of that inundation
map? So, then the hydrological modeling people will tell you, you know what is the data they
have done and how you can incorporate that in your modeling and how that can be
informative decision-making level. So, this whole process has a multidisciplinary.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:17)

Like for example, you can see in the immediate impact of the cyclone Hudhud, you can see
the list of property damaged and the whole statistical information come to the district
collectorate, so this is what our needs assessment is all about.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:35)

(Refer Slide Time: 28:37)

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And for instance, they have also identified which of the buildings have been damaged, which
are partially damaged, which could be repaired.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:43)

Like for example, in the compensation package, they talked about yes for a house we are
giving you 5000 rupees for the repair but do you think it will cost 5000 rupees.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:55)

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So, now the reality is all these people are still living in the same house despite that 5000 was
not sufficient, and this is where something goes wrong in understanding the need. Three
families still live in the same house because whatever the meager amount is not, so there
might be many various reasons or political reasons or the local reasons, but this is the reality.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:17)

Similarly, the early recovery in transition one has to talk about the physical planning, the
infrastructure. If there are roads damaged, if there are hilly terrains which were damaged, so
how to build retaining walls, how to renew these things and the transition shelters and
because they need to stay for some more months until their permanent shelter is designed.
Property rights and claims, land boundary, cadastral survey, and the financial claims whoever
have claimed that they have lost this; there is an insurance part of it.

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So, this whole process will take, and even here you can see architects talk about establish the
footprints of the dwellings and other typical key buildings and drop local area layouts and site
planning and consider income. So, they have to engage with the community, they have to
understand how the open and build spaces have been networked and similarly the surveyors
provide a detailed contour level mapping.

And here that is where they talk about the transport facilities, the planners, they talk about the
key networks of the services, and this is where they talk about if you have to implement any
infrastructural input that is where they need to look at the civil works, you know the
estimations, costing, the contract and tendering process. So, this is how the surveyor and the
engineers will coordinate with each other.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:43)

And similarly in the reconstruction stage, we have the housing building design and this is
where you can see the more of architects involved in it, how they design, the supervise and
interface between infrastructure and building boundaries provide training and the delivery of
it and the contribution of the communities in the low-cost models and advise on supervision,
some guidance, providing some guidance, infrastructure planning and implementation.

So, this is what the built back better means opportunity to provide basic infrastructure
services to high level of quality and amenity. Reconstruction is an important opportunity to
design and deliver renewable energy, water transport, and waste infrastructure in an
integrated way. Integration can produce several benefits, so disaster looks I mean disaster as
an event, it is considered an opportunity to build back better.

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So, we need to see how we can incorporate the waste management, energy. So there is also
training programs, the planning and management and also defining within the given cent of
land, 15 cents of land, how you are going to build 300 housing, how effectively you are going
to go. So, this is where architect has to again coordinate with the surveyors and there is a
macro-level coordination, when micro-level coordination works they have to interface.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:05)

And the last phase of post-reconstruction development review and you have the monitoring
and evaluation. The problem here is people NGO’s construct and they go away, who will
review it, how their outcome is realized, how they have been experiencing and this is where a
face-to-face interactions, how architect has to engage the community, what kind of gradual
amendments they need to make and how to have a development control.

And similarly the project management works at cost-effectiveness and financial advice on
depth servicing. If they have taken any kind of financial support, how we have to coordinate
with that. And the maintenance advice: so, one has to look at both short and medium and long
term maintenance strategies and infrastructure maintenance advice and retraining. So,
tomorrow if some agency have developed a particular road and who is going to responsible
after 5 years it gets damaged.

So, in that way, you have to look at the performance and the safety part of it. An audit has to
be worked. So, that is where this whole process has been categorized with the architects,
surveyors. I think you can, one can go through this report.

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(Refer Slide Time: 33:14)

And that will definitely help us to understand what are the various activities and which
segments of time and what are the various professions, how they can correlate with each of
their work. I hope this is helpful for you.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 12
GADRI Discussions – Social Dimension of Risk, Health and DRM

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. Today, we are going to
discuss about some of the summary of the discussions which happened in the GADRI, Global
Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes, the fourth summit which just recently happened in
Kyoto University in Japan. So, I am one of the rapporteuring member of one of the group.
Social dimension of risk health and DRM which I will just briefly discuss about how
different perceptions have summarized this particular aspect and also little bit about GADRI
and in fact Dr. Subhajyoti already mentioned about the Gadri and its initiatives in one of the
lecture.

So, I am going to discuss about the recent GADRI summit which just happened on from 13 to
15 of March and where I was rapporteuring this particular group.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:27)

On social dimension of risk and health and DRM, here there are 2 topics, one is social
dimension of risk and also the health and this was actually discussed in the Fourth Global
Summit which is a Group Discussion of 1D on 13th March in DPRI Disaster Prevention
Research Institute in Kyoto University. On the chairs of Subhajyoti Samadar and Andrew

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Collins, Co-Chairs are Yuichi Ono and for health Virginia Murray and rapporteurs myself
from Sateesh Pasupuleti and Robyn Eve Miller.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:03)

In fact, when we talk about the GADRI, first of all this has become a platform for all the
academic institutes who are doing the research and disaster recovery and disaster related
research, so it is a platform for all these institutes to come together and share the knowledge
and inform the policy practice and also the theory. So, in that way this is one of the important
platform.

Now, the DPRI is taking an intense effort to bring all these researchers together so that how
we can advocate the DRR practices in a much better way. So, in fact the Third Global
Summit of research institutes of disaster risk reduction where we call it GSRIDRR and this is
where they talk about the expanding the platform for bridging science and policy make. And
this was similar time last year 19 to 21st of March whereas also part of this program.

And I was also participated in number of discussions there with various different stakeholders
coming into the discussion, people from different backgrounds and we did discussed on
certain themes, and finally we also present our findings to the community present over there
and how to take it forward. Now, in the recent the fourth summit, global summit of research
institutes for disaster risk reduction, the theme is about the increasing the effectiveness and
relevance of our institutes how we can increase.

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And I was in one of the discussion where the social dimension of risk and health and DRM.
So, myself and Robyn were the part of the rapporteuring group, and we were actually
presented in the panel discussions where Shrikant and they were chairing this session.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:07)

So, the purpose and objectives of this session were to identify how research on social
construction of risks can be used for effective DRR. To consider how the understanding of
risk can be better circulated and discussed among stakeholders to reach a shared recognition
of the social dimension of risk. To work out how the understanding risk can help to design
the countermeasures of DRR. To reflect and report on future research directions relating to
the social dimension of disaster risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:42)

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So, we also got key questions that are to be addressed. To what extent are hazards, risks, and
disasters within society currently well known? How can the social construction of risks be
effective for DRR? And how can an improved understanding of risk be communicated
around varying DRR stakeholders? In what way does understanding of the social dimensions
of the risk help drive DRR?

So this was our main important questions and after that is the thorough discussions happen
within each groups, and we are collecting different viewpoints from different stakeholders,
and then we try to compile in this one simple diagram a conceptual understanding. Number
one context of risk, when we say context of risk itself has a different meaning especially the
people living on the edge.

Edge here I am not responding that people living on the mountainous edge but I am talking
about the more vulnerable conditions who are prone to these disaster risk. Disaster is not just
a natural context, but it is the social vulnerability, how it puts them into the risk, how hazard
makes them into a disaster and that is where the H*V=R. So, disaster is a social construct
because there has been an unequal distribution of resources, skills, abilities.

Because someone who is in South America and someone who is in Japan, if both of them are
hit by the similar magnitude of earthquake, how they are prepared, how they are prepared, so
what kind of impact here, what kind of impact here. So, that all tells about how each
community has responded with their abilities to skills to face you know the challenges given
by the hazard.

And this is the third point which I am going to discuss is more often we talk about the social
dimension, this is more of a very philosophical aspect, how I is accountable for we and others
and yours. So, when we talk about the risk, when we talk about the society, it starts with I,
and it is I and how we relate to the we as a community and how we relate to our with a larger
group and how we are relating to your you know.

So, how we can actually look a global community in a different perspective know, how we
are actually able to consider and contribute to the risk factor.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:41)

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The knowledge: when we talk about knowledge, how local knowledge understand risk
because the scientific knowledge understands in a different way but how the local knowledge
have perceived the risk, how they understand the risk. You know this is very important
because the scientific community always undermines the local knowledge. They always
believe that you are not I mean many of the cases when NGOs involving, they always try to
undermine what people already lived for many years, they said you are not in a good way, so
let us impose other way of it.

How the local knowledge systems reduce the vulnerability, you know how this local
knowledge have been reducing the vulnerability and how one can tap this knowledge. Also,
very less is known between the acceptable and unacceptable risks because what is acceptable
to me may not be acceptable to the other person who come from a different cultural or a
development background.

So, one has to really look into what is acceptable, to whom, by what, from what and what is
an unacceptable risk, maybe different cultures perceive that in a different way, and less is
very documented and transferred. Introducing DRR as a culture at school education, so in
order to bring the DRR into our society, it cannot just happen in only one day, but by
introducing these concepts at a school level, this has been advocated by different experts
Rohit Jigyasu.

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And even many other experts have pointed out that this has to bring that a disaster risk
reduction at a school level education so that children will understand the realization of how
they can handle it, how they can prepare for it, and it also brings sensitivity among the kids.
And improving the evidence-based knowledge: where we have to rely on the evidence-based.
There is also one of the other dimensions which we focused on the legal framework where
there has been an implementation gaps and challenges.

There are policy, there are certain rules and regulations where we have a regulatory
framework, but challenges in implementing and take it down at a local level is one of the
biggest challenge. Also, the national and regional and local level regulatory frameworks
sometimes they contradict with each other, sometimes they only have conflicting issues.
There is a policy to practice; you know what policy advocates and what practice perceives it
is always a gap.

So, this is of one aspect, but other aspects is when we talk about perceptions, first of all
perception of a risk itself is a very subjective you know because it also defined from who is
perceiving it right. When we talk about risk, risk to whom, risk to what, risk at when okay,
how it becomes a risk, so all these questions are very subjective in nature it varies from
community to community, nation to nation and culture to culture and where your position is.

Are you from the, you know how the NGOs perceive the risk, how the scientific community
perceives the risk, how the community has perceived the risk, how the local governments
perceive the risk? So, there are various challenges in addressing all these things as a
perception. When we say the communication, communication first of all there are gaps within
the horizontal level of community, within the communities also, across the communities.

Also, there has been gaps in how education thinks and how research thinks and how the
policy thinks how the practice. There is a logic gap network which exists in this education,
research, policy, and practice. When we say about community coordination, the coordination
between community and communities, there is a dialect of these aspects, community and
communities, discipline, undisciplined.

Within the discipline, there is the lack of coordination and with across the disciplines is also
lack of the coordination and there also coordination issues across different spatial skills and

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also the manner of presentation, how it is presented because how a communication for
development is very important. When you make certain development scheme, how you
present to the local communities, how they take it, how you bring that coordination within
these community groups and the local governments.

So, it is all to do with the manner of presentation. Also, we all talk about the collaboration
and cooperation. Collaboration also has to look at how the global community can collaborate
with the local communities and how they can cooperate with the national and regional and
local.

So, this is how these various segments of these whether it is a scientific community, is a
political community, how they can come with a hands on situations so that they can cooperate
with each other and work towards you know DRR. So, that is where this whole schematic
diagram puts participation and partnerships, you know how we can bring these partnerships
with the global actors, global agencies to the local agencies.

How we can build partnerships with an academic institutions, research institutions, and the
practice and policy level institutions. So, this is where the putting people in self in a center
which actually emphasizes on self-reliability versus with the dependency. So, the moment we
are increasing the self-reliability with these participatory approaches that improves the trust.

You know it builds trust not only between the communities, it also empowers trust between
the governments and the local governments and the agencies and the communities. So, this is
what the understanding which the thematic group has given.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:06)

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And we go to the next group where on the health aspect, first of all, what are the root causes
of these you know the factors that are associated with this health especially in a disaster
context. One is the direct and indirect risks because what we know is certain risk but certain
in the health aspect, we may encounter some unknown risks you know, it might be an indirect
risk like for instance there is uncertainty of known and unknown risks.

A new diseases will be born, imagine there is a flood-affected area in Kashmir, what
happened was during the floods, people were migrated, and they have taken a lot of measures
in the relief operations but after two, three weeks when the whole water get drained up, then
the new set of diseases came when because of the epidemic and endemic diseases spread out
when the water drained up.

So, that is where and it is a kind of uncertainty you know when it will come and how it will
come and what kind of diseases it will come. So, this is one thing one has to look at. Also,
there is a disciplinary orientation gaps in undertaking risk in understanding risks related to
health and DRR. So, there is pharmaceutical understanding is different, there is a health
understanding, there is a biological understanding is different.

So, different disciplines do not correlate with each other that is one important aspect of how
they actually orient themselves in understanding the risk and how they do not collaborate
with each other. Even here, we notice that there is an unequal resource allocation and access
to medical infrastructure, especially the marginalized communities or mostly prone areas are
the poor rural communities or the poverty you know communities.

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How these people have an unequal resource allocation, you know they might be having a less
medical infrastructure compared to you know they have a less infrastructure, medical
facilities or the professional expertise compared to the people who are living in urban areas.
So, this is also one of the challenge, how one can take these infrastructure facilities to the
most affected.

Then, the farmers risk management especially in the event of droughts, even the event of
floods, how the farmers also manage the risk, you know that will also have a contribution to
the health aspect. Also, the market driven risk because you know the market also emphasizes
on consumption of certain drugs or they push a certain business sectors into it. So, there are
also some risks associated to the market related things.

The lack of framework to compare cases and essential knowledge series, so one has to see
that there is not sufficient frameworks, how we can compare different cases and the
knowledge in order to see a holistic understanding. And now another aspect is antibiotisation
and pesticidization because in the health sector even you go for a small fever, you get
antibiotics especially in developing countries.

And this is one thing which is actually creating an impact on the abilities how the natural
abilities to cope up the immunities, you know it is affecting the immunity of an individual
and collectively as a group as well. So, also the pesticidization like usage of heavy pesticides
in our foods, how it is actually going back to our cells, basic cells, and how it is creating a
different effects on our genetics, that is also the long-run impacts.

The quality and legal enforcement of drugs, how one can ensure you know the quality and the
legal aspect of how what kind of drugs for instance, recently there was an issue with certain
pharmaceutical companies on even the polio drops you know, so one who can ensure it. Lack
of basic hygiene conditions, you know so one is first of all in the infrastructure itself how we
lack the basic hygiene conditions.

So, that is how health and safety is an integral part of the DRR. This is how these all set of
things contribute that health and safety itself because the upper limit of health we cannot
define, but the lower limit of health is at least we are alive, you know that is lower limit of

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being safe, that is where the DRR context. We need to see that you know we have to push to
the upper point.

And one need to look from the community perspective, look from the market perspective, and
this is how we can go ahead with it. The time dimension of health in DRR, so it is not only
the predisaster, during disaster the hell dimension can abruptly change even after 3 weeks,
some unknown risks, some direct risks. So, there is a time dimension of health in DRR.

Another aspect is accessible: Whether the medical infrastructure or the personnel are
accessible to you or not, in the event of crisis can someone access these infrastructure and
services. The third aspect is accountable when you say accountable whether we are making
sure that you know this quality and legal frameworks are making sure that it is reaching to the
common man, you know how the allocations are being accountable, affordable.

You know how it can be because in a developing countries only with the privatization aspect
whether the common man can afford, the poor man can afford these things. And advocacy of
right practices, you know how one can actually address the right practices, you know what to
do and what not to do. This is where we need the build-partnerships with various local and
global agencies and national level agencies, how we have to advocate these right practices,
how we can bring these things to the marginalized communities.

So, this partnership and coordination is very much needed in the health sector as well. So,
these are some of the findings I mean which was a part of the discussions on the social
dimension of risk and health and DRM. So, I just try to present it as a discussion and I think
this will give you an eye opening for variety of issues which are involved in the disaster risk
management.
Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery And Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 13
Community Participation in Disaster Risk Governance
Voices from Mumbai and Ghana

Hello everyone, Welcome to the lecture series on Disaster recovery and build back better. This
lecture focus on participation in disaster risk governance by getting insights from Mumbai, India
and Ghana. We already told about that community participation is really a key element in
disaster risk governance, we discussed about this in our previous slides previous presentations
so, what we need that we need some framework.

And that framework can be divided into two part, one is the process part one is the outcome part.
We discussed about that, and with that one we can get these variables of a comprehensive
framework of participations.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:19)

One is the process one, another one is right-hand side is the outcome one. I hope this is fine, now
let us look that can it really help us to understand what extent how people are participating in

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disaster risk management, can it be a helpful tool for us to improve disaster risk management and
community involvement.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:45)

This is Mumbai, the financial capital of India, this is also Mumbai at Dharavi area close opposite
to Bandra-Kurla complex, and this is Mithi river, mangrove forest and this is Bandra-Kurla and
this is Dharavi areas okay, this is our study area.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:19)

In 2005 there was a catastrophic disaster in Mumbai, one day 1000 almost 1000 millimetre of
rainfall and it paralyzed the city, 60% of the city were indirectly or directly affected okay.
Around 1,000 people were killed due to this flood just one day flood or 2 days flood.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:51)

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This is one of the picture of Dharavi areas, this is our location close to.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:59)

This is Maharashtra, and this is Mumbai you can see Mumbai and then here is our study area
Dharavi this is Mithi river coming for Vihar, Powai and this is Dharavi area and this is our study
area, two study areas basically Kalaquila and Rajiv Gandhi Nagar in Dharavi.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:25)

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So you can see here more clearly that is encroached land on the settlement on Mithi riverbank it
was earlier a mangrove forest.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:39)

These are some of the glimpse of 100 square meter area total population is within this small
place 25,000. We had a project there, one integrated disaster risk management for megacity
Mumbai by Kyoto University, along with in collaboration with the Municipal Corporation of
here in Mumbai and school of planning and architecture and other many Institutes like JJ College
of Architecture, Tata Institute of Social Science. They were involved in this project for integrated
disaster risk management megacity Mumbai.

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(Refer Slide Time: 04:25)

We set up a small office in a ward G-North ward, MCGM, a research hub from there imagine
this is a timeline, we started to say used to go to Dharavi and say people hey hello how are you,
and then we started to build kind of rapport with the people. People say hello, how are you they
are talking about many issues, they are concerned about their livelihood issues, their job, family
issues, housing issues.

We have chat over on tea stall and juice shop wherever whatever places we have, then they
started talk about the flood and waterlogging problem in this area and we had continuous
discussions and we said can we help you? can you help you some manner, before that we did not
really put our plan to them we just wanted to know that this proposal should come from them and
we should also try to understand them their concerns?

So they said that yes we need some help if you can do to manage better the flood we are facing
every year. So we developed risk mapping and then over the period of time we developed an
action plan with them.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:47)

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I will talk about that how we involved these communities into this decision-making process. That
was the phase one and that we first identified the stakeholder and we developed a base map and
also Phase two we developed a risk mapping and prioritisation of work.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:08)

And we started this survey in February and some of my students some of our students are
conducting surveys in Rajiv Gandhi Nagar okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:28)

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We use different kind of tools like mapping, group discussions, town watching, observations,
photographs, secondary data collection techniques and methods were also used like content
analysis, documentations okay. So this is some of the photographs during the survey.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:39)

Here is some of the glimpse and picture you can see that we what we conducted open-ended
interview, group discussions.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:51)

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Here is a transcript of our discussions with the community we develop the map first and then we
put the data into it.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:00)

And here is the level of people different kind of stakeholders starting from our GCOE that is
global centre of excellence, human security engineering of Kyoto university team and Local
community members and municipal corporations Greater Mumbai especially the involvement of
the G-North wards, like we help them in mapping and I say, we also work as the surveyors, and
explaining and introducing community the role and objective of the survey.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:30)

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Local community was the key Informant one of the main actor in this process and MCGM or
Municipal Corporations also helped us providing logistics support, helping in building rapport
with the people, facilitative say religious and political organizations.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:55)

We collected a lot of data there starting from land-use data, residential, commercial, public,
playground, infrastructure what are the infrastructures are there, Doctors clinic, community
toilet, community taps, school.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:10)

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Hazard parameters we considered, flood duration, water level during the flood, areas frequently
affected, building height, building materials, building conditions, plinth level these all we
collected.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:26)

Now here are some of the facts that in 2006 after 2006 lot of residential areas this is actually a
road this is one of the fraction of the Rajiv Gandhi Nagar, many are transferred into commercial
areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:43)

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People started to build G+1 structure in though this is not allowed, but community allowed that
community reported that many people are now constructing G+1 structure in Rajiv Gandhi
Nagar okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:05)

And it could be pucca or semi pucca concrete structure, their infrastructures were not grooved,
you can see the drainage quality here.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:14)

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Also the electricity supply; it can easily electrified, and current can kill people during emergency
or flood inundations.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:21)

Access roads are very narrow; you cannot evacuate, two people cannot pass easily from this one.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:30)

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And the roads are zig-zagged, so when these roads are filled by water and then during the flood
or inundations that you cannot step in we do not know where you are putting your leg okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:45)

So in 2005 it was a Mithi river, and this is the road, and the flood came like this okay gradually
and then it was around 8.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:59)

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So people could not evacuate during 2005 one reason that there was no designated place there
was no early warning and the head of the household was not at house. So the woman cannot take
the leadership decision to go to other places or it was sometimes too late when they decided to
evacuate entire area, surrounding areas were inundated with water, and they have also the loss
fear of losing property or looting kind of questions.

And people do not know where to evacuate how to evacuate these reasons that they could not
really evacuate.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:44)

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Another one is that before the flood, it was a house and it was like that, then the local
government started to elevate the road okay simply elevated the road year after year.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:05)

But as a result what happened they can see that it makes the houses more vulnerable water can
easily come to house and it is really risky for them.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:21)

So these are some of the concern they shared.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:25)

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There is also an encroachment by on Mithi river some people are encroaching, this is a Mithi
river you can see that new constructions arouses. So municipal authority actually demolished
these places recently, but again new constructions are coming. So these some of the facts people
have shared.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:54)

What we found that in 1980 it was a mangrove area totally on Mithi river, that is the road, and
this is the Dharavi area, but it was actually a mangrove areas. In 1990 in the early 1990s or late
1980s some settlements have come especially the construction workers they started to build
temporary houses, in 1995 that is also increasing you can see again 2000, 2005, and 2013.

291
So from it was not a very old settlement as such.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:2)

So here is a building height in Rajiv Gandhi Nagar you can see the most of the houses are
ground-floor only, but recently particularly close to the roadside people are constructing G+1
structure that is you can see in red here in the right-hand side.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:11)

The flood level in 2005 and these areas, the red mark areas close to the Mithi river, these areas
were around six to ten feet of water, six to ten feet that is more than a human height okay and
also they had two to five feet in most of the parts and close to the road they were not much
suffered, only one feet of water.

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(Refer Slide Time: 13:47)

In waterlogging, they were facing annual waterlogging in these series, and you can see here that
most of the building most of the houses they face this one to two feet waterlogging annually and
it continues for around two to three hours most of the cases okay, some are less some are more
like that.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:19)

It was the damage to building and damage to household, durable asset due to 2005 flood you can
see those houses which are close to the Mahim Creek or Mithi river they were the most affected
households by they had total damage okay. A major damage you can see also in the middle and

293
people who are close to and they have less damage. But people who are close to the Mahim
Creek or river they lost everything.

Their house starting from their beds, walls, their houses were damaged so they have a lot of
losses.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:04)

Here some of the sketches done by the students.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:08)

And so after we finish this exercise of connecting many more mappings and all we ask people
that hey please mark us that what how you involved into this project of risk mapping, was it

294
successful or not. So most of the cases we did very well like early engagement, representation of
just stakeholder, continuity engagements clear and agreed object. But some cases right we have
less resource availability.

And also we could not make improve the peoples power, capacity or also they have less power to
influence the decisions because they have less resources. So they cannot carry out their own
projects. But what is missing, we ask people that okay these parameters are fine but what did you
really think that this exercise did not include. So they said to us that information is fine but a
participatory approach is meaningful, our participation is meaningful only when apart from
informations you go beyond that you can tell us that what we can do some plan actionable plan.

So we need to move from information to improvement and we need to also see some feasible
outcome, that is why people can motivate themselves to participate, and the exercise should be a
lot of fun it is already a serious matter. But we should involve a lot of fun into this exercise, then
more and more people should be involved, you should do it more relaxed way. So considering
their request
(Refer Slide Time: 17:05)

We started to develop an action plan for reconstruction, and rehabilitation, response, and relief of
this area.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:14)

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So we actually listed down the actions for rescue operations. What they can do without external
help and what they can do with the external help and these are some of the tasks representing that
who will do what kind of task, here you can see the number of actions they had identified like to
summon all volunteers to come forward to rescue people in emergency to rescue disabled,
injured, and elderly people to provide and distribute the list of contents of survival kits, to appeal
people to carry the vital documents. Especially various identity cards during evacuations like that
okay.

Also we list of actions for rehabilitation and preparedness like to identifying the pending works
BMC identifying the local leaders to look and report local flood problem and vulnerability,
preparing list of contacts of emergency services meeting with civil defence, ensuring that nobody
is throwing waste in gutters. So that we can do through what we can what they can do by
themselves and what they can do with the help of external agencies with lot of actors are
involved. so also this list continued,
(Refer Slide Time: 18:47)

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And you can see that these are some of the photographs during these brainstorming sessions here
are our students and experts and also the community people who are working together.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:59)

And finally you can see that they also develop many community committees like Core action
community, Chawl committees, Community volunteers also they want help from Municipal
Corporations, Civil Defence, NGOs and from the researchers and Academic Institutes, what are
the priority areas intermitted priority and remote priority.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:23)

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So bringing the people into the driving seat is really important this is the celebrations of our after
finishing this and Dharavi community led action plan for flood disaster risk management.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:43)

But the question remains in question of participations that why people participate?.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:49)

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These are the criterias right and these the right hand side you can see that, left hand side the
process-based criteria and right hand side you can see some of the references that from where we
can found that this is our proposed argued for community participation.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:12)

And the left hand side you can see successful implementation, mutual trust, ownership, conflict
resolution, self-reliance this should be the outcome criterion and right hand side you can see the
references we give.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:25)

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But these criterias either process or outcome-based developed by researchers, project facilitators,
local government, NGOs. What is missing is that we are seeking communities participations but
community had never been involved in defining what is the meaning of participations. How they
would like to participate okay how they would like to participate it is always the outsiders, those
who are not the stakeholders real stakeholders, those who are not the victims.

We are looking for someone’s participations and we are defining their participations in other
perspective other terms. So it means that we are asking community to participate, but we are
defining that how and what, when and what extent they can participate. It means I plan you
participate, I plan you participate okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:39)

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So your participation the way I want you to participate that is it. So your participation depends
on that how I want you to participate maybe I can say okay you can ask two three questions you
can ask three four questions that is it. so I am not allowing you to join here freely.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:02)

So what we did we are looking this thing from a different angle from a different perspective we
are saying that instead of we define the criteria of participation is possible that community
themselves will define what is the meaning of participations what are the criterias of
participations so we call this is user based approach. Those whose participations we are seeking
for they will define the criteria of participations.

301
It is like a kind of taking selfie, it is okay. So we asked the community to define what a
successful community participation should have in terms of process and outcome based criteria.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:08)

We conducted this study in Ghana a West African country and one of the most climate change
impacted a disaster-prone community particularly the upper region, Wa region, the northern part
of Ghana is around four hundred kilometre from the Accra their capital city and is one of the
poorest region of this country.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:36)

So they have both issues of flood and drought.

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(Refer Slide Time: 23:42)

This calendar were developed by the farmers or the local residents by themselves they are
depicting, describing the impact of climate change they can sense they can feel so in normal and
stable climate or usual regular calendar there is that they have some onset of rain from May to
September and then they have slight rain in October and then they have this dry season from
November to March.

But as a result of climate change the rain now the onset of rainfall now moved from rain now
move from April to May, sometimes it moves to June even. Until May is still fine but when this
move from to June or July no rain then is almost like a drought like a situation and just after the
drought they are very erratic rainfall maybe a very intensive rainfall during August and
September. So first there is no rain and they were facing water scarcity and drought, and then
they have very heavy rain or flat and then again this seasonal shift you can see.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:28)

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So therefore we need to prepare them small and large intervention we need to promote there,
there are so many projects are going on there in this place and many of this project are focusing
on the disaster risk management and climate change adaptations. Most of these projects are
advocating the incorporations and involvement of the local people into the projects.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:00)

Now we want to see that in these projects on all this climate change and disaster risk
management projects, how people see these projects, what are the involvement they have and
how they feel that they can better involve into these projects.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:19)

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This is some of the photographs during the study they have a chieftainship system, chief decides
everything. Traditional king or kind of governance system these are some of the photographs of
the study area.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:35)

We conducted this survey in four villages in Wa district, West district, Chietanaga, Bankpama,
Zowayeli and Baleowafili.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:47)

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We gave questions to the people and asking them that what they think about the public
participations, we wanted to tell them that tell us that what are the outcomes and what are the
process they want from public participations.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:06)

So they had a flood in 2007-2010.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:09)

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And you can see what people told us they said that process there should be representation of all
groups, clear objectives, agreed objectives, power to influence decisions, continued relation with
the community, incorporating local knowledge, good facilitator. And outcome; There should be
livelihood security, plan implementation, ownership, self-reliance, time effective.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:36)

So livelihood security, they feel that when I am hungry I cannot participate in any projects so
livelihood security is critical. Plan implementations; not only that you were talking and talking
and talking but we want only see some feasible outcome. Ownership; but most is the self-
reliance we have many ideas but we cannot pursue so we should be empowered so that we can

307
follow our own projects, it should be also time effective and representation of all groups is
agreed.

Clear and objectives should be there of the projects, agreed objectives power to influence the
decisions, continued relationship with the community. So these are the criterias we found so
therefore instead of we define the community participations it should be from the community
who would decide that what is the meaning of community participation.

So thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery And Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 14
Community Participation in Disaster Risk Governance:
Insights from Mumbai

Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture series on disaster recovery and build back better. In this
lecture, I will focus on community participation in disaster risk governance focusing on some
case studies in Mumbai, India. I am Subhajyoti Samaddar from Disaster Prevention Research
Institute, Kyoto University. Community participation is a buzzword in disaster risk management
in disaster recovery and reconstruction and rehabilitation.

We have to involve community.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:04)

Starting from the recovery, mitigation and preparedness, activities related to disaster right this is
already agreed, and you can see there are so many citations we can give many more citations like
that. Now it is a kind of trouble-shooter.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:20)

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If you have any problem to implement your strategies and plan you fail to do so, you incorporate
community participations, involvement of community, participatory approach that is everybody
who tell you okay it is a kind of trouble-shooter. It is like broccoli.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:42)

Everybody would ask you to eat, it is a broccoli in planning in disaster risk management.
Nobody would tell you do not eat. Everybody would recommend you to have community
participation as a tool to successful implementations of disaster risk management. Now why it is
so? that we know that risk is subjective, different stakeholders have different perceptions. So
involving community is important in order to incorporate different perceptions, different ideas,
needs, and concerns into the management process otherwise people feel that they are cheated.

310
They are not really incorporated into the decision making process. Because they have the stake
so they have the right to tell us that what they want what is the concerns they have because we
know not only the risk but what is to be done when do we done, how it will be done, who will do
it, these policy options are also contested.

So one is the assessment, finding the problem of the risk; another one is the policy options, for
that we need community participation. Also in many cases we cannot rely simply on the local
government we have to enhance the capacity of the local people. So that just after the disaster
they can survive they can manage the situation okay and until and unless the local government or
external agencies are able to reach to them.

Also for the sustainability issues, sustainable community we need to improve peoples own
capacity. We need to enhance, empower their capacity so self-reliance and using a local
knowledge are critical component in disaster risk management. So, therefore, we should promote
community participation in disaster risk management. But in reality, there is a huge gap we are
asking that okay we need to involve community into disaster risk management.

But actually it is not happening.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:15)

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There is a huge gap between policy and practice, theory and implementation why? Why after
spending so much of time, energy and money, we fail to incorporate communities local
communities into the decision making process. Why participatory disaster risk management
programs they failed it could be in rehabilitations it could be for the preparedness whatever. So
participation the one reason that participation is understood.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:50)

And practised in different manners there is no unique there is the one universal definition of
participations okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:03)

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So how to involve the community into the process into the decision-making process, into the
planning process, this understanding remains controversial. We have a lot of understanding of
that various people understood participations from daily various perspective. This is one of the
classical model developed by Sherry Arnstein.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:29)

And talking about the types of participations a ladder of public participation. If you look into the
left-hand side you can see there is starting from manipulations then informations, consultations,
partnership, and citizen control. What is that? Let us look let us convert this model in disaster
risk management context. When we are talking about manipulation kind of thing or only
informations kind of thing okay it leads to that community is a passive recipient of informations.

We only provide information to the people telling them you do this you evacuate you raise your
plinth level okay. These simple things that we experts know everything and we are passing
telling the people what to do and they just get the informations, receive it, and they will follow
our instructions okay. So that is a simple model that we follow. Another one is kind of tokenism
okay or consultations.

Some people are saying in case of disaster risk management that our focus is not that people are
not passive recipient, but what we do then we actually involve them in understanding the risk
because we know people have different understanding of the risk. So we should simply ask them

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to participate to tell us along with the expert that what are the risk they think they are vulnerable
to okay.

So just for the risk assessment we involve them. In little higher level value consultations we not
only involve them in assessing the risk, estimating the risk but we prepare a plan most of the
cases in urban planning we prepare the plan and then those who are living in this areas those who
are the citizens or the stakeholders we invite them, and we show them, hey we prepared this plan
now tell us this plan is good or not.

They did not prepare the plan we prepared the plan experts, authorities, implementing agencies
they prepared the plan, and they are asking common people that what are the gaps there what are
the components to be incorporated into this decision-making process. This is still a kind of
consultations, kind of question, a simply kind of question of consultations.

Some more radical people in participations, they are saying this is not even enough what we
need, we need collaborative knowledge and action plan development collaborative, collaborative
knowledge. In that process, the community and the local leaders along plus the experts or the
external agencies they should sit together, they should share informations with each other.
Community from their own experience, from own local knowledge, and the expert from their
own expertise scientific understanding.

They would also provide input to the project and then both of them together by sharing and
exchanging informations would develop first they would understand the problem what are the
risk they are facing and how it can be solved and what are the options, tools and strategies that
we can adopt. So this is another way of looking into the participations.

But starting from the bottom to the top bottom to the top, everybody is saying that I am doing
community participations. Any project you open they would say that our project is participatory.
But it could be just participatory means providing informations, or it could be just a value
consultations with the people, or it could be at the collaborative knowledge or plan development.
Then if all of them are participatory, then we are lost.

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So, therefore, people have different understanding; there is no universal definition of
participations. Given that it is a really challenging to incorporate community into the planning
process, not only that, we have different participatory tools. In case of disaster risk management.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:31)

We have risk mapping, we have Yonnmenkaigi system method or Foursquare table method or
maybe disaster games or maybe some scenario development or some interactive workshops. So
these all are considered to be participatory tools, that means a tool to involve local community
into the participatory process. We have so many tools now these tools they vary from each other.

In terms of their structure, in terms of their method, in terms of their time, resources, skill, they
vary from each other great extent the way you conduct Yonnmenkaigi you cannot conduct the
game. But all of them, all participatory tools, they have one common objective that is they
wanted to involve community into the disaster risk management process.

When I am a practitioner, I am very confused which tool to take which tool to adopt in order to
effectively involve community into the decision-making process, I do not know! Then which one
I should try on what basis that is a real dilemma being a practitioner I would like to ask this
question to the expert. Another problem is that when we are talking about various kind of
participatory exercises.

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(Refer Slide Time: 12:28)

They also vary in great extent that how they are what is the purpose of that exercise is it just
focusing on understanding the risk or peoples perceptions or is it also that how to manage the
risk. Some studies is showing that most of the cases disaster risk management participatory tools
their focus is on understanding the risk awareness. But they have less focus on how to manage
the risk.

So if people do not know what to do it makes them fatalist, it makes them frustrated. That if I do
not know only knowing the risk is not easy, so they prefer not to participate. Another one is that
when we conduct participatory exercises, it is a kind of art and a kind of skill, it depends on what
language you are using during the exercise, are you using local knowledge, local language or the
foreign language.

What is the experience of the facilitator what extent he is knowledgeable skilful his experience
or her experience that matter. Somebody has lot of experience he or she can deliver much better
than a new person a fresh person. This is a practical professional things also it is where which
place you were conducting participatory exercise is it inside the community outside the
community also it time another variable that how long it takes?

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Does it take a long time, does it take short time okay? So these variables should be considered
when we want effectively to engage community into the decision making process. Also there is a
question of control of exercise or facilitation process.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:37)

In many extents, some people argued that the facilitator he controls everything who will
participate, when will participate, What should be discussed, the number of participants?. So
with these though is the kind of participation questions but everything is decided by the
facilitator, so he has the power to control everything, so he put someone on behalf the power to
others instead of being a gigantic one by small, small effort, a big fish is eating everyone.

So this should be controlled, considered when we are considering about participation of

communities in disaster risk management. Also, the question of the benefit and functions of
community participations like these some of the outcomes.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:36)

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These are outcomes that we often consider that comes from participatory projects like if we
involve community that will actually increase peoples awareness. It will give better accepted
decisions. It can also resolve conflict among stakeholders; it can improve preparedness, and it
could empower the people. They have more willingness to participate, and they are more self-
reliant, and they can do by themselves without external help.

These are fine, but the problem is that these outcomes, these claims by different organizations
both government and non-governmental organisations, both practitioners and the researchers, the
problem is that we do not have enough evidence empirical evidence that these claims are really
true that through involving community into the decision-making process we can really achieve
that one, we can really achieve this one this is still unknown.

Nevertheless, we are claiming that our project is better our exercise is better so if we do not
know how to make this one how to deliver this kind of outcomes then it is very difficult to scale
up one project to another place. The project that is appropriate in Roorkee may not be
appropriate in Delhi, may not be appropriate in Dehradun. So we need to know what to do them,
another problem is that there is no single nomenclature of participations or participatory based
disaster risk management.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:22)

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We give it so many names for example community-based disaster risk management CBDM,
integrated community-based disaster risk management, participatory disaster risk management,
local level disaster risk management, multi-stakeholder participations, collaborative disaster risk
management they all are considered to be participatory, but they have a different name. For a
practitioner, laws of their community is very confusing that how they are different.

Why they are given different names? it actually makes the situation complex. As a result what
we are finding across regions across nations across globe that participatory programs
participatory exercises projects that is if it is called in somewhere good successful or effective
we are not able to transfer these knowledge into another place. They are saying that is very
localised site-specific we cannot translate that one.

So there is a huge gap between theory and practice okay. So then what we need to do what, how
we can solve this problem? Some people are saying that we can solve this problem by
developing a framework we need to kind of evaluation, evaluation that what works and why not
so for that we need evaluation, and for that evaluation we need some framework. So
participatory disaster risk management should have one framework through which to the kind of
benchmark.

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Through which you can tell okay this project is working well, and this project is not working
well to involving community into the decision making process. So there are a lot of theories on
that, but if we can accumulate those theories summarise them we can actually get a picture of a
kind of synthesis of this one. What we found is that the most of the arguments are coming in two
pillars or kind of two components two major components.

One component is the processed base criteria that there is a process that a participation should
follow and there is an outcome that we can get from participations. So what is the process?
(Refer Slide Time: 20:23)

This is a pathway to achieve the expected outcome that I want to go there, so I have to follow
some functions, some steps some measures is a kind of mechanism to adopt who will add, who
will join, when and what extent he will be joining and evaluate the quality and characteristics of
the means of participations like early and continued engagement of the community,
representation of relevant stakeholders, fairness, capacity building, incorporating local
knowledge, good facilitation, resource availability these should be considered as participatory.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:10)

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Then we have outcome-based criteria; these are participations from what we can achieve from
the participations what are the outcomes it not necessary that if you follow a particular process
an ideal process of participation it not necessary that it would deliver you a good outcome good
effective outcome. So then outcome-based criterias we expect that what are the results expected
desired results okay.

And what are the mechanism to channel communities demand, reduce delay in difficult,
decision-making, enhance ownership, build consensus etc and ensure mutual trust, respect,
ownership, transparency, accountability, conflict resolution and consensus-building, and cost and
time effective.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:04)

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So based on that we can actually develop these framework. On the left-hand side we have
process of public participation, on the right-hand side, we have outcomes of public participation
like for the process of public participations we may consider early engagement of the community
and representations of. So early engagement of the community it means that community should
be involved from the very beginning of the participations.

It is not that they will suddenly call for involving in construction process in a build back better
situations, but we should first let know that what is the existing problem what are the concerns
there what are the prevailing issues there okay and then representation of the stakeholders.
Community is not a black box there are a lot of differences among themselves some is based on
class, based on gender, based on caste, status.

So we should ensure, try to ensure that all the representative of all sections should participate
into this process. The third criteria process-based is the clear and agreed objective at the outset.
Many cases that we discussed with the community but we do not have any agreed objectives, or
maybe we do not have any clear objectives. It is always evolving, so it is better to make a very
clear objectives.

Okay these are some of our goal, and that we would like to achieve so this will give the
community an idea that what they can expect from this project and we can reach to a consensus

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in the very beginning at least some tentative consensus that okay. This is the outcome, and we
can go ahead for that. Then another one is that continued engagement of the community okay it
is not that you asked them invited them to participate in the very beginning and then you forgot
them.

No, you should not forget them you should actually continue consultations with them involving
them in every sphere of the planning process. What is the problem? What is to be done? Who
will do it? How do we do?. So their roles and responsibilities should be also mentioned so that
community feel kind of ownership and okay I am in the project these are my involvement and so
it will create a more accountable and transparent picture to them about the project.

Fairness: fairness is a kind of component that we discussed that we are saying that okay is
sometimes people participate but it is just a physical participations they do not have any power or
the freedom to express their own opinions.

In case of in a village maybe there are upper caste and lower caste people, they are involving into
this process in discussions and some of the dominant caste dominant class, they do not allow the
lower caste people or lower class people to talk freely to propose any new topic or to suggest any
new strategies. So that should not happen, everybody should have the fair and equal right to
discuss and suggest on disaster risk management.

Then another participatory component is the power to influence the decisions we should
remember that many cases people are invited, people are engaged, but maybe the financial
agency the major financial resources that is coming from the external agencies. Community has
less contribution financially then what is the case that the external agency they consult with the
community they involve them throughout the process, but when they make the decision, when
they make the plan there is no reflections of community’s opinions observations and suggestions.

So community has a very less power, very less stake to influence the decisions. But for the
governance power is very important. Community should be involved into the decision-making

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process. They should control the decision-making process they should enjoy certain amount of
freedom and power.

Capacity building, capacity building means that the community in order to engage with other
stakeholders to negotiate with other, to bargain with other, or to involve in discussions critical
discussions they should have certain knowledge or skills. Sometimes because of lack of
education or illiteracies or remoteness of the place or remoteness of their exposure to external
agencies or external like media. Some sections of the community or few communities they have
less this kind of knowledge technical knowledge or outside knowledge or external knowledge or
formal knowledge.

Therefore they cannot effectively negotiate with the external agencies so they should have these
power to bargain with the other so that we should improve their knowledge and capacity also
they should be able to depend, trust themselves okay, this is important.

And good facilitation process; there should be enough skill like face to face and using local
language not to widen the scope of the program exercise. These are some of the components we
should consider in the facilitation process so it is a kind of art and skill of the facilitator to
conduct effectively participatory tools. So that we should consider in when we are involving
community good facilitation.

And then we need to incorporate local knowledge. Many cases that latent knowledge, tacit
knowledge that are important. So we should try to grab that knowledge people experience,
people use their experience and their traditional living with the same place that develop a
knowledge and that that can even.

And also the resources like they have sands muds these should be or trees whatever natural and
other resources they have and knowledge they have that should be used it could be all makes the
project more cost-effective, and they can feel their ownership, and also there should be some
resource available okay.

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And another one is the outcome of public participation, like participation should be successful in
terms of implementations. It is not that we are making a plan we are talking and then we forgot
about everything. We should make it very clear that what are the outcomes of the projects.

Transparency and accountability, like that what is the cost of the projects, who are benefiting out
of it okay. This kind of things should be very clear. Accountable, what is the distribution what
are the roles people are playing.

Mutual trust, that should be achieved through participations, stakeholders should believe among
themselves they should be able to resolve conflict, distrust among themselves that would called
an ideal participations.

Ownership feeling that when you are achieving when you are finishing some projects, the project
is made for the community themselves. You are reconstructing new houses it is for the people
who are affected by a disaster. So in the end of the project people should own it they should not
refuse that houses, if they refuse that houses we feel that there is no ownership. So we should
make sure that a successful participation means that people get these ownerships from the
project.

Conflict resolutions, as I said that if there is a kind of distrust may not be we always be able to
reach to an agreed decisions but at least one group should know that what are the concerns what
are the problems there from another perspective, from another groups perspective, so there is
kind of shared knowledge, shared understanding, and shared interest that should be there.

And cost-effective, using local knowledge and other natural resources locally available resources
and involving people their labour their roles and responsibilities would effectively reduce the
cost that would be self-sustainable. They do not need to exploit the nature at tremendously or do
not need to depend on others okay. So that will easily lead to kind of self-enhance, self-reliance
kind of questions so if they have any plan they can pursue that plan without depending on any
external agencies.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:47)

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Another one is the time effective that if the project should be finished within a particular time, tt
should not be too long, should not be too short, so these are the criterias of public participations.
I will try to give a picture from different case studies like public participations in Mumbai, in
Ghana and also in Gujarat okay. So thank you very much for listening this lecture and I will
introduce to you in other lectures.

Some of the case studies to see that how we can apply these ideas okay.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture – 15
Frameworks

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. I am Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti,
assistant professor, department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today I am going to
discuss with you about a few of the frameworks which are relevant to the DRR which is disaster
risk reduction, and it covers both from a theoretical understanding to the project and the
implementation aspects and also with the kind of community management process as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:05)

And whatever the frameworks which I am going to talk to you about, it is based on a huge
compilation of various frameworks and understandings by John Twigg, especially on the disaster
risk reduction. And it is published in the global practice review in volume 9 and Humanitarian
Practice Network which has been commissioned by the humanitarian practitioner. John Twigg,
he is part of the UCL Bartlett, and I am going to discuss a few things.

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Of course, there are been some frameworks which has been discussed much earlier from 1980s
but what he tried to do is he tried to bring all of the current literature into 1 big document which
actually talks from the theoretical understanding, the terminologies, the institutional networks,
and the project management part of it, and the community asset management. So there is a
variety of schemes which he tried to address in 1 holistic approach.

First of all, we have to understand with the especially from the disaster risk context and also with
the developing countries context. Countries like India which are more to do with the poverty
because India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal so we have along with the disaster risk
reduction we also have a challenge of the poverty reduction. So let us see how this whole process
is going to work. First of all, it starts from the global drivers.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:42)

Because first of all, we are the whole geography has been unevenly distributed. There are rich
countries, there are poor countries, there are resourceful countries, the resourceless countries and
that have actually as a very diverse economic indicators into it. Also the climate change both
from a macro level point of view and the meso level aspect of it. Also come into the governance
and limited endogenous capacities.

So even the governance because how one particular community or society is unable to handle
shocks and stresses and that is where a system how it fails, so that is where the time talk about

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the governance. And these are all actually formulates the underlying risk drivers. When we talk
about underlying risk drivers, we talk about the poor and urban local governance and the
vulnerable rural livelihoods because especially with the climate change.

Let us say you have an impact of cyclones or floods and which has affected the whole farming
industry and farming sector I can say but then how the farmers are unable to cope up with their
crops because of the low economic development process and how the market is dribble to
destabilize their economy and all these aspects that is talking about the vulnerable livelihoods

Also the ecosystem declines, so due to these disasters, how gradually not only the disasters as a
continuing the development processes and its impact on the environment and the ecosystems and
its services, and how they are actually degraded, and in turn it is causing a kind of irreversible
damage to the human habitats and a global climate. Also lack of access to risk transfer and social
protection, so these are the kind of underlying risk drivers.

So they tried to classify into intensive risk when you say intensive risk major concentrations of
the vulnerable populations and economic asserts exposed to the extreme hazard. Whereas the
extensive risk, when he talks about the extensive risk, he talks about the geographically dispersed
exposure of vulnerable people and economic assets to low or moderate-intensity hazard. So this
is talking basically on the exposed aspect of the vulnerable society or a particular group and their
assets.

Everyday risk, so when we say everyday risk, we are talking about households and communities
exposed to foods, insecurity, disease, crime, accidents, pollution, lack of sanitation and clean
water. Like if you ever travelled in the developing countries many people even still doubt
whether the water we are drinking is safe or not. So which means we are even not able to trust
our own surroundings.

And also the surrounding atmosphere the environment is not also giving that guarantee that that
is more safe you know, whether it is a crime, whether it is an accident, whether it is an industrial
accident because of safety issues, whether it is a pollution aspect like in the moment you come to

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the city of Delhi you actually understand that kind of pollution, right? And similarly the food
insecurity.

When we talk about the food insecurity, we see a slow phase disasters like the drought, you
know how it can actually yield to the reduction of crops and how it will have an impact on the
markets and how it turn impact on the livelihoods of the poor sector. So this is a kind of
everyday risk it is not just only happening during an event or anything, but it is a common
problem for the developing at least the developing countries.

Poverty, economic poverty and other poverty factors such as powerlessness, exclusion, illiteracy
and discrimination, limited opportunities to access and mobilise assets. So, in fact, we have many
technical inputs you know I will show you a small example when we were working in Tamil
Nadu, we went to a house and we could able to see that we have built a toilet inside the house
and the moment we went we were unable to get even inside the house.

Because the fishermen community what they did was they did not understand it was a toilet and
they started putting a whole the fish dirt into that, and it was like foul smell and people are living
in a very unhygienic environment. So what is the reason behind it? It is basically their lack of
awareness on what a toilet is and what how a toilet functions. And similarly in a system like
different cast systems, different political systems when they are actually living together.

And it is also about haves and have nots, power and powerful and powerlessness. So in fact,
when we talk about how certain societies have been excluded in the development process or in
the dialogue of the development you know these all things are actually the risk processes and
poverty adds much more of the excluded aspect of it, and they also talks about the access to these
assets and the resources.

So that is how we have this disaster impacts and poverty outcomes. So disaster impacts because
these people live in this kind of risk factors situations that is where the majority mortality and
economic loss. Let us say for women who have lost their lives in the tsunami many of them were
woman because they are lack of certain skills even swimming or protecting themselves so which

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means there is a skill or there is a limited access for them in facing the risk, facing that particular
shock.

So that is where it has given a particular group has been targeted. And similarly an economic loss
especially with drought or the flood impacts where people have lost their agricultural fields,
damage to local housing infrastructure, livestock and crops. Whereas the poverty outcomes,
when we say about poverty outcomes, it talks about the both short, medium on long term impacts
on income, consumption, welfare and equality.

So this is the basically the 2009 global assessment report on disaster risk reduction, which is risk
and poverty in climate change which has been discussed in Geneva UNISDR and this is a
disaster risk poverty nexus. When poverty becomes an integral part of the disaster risk and the
vulnerability component, and in the context of developing countries this aspect cannot be
secluded from the disaster discussion.

When we talk about poverty, obviously we are talking about the abilities and the capacities, the
disaster risk reduction capacities in richer and poor countries.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:31)

In the richer countries, they have the regulatory frameworks to minimise the disaster risk which
are enforced. Here in poorer countries, the regulatory frameworks are weak or absent, or the

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capacity to enforce them is lacking. It is true the evidence is we have the coastal regulation zone
from 1991, it has been revised 19 times until the wakeup of the 2004 tsunami, many villages or
the many local governments did not even realise that this regulation do exist and this is what we
need to do.

We have to move away from the high-tide line 500 meters or 200 meters away so which means
there is no strict enforcement of this until we face that impact of the disaster. Here they have
effective early warning and the information mechanisms in place to minimise the loss of life. So
that is where I talked about the distribution of power you know distribution of in the powerful
country that is where they have these instruments and mechanisms and the network.

How it can, how the information has been disseminated from one area to another area. I will tell
you some examples in the poorer countries where the information has not been passed, and it has
not been people who have not responded. Lack of comprehensive information systems linked to
pre-emptive response okay. For instance, the same tsunami it took 180 minutes to get into the
Tamil Nadu state or in the southern Indian side.

In 3 hours, it took the waves, for the waves to reach 3 hours (180 minutes). If that information
has been passed out and that information has been from central to the state, to the district level,
and to the local level, we would have saved many lives we have saved many livestock and as
well as animals. Have highly developed emergency response and Medicare systems. Divert funds
for development programmes to emergency assistance and recovery.

Here they have more funds and also the medical care systems are accessible like in some of the
rural places where these particular disasters to gets affected. Normally in a regular development
context itself how many of the rural villages do have some medical facilities or a good
professionals. So in the time of disasters, even access to that kind of medical infrastructures also
becomes difficult.

Insurance schemes spread the burden of property losses. Here in a developing countries,
insurance is one big thing you know that is where the whole they try to insure their home, their

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properties, their life so, in that way the family is protected, the business is protected. But here we
hardly give anything much about the property losses and livelihoods, and this is very important
that one who can even think on these kinds of instruments, financial instruments.

Where we can actually safeguard our properties even in the case of disasters. So in that way,
your continuity of your life will be there. And the David Alexanders Diagram of the disaster
cycle. He talks about the impact, and one is the before impact and the after impact, and in the
before, we talked about the mitigation and the preparation, and after the impact, we immediately
talk about the response and the recovery. So which again has to somewhere related to you know
how this developed the response process, and the recovery process has to be connected with the
usual development process and that is where mitigation has to be enforced later on as well.

And here is very quiet and calm in the quiescence and pre-impact situation and the emergency
situation, restoration situation and the reconstruction situation you know so this is a kind of time
taking process. You know how it was when nothing has happened people remained calm, they
did not bothered about what is going to happen, how to prepare for it or how to, so even in the
pre-impact situations many at times people do not realise what it is going to happen. But in
certain occasions like you know the drought aspect you know certain continuous disaster, they
see that yes there is some kind of impacts may start. And that is where after the impact we think
about the emergency, and the relief operations works on.

And this has to actually look at how these 5 stages and has to be coordinated and planned
accordingly. And that is where the disasters and development as Frederick Cuny had pointed out
the disasters and development are the integral processes it is they are not separate.

The progression of vulnerability, this is by Ben Wisner.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:43)

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And they talk about they have come with the understanding of this framework is called a
pressure and release model. So we have the root causes as I discussed with you, that the limited
access to the power, structures, resources. Ideologies where the political ideology, the systems,
political systems and economic systems and how these root causes can actually create certain
add-on to the dynamic pressures.

For example, when we have the institutional lack of institutional training, appropriate skills, local
investments, even how the markets will also create some kind of everyday issues. And the press
freedom you know like if you take the example of North Korea you know how what is
happening in North Korea may not be known to the whole world you know how to communicate
with this, the press freedom, ethical standards in public life and these are more of the everyday
processes.

The other aspects are the macro-forces, the demographic change you know the rapid population
change, rapid urbanisations and the amputation expenditure, the debt repayment because we have
been taking lot of loans from world bank and other things. So how we are able to, how this
particular debt is increasing, and it is adding to the burden of the citizen's lives and their
livelihoods.

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Deforestation because of the industrial and expansions, physical expansion of cities, and how the
deforestation is in turn affecting the climate change and which is again relating to the DRR.
Decline in soil productivity you know, in many at cases we have this how the agriculture have
been converted into aquaculture, and again aquaculture has been at some point they come into
losses, and again they want to come into agriculture you know how they face these difficulties
and how it will reduce the soil productivity as well.

However, not only that it will also go with the land use like imagine you would talk about a
industrial land use and how it can pollute the surrounding soil nature, that is also an important,
and it will affect certain species of trees and flora and fauna, this how the result into the unsafe
conditions.

Where we talk about the dangerous locations people live in the physical dangerous locations,
unprotected buildings and infrastructure, maybe many of in poorer countries, they do not have
even money to safeguard those existing structures. People tend to live in the places where they
are habituated to.

Livelihoods at risk and the low-income levels like today we are looking case of Venezuela, how
the situation, the financial situations have been you know disrupting the whole community in a
global level, and it is also relating how even on one side when the economy falls down how it
have impact on the whole society as a whole.

Social relationships, special groups at risk maybe a target groups, lack of local institutions. And
when we talk about the public actions and institutions, this is where the preparedness because
majority of the political institutions they do not rely on, they do not fund for the preparedness
program because that is not much visible because they are not sure whether disaster is going to
happen or not.

But the most visible programs are mostly focused on after the disaster. Yes, we have constructed
this many houses, we have given this many boats, we have given this many livelihoods, but

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before what are the training programs, what are the early warning systems you know how we can
actually dedicate our budget in the preparedness programs.

Prevalence of endemic diseases; so this is all sets up the setting for getting the society prone to
an hazard, and then this builds a pressure to the existing you know the natural hazards and that is
where a push and pull process works you know that is one side the hazards and one side this the
continuous dynamic pressures, the root causes on the unsafe condition, and how they actually
bring the pressurized situation that is where Subhajyoti Samaddar might have explained,
risk=HxV, that is how when hazard has been added with the vulnerability that is where the risk
component is being visible.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:08)

So coming to the frameworks, when we talk about the Hyogo Framework for Action from 2005
to 2015 and these are the 5 principles which they have established. One is ensure that disaster
risk reduction DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for
implementation, so it is not just only a national priority it has to go with a national and as well as
a local priority.

Identify, assess and monitor disasters and enhance early warning systems.

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Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
So how we can build this culture of safety through the preparedness programs.

Reduce the underlying factors; what are the strategies that we can implement to reduce these
underlying root causes?

Strengthen the disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels you know that is not only
at one unit or one local level, but it has to work out a different scales, different levels.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:18)

And follow up on the Hyogo Framework for Action, Sendai Framework for disaster risk
reduction sets up like this 2015 to 2030, and I will try to present into few slides on how this
whole scope and purpose to the guiding principles. So this will apply to the risk of small scale
and large scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and slow-onset disaster caused by natural and
man-made hazards as well as related environmental, technological and biological hazards and
risks.

It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in development at all levels as well
as within and across all sectors. Here we have moved our dimension not just only focusing on a
particular type of a disaster, it is not just only earthquake, it is not only by a drought, it is not by
only tsunami. So now we have to look at the multi-hazard approach as well. Like for instance in

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Uttarakhand 2013 flood, a cloudburst have resulted in the floods, and floods have resulted in the
landslides. So there has been a very multiple hazard-prone areas okay.

So that is how we are not just dealing only with one set of disaster, but it has to go with the
multi-hazard management of disaster risk in the development at all levels both at site level, the
specific site level and also the regional level and also various sectors. What is the outcome of
this? the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, and livelihoods and health, and
economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses,
communities and countries.

So they need to improve these strategies how we can reduce these losses. And the goal, we talk
about the prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated
and inclusive these are the two important words and integrated DRR and inclusive DRR.

It talks about the economic, structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environment,
technological, political and institutional measures that prevent and reduce hazard, exposure and
vulnerability to disaster so that it can increase the preparedness for response and recovery thus
strengthening the resilience.

So the targets which they have set up is about they need to reduce the global disaster mortality by
2030. Aiming to lower average per 1 lakh global mortality between 2020 and 2030 compared to
5 and 15 so they are trying to set up some targets.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:17)

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And again we talk about this reduction of this affected people, reduce direct disaster economic
loss in terms of GDPs and also disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic
services. And as well as substantially increase the number of countries with national and local
disaster and you know how we can actually enhance the international cooperation through
adequate sustainable support to complement the national action. So how the national action plans
can actually relate with the international cooperation as well.

And the increase and availability of access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster
risk information by 2030, so they have set up these targets. So what are the priorities of action?
Number one, understanding the disasters risk in the first stage, number 2, strengthening the
disaster risk governance and the manage disaster risk.

So how we can look at the management and the governance perspective. Then investing in
disaster risk reduction for resilience so this is where both the structural and non-structural
measures are essential to enhance the social and economic aspects and enhance disaster
preparedness for effective response and to build back better into both recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction.

So that is where these are the kind of set of priorities which they have established.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:46)

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And that is how they sort of establish some kind of guiding principles you know how this whole
the society could be engaged, how the build back better has to be, the build back better for
preventing the creation and reducing existing disaster risk. So it is not just only taking them to
the back but how we can improve things better. That is how the whole understanding talks about
the empowerment you know. So DFID defines resilience.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:20)

So the word resilience has become an important dimension of the DRR and this is what the
DFID defines as the department for international development of UK. It says the ability of
countries, communities, and households to manage change, by maintaining or transforming

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living standards in the face of shocks or stresses such as earthquakes, droughts or violent conflict
without compromising their long-term prospects.

So you do not compromise their long-term prospect, but still they are able to manage you know
what kind of change, what kind of stress or a shock which has come to that particular society or a
country or a community and how they could able to look at that without compromising their
long-term prospects. There are few more frameworks which I let us go through; one is the
sustainable livelihoods framework.

This has been developed again by the DFID in 1999.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:28)

And you can see that it talks about the capital because they are referred as an asset framework as
well and how the individual or a community, how they use, they, I would say like how they
construct their livelihoods you know how they improved, enhance their capacities and because
sometimes let us say the human capital is more accessible for them sometimes the natural capital.
So in that way communities tend to access these resources in whatever the capacities they have.

And that is how they sustain they livelihood opportunities. Like for instance in Ghana, which has
much of gold resource, but is it a rich country? So which means that is where it is talking about

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where there is certain limitations and even having natural resources, how the country is still
lacking with some abilities you know how the capacities.

So then as we discussed in the vulnerability context, how it also have a give and take aspect of
this influencing these abilities you know because these are the how he manages, I mean the
community manages to access these resources. So vulnerability context itself or the poverty
context itself acts as an underlying phenomenon on to making these access work and do not
work. Infrastructure and services and how it have a direct implication of these access.

And then the governance situation, the policies, institutions and the processes how they actually
work. So it is not just only because of this natural, human, social and physical and financial
capital. Sometimes we also have to understand it is also true the cultural factors which people
manage their assets and make their livelihood choices to act upon.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:20)

Here we call about DFIDs resilience framework, so one is the first part which talks about the
context and where the context talks about the whole system and the processes and that is where
when the context where the vulnerability context, where the political context, where the
demographic context, where the social context whether how it geographically positioned, what
kind of political institution.

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These frames as a part of a system or a processes and then how the disturbance comes as a stress
and the shocks and how the capacities to deal with these disturbance like how they are exposed,
how they are sensitive you know it talks about exposure, sensitivity and the adaptive capacity,
how they can adapt to this. And this is where the reaction to these disturbance you know so
bounce back better, bounce back, recover but worse than before, collapse.

So these are the ways how the whole capacity we will talk about how they are able to respond to
these stresses and shocks. So when we talk about resilience, first of all resilience to what?
resilience by whom? resilience when? these all the time factor, the context factor and the position
factor is very important.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:55)

When we talk about the project cycle in the disaster context, these are the 6 aspects which we
need to look at the programming, identification, appraisal, financing, implementation and
evolution. This is the most important which many of them does not look into it. Because in the
programming it actually sets up the general guidelines and principles for cooperation, agreement
of focus areas so it will also define the project lay.

Identification so here we will identity what are the real problems you know analyse the
problems, what are the needs in the stakeholder interest, how they project ideas, how to decide
on, and this is where the appraisal you know it talks about how it can consider the accounts of

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stakeholder views and relevances and it talks about the finance part of it. At the end of the day,
we need to look at the funding aspect.

Who is going to promote, how much we have, how to bring, how to pull out funding from the
crowdsourcing or the community sources or an NGOs or an external so this whole thing has to
be looked at and mainly the financial decisions may be taken at different points in the cycle, so
one has to keep reviewing intermediately?

And implementation so when we say about the agreed resources and how we going to implement
these planned activities. So this is where we need to see the monitor progress and adjust to
changing circumstances. Imagine you have started some program and imagine some calamity
have occurred again. So how we have to adjust with that? how is the whole project management
schedule. After finishing it, one has to look at what kinds of projects, achievements and the
impacts and what kind of learnings it has. So that it can take out to other projects you know. So
these are the lessons one has to take it.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:48)

And they also list out the government roles in DRR. So it plays a number of roles, one is as a
providers of DRR goods and services for instance, maintaining early warning systems,
emergency response, evacuation shelters and the healthcare sector. As risk avoiders, ensuring

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investments in public infrastructure are protected in environmental hazards. So all this public
infrastructure, how they are able to protect against these hazards.

As a regulators for the control dimension of it where of private sector activity because many
agencies come forward for disaster maybe it becomes a business, but a government has to look at
how to monitor, how to control this. As a promoters of the collective action and private sector
activity that is where the public education and preparedness and business continuity. As
coordinators, so they are coordinators of multi-stakeholder activities and DRR partnerships.

So it is both not only the public sector but also the public-private, local and national and
international coordination. So how government plays an important role. So when we talk about
the decision making in a political context, how this whole cycle comes. Like for instance, you
have the stresses which talks from an event, and there is a technical inputs which the data
different sets of data come into forms the credible.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:18)

So this is where the cognition part of it, this is where the credible sources credible information on
the professional discretion. The local factors viz, personalities, job prospects, descent so these all
the professional discretion and the interest, public and private because there is an internalised
groups, accepted opposition groups, fringe groups so if you want to implement something it is
always in a democratic environment, different oppositions have a different word, different stake

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in it and there is lot of pressures on the process you know and the institutional factors where the
legal constraints, political authority and also the professional ethics so how also they have
contributed in the decision making process.

And the economic context, the financial aspect, the expenditure trends, the politically which are
politically determined because sometimes this whole business process will works in a different
priorities. So that is where in a democratic situations like this financial aspect has to be more
transparent.

And legitimation that is where we talk about rationalisation, decision faking, and ideological
shifts you know this is where, so that is how it talks about the risk of failure as well. And these,
these all different factors actually mediate and influence the decision making process, decisions
or non-decisions, routine or non-routine.

And then how they influence outcomes whether these outcomes in the form of plans, in the form
of inaction, it could be in the form of a surveys like the technical data could work on the surveys
and certain institutional or the political aspects they talk about the schemes, gender development
schemes you know they taken, and the consultation business continuity and the buck-passing as
well as consequences which are intended and unintended.

So this is how there is a variety of inputs come into the decision process, and this is very huge
management structure.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:19)

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And when we talk about the community engagement and the participation. First of all, one has to
look at there are two, one is guided, and the other one is a kind of participation oriented. But now
if you see if you when it is guided completely you know when you do not have, if you look at the
manipulation because when you do not have a control, obviously there is an external agency
which have an efficiency to control you and that is where it becomes a guided.

And whereas, when you talk about when you increase at control, when you widen that funnel,
and that is where it goes from manipulate, inform, consult, collaborate and empower. So that is
how the amount of community control over a project decision-making you know that is how
empowerment still that is where you will have this the control becomes a wide aspect into it. I
think these are a few frameworks I just tried to introduce and in the coming class we will also
talk about a few tools and DRR.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery And Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 16
Disaster Preparedness from Cognitive and Heuristic Perspectives

Hi everyone, I am Subhajyoti Samaddar from Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto

University. Welcome to disaster recovery and build back better lecture series. This lecture we
will talk about disaster preparedness from cognitive and a heuristic perspective. We already had
discussion on what cultural theory and social factors they play a role in disaster preparedness.

But when you are communicating people to encourage them to prepare against disaster what they
are going on inside them as an individual? What kind of cognition and heuristic perspective we
may look into that would be the focus of this lecture okay? So we discussed that individual does
not face only disaster, but in real life we all have different kind of risk, and disaster risk or
environmental risk or ecological risk is just one part of that risk.

Life is full of risk. Disaster is not an isolated one.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:47)

Okay, we have a health risk, we have academic risk, we have job risk so which one I should
prioritise, which one I should take and which one I should ignore. Because many people are

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advising me to consider this risk as serious and to take preventive actions. So we already had the
discussions on cultural perspective here in this lecture we will focus on heuristic or cognitive
perspective okay.

So they are saying that it is okay that you are culturally biased you are culturally influenced, but
in the end of the day you have to make your own decision that is you were the responsible, you
would make the decision as an individual what to do and what not to do okay no other person
can impose anything if you do not want they can force you they can influence you they can
pressure you, but it is you who have to make the decision okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:08)

So what is going on inside human brain what intellectual reasoning process they are going
through is important to know when we are trying to say that okay. We want to encourage people
to take preventive action against disaster. Of course culture is an important part, but apart from
we, also I have a mind of individual, I am part of my neighbour, I am part of my colleague, co-
workers, I am part of my friends, I am influenced by them but my actions my attitudes are my
own I am also influenced by others what I do okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:53)

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Of course culture is an important.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:55)

But this person is wise or poor somebody thinks he is wise somebody thinks he is poor right. So
it is not only cultural differences but also individual personal differences for a role that how
people think it was one object differently not only one category of culture not only one kind of
social system they have, they groom people to think in particular way but also individual because
of several other reasons they have their own mind.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:39)

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So we look into the mirror every time every day it is not that we want to know that how I am
looking good. But we have another kind of mirror that we want to that what we are doing is right
or wrong, socially accepted or not, individually accepted or not. So we have our own judgment
about our personality okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:03)

So this is fine we discussed already that people are basically culturally biased. But people have
their own mind also.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:17)

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So what we do generally in order to promote disaster preparedness of risk preparedness let us say
this road accident okay or something. We generally ask people have this kind of advertisement.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:34)

Okay that you can you are travelling you were riding bike, or you were riding car you can see on
roads that these posters that is alarming you that if you do rash driving this is the consequence,
this is the result is waiting for you so be careful okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:00)

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These posters, these pictures are very common right.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:00)

When we are, you can see that for the road safety often we want to make in order to increase
your risk awareness we show this picture right. Every time you go on road you can see this one.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:26)

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It is a very nice poster ‘happiness is a journey, not a destination’ okay. So weekend! Safe drive,
Stay alive, drive to survive. It is very kind of common poster to protect road safety same in case
of disaster also.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:52)

Also maybe we can look into health risk in order to ask people not to smoke this is a very nice
picture nice poster with very precise very concise smoking causes lung cancer. So do not smoke
and this picture gives thousand words to the audience that why they should not smoke.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:17)

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Also, this one is a very good example that you should not smoke if you are smoking actually not
only cigarette, but you are burning yourself right so do not smoke.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:32)

So obesity is a very common problem in modern society, okay not only in India but in many
other countries especially in US. So obesity is another kind of health risk that you do not eat junk
food if you are junk get taking junk food eating junk food then this is the consequence, okay and
you will get heart attack.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:50)

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Now looking at these advertisements, these messages what is the core of that one what the core
idea you can get any idea? well, look at everyone look at all these posters their focus is only one
thing.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:50)

That is they are actually want to increase your fear they want to stop your maladaptive behaviour
if you do not prepare against flood then your house will be inundated. If you do not prepare built
with earthquake-resistant building your building will collapse, you will die or injure.

So fear, it is the target the objective is to increase your fear if they can increase your fear that
means if they can increase your risk perception, high-risk perception once you have then you
should not do rash driving you should not build your house without flood protective measures.
So you would not do unnecessary unwanted things that cause dangerous. So here the focus is on
to increase the fear only.

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(Refer Slide Time: 09:48)

But now the cognitive heuristic approaches they are arguing that okay why I am smoking could
be different reason maybe its a kind of my pleasure, my body needs nicotine or maybe somebody
told me that I look macho, handsome, smart and intelligent when I am smoking I look more
fashionable when I am smoking people look at me when I smoke, or many other reasons could
be there.

So why I am smoking is not that only because of one reason. So fear would not give me much
reason.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:36)

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So I know I am fat, I have obesity problem, I know my house is built in a particular area that is
flood-prone or I know that I did not install the rainwater harvesting tank because I have water
scarcity problem, but still I did not do it. In case of obesity that I know that I am fatty, but you
are not telling me you are only increasing my fear, you are only increasing my fear that if I
smoke I will be at danger.

But tell me how I tried many times I did diet control it did not work. I know I am fat but how to
control that one.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:30)

If tsunami is coming and you are increasing people fear. They will think okay tsunami will come
one day it is a natural act, natural phenomena we cannot protect and if it is too big and if I have
lot of fear the only thing I can do is I can surrender it is like committing suicide I am a fatalist. I
am not taking any action okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:59)

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So I have no way but to surrender this gigantic its a gods act, gigantic catastrophic disaster.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:11)

So fear, increasing fear would not help much to promote disaster preparedness right. If only
increasing fear it means people could be become fatalist. I know there is a risk what I can do so
we should tell people what they can do it is not only they are at risk but how they can reduce the
risk is an important message of should be for the planners and for the practitioners and for the
local governments okay.

So if we simply say like this one that try this option, a person who is having obesity issue if we
simply tell them okay you can eat more fruits and vegetables and you can walk and run on the

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morning and evening that would significantly help you to reduce your fat your obesity issue. He
or she would be much encouraged to do it other than if we are just increasing his or her fear
right.

Similarly, if there is an earthquake if we tell people that once there is an earthquake, please
protect yourself by going inside the furniture table, then you can protect your head. If there is a
tsunami, go immediately to the higher place in a mountainous area where tsunami waves cannot
come.

So, what if I want to quit smoking and trying to quit smoking, but I felt several times, but you
said okay I have one patch if you put on your arm it would help you not to have the thrust for
smoking okay not the appetite for smoking so that would significantly help me to quit smoking
not only my fear for something would help me but if you let me know what I can do is also
important. So I am giving you options okay.

So here if I am asking someone to evacuate flood evacuations, I told that he has a lot of problems
like is that difficult decisions because he does not know how risky the place is and evacuation is
effective or not.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:48)

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Let us look a small example here in Bangladesh; people are battling with arsenic, arsenic
contamination of groundwater. So they used to have surface water for drinking, but surface water
was contaminated by pathogens waterborne disease like if you are consuming surface water you
can get diarrhoea, dysentery. So in 1980s they started to install hand pumps in rural areas in
Bangladesh to promote.

Immediately after one decade, they found these hand pumps are contaminated by arsenic and
anyway so in many parts of Bangladesh are basically the coastal areas in the southern part as you
can see in the map they are contaminated. Now 1.2 million people already identified symptoms
of Arsenicosis okay and 30 to 40 million people are at risk in Bangladesh. So arsenic can cause
cancer and many other health problems.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:07)

Now what to do with this is the simple solution somebody is saying that rainwater harvesting is
not that expensive. But you can just preserve the water from your rooftop during the rainy
season, and you can preserve it for dry season, and you can use it okay. We can go for this
technological matter in later on.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:32)

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But let us focus, consider that this is a symbolic disaster or preventive mechanism or
environmental risk preventive mechanism. Now this is Bangladesh, so if only one person is
doing as I am saying it would not work, what we need to do is that we need to promote this
technology one after another. So more and more people should install these small tank at their
own house, it is a household tank.

So everybody should every household should have this one only then we can do it right like this.
So if we can able to encourage millions of people to install this rainwater harvesting tank, then it
will be significantly reduce the drinking water risk in Bangladesh. So this is our challenge as a
planner right.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:37)

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Now how they do it? Here is the thought from cognitive and heuristic perspective. Let us
imagine that we have four people whom we asked to install this rainwater harvesting tank okay it
is simple, four people they are the citizen of Bangladesh in coastal Bangladesh, and we want
them to install this small household tank. So if you ask them what questions will come first in
their mind what will they think first.

Any idea? If I ask you that please use flood protective building materials in your house or
earthquake protective building materials in your house will you do it? Just think about for a
seconds that will we do it or not so if we ask them to install this tank what they will think what
first question will come to their mind. The first question come to their mind that how is your
present water? Is it risky is the water I am drinking is it really risky?

So similarly if I am asking you to take a flood insurance or to build your house earthquake
resistant, you will first think am I at a place where earthquake is happening, is it really prone to
earthquake right. So the first person will think that am I at risk, is my water is quality is really
good or bad.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:34)

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So the first person, he may consider that, my real water is really bad the present my drinking
water supply is not good. So I really need this tank so he would go ahead.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:45)

It is a long journey from starting to here there are lot of things are happening in your brain right.
It is not a straight follow up you ask me to do to install the tank, and I do it. It is really a long
journey, so the second person what he would think.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:09)

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He may think that okay, my water is bad so I should also opt for rainwater harvesting.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:15)

A third person, he may think.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:22)

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Okay, my water is good actually I do not need tank, so he left okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:29)

The fourth person, he may think.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:33)

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That okay, my water quality is also bad so he may come forward.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:44)

This phase, according to that, we can call a kind of risk appraisal. What extent this risk will
happen how it will happen the severity and vulnerability question okay. So I have a kind of
appraisal of risk. I am evaluating my own risk. So we are talking about this one as risk appraisal
the first questions came to peoples mind. Now what is the second one what the second questions
come to his mind.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:18)

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Any idea, well you can think I cannot see you right now, but you can think that you can imagine
I give you some time that would help you to brainstorming, action storming okay. So the thing I
will think not only cost many people think about the cost, but I will think also is it really
effective?

You are talking to me that I am at risk and offering me this rainwater harvesting tank, but the
first question came to me okay even if I am at risk, will this rainwater tank will help me to
reduce my risk? If this mechanism is not really good what is the meaning of looking at what is
the meaning of installing it right. So I really need to judge second that this is good or not. So this
person may call his friend, and his friend says okay this tank is really good I installed this one
okay. So he said okay very good news.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:39)

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So he would proceed, go ahead with his decision then this second person he have some relatives.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:50)

And they gave a advice do not take is not good. So he was influenced by him, and he left.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:01)

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That uff I will not install this tank I do not like it. This person he may have also some friend.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:11)

And he called him discussed with him and they advised that okay yes this tank is really
potentially good to reduce the drinking water risk at your place. So if you take this water is very
good. So he was very satisfied with this review and he decided to go forward.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:35)

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What we call this phase? First one was the risk appraisal, what is the next one? this is we called
response efficacy, particularly outcome expectancy. If I am going to install someone what is the
return out of it, will it work? What are the merits and demerits of it okay, will it work or not?.

Third questions in mind so you decided that okay you are at a risky place this rainwater tank is
effective, but what would be the third question in mind that is very interesting is it not it so just
think for a second what is the third questions possibly people think. I am at risk somebody
decided and then also decided that this rainwater tank is good. Then what to think about it. Can I
do it, it could be many reasons can I do it could be many reasons this could be question of cost, it
could be question of that availability of the materials, it could be kind of question of like I have
enough space or not right.

So this person asked the bank. He does not have enough money maybe so he asked the bank that
can I get some loan. So the bank would say that you have already loan so you cannot get any
extra credit now. So he left.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:45)

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This person also have monetary problem, and he called his wife, his wife said that we have some
savings extra savings so do not worry you can do it.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:02)

So he was very happy okay, and he wanted to try this new tank to install. Now what we call this
one, first is risk appraisal then is response efficacy. What we call these phase, this one we call as
self-efficacy.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:28)

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The kind of confidence the reason could be different it could be sometimes financial reasons it
could be sometimes organizational problem, physical issues like if I do not have space in my
house I cannot do it. If the materials I cannot buy I cannot do it. If I do not have the
technological knowledge or support then I cannot do it. So something is I am at risk something is
going to work.

And I can do it, is very critical according to cognitive and heuristic approach but this is not the
end, this is not the end yet what else, what else is very critical.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:15)

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Last-mile action maybe he has money savings, but still he needs some loan, can I get some
microcredit to install the tank right. So he called some microcredit agency, and they said okay
yes you can.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:37)

And then he was very happy and decided to go for this tank.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:43)

So finally he installed these rainwater harvesting to protect himself from drinking water disaster.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:54)

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So these theories came from many routes, one of the prominent influential model theory is the
protection motivation theory. I just simplified all of them in a concise manner so that you can get
an idea how this our reasoning process in brain various disciplines, various theories and models
describe. Well they vary from each other there are more variables, but that was the concise one.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:32)

This one the PMT model, that came from the communications theory to better understand the
specific cognitive process underlying how fear appeals motivate people to change their
behaviour.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:49)

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And so it was the Rogers the R.W. Rogers in 1975 started to develop this one and also then it
was later on revised by other colleagues of Rogers.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:03)

So here is the component of PMT of protection motivation theory. One is the fear appeal that is
if you are doing some maladaptive behaviour okay like you are smoking, if you are throwing
your garbage on a gutter and then what is the impact of this okay and which creates a threat
appraisal and the response efficacy and self-efficacy is that if I am asking you to do something
some to install to adopt some preventive measures okay.

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Like if I ask you to buy a rainwater harvesting tank or buy a flood insurance what are the cost of
that one and what would be the return of that one and whether you have this capacity or not
financial capacity, physical capacity and minus the cost of adaptive responses okay and which is
actually the coping appraisal for the protection motivation theory.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:15)

So fear appeal, the fears of maladaptive response okay like if you are smoking that may gives
you some pleasure and then severity it can also have some kind of vulnerability making you
more vulnerable, or maybe if you are throwing garbage, maybe you do not need to go to distance
place you can just do it at your close to your house. But also it is actually choking your drain and
gutter.

So this plus-minus actually coming to threat appraisal and then it is increasing your protection
motivation.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:50)

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But when the rewards are high for let us say for smoking or maladaptive response or throwing
garbage in a drain and the consequence is lesser then you are not motivated to do it.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:09)

Similarly, response efficacy and self-efficacy like response is the evaluation of how effective the
behaviour will be in protecting the individual from harm and the self-efficacy is the individual
evaluation of their capacity to perform the recommended behaviour. So if I found that these
technologies really work and I can do it is very effective. It has lot of merit, and I have this
confidence.

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Then I also check what are the financial costs and other costs so plus/minus would decide my
coping appraisal and I go for protection motivations. So it has been applied in various health
sectors and also in recently in disaster risk management. Also we have another models like
health belief models, they have various kind of components like threat which has two
components severity and susceptibility.

And then the benefits and barriers of adopting something which is cues of actions.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:20)

That leads to health behaviour.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:21)

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Or theory of reasoned actions developed by Fishbein and Azjen in 1975. They have also similar
stories like protection motivations like what are the behavioural beliefs what I believe about and
about the fear and what are the outcomes of the protection motivations that leads to kind of
attitude whether I should do it or not. But this is also influenced by what other people think my
society thinks, my friends thinks right.

So now normative beliefs and motivation to comply and the subjective norms okay rules and
regulations that leads to intention and eventually the behaviour.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:12)

Also we have prediction of goal directed behaviours, theory of predictions. So this is the diagram
you can see and so this is just a glimpse to give you not to narrate everything. But I hope I gave a
more comprehensive overview through this cartoon on installing rainwater harvesting tank and
that gives you much better idea about the overall picture of cognitive perspective of disaster
preparedness.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 17
Information for Disaster Preparedness

Hello everyone, welcome to disaster recovery and build back better lecture series, in this
lecture I will discuss about the role of information in disaster preparedness and disaster
recovery okay. So, this series; this lecture would be in relationship with another two
successive lectures, so please stay tuned and listen the other two lectures after this one, okay.

So, the focus here would be that to make the decision about disaster preparedness that would
lead to disaster recovery, okay for the people while make this kind of decision, who are the
source of information for individuals, from where they get the information okay. So, this is
Bangladesh, and I will first introduce to you the problem; a little problem in Bangladesh and
why they need disaster preparedness and what extent and in which context okay.

So, this is Bangladesh, a beautiful country with a lot of greens surrounded by India, most of
the part, three sides are surrounded by India with one of the most fertile land and also is this
is a beautiful country and but this beautiful country particularly, in the coastal areas, they are
under serious threat of drinking water risk and climate change-induced risk kind of disaster.

So, they are facing a very millions and millions of people are battling here, it is a very
densely populated country, okay whose one of the most densely populated country, there
population is already close to 20 crores so, let us look. So, this area they are suffering from 2
huge slow poisoning environmental and disaster risk, okay is that you are slow poison
gradually and nobody is realizing until before 5 years or 10 years.

What is the problem here is that arsenic contamination of groundwater so, arsenic
contamination of groundwater you cannot drink the groundwater because it is contaminated
by arsenic and you cannot drink surface water because it is saline affected by salinity, is the
kind of salty if you get, you will get dysentery, diarrhoea and other health problem.

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Well, they have a history like, after the independence in 1971, after the independence from
Pakistan, Bangladesh in 1980’s, in the early 1980’s before that during that time, people used
to depend on surface water like river, ponds, canals or lakes for their basically ponds and
rivers which for their drinking water need, okay and these surface water also sweet water and
people depend on that.

But UNESCO along with the in collaboration with the Japan government, they started to stop
not promoting surface waters as a drinking water, they said that they found that it could lead
to waterborne diseases like dysentery and diarrhoea and other health issues so, mortality rate
was increasing there because people were drinking surface water from ponds and lakes which
according to UNESCO and other scientists was contaminated waterborne disease was
enormous in this area.

So, what did they do? They started to in collaboration with the UNESCO, the Bangladesh
government started to promote these tube wells, which you can see the hand pumps kind of
tube well, okay so, these tube wells are not very deep, only 15, 20 meters you can get water
and you can use it so, they were hugely promoting tube well water which is cheap and which
you can have the access to ground water.

Now, people started to using tube wells and by 1990s after 10, 15 years, promotion of tube
well, almost 80% of the rural population of Bangladesh having their drinking water from tube
wells, so they were; they used to depend on surface water from ponds and river, then they
started to move from surface to tube well; tube well water okay or hand pumps. Now, when
the 80% people using this one then the scientists realised that the people now again exposed
to another disaster, another risk that is arsenic contamination.

So, if you are drinking arsenic contaminations; contaminated water, then you will be, your
health will be severely affected leaving you, making you vulnerable for cancer even, so the
one problem that you cannot drink surface water because it was contaminated already, but
recently, it is more contaminated by water salinity, it could be sea-level rise, climate change
and also some kind of changes of you know, shrimp cultivations.

They are channelising the seawater into mainland areas, so as upland areas; as a result, these
areas are also contaminated by water salinity so, drinking water is in crisis, you cannot eat,

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you cannot drink surface water because this water is saline, and the groundwater because of
arsenic.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:11)

Now, here you can see that a Ministry of Environment and Forests, 20 million people
affected by varying degree of salinity in their drinking water okay. Integrated Regional
Information Network, 2007 reporting salinity intrusion has risen by 45% in the last 5 decades,
45%, you can see this one in 1973 and 1997, how this is changing, you know water salinity in
Bangladesh, is water salinity intrusion okay, so, these all red areas are actually water saline
areas.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:51)

So as I said that during the late 1970’s or in the beginning of 1980’s, the Bangladesh
government supported by the United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF initiated a mass

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project installing shallow tube well; STWs is in short and to provide safe drinking water to
the rural population suffering from number of waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera
due to contamination of drinking surface water, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:33)

Now, more than 80% Bangladeshi population depends on tube well for drinking water, okay.
Now, this is they are affected by water arsenic contaminations, 1.2 million people of
Bangladesh already recognised identifiable symptoms of arsenic, okay and 30 to 40 million
people are at risk indirectly or directly because they are drinking arsenic-contaminated water,
it is not a small number, 30 to 40 million population.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:05)

Then what is the solution for this? You can see water but you cannot drink water, there are lot
of water, they do not have the water scarcity as such because it is a coastal area, you can see

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water every day, you can see water, but you cannot drink water neither surface water, neither
ground water, what is situation?
(Refer Slide Time: 10:50)

Some people came up with idea community-level water supply ponds and filter system, okay
so, it was like you are collecting the pond water and then with some kind of filtering, sand
filter kind of system, then it is aggregated and then coming to clear water but there is a lot of
maintenance issues, and which is not working very well, it is called PSF; pond sand filter.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:14)

But people are finding that this is not really working at all to provide drinking water, there is
another solution to provide water filter to the people which would work some extent not
badly to provide a better water though scientists are not very sure that it can really reduce the

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arsenic, eliminate arsenic but still it is not very bad, but are they affordable; the people in
coastal Bangladesh are one of the most poverty striking people, okay.

They are really, really, really poor, a large number of populations are very poor, can they
afford to have these filters this is a question; the big question, right. So, people are saying
now that okay, we need alternative drinking water in this area.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:11)

The scientists found that people are not very encouraged, not very motivated to have these
alternative drinking water, right. So, people saying that the several reasons are there, people
have a habit and attitude kind of problem, people became used to with this what they are
drinking, they would say no my father and my forefathers, my grandfathers, my grand-
grandfathers, they all are living here, they are drinking the same water.

They did not have any problem, they lived 70 years, 80 years without any much issue, why
should I bother, I am used to it, I become resilient so, do not worry about me, oh, this is one
perspective. Another perspective is similar line that is people saying that they have lack of
awareness, maybe they do not know, they used to it, they do not realise the seriousness,
severity and vulnerability of this disaster.

Another one is the existing poverty; people are really poor, they have so many problems in
life, their entire livelihood is at risk, all households they are at risk from the poverty
perspective, income perspective, economic perspective. So, when they are every day at crisis

386
because of their financial condition, it is really tough for them to look into other matter okay,
so it is a kind of background risk.

Also, there are other factors people identified, these are lack of education, distrust and
distrust in government agencies and NGOs, they cannot believe that these NGOs,
nongovernmental organizations and governmental organizations are really honest promoting
any kind of alternative drinking water technology because in 1980’s they were told that okay
your surface, your ponds are contaminated, please use tube wells, it took a long time to
convince people not to use surface water, they are more, more comfortable, much, much
more comfortable using surface water which took much longer time spending a lot of
investment projects to motivate people to use tube wells not surface water. Now, you are
again saying that do not use that one, where should I go; it is not a very prosperous area
economically.

So then what else, are you hopeless, we cannot do anything, some people coming with
accepting that challenge, coming with a very innovative idea, a very innovative idea and very
simple. They said hey, come on we have plenty of water actually, numerous stamps in the sky
for safe drinking water, the sky will provide us drinking water and do not worry, yes like this
tap.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:42)

Like this tap, you get, so each one we can get gallons and gallons of water okay, who said we
do not have water.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:51)

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There is a Japanese organization, non-profit organization people for rainwater, they said
okay, this is called Amamizu, in Japanese is called a kind of rainwater that will bring smile to
every home therefore, diffusion of innovation is inevitable. This is a model tank at the
household level, during the rainy season you have to collect water and from the roof water,
this will come channelize okay, and we will store it here, simple; very simple and there is a
small net, pipes and Phukets okay, so this small simple technology you need.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:41)

Bangladesh which has a very good rainfall like this one from April to May, you get a
rainwater so, it continues till September so, from October to March, 6 months you need water
so, you preserve water during this time in the end of this and then you can continue for this 6
months and during this time you have always rainwater.

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So, you do not need to worry. So they have average rainfall of 1500 to 2000 millimetre but
concentrated only in these months.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:27)

So, some people came up with that okay, we can do it, if we have around 5000 litre water
tank, then if 4 and 5 members family can easily run 6 months with this preserved water for
drinking purpose, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:50)

So, this is a small tank at the household level, he is the NGO person, and they are the users
so, we need to install this tank which is not very costly, little costly.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:06)

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So, the challenge is therefore to solve the drinking water risk in Bangladesh, you need to
install many, many, many, many so, this is our challenge so, how we can recover from this
how, we can promote these rainwater harvesting, right so, this is our challenge given that how
we can solve this problem. So, as a planner, as a practitioner, we are saying that okay, you
need to promote this tank to stop drinking water risk to reduce drinking water risk in
Bangladesh, tell us what is the solution?

People have water problem, people have habit problem, people have problem of risk
ignorance so, they are not considering so, many problems, one is socio-economic problem,
another one is the educational problem so, during such a complex situations, the government
is hiring you and asking you that what solution you can give.

So, in order to encourage people you first need to know why, what they need, what is the role
of information, what kind of information we should provide to them? And how we should
provide to them, so that they would be motivated, encourage to install these tanks. So, this is
the ideal the small, small support, we do not need a very gigantic bigger effort but very small.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:58)

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This small effort can have a very gigantic impact like diffusion is of innovation, this
innovative technology is inevitable for sustainable climate change adaptations and disaster
risk management so, putting a lot small power together adds up to big power right, putting a
lot of small power, small power ending at a very gigantic big power, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:30)

So, our research problem then,

(Refer Slide Time: 20:32)

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If we are asking people to install this tank, imagine this is a tank, we ask people hey, install
this tank at your house oh, I am really confused why? It is not easy to make a decision why;
because I would really do not know the advantage, merits and demerits, how should I believe
you, how should I trust you right.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:12)

So, I need information because this is a new, no one before tried this one, this is an
innovative technology so, innovation is also very dangerous in some sense because this is
new and as it is new, its advantage and disadvantages are not known to the people, so people
have no idea, they have to make decision of adoption, decision of installation in an uncertain
situation, right.

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If you are buying this one is already existing a community no problem, you can buy this
remote but if you are; if this one is not available, never came before so, how people would
make a decision that is a big question.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:08)

So, what kind of information people then need, how they would know that okay, this is good
or bad, this has this will work for me or not, they need information, right, if we provide, they
do not have the information because this is new, but if we provide them information they
would eventually know, they would judge and evaluate this innovative technology, this will
remain innovative, but this would not be that new, because they would have some feedback.

So, now people need to collect information in order to reduce their uncertainty, no one likes
uncertainty, everyone wants to predict their future, like any kind of risk; risk is always future
you know that is true, we always face risk in future, future risks cannot be in present or past
is always in future like fear, so like uncertainty so, it is always in future.

So, we would like to; no one likes uncertain situation, they want to minimise the uncertainty
so, then people would like to collect information, how they can collect information about this
tank, this person?
(Refer Slide Time: 23:37)

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He can collect it; one is through hearing, right another, he can collect from listening or
hearing from others, another one is observation or watching this tank, somewhere in some
place, friend's place, bazaar, market and anonymous person’s house so, they hearing it would
give him software kind of knowledge like what is the function of this tank, how does it work,
what are the utilities, effectiveness.

So, his friends, relatives or maybe someone neighbours he does not know or from radio,
televisions anything, it could be human networks, it could be social networks anything, a
mass media so, he or she can collect information about tank through hearing but hearing can
only allow you to collect information about the software part, not the hardware part. For
hardware part, you need to watch it, what is the shape, size, structure, is it beautiful or not, is
it big or small, okay is it round or square so, these are also very necessary.

Because I do not have maybe space to install it or maybe it would look ugly if I put it into in
my house so, these hardware components you can only get through observation, okay and
then it would complete my knowledge.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:18)

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But this is a model of diffusion of innovations developed by Rogers, they are saying that
knowledge is important to make decisions like knowledge means, information which we can
get through hearing and observation but knowledge immediately does not lead to adaptation;
no, no, it takes time, before making adoption decisions, we need to have decision persuasions
and decision question.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:53)

So, the persuasion stage and decision stage that means, what is the utility of that from a
subjective point of view, I need more information, if subjective interpretations of that one in
my condition, it will work or not, this kind of context which I get, which we call discussions
so, we have; we need 3 kinds of information; hearing, observations and discussions, okay.

395
These 3 information would really help me to reduce the decision and making in uncertainty
and then I would make decisions. In my 2 other lectures next to that, I would then give you
the examples for Bangladesh, the results that feedbacks that how people collect this
information, what kind of networks they use and who play a bigger role, okay.

Thank you very much.

396
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 18
The Role of Social Networks in Disaster Preparedness

Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture series on disaster recovery and build back better, I
was talking about disaster preparedness and recovery and role of informations in previous
lecture. In this lecture, I will focus on what is the role of social networks to collect
information that is necessary for disaster preparedness. So, what is the role of social networks
to collect, to obtain critical information for making disaster preparedness decisions that
would be our focus.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:20)

For that, I would depend little on the previous lecture in order to get the case study idea, I
hope you remember the Bangladesh one, so in Bangladesh we said that this is a beautiful
country, they are battling with drinking water risk. The reason is that they cannot drink
arsenic water, groundwater because it is arsenic contaminated, on the other hand, they have a
problem of water salinity that is surface water they cannot drink.

Because they are salty, they get waterborne health diseases, dysentery, diarrhoea, cholera and
many other problems so, they have plenty of water in the coastal areas of Bangladesh, they do
not have any problem of water but problem is that they cannot drink, it is not a portable

397
water, okay and so our challenge one way is to collect one possible potential idea,
technology, innovation is that we can collect rainwater.

We can collect the rainwater at the domestic level at the household level and that from the
rooftop and that and preserve it in a tank and that tank of 5000 litre can easily provide a
family of 5 members drinking water for 6 months dry season okay, so small innovative idea
but that we need to promote in Bangladesh that is our challenge as a planner as a disaster
manager as the authority.

So, what we should do; we need to promote this one not only 1, not only 3 but a huge
number; enormous number okay, gigantic, one after one other.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:18)

So, millions of people; thousands and thousands of people should use; should install this
rainwater tank that is our challenge that we already discussed about.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:32)

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So, putting a lot of small power together adds that the big power that is our motivation.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:40)

(Refer Slide Time: 03:41)

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Now, we discussed already also that our research problem is that if when we are asking
people to adopt, install this kind of small innovative idea like rainwater tank.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:57)

People do not want to make decisions because they do not know about this one, this is an
innovative idea, this is the new, so people want to get information about this one.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:10)

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(Refer Slide Time: 04:10)

They need 3 kind of informations, one to develop their own knowledge, hardware and
software knowledge from hearing and observation, another one is the discussions knowledge,
someone's subjective knowledge that we already discussed that what one’s subjective
opinion, personal opinion about this kind of innovations so, they also need this one.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:36)

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So, 3 kind of information, activities they can involve, one is hearing that is hearing about the
tank or innovations and to collect its software knowledge like it’s function, it’s utilities, it’s
effectiveness, another one is observations activity like collecting hardware information, what
is the shape, size and structure of that tank. So, hearing an observation will give this
knowledge to the person.

But as I said that it cannot lead to the adoption, people also want to know the subjective
perspective, personal interpretations of the data, of the situation of the context so, how this
tank would help them, they also need to know some discussions with their fellow partners, so
this is we called discussions informations, type of informations and network.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:34)

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Now, what do they do, how they would collect these informations, and why do they need
social networks?
(Refer Slide Time: 05:42)

Now, imagine then I ask you to buy a ball pen okay, I ask you to buy a ball pen but you do
not know about this ball pen, what do you do, how do you make a decision about this ball
pen, is it difficult; it is very difficult to make a decision about this ball pen because I really do
not know.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:06)

So, maybe in time 2, I asked one of my friend, hey, do you know about this ball pen, any
idea, have you ever used this ball pen. Because this is a new came from America or
somewhere else, this is not available in my place. He said hey, I have no idea man, I do not
know.

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(Refer Slide Time: 06:28)

Then in time 3, he expanded his network okay, he asked somebody they said use new ball
pen, it is really good, then someone is saying that okay, it is damn good use it buddy, other
one is saying my cousin in USA said good so, please, another one is old is gold, I do not like
to try the new so, it is now discouraging okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:59)

So, in time 4, maybe he has more and more and more networks, more and more informations,
asking more and more people so, he then collecting more informations either good or bad
about this so, in this case, most of the people give a better review, a positive review, okay.
They are very smooth, close your eyes and use it, so some say damn good, some says it is
damn good, good and it is cheap and useful.

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So, many people actually encouraging so, with these informations; what are their colour, how
they look like, how it works.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:40)

He is getting informations to his network that really helped him to adapt and buy this one so,
he reduces his degree of uncertainty through using it, through collecting informations and
now he is using it so, he really reduced uncertainty whether this will work or not, the social
networks can help this way. As a result, when we promote this kind of innovative ideas,
technologies to reduce disasters, we call these preventive technologies, risk preventive
measures, countermeasures.

People share informations with each other either through hearing, either through watching,
either through discussions, either through phone calls, either through mass media, giving
dialogue or speech so, innovation; the diffusion of innovation, dissemination of technologies
is therefore is called information seeking and information processing development or activity,
information processing and information-seeking development or activity, okay.

So, but the question is; I need 3 kind of things, activities to be involved to collect
information; one is hearing, observation and discussions. Now, who will be my source of
information, where should I go for collecting informations? My neighbour, my co-workers,
my relatives, my friends, those I do not know, my competitors, whom should I go., if I want
to buy this ball pen; simple ball pen, whom should I rely?

405
My friends; here is a look generally, like Valentin is saying that it is the direct and the
personal relationships like friends, I have face to face interaction with them, my relationship
is direct personally connected or maybe like neighbours, they are also my personal connector,
people depends on them for collecting informations, according to his finding.

Granovetter; he is saying no actually, a direct networks they do not really work much, this
actually give you redundant informations, same informations again and again because you are
not expanding your networks, unless you expand your networks how you can get new ideas,
new evaluation, new reviews because you are always in the same one so, you need to actually
collect, use your weak networks, indirect networks.

You do not know your friends, friends, friends, friend maybe, you are at IIT Roorkee and you
are collecting informations from IIT Madras that is more useful than only collecting
informations from IIT Roorkee, right? so, which informations I should get and from where
so, either it is personal, it could be indirect.

Another one is the Bard; he is saying that similar position in structure that means co-workers
and co-students. That means it is not necessarily to be direct relationship, but people
generally collect information with whom they have competitions, they have a same kind of
positions you know, they tally, the check; cross-check this is okay, oh he did not have this
iPhone, I should have this iPhone, he did not have this disaster preventive technology, I
should have to raise my status or a kind of competition so, I watch him.

Or the spatial dimensions like neighbourhood, this is also important, if someone is at my

close to me especially, it can help.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:28)

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Here, we consider 3 kind of group or the source of information for people, one is the cohesive
groups that depends on the degree and frequency of the tie or interactions okay so given, so
how do you decide the cohesive groups; it is just a matter of that how frequently the
individuals within a group is connecting. Let us imagine that this is a community okay, this is
a society, this in entirely a one community.

People living here and they have different networks now, if we look into here, we can see that
ABCD they have direct and reciprocal interconnections between each other, the arrows are
ties okay and then so, this is a group one because they are most densely so, C belongs to
ABD because he has more network here although, he has some indirect or one way direction
connections with I but he does not belong to there.

Like the same way, we can have group 2 and group 3 because they within their own circle is
more connected than other.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:01)

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So, what is the role of cohesive networks, with whom I have direct connections, every day I
am meeting, talking face to face personal relationship like my friends, some are saying that it
provides you the opportunity and social obligation, it is kind of, it also help you to collect that
if I know something from outside or from any from televisions or mass media, I immediately
pass the informations to my direct network partners like my friends, my neighbours, my co-
workers with whom I am very intimate, it is cohesive.

So, it actually helps to provide faster information, sharing not only that is not only working as
the learning, social learning through passing the information very fast but also it provides a
kind of obligations, pressure, social pressure, if 5 of my friends are using the rainwater
harvesting tank or an earthquake-resistant building, it becomes my moral duty or social
pressure I feel that I should have also the same.

Otherwise, I cannot be member of them, member of their group, I feel isolated not easy, so
deviant behaviour it could be considered so, I should follow that one so, social obligation is
very important in case of a social, a cohesive group case but it provides another constraint of
this one that you cannot grab the new idea, it is the information is actually in the same group
so, you have the same kind of gossip you know the same information is coming and going
coming and going.

Because you have a very tight network and this network is closed, unless you open this
network how come you get the informations of course, you can get through mass media or
other sources but human network is not expanding so, somebody as saying that it provides

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only unnecessary redundant informations and it prohibits to bring new ideas, new thoughts,
new knowledge okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:44)

Number 2; structural equivalents or position and role what is that? The 2 people they do not
interact with each other or they may not know each other at all, but they belong to same
position like in a hospital, 2 doctors, they may not meet to know each other, or they may not
know actually, but they have a same position that they are a doctor in a same hospital, the
hospital is very big so, they have same role and same positions.

Then people can also indirectly observe each other and compare each other and collect
informations from them okay, in directly or maybe you can imagine that students in a school
a researchers in IIT Roorkee, so being a they do not know each other but being in same
institution in IIT Roorkee gives them a kind of same kind of socialization or training to
groom up to get some kind of informations okay.

So, like here you can imagine that this is a community or society network total Y, there are
five actors so, we can see the role here like A and B, they do not have direct relationship with
each other, but they belong to one group why; because A and B have same interrelationship
with C and D like both A; A has a relationship with C and D similarly, B has a relationship
with C and D, they are not connected with any other actors in this network.

It is also true for C and D, they do not have any direct contact with each other, but they
belong to one group like a doctor in a same hospital, students in the same school, researchers

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in IIT Roorkee or any other Institute okay, or this group 3E, he is an isolated person because
no one has this kind of network, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:25)

The role of structural equivalence, it promotes competition, 2 colleagues, they are competing
with each other or it kind of gives you some socialization process, you do not know your
researchers in IIT Roorkee, does not matter, somebody in biology department, somebody in
engineering department, somebody in a planning department but you have some kind of
orientation, some kind of training, it does not matter if you do not know each other, your
teachers grooming you.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:00)

Another dimension is the spatial dimension; spatial groups, you like or not like, you need to
interact with your neighbours and they influencing you, you are also influencing them so, you

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need to you are interacting face to face, talking to them watching them so, direct and indirect
influence always there, so people started to leave in one common place also, they have a
similar kind of habit or attitude.

So, now we have 3 kinds of groups; one is cohesive, one is structurally equivalents, there is
same competition position and roles and the question of spatially distribution. Now, we have
also need to collect 3 kinds of informations or informations through 3 kinds of activities; one
is hearing, one is observations, one is discussions. The question is as an individual, from
where I should go to collect which kind of informations?

For hearing, whom I should depend; to my cohesive partners or my neighbourhoods, for

observations whom I should observe, whose activities I should observe for discussions, more
intimate subjective interpretations about the innovations, whom should I depend on so, the
question is to whom we should depend for acquiring information?
(Refer Slide Time: 21:43)

This is Bangladesh, as I said is highly contaminated by arsenic especially, the coastal areas
and also water salinity issue and we conducted the survey in a small area, city, suburban areas
called Morrelganj; Morrelganj town and Morrelganj villages and this is the bazaar area of this
small town, people are collecting water from water pond and also from tube wells sometimes.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:20)

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But the people for rainwater one, Japan based NGO, they install this kind of tank in many
places in the town they installed 56 such tanks in total they installed more than 250 tanks,
okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:39)

Now, these are some of the pictures of the area to get a glimpse; get an idea that how this area
looks like, this is during high tide, and they have use canal for transportations mainly, many
places the roads are disconnected and during the rainy season, so this is really to give you a
glance of the area.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:11)

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So, we use some kind of method to define cohesive networks, faction methods, another one is
structural equivalent group by using Burt methods, definition in UCINET and also spatial
group neighbourhood affiliations anyway, so this is not that important for these discussions
but we need to collect the information through survey about people's social networks so, we
asked the people that okay, kindly name as 3 persons; 3 tank owners in this area in
Morrelganj area with whom you often meet, talk and discuss in any issues in your daily life.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:09)

This will give us the idea of the social networks that prevails within the tank owners so, this
is structural equivalent group and for the hearing, from where they collected depends the first
time about the rainwater harvesting tank, we said to the people hey, please name us 3 persons
from where you first time heard about rainwater harvesting tank for your drinking water
purpose.

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So, if you; then we generate this; here is an example of this one, if you look into here, the
circles are the; this red circles are the NGO partners.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:53)

So, this is actually the community boundary okay, community boundary. So, people here; the
red one actually they are the central person, they receive a lot of people collecting
informations from them, they are actually the NGO people those who are promoting this
rainwater harvesting tank and also some outsiders, you can see some of the outsiders that is
they do not belong to this Morrelganj area, we will also collect informations from them.

But also, there are some key players inside the community okay, they actually played a
critical role to disseminate informations about the rainwater harvesting tank.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:32)

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Also the observations; for observation network, we ask people that who was the first three
persons where you saw first time this rainwater tank and so here also basically, you can see
that outsiders or NGO people are negligible, they did not.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:00)

So, it is actually there, the inside the people, they are the key source of informations for that
within the community boundaries all belong to within the community boundaries so,
outsiders have very little; a little influence okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:18)

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Now discussions; with, whom they discussed about before they decided to install, we asked
them to name 3 persons.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:26)

And we also found that they are depending on outsiders and also insiders okay, like here you
can see a lot of networks, a lot of there.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:44)

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So, now look and we conducted a regression analysis so, we have three one, one is the
hearing, observations and discussions okay, now we want to know that from where people
collected, one is cultural group like religion, if they have asking it from religious, economic,
spatial, social okay and if we see the hearing, we can see that people depends on their
cohesive group partners that it means their friends.

Now, a little bit extends to their neighbour, no other are significant, in case of observations
where they first time observed, it is the neighbourhood partners who played a big role that
means, they watch in their neighbourhood but also the cohesive group partners like could be
that some of the neighbours are there, cohesive group partners. In case of discussion that is
the final decisions, they depend on again cohesive group partners, okay.

And also their neighbourhoods, so cohesive group partners and neighbours are the main
source of informations.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:48)

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So, higher the degree and frequency of ties and network, higher is the information sharing
tendency and neighbourhood members or a spatial group source of observations for most of
the people.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:21)

Then, what is the policy implication of this, we can do one thing, the planners and NGO
workers might take this advantage that who those who are satisfied with the users of this tank
owners, they can come and talk, give a talk to the individuals who have not adopted yet and
especially by conducting neighbourhood meeting or workshops in a particular
neighbourhood.

The success stories; someone's adopted their personal opinion of the tank okay, adopters and
could be documented, and distributed in a brochure to potential adopters and potential

418
adopters are affected by cohesive group partners, so under this like religious, political and
cultural groups these are actually cohesive groups so, we can use these groups for
dissemination.

Another strategy to convince potential tank adopters would have satisfied tank adopters to
share their experience into other 3 members okay, they can also tell us that the 3 or 4
members they can promote.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:18)

So, these are some of the; also we can conduct some door to door campaign with this so,
thank you very much for all listening this talk, I will continue in same on this and the role of
pioneer adopters on promoting disaster preparedness and information sharing.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 19
Diffusion of Disaster Preparedness Technology: What Pioneers Contribute?

Welcome to the course, disaster recovery and build back better, my name is Ram Sateesh, I
am an Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, I
am going to deliver a lecture which has actually been prepared by Dr. Subhajyoti Samaddar
from Kyoto DPRI, Kyoto University. So, because of his non-availability, I am trying to learn
from what he has worked.

And I am going to prepare, I mean present you about his work and Bangladesh and that is on
diffusion of disaster preparedness technology and what pioneers contribute. So, this is what I
am going to talk about.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:21)

First of all today, we are going to talk about the Bangladesh, and many of you understand that
you know in Bangladesh has been recently, not recently but at least from 1971, they got the
independence from Pakistan and what you can see here is a heritage laid in a very rich
ecosystem of the Sundarbans, and this whole part is you have all these backwaters, and much
of this area has been prone to the floods, and part of it is on to the coastal side and as well as
the backwater areas.

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And it has a very rich cultural importance, one is being an Islamic nation and also partly it
has some because it has been splitted from the Bengal; the larger part of the Bengal so, it has
a very rich cultural traditions of both what you see in the West Bengal and at the same time
as the Islamic as a nation.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:26)

And this Bangladesh after becoming independent from 1971 and till 1980’s, a lot of
development programs has been worked, and UNICEF has been working with the
Bangladesh government sector in order to promote various vulnerable situations in the flood-
prone areas and as well as the disaster affected areas, and one of the major concern here is the
water and the drinking water risks.

Because especially, in the coastal Bangladesh, the provision of drinking water because of its
saline content and how various tribal communities and the coastal communities survive and
what are the difficulties they face, so that is where many of the agencies and also different
efforts have been kept forward in order to provide them the hand pumps, groundwater
resources and as well as some kind of they rely on the surface water which is basically on the
pond or river water resources.

But from 1980s, in the 1990’s, due to various other factors with the climate change or the
industrial aspects of it, this is where they have faced with 2 important problems, one is the
arsenic contamination which is evident from the groundwater resources and the water salinity
so, how the saline water is not you know, it is not good for consuming for a domestic
purposes, okay.

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It can be used for different purposes you know but for a daily needs, you know this is one of
the important problem which the Bangladeshi community especially the people who are
living in the coastal areas they have come across with this kind of problems. And that is
where the thought of how we can address these vulnerable situations because these are going
to have a long-term impacts both in terms of the physical and the mental health of the
inhabitants.

One is; it can create a lot of chronic diseases, diarrhoea and you know it can have some kind
of biological issues not only on the human habitation but also it can have on the flora and the
fauna as well, so that is where there is a kind of innovation which came into the picture, and
that is where Amamizu which is a kind of innovation as a Japanese technology, it is talks
about rainwater harvesting.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:31)

So, in Japanese Ama means river and mizu is water so, it talks about the river water
harvesting. So, what they tried to do is; so they try to give this kind of tanks; water collection
tanks and collecting the rainwater and they keep it for 6 months, they storage it for 6 months
and then able to reuse so, this is a kind of technology which they have developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:49)

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And this has been one of the innovation where it was needed for that particular geographic,
and the climatic conditions and the vulnerable conditions and they have tried to install in
various rural villages which are been in need of this kind of technology.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:14)

And now, if you look at the map and this whole region what you can see is, these are all the
severely affected areas and the moderately affected areas and the mild affected areas and
similarly, we have the mild affected and very mild affected and not affected the safe sites as
well but then it started with it is not just the whole country but then the challenge is how to
defuse this technology to a larger set up to a larger the whole nation.

So, it is; it might start everything will start with one and but it has to diffuse further and how,
who will take this, who are these innovators, who are these pioneers, who is going to take this

423
particular transfer of technology to a wider community so, it has; this is one of the challenge
because on one side, we are talking about capturing different groups of communities and
making them use of this technology and realize them.

But the challenge is to bring in much bigger scale how we can diffuse this product so, in his
previous classes also Dr. Subhajyoti Samaddar have also discussed about some issues with
Bangladesh.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:47)

And this is also an another aspect of the arsenic content and how innovation could be diffused
and what are the challenges and how one can assess it. So, in front of us, the biggest
challenge is not just only an innovation but taking this innovation to the rural poor to the
wider communities, okay so, how to take it further and how to diffuse this process? Now, any
product whether it is a tank, whether it is an iPhone, whether it is any other remote driving
car right, so any product which is coming into the society for the benefit of society, okay it is
not just a tank which is collecting water.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:36)

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But the first thing is one has to look at; it is a very risky decision whether to take it or not.
Imagine, someone has invented tomorrow a car driven with just water, not with petrol, so
what happens people will start adapting because they keep putting water on it and they keep
driving it, then they can save a little bit more money but then what happens to a larger
ecosystem, what happens to the larger habitat?

So, a small invention can lead to a bigger risk. Smilarly, an autopilot car when subjected in an
Indian roads unless if it is not properly tested so, how to take this risk to start with, the person
who is starting in the beginning is obviously taking a huge risk because he do not know what
is the consequences of it, it could be a drunk which is coming into the market to solve to cure
a particular disease.

But then we are not sure how it is going to have a future consequences so, normally it is our
human tendency, we try to see that how others have implemented, are they okay, has it been
tested, forget about everything, just take a small thing, you are buying some product in
Amazon, many of them I have seen when they look at it they see the reviews, they reviews
how this product is, they reviews how that supplier is, what is the star ratings.

And nowadays, I have seen even when you go to your doctor to hospital, people are also
looking at the feedback because that feedback process was telling you whether it is a good
doctor whether the hospital is treating well or not so, this is how you know we are relying on
a source of informations or a tacts of information coming from different networks.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:54)

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So, this is where the information seeking, we are able to seek some information and we are
able to process it development or activity so, this is a very important decision making process
whether I install new technology or not because it is a very risky, you do not know what is
the consequences and we try to relay on this information seeking, you know that how we seek
for information and we process it, we develop it, we make our own analysis of whether we
should go further or not.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:19)

In order to implement these tanks, one is sharing information on innovation whether

someone's feedback, someone who have used it that can also reduce some risks, you will
become familiar with certain risks which someone else have faced it or they have
encountered also you will get some familiarity about the uncertainties, from an early adopter
to the late adopters now, how information flows?

426
It is a kind of Bell graph, which I will discuss in the further lesson where how the early
adopter he takes a high risk because he does not know anything what is going to happen next.
Individuals are influenced by others, learn from others and eventually, change the decision.
So, someone wants to buy this, they were initially very fascinated to buy this product or to
take this to implement this product but then they learn that this is the after effects of it, there
is a side effects of it and that is what they might change the decisions.

And nowadays, in the social media we are getting a very unreliable data, is difficult to say
there are many much of contradicting data, with lot of information we are also getting into a
confused state.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:45)

So, the earlier innovators, we call them as innovators because these are the first people who
started using it, they might have taken a high risk to take this as how this particular product is
going to work and then this is how the feedback have reached to the early adopters, so then
the immediate network whether it is a friend, whether is a neighbour, whether it is the relative
that is about a kind of micro level networks through their personal or a direct networks.

And then this is what we said about is going to have a bell graph and then there is another
group who comes at the end, they try to see at how people have adapted to it and then the
finally, they are more in a conservative approach and these after having a serious testing of
this understanding how this has been tested option, so that is where they try; then they try to

427
decide upon it, they are referred normally as laggards, or there is also these early majority and
the late majority.

Here, we are talking about I found this really awesome tool because they will just tried it but
then you know at this stage I wish I do try it using this earlier, it is great so you know, they
sometimes repent, better we have not tried it before it has been a successful you know, so like
that these laggards, this is how there is also we talked about the micro level network which
has to do with the personal and direct diffusions.

And the second one is with a macro level networks which has an indirect networks, how from
what we are using in Delhi and how it is spreads to different cities or different communities
across and this is where the macro level networks, it goes along with a very different indirect
networks as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:51)

So, this is what we talked about but these two you know contribute at different levels of
diffusion, one is in a very close in a more reliable so because someone can come and check it
even in a place like IIT, I am living someone is buying a computer so, I keep getting calls that
you bought that that how is the feedback so, shall I take it, what is the prize, how did you;
how this facility is there or not there so, all this aspect has been discussed.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:34)

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So, similarly when you are looking at a larger picture that is again the macro level networks
whether it has been implemented in Delhi, whether implemented in Roorkee you know so
this is how we looked at it. Now, if we take the perception of the most innovative and the
conservative, if you see an example now, here a person A who have a group of 5 friends and
he is the one who have actually taken the risk of starting it.

And then, whereas in the person D, he is still in a conservative but his; all his surroundings
still relying on his own ways of thinking though his network have started erupting, he takes
time to think about it, so that is where we talk about who is more innovative, the one who
immediately you know takes that risk to test it and the person B and person C again they
comes in you know here again, in this case, it is also looked at how other people have already
adopted and either this person have influenced others, so that gradually changes.

And despite of other friends still he is being stable you know but this is how the very
innovative level to a conservative level.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:53)

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There is also the second argument of it is how in time, how the exposure and the threshold
you know how it varies, in time 1, like you have that there are 2 reference points which we
are referring in this small example, one is A and one is B. And A has again the 5 friends and
B has 5 friends and they have their own networks and this we can see by this diagram, we can
see it is a kind of a community network.

And this A has an exposure of 60% around him who are using these tanks and B has none so,
we call at time phase 2, so by looking at his case now, A has adopted that and B still has not
but when you look at the time 5, now A have adopted and it also which has spread it to the
largest community but now B has adopted. There are 2 ways of looking at it; we can still call
the A who have taken a risk in a very initial state, how we have adopted.

And we call; we can call him at an innovative at you know, in a whole community sector, he
is the one who started that is innovative at a macro level and B could be looked in a more of a
conservative level but in the other sense, if you look at it in the B, even at time 5, his none of;
4 of his friends have not still adopted but he is one who has taken a step forward. If we look
at a micro level of that B as a community so, we can still call him more innovative in that
context at a micro level.

So, there are different perceptions of looking at that from the time factor and the scale factor
of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:53)

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Now, till now what we discussed is the innovations at what level, who are these innovators
okay and what are the characteristics of these innovators; an external influence that is where
these innovators we call are the pioneers who take this information further and diffuse it
further. There is a personal networks which again the micro level and the direct networks
which could be with the social influence on the norms.

But the system networks which talks about the macro level which has an indirect network
which is through the social learning.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:35)

So, Subhajyoti Samaddar and his team worked as a project in some remote area of
Bangladesh and how this set up of tanks have been diffused and how they did this whole
survey.

431
(Refer Slide Time: 19:52)

And so, these are some of the tanks which have been constructed.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:57)

And they have done a lot of survey in that so, they have interacted with a variety of
stakeholders they learnt what are the reasons, how they could learn about this product, how
what is the feedback about it so; this is a variety of aspects they look at interview.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:16)

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So, what are the adopter categories, this is a bell shaped curve which shows the individual
innovativeness and percentages in each category, there has 4, 5 aspects as we discussed the
laggards at the end the innovators on the front and then you have the early adopters, early
majority and the late majority so, this is a kind of bell shaped curve.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:41)

And what they did was; they did both the micro level and the macro level understanding
where with a micro neighbourhood networks, they set up this kind of threshold you know the
which have the early adopters, early measured majority adopters, late majority and laggards
and these threshold; what are these threshold; very low threshold, low threshold, high
threshold, very high threshold.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:09)

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And similarly, and who are these early adopters; these at a macro level or regional level these
are the individuals whose time of adoption was greater than one standard deviation earlier
than the average time of adoption. so these are referred as early adopters and early and late
majority adopters which is the central phase, or the individuals whose time of adoption was
bounded by one standard deviation earlier and later than the average.

And the laggards are those individuals who adopted later than one standard deviation of the
mean so, this is how they configured.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:46)

And with the micro level or the neighbourhood level, as I told you that there is a very low
threshold, low threshold, high threshold and the laggards, so you have the personal network
threshold which is defined as an adoption network exposure at the time of adoption, exposure

434
is a proportion of adopters in an individual's person network at a point of time. So, if you
look at it now in all this time phases here it is only one person have 1; and then 2, then 3.

But then finally, it has influenced one (4), so it is the exposure in the proportion of adopters
in an individual persons network at a point of time so, the time aspect plays an important role,
how it is dynamic and how it is influencing parameters.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:46)

And I have already discussed about this very low threshold, again the adopters or the
individual whose network threshold value is greater than one standard deviation lower than
the average that network threshold and similarly, the low threshold adopters and the high
threshold adopters have a personal social networks bounded by one standard deviation lower
than the higher average.

Then in the high network threshold adopters where, whose personal network threshold one
standard deviation higher than the average.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:20)

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So, this is the matrix they developed in and then, the tank adopters distribution at macro or
the and the micro level, if you look at it the early adopters was at 7.4% you know and how it
is changing and from 7.4 and then it goes on to 4.1 and then this is how it is going in a kind
of, it is changing further you know, so that is where they looked at this kind of graph and also
what are the major, they also looked at what are the major influencing aspects.

You know, what are the aspects that influence their decision making process now, again here
if you look at it the early adopter from 7.4%, it goes to the 2.7, so the early adopters so it
gradually reduces and whereas, the early majority it goes on an increasing component.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:27)

So, who are these because these pioneers how the act as opinion makers? Because that is
where because their opinion is a higher value because they are the one who used it in the first

436
and forehand, opinion leader score; so they have used the kind of opinion leadership network
so, please name us 3 persons with whom you often turn for opinions and suggestions to make
any decisions on your personal and family matters?

So, whom are you more relied of it you know, who are these, so that is how, how they are
connected with it. And this is where they adopted the concept of degree centrality and this is
a quantitative measure technique where the degree as a degree of a node and it depict the
opportunities and alternatives that one node has, as we discussed in before also how each
node has have a multiple connections.

The nodes with higher degree centrality is more central so, because the more connections it
have and that is where it becomes more central.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:33)

So, someone let us say in a community; a community leader has used that then, he is the one
where the community is relying upon his understanding or his decision, so that is where that
is more central that becomes more central. And this is again, we made this similar matrix to
understand the opinion leadership score with the degree centrality and with both as a macro
level and the micro level so, these are some of the analysis.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:14)

437
So, now you can see that you know from 6, the early majority about 16.8 and then later it
came down; and who are these pioneers?
(Refer Slide Time: 26:16)

And what are the various channels, how this is disseminated? Education; now each point is
counted for each academic class and a person educated up to a class 1 receives 0.1 and
persons completed master's degree is 0.50 so, for the illiterate this score is 0, so like that
income; household monthly income.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:41)

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And again, here the socio-economic characteristics of the adopters, how income has played
an important role, whether it has played an important role because someone has to look at the
affordability aspect of it and again, if you look at it here in the late adopters, it is again at a
micro level, it is going, the income has also shown a positive aspect.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:05)

And again, education; how it plays and it influences the individual decision making process
and if you look at it in all the cases you know like we have the early adopter stage, the lowest
threshold is about 11.54 and the laggards is about 13.5.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:26)

439
And external influence; they talk about the media consumption and cosmopolitaness.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:36)

Like in TV is one channel how people know about this innovative aspect but here in this
study TV has score, they have also assigned some points, how often do you watch TV news
programs in a week, so where 1 point is referred to TV watching once in a week, 7 in a week,
0 is do not watch, but then in this finding, they have found that the newspaper reading has
given you know the more diffusive process rather than the TV watching.

And cosmopolitaness is how visiting the nearest city, how you learn from the nearest cities.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:15)

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(Refer Slide Time: 28:17)

And because media consumption, TV watching is also an important aspect but then here the
newspaper reading have shown much more positive ways of communication.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:27)

441
So, like that the same matrix has been tested in different aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:32)

And here this is where the risk perception you know that is measured based on adopters
perceptions on 3 aspects of drinking water and because we are talking about how this
particular tank having this tank how it has improved or not and the drinking water quality of
your family, so they talked about from good to poor, causing health issues problems of our
family members, so that is again you know regarding the health.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:11)

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And the daily fetching burden to what extent they have to carry on this whole process, and
then again they mapped everything in this kind of matrix, the perception; the risk perception
has been also have been mapped so, in that way what happened was this whole innovators as
we talked about the very initial uses of that particular innovation, there one of the important
pioneers and they are matters a lot that how this whole their understanding of the product.

And how it has to be taken care of to disseminate to a wider communities and to a larger
network starting from a very micro level network and to a macro level network and this is
one of the method which they have adopted but there are different ways one can actually look
at the centrality, the degree of you know and also the putting setting up the thresholds of it,
the various methods of how this particular pioneers play an important role in the diffusion of
the innovative practices.

Thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 20
Cities and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation

Welcome to the course, disaster recovery and build back better; my name is Ram Sateesh,
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, I am
going to talk about cities and climate change, adaptation and mitigation. So, I will give you
an overview of the basics of climate change understanding and I will also talk about how
different cities are able to cope up with it, and what kind of strategies of for adaptation and
mitigation they are developing and we will have a little critical understanding of all these
approaches.

When we say about climate change, I think let us start our discussion with the basic
understanding on of what is climate, what is weather. Mark Twain simply tells climate is
what we expect and weather it is what we get.

It can tell imagine, you are going to Mississippi or you are going to the Scandinavian
countries or the arctic circle areas, it will tell you what kind of climate you are going to face
so, you may have to prepare what kind of clothes you have to purchase, we have to buy you
know for the harsh living conditions you may have to cope up with -20, -30 degrees.

So, in that way a regional level understanding will give you some preparation. Whereas in a
weather, it helps you to decide what clothes to wear each day, is it going to rain tomorrow, is
it going to get sunshine today, is it a sunny day today right, so accordingly you can even plan
especially in a construction department in the European countries because daylighting is an
important aspect so, weather plays an important role, weather forecast plays an important
role.

So, even the satellite imagery of 2 kilometre by 2 kilometre, so they gives you an at least the
nearest status of what is the weather going to be.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:38)

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So, climate; it actually refers to the average weather conditions in a particular place, and it
takes account of many years, so, for example, a climate in Minnesota is cold and snowy in
winter and climate is Honolulu, Hawaii is warm and humid all year long, so which means it
has taken the account of many years and that is where we are talking about what kind of
climate it have.

Again, we are talking about different climatic zones, in a globally how they are divided like
we are talking about the tropical climates, temperate climates, so there is a different scales of
climate which we are also talking about. For instance, the climate in the one area like the
Midwest or Hawaii is called a regional climate so, when we talk about a particular zone or a
particular area, geographical region, it is refers to the regional climate.

Whereas, the average climate around the world is called the global climate so, here we are
talking about the one-degree rise of the global around the world, so that is where we are
talking about the global climate so, I think these terminologies are very important for you to
understand before understanding the climate change.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:53)

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And weather; as we all know that every day when we switch on the TV news channels, so at
least the last 3, 4 minutes, the weather reporter comes and explains that in your region or in
the country, what is the weather forecast and how it is going to be, what kind of storm events
are going to face in which part of the area, so that it will give an alert situation for the
communities to prepare themselves.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:17)

But now, when we talk about seasons, earlier we could see a very good diversity at least our
great grandfather’s time or father’s time even in our generation, when we were kids we could
able to see a good difference in over the seasons you know in terms of its landscape, in terms
of its flora, in terms of its fauna, in terms of the nature because in Scandinavian countries
they call it a 6 seasons in some places they even call about 8 seasons in some places because
of the winter conditions of the transitional time.

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So, you know from the snow time, snow and ice conditions, how they transform from one
nature to the another nature and the whole geographical setting. But in the recent times, how
many of us have witnessed that this variance has gradually coming down, in fact, if we talk
about a country like Scandinavia and Sweden, if you go up north we have the snow cover for
about 8 months in an year but now, it has gradually come to 6 months in a year.

So, maybe in future it may come up to 4 months in a year so, which means that season
duration, the season variances are very subtle changes are there, and similarly, we see that
this is a cartoon explaining the spring and summer looks the same, and there is a fall on
winter looks the same you know.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:41)

So, when we talk about the change, today we are talking about the global temperature has
increased about 1 degree right, so let us see earlier, if you look at the history of the whole
earth is referred with the snow; the snowball earth and about in the ice age, 20,000 years ago
the whole thing was in half a mile of ice and today, if you see we hardly see that snow cover
that is also gradually reducing, you take the conditions of Himalayas, the glacier formations,
you take the conditions of the arctic circle how the ice is melting.

So in that way today's generation we are right now here, but here we are talking about minus
2 degrees of a global temperature and an average and minus 1, 1 degree change, this is the
impact and now we are here let us say if increases plus 1, what happens to this and if it is plus

447
2, what is the; so there will be no glaciers, no vegetation, no poles you know so everything
will have a very cataclysmic change.

So, this is just an understanding of 1 degree temperature and how it will have an impact on
our global environment, so that is what in the coldest part of the last ice age, earth's average
temperature was 4.5 degrees Celsius, below the 20th century norm let us call a 4.5 degree
difference on one ice age unit.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:27)

So now, how this whole change is caused and what is the impact, why we should bother
about this; this is one thing from a basic understanding, I need to talk about some very basics
of the climate change and the greenhouse gas emissions. Now, we have the earth, and then
we have the atmosphere belt, this is the atmosphere, and here this oceans, landmasses and the
main source of the energy is the Sun.

So, now we are getting and this is the greenhouse gas, it is a layer of this atmospheric layer,
and then one thing is the energy is transferring from this which is a kind of short infrared
radiation and then, this is again reflected back, and there is a long infrared; there is a short
and long infrared radiations and how it is reflected back, and then in this process this is
actually helping us to protect from the direct radiation.

So, this layer is actually protecting us but now, with our human interventions, the way we are
living today, the way we are living as a dependent society, now these activities on the earth

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especially, the escalation of the fossil-fuel consumptions which is taking our CO2 and
different gases, you know there is a different gases which reach to the atmosphere conditions.

And then the CO2, the carbon dioxide which we talk about because the fossil fuels when we
talk about industrial, then smoke which is coming from all the industries and as well as the
fuels which we are; I mean the motor vehicles which we are using and various industrial
sectors which were so, it is almost coming about 7 Giga tons per year which is about you
know 2000 million elephants size of the carbon dioxide which we are emitting.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:16)

And now, what it is doing is, in fact this carbon dioxide, if you look at this, there is a methane
going up to the 30% and 54.7% of carbon dioxide and then you have the other nitrous oxide
and the fluorinated gases and as well as other gases so, now how much time it will take to
evaporate? So, this takes about 12 years over 20 times more heat than the same amount of
CO2.

And this takes about anywhere from 50 to 1000’s of years to you know get diffused and so
now, nitrous oxide it takes 114 years and releases more heat about 298 times than the same
amount of CO2, so this is the scientific facts that which talk about, this is actually from the
Intergovernmental Panel on climate change in the fourth assessment report. So, now what is
happening is now we are getting, and the CO2 is still blocking it.

So, now what is happening is; we are; the radiations are coming, and then these are not
passing out, it is coming back so, this whole segment so it is become like you kept a lid on

449
the top of your bowel and then it started boiling then it is the heat is generated so, this is
where the oceans are getting warmer, okay because the heat is coming back again and again
so, it is not going further, it is not diffusing because this the layer is making like a cap.

And when the heat is coming down to the oceans, the oceans are getting warmer and
similarly, it gets to the glaciers and it melts the snow, and the moment when we talk about the
melting of snow, it again raises to the sea level, and this absorbs; this melting of snow and
ice, this is earth absorbs more energy and again, you know it is reflected back into this,
greenhouse gas trap energy.

And it also have droughts, wildfires and it also affects the flora and fauna, it also affects the
coral reefs which will have an indirect effect on the aquatic system and in turn it affect the
human systems you know so, it works not only on a part of just warming of the oceans and
melting of snow but in turn it will have many disastrous conditions and this is where the
change in the conditions for plants and animals, so as well the migration of birds also keep
changing.

Because you know, the number of birds which are coming to Indian subcontinent that has
gradually coming down and the same changing seasonal patterns and this is where we talk
about the habitat loss, there might be chances of extinction as well. So, this is the basic
understanding of climate change and the greenhouse gas trap energy systems. So, one side we
are pumping the CO2, making it as a cover layer.

And the whole energy is trapped inside this and then it is warming of the oceans, it is melting
the ice, and in turn it is giving an indirect consequences and direct and indirect consequences
on a natural systems and also the human systems.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:57)

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And this is where we talk about the climate change shuffle, as a bird and moon story you
know so, they said that it is a nature, it is a very complex phenomenon to understand nature
because each and everything is linked with another thing, it is not individual, it is not an
isolated aspect. So, now these butterflies you know it is heading from north so, maybe certain
conditions are now in the colder areas are no more cold now, they are getting warmer.

So, the migratory species now, in fact if you ever go to Pulicat lake and now, the number of
species have come down which are migrated from Canada and similarly, in Rajasthan the
migratory birds which are coming down so, the number of birds are coming down so because
the water resources are diminishing so, this is how the impact is also caused on the animals
and the birds movements and flora and fauna patterns.

If someone is not consuming something, the production it will have an impact on the
production aspect as well, and the mountain creatures like squirrels and all, they are all
climbing to escape the heat, and different parts of the climate have affect the creatures
differently, it is not the same way, a 2 birds will be affected, they affect in a different way
because of the nature of the biological nature.

And it also can alter the relationships you know, so when we talk about the Darwin's theory
and all these things, as the climate change happens even the colour of a particular species also
changes, the nature like we talk about giraffe and how it has changed, today the long neck
giraffe how it has emerged so, which means these are all some of the evidences of that times
climate change and today what we are seeing as a species is not the original one.

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(Refer Slide Time: 15:57)

And it also can cause conflicts you know so, this is how a big cycle of system is there, also
want to see that you know many scientists have been advocating that global warming is real,
but some have been arguing, there is no evidence to prove it that it is not real, but then the
thing is you have different evidences, one is the sea is melting, the forest is becoming too hot
because, on one side the deforestation is also happening, because they were either improving
the farming techniques or they are going for the real estate ventures or the land use aspects of
it.

So that has becoming that is killing the forest and the seas have been raising that is eating out
the city, and in that way, the coral reefs against thy are also damaged because of various
industrial pollution which is happening within water and that is affecting the aquatic system.

So, the scientists were worried about it, the communities were worried about it, the
politicians were worried about it so, there is a big institutional set up which is now concerned
about this climate change but it is not a very drastic thing but it is coming in a very gradual
process long when we say about drought it is not just today it is happening, it is coming from
years and years you know, and there is one interesting film when the Indian film it is called
Delhi Safari.

They talked about how animals show their you know concerns about the climate change and
how they want to actually give their voice of their habitat, and you know how to safeguard
themselves with the city encroachments, so this is all very interesting what you can see is this

452
the proclaims and all the crimes which are actually taking the deforestation, they are cutting
down the trees, and then the animals were worried, and they start going to the Delhi, the
capital, and they are making some kind of agitation. In that way, these are some concerns
through various films and people are also now becoming aware of what is going to be our
future.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:50)

And not only that it will also how it will affect an architect or a builder, it will affect because
the ocean is rising and it will have some disastrous effects, and it may also affect the markets;
the real estate markets, it will also affect the financial markets so, there has been it is not just
only about affecting the human habitat but the whole system, the economic system also is
affected, the market system is also affected.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:28)

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And this is where now we are talking about 2 aspects; one is the mitigation, and adaptation
when we talk about mitigation, it is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the
long-term risks and hazards of climate change to human life and property. So, the IPCC
which is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines mitigation as an
anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.

So that is where we are now talking about various frameworks, various conventions, various
agendas, we talk about UNFCCC framework for climate change convention and agenda 21,
Kyoto protocol, so there are a lot of strategies which is actually working out as a global level
as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:08)

And climate adaptation; it refers to the abilities of a system to adjust to a climate change
including climate variability and extremes to moderate potential damage, to take advantage of
opportunities, or to cope up with the consequences. See, why do we need to adapt? Now, can
we stop climate change just as of now? We cannot! Because it is a law of nature, as per the
law of nature, everyone is born, and everyone is bound to die.

Every simple thing will give a birth, and it will die, but in certain philosophies, it also talks
about the rebirth, okay but in a different form or in a different way so, if you do not die, it is
against the law of nature, if the thing is not dying it is against the law of nature, so what we
are trying to do is in the name of a sustainable development agendas or whatever it is, we are
trying to prolong that life you know, we are trying to live little longer.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:11)

454
We are trying to make our earth live longer, little longer so, this is where the abilities you
know that is where we are talking, in order to adapt with the situations you know, in order to
adapt and cope with the changing situations, we are talking about the climate change
adaptation. The IPCC tells about the adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or
changing environment.

And adaptation to climate change; it refers to adjustment in natural human systems in

response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects which moderates harm or
exploits beneficial opportunities. So, various types of adaptation can be distinguished
including anticipatory and reactive adaptation, private and public adaptation and autonomous
planned adaptation. So, this is a kind of generic definition which IPCC talks about.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:04)

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And what are the strategies and in 1992, in Rio de Janeiro,United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change has been held, and it takes 3 conditions which has been made
explicit towards the goal of greenhouse gas stabilization in the atmosphere. When we talk
about the greenhouse gas emissions in the 1980’s, it was mostly as a scientist concerns, but as
we moved on from 90’s, it has also moved towards the social; the social concern as well and
the political concern.

But now, when we are today we are talking a little more of a legal concern as well so, the
number 1 condition that it should take place within a time frame sufficient to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, this is where the time dimension. So that the
food production is not threatened. So, now you have to understand that certain species now I
do not know how many of you know but in the last 2 years even a state like MP which is
producing the wheat, the production was not sufficient, and they were getting the wheat from
Australia or in different parts of the world so which means, we are depending on the
production, there is not a self - sustained production. That economic development should
proceed in a sustainable manner. So, everything is an economic aspect; the economic
management has to proceed in a sustainable.

So, there is a 3 things; one is how it can naturally the ecosystem should adopt, the second is
the food production should know, so that is why the Denmark, they started with the seed
bank, how we can store the seed bank even in India we have in Ladakh area where there is a
seed bank so, how we can store the species of seeds, so that in the time of crisis how we can
regenerate it further. Today, we are talking about stem cells protection, so similarly the seed
protection is also an important.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:01)

456
Adaptation strategies; when we talk about all parties in article 4 in UNFCCC document; take
climate change considerations into account to the extent feasible in their relevant social,
economic and environmental policies and actions and employ appropriate methods. So, as per
the given political condition, given social economics feasibilities one has to take care of this
and assess the all relevant methods you know where the possibilities.

And make impact assessments formulated and determined nationally with a view to
minimizing adverse effects on the economy, public health and quality of environment of
projects or measures undertaken by them or adapt to the climate change so, this is where all
parties has to work within all their capabilities and feasibilities, they have to take some
measures and work accordingly.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:55)

457
I will also show you now, how a case of Dhaka and how this has been; how local
communities have also started working on you know, with small, small support systems like a
financial support system, how they intelligently applied, how they started coping with
different threats of the floods in their region. So, this film is all about the poor communities
because the poverty is an underlying factor for any of disaster in the climate change aspect.

So, how different support systems, how at a land-use planning how a planners also
considered this as one of the important bottom level approach and how they look at it. (Video
Start Time: 24:37) Cities are increasingly becoming complex site of political economic and
redistribution contestations. The rich complexity and diversity presents a significant
challenge as well as foster creativity.

Dhaka, the city of more than 12 million people is encompassing both rapidly globalizing
economy and infrastructurally poor neighbourhoods. Every day people are migrating to the
city looking for a better life and livelihood for various climatic reasons. Among the 5.4
million urban poor living in cities more than 63% live in Dhaka alone, high density of
population with limited or no access to services make living conditions challenging.

The future climate change pattern may impact Dhaka from flooding and creating heat island
where temperature may become a few degrees higher than the surrounding areas. (FL from
25:43 to 28:11), significant attention has been given to exploring and unpacking traditional
coping strategies for climate change in the rural context, less work has gone too deepening
our understanding of the ways urban poor are adapting to climate variability.

They research work adaptation to climate change in cities has been initiated with the
argument that significant lessons can be drawn from examining how the urban poor are
coping with conditions of increased vulnerability, knowledge gained from the research can
help to strengthen strategies for adaptation planning in cities. (FL from 28:53 to 29:54); The
research identified several coping strategies, people made physical modifications within built
environment as well as making improvements at the neighbourhood level.

To reduce the impacts of waterlogging, they increased plinth height made barriers at door
front, increased furniture height, arranged higher storage facilities and took community
initiatives to clean drainage, to reduce heat, creepers were grown covering the roof, false

458
ceiling or canopy made out of clothes were made almost half of the household surveyed
reduced their vulnerability through savings.

Households having more than one earning member in diversified professions did better
during any event of disaster, social network helped people to get assistance during disasters
and improved living conditions and livelihood opportunities, assets accumulated over time
increased resilience, accumulation meant acquiring saleable household products and building
materials as well as investing in children's education.

The future challenges of adaptation planning in city level needs to be creative, understanding
and establishing connections between diversity and complexity, any adaptation measure for
the urban poor has to work towards bridging the gap from present experiences. (FL from
31:28 to 34:00), the urban poor are vulnerable to hazards induced by climate change as they
respond to double exposure to climate variability and poverty; however, they also have
certain level of built-in resilience.

Recognising and supporting the knowledge accumulated in responding to disasters through

planning initiatives can create a favourable environment for the poor and our future
generation, (Video End Time: 34:33).
(Refer Slide Time: 34:34)

Similarly, in the western Africa, they also talked about in one generation how the land
become more arid, it is already arid and becomes more arid, and it has affected the crop
cultivation, and it has affected the employment, it has affected even the healthy living

459
conditions there, so that is where even some of the local techniques, they have started
adapting the Damloon techniques of conserving water and soil conservation methods.

So that they make this kind of stone bounds or maybe a soil bounds, so that one is filled and
it goes to the another and that is how the water conservation methods on, so that the soil is
protected, they started planting the things so, in that way you can see that a review of 15
crops you know in the Sahel region. So, how there has been some revival of these kinds of
crops through the conservation methods.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:39)

And when it comes to the developing countries like Holland which is an Delta region in a
low-lying area and they also have strategies of making a kind of barriers you know the stone
barriers to protect them during flood but when they actually calculated this in the initial stage
of construction they thought once in a 10 years, we may use, but now they are using very
frequently.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:08)

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So, this shows that climate change is happening and the; or their calculations went wrong in
very fast and the amount of effort they are also making the because being a low lying area
and the Delta region and being a developed country, there are developing strategies and one
of the outcome on the built form is the floating houses in Netherlands, these are like a
irrespect of the flood, these houses they still strain and they can float.

But one has to look at the kind of investment, the financial investment is going in making
these houses. Yes technologically, it is a very state of art; appreciative state of the art, but
how one can look at this, is it really the question we have to think about, is it really wise to
invest on such expensive technology rather to invest on social empowerment and better
alternatives for coping to the climate change so, this is some of the brainstorming
understanding one can take on their own call.

So, I hope you got an idea of how different cities from an agricultural sector has been
working on the climate change and the developing country and the developed country, you
know so how they are responding to this climate change with their own financial mechanisms
with support systems and with social capitals, right I hope this help you.

Thank you very much.

461
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 21
Temporary Shelter Construction in India

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh. I
am an assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, I
am going to talk about temporary shelter construction in India. So, in this lecture, I am going
to cover a wide variety of examples and my own personal interaction with all these 3 case
studies which I am going to discuss about the Gujarat earthquake starting in 2002 and to this
one, two.

And then the Tsunami recovery programs in 2004 Tsunami and as well as 2005 earthquake in
Kashmir in the Pewaukee Pakistan Occupied Kashmir. So, these are all my, some of my
personal interactions with these or various other various aspects of my work and as well as
my study.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:22)

And in the early 2000 like 2002 when the whole disaster has been struck in Gujarat
earthquake. So Kutch is the district which has been majorly affected and that is one of the
major 7.5 major earthquake and it has a huge vast devastation both at an urban level as well
as the rural level and this is one of the you know the layout of reconstructed villages, the map

462
of the reconstructed villages in the Kutch district, which has been developed by the Gujarat
disaster management project we call GSDMP.

And this is a time Gujarat state has actually taken a very active initiative of the community
participation and as well as developing certain guidelines. The GSDMA regulatory aspects,
the retrofitting process, so it has looked at providing them guidance in how to reconstruct and
how to retrofit these buildings. So, that is where the technical aspects also come into the
picture and many NGOs have shown interest in looking at the participatory approaches
advocacy.

For example, Hunnarshala an NGO and Catholic Relief Services. So, there are many NGOs
who have actually advocated participatory approaches in Gujarat earthquake. So, today what
I am going to discuss with you is it is about the immediately after a disaster before coming
into the permanent reconstruction stage and just immediately after relief stage, this is where
the transition shelter.

You know there is a temporary shelter which they have been provided for them and how they
gradually shaped into or progressed into a permanent shelter process. So, this is the stage
which I will be talking about it and from this map you can see the amount of damage which
has occurred in the Kutch and the amount of reconstruction activities from many NGOs,
Catholic Relief Services, Hunnarshala, Caritas.

It was many NGOs which came to Gujarat to give their helping hand. So, these are all some
of my primary case study you know evidences.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:37)

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Like in this what you can see is the modern house which has RCC construction and which is
a brick and concrete construction has completely damaged and this is a pucca house and
which has completely damaged. Whereas, you can see these traditional shelter forms in local
language they call also the Bhongas which is normally there in circular shape and in some
cases they are in a kind of rectangular shape.

So, here what you see, these have resisted, these are some of immediate I am talking about
within a span of one year, the evidences which you are seeing is that these houses with
traditional shelter forms have resisted the earthquakes and why they have resisted because
that is where the structural form within.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:33)

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You can see that there is a wattle and daub constructions, it has you can see that these weeds
the wattle has been embedded like a mesh, it acts like a reinforcement, is a binding element
and then the cover with the mud and this is a circular shape because they believe that the
circular shape is the best earthquake resisted form because all the forces are not coming at the
corner because most of the damages which we see is at the corners of a house you know that
is where the load aspects also play an important role.

But and also this is how when the moment from the circular form, they believe that this is
smaller circular shapes, they resist earthquakes and this wattle and daub which acts as the
vertical and the horizontal bands and which can protect the houses from the severe
earthquakes and this Kutch zone, Kutch area this falls in the fifth zone, zone 5 in the
earthquake zoning.

And what you can see here this is called otla in Gujarati language, so, here you can see that
there is a small just exposed platform which is informally has been raised. So, this defines
some a kind of semi-living space because, for them, they can cook, some people have some
outdoor kitchens to it, some people can have a washing area, some people and if it is and they
also believe in kind of family clusters you know like 2, 3 people live in a cluster.

And they raise the whole platform as the otla has been raised and that demarcates that family
belonging from the ground and this is how the traditional patterns and in many of the
Bhongas we have the low eaves you know because of the desert climate and also the windy
aspects of it, so it can protect from the wind as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:28)

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And you can see this kind of veranda and where they have the kitchen has been made a small
partition and there is a stone wall you can see and how the inside of the Bhongas you know it
has all, it has a very low height wall and then what they do is if it is a conical shape, so, in
some of the Bhongas it will have also the central post. You know to support this kind of low
eaved roof which can protect from the harsh climatic aspect.

And here, this obviously forms as a kind of racks which they can display, they can keep their
functional aspects like you can see that the storage boxes are embedded within it and then
they can I mean the indigenous ideas of how a small space could be functional enough for the
family, you know for everyday activities. So, even a small wall makeup itself frames
everything that their whole products can fit within it.

You can see that the clothes, their utensils you know and this everything has been managed
within that small space.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:48)

466
Also, the typical bath, they have a kind of outdoor bathing areas like we have a semi-open
bath spaces and also this is in Pakai village near Bhuj and this is a kind of again a raised
platform about one feet six inches and then there is a wooden construction which has been
made for a small commercial entity which is scattered to the local needs of that village or
nearby villages.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:12)

That is how the pattern looks like and in this particular disaster many of the communal
buildings also have been damaged, not only the communal buildings, the historic buildings
have been damaged, public buildings have been damaged. So, this is one example it has been
partly damaged to the old community hall of the village. So, it is very unsafe to live and the
mosque which has been repaired.

467
Because that is the religious entity where they feel so that is how they immediately retrofitted
this and they immediately made a mosque here and in Bhuj, I visited to many places of these
damaged areas. I will just show you a glimpse of what all things have happened immediately
after an earthquake and how what are the destructions and what kind of property has been
damaged, what kind of built environment has been damaged.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:05)

So, now this is a kind of industrial godown which has been damaged. So, when we talk about
the industrial godowns and which has to do with the livelihood of certain sector of the people,
obviously they will lose their employment for some months, maybe years. So, it has not only
the godown or not only the built form which has been collapsed or damaged but it will
indirectly affect the livelihoods of the poor people who are working in that godown, so all the
industrial segment.

There is also the historic building which has been damaged and the brackets have been fallen
down and the railing have fallen down. So, it has become very unsafe, you know it has to talk
with the heritage and we also discuss about heritage in disaster context and many aspects like
Ayutthaya 9:45 will be discussing on and we also discussed on Kiruna aspect.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:54)

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And as I said to you if you see this was a traditional house with a brick and concrete house.
The wall has actually collapsed inside, the inward collapse, so that actually talks about you
know the wall makeup and bonding and even how we can actually make a slant. Imagine if
you are making a roof like if you are making a wall like this, obviously the pressure acts this
way and as things might tend to fall down here.

But if it is and also the corners most of the corners during the openings, at the walls, the
junctions these are the most crucial places, you know where the damage occurs and also the
water tanks which has because this is where they used to store the water and obviously it got
damaged. So, because these are some basic needs one a community relies upon, so these are
and whereas brick and concrete house has fallen but as the Bonga have resisted. This is one
of the important example, surviving examples.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:04)

469
And similarly in Bhuj, where a large infrastructure has been damaged like roads also, some of
the bridges, some of the hospitals, some of the schools which has been and now some in the
urban areas, huge house, many houses have been damaged, some apartments have been
damaged and this is one good example of how it has partially been damaged.

So, being a hospital do you think now how it will affect the whole health sector and which is
serving the community. When we say hospital has been obvious, it is very difficult to carry
on the regular activities and how it has to serve the local community’s health conditions and
what about the employment of those people who are working. For Government Hospital, if it
is servants were working, government servants who are working, for them at least they have
some benefit that they will be supported.

But what about the temporary workers, who are depending on their daily labor or daily
wages, so for them if there is no work what happens to the livelihood, these are some of the
important questions and due to the hot summers you can see the whole lake in Bhuj has been
dried, many rivers have been dried out. So, it has become even the water scarcity is the issue
in that particular region.

This is a house nearby a village where they have different class societies. There is a
mukhiyas, there is chauhans and there is a Muslim community. So, different caste hierarchies
existed in the Kutch area and this is one of the rich class and which has been destructed
during the earthquake. Now there is one single house which is having like two or three
families together they made one single house having different partitions.

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(Refer Slide Time: 13:00)

And this whole house has been damaged but then if you look at the sociological and
psychological aspects why these houses are located here, on the top of the ridge or the top of
a in a slightly higher area, it’s not a mountain area but slightly but if you ever looked from the
rich houses villages, you will see the whole entire village. So, this is where the traditional, the
landlords or the rich people who used to settle down on the top.

So, it shows the significance of the status of that particular community and who try to look at
the whole village and including in some villages even the entry point of a different
community also from the external side, it depends on the untouchable. So, this is the
condition, social systems which has been prevalent in these areas and now what happened to
these houses.

So, people who were not having any house to live there, so when these people have migrated
to a different place because they could able to afford somewhere and they could able to live
somewhere else. So, that is where this unsafe houses has become a shelter for the corridor
between these two families has become a shelter for the homeless people, but the question is,
is it really safe to live there?

Because aftershocks might keep coming on and there might be a possibility that you can see
that whole damage has been occurred. So, there is a great possibility that this may also
collapse and the wash areas has been damaged behind and the toilets.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:25)

471
But you look at it the wealthy class of the village, they have a detached toilet system and
detached washing systems towards the rear side so which means though the independent
families are segregated by wall and the common corridors at the end like you have the 3
families living like this but they have a common toilet. So, they gather at the rear space and at
the same time they have their personal demarcation of their space.

So, this is how the whole and this is completely treated as one unit to represent one family
belonging.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:08)

So, this is the story of immediately after the earthquake but now I will just read out a poem
which has been written by Natraj Kranthi and it was at the moment of the earthquake
impacts. He talks shattered dreams, woeful screams, nothing more, nothing more, shaken

472
floor, fallen door, nothing more, nothing more, silent boys, deserted toys, nothing more,
nothing more, tumbled stones, broken bones, nothing more, nothing more.

So, this was on the wake of this disaster, one of my friend Natraj, he has written this kind of
narrative of explain the pain and agony of the families and what happens to their dreams,
what happened to their flows, what happened to their belongings, you know how they are,
how the people, the children can become orphans when the parents die and you know how
people die, what kind of panic situation it was, that is the.

And in such kind of situations, obviously one of the important aspect is the schools like as I
showed you some community hall infrastructure; even these kind of infrastructure has been
affected. So, many of these schools were damaged and many of the community halls,
community centers have been damaged. So, this actually says that you know they are afraid
to go to school.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:33)

So, that is where the schools have been stopped for about one year, nearly one year. So, how
about education, you know what to do, how we can engage the community and the children
because you know that is also needed, what happens to the school education and where do we
provide the school facilities and this is where many NGOs have came forward, many
development agencies have came, they collaborated in different forms as I am not going in
detail about how differently they have collaborated.

473
But at least some of them they sponsored it, some of them they worked independently, some
of them they collaborated with partnerships. So, these are some of the examples you can see
that the weave of the classrooms.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:16)

This is a school, a temporary school, which has been constructed to provide some education
facilities for the people who does not have school, I mean at least from the neighborhood
areas and you can see that the kind of linear pattern has been organized to organize the school
and this is the interior of a bamboo classroom but now the question is, yes they are good at
least bamboo has been supplied.

And it has quickly erected to make assemble because it is very easy to build bamboo, you just
have to make kind of panel-based and make some studs, make the structure with the poles
and then tie up and then what you see here is this is a gravel you know the gravel, they put
the gravel on the top so that even if the rain comes it does not become dirty and because there
is hardly any level difference.

It is hardly 5 centimeters to 10 centimeters level difference and even in case when rain
happens, so that is where they put the gravel so that the water can percolate and this whole
school has been established. So, here then people, the local teachers or the local educated
graduates, they started volunteering themselves to teach to the children.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:25)

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And similarly, some the school office, some of the office buildings and they have also
developed in the laminated paper pipes, you know you will also see that from the Tadao
Ando's work and the temporary shelters which will actually provide with the laminated paper
pipes and this was about in those days I am talking about 2002 which has costed about 27,000
rupees per unit.

So, which was very reasonable amount of cost. whereas, the dining hall which is completely
built with the canvas material, so that itself has costed about 18,000 material but then if you
talk about the durability or if there is any kind of rain occurs then obviously this may not so
better and but this is little better than the canvas aspect of it. What they do is, they have this
walled structure and they put a mat on it, the tarpaulin sheets or some kind of waterproof
materials so that it can actually protect as a roof.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:30)

475
And some of the hotels because a lot of NGOs coming forward, so where do they stay, you
know there is many offices coming here and going and doing lot of reconstruction work. So,
there is lot of movement is going on in this work and this is where they also developed some
kind of residential aspects of it that is where they built till the sill level with the stone wall
with a random, rubble masonries.

And then, this is a kind of wooden material or a tin material and then this is the traditional tile
pattern roof where the terracotta tiles and the doors and windows are made with the plywood,
the plywood material which is made about 3 feet 6 inches stone wall and this bamboo
construction was about 20,000 rupees. So, if you compare the cost the terracotta was 27,000
and this one was bamboo was 20,000 and the canvas was about 18,000.

So, the more the material we are improving obviously and this is about 12,000 you know
because that is where you are using the stone and as well as the plywood material into it and
this all temporary structure for a period of 2 years and because for 1 year they completely
abandoned the school education.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:46)

476
And many NGOs came forward how we can actually generate some alternative livelihood
items, you know like the woman how they can be educated the unemployed youth, how they
could be provided with some kind of alternative skills because like tailoring, sewing,
embroidery or any craft making, so this is one of the so what they did was they had a stone
wall and they made a vault and they have a truss, the metal truss.

And in some places they have also had this asbestos and the tin sheet, the tin sheets as well
and the galvanized sheets and they put it on the top and that way because being a hot place
they also have kind of some places they had some little insulation sheets, you know the
materials which can make and the flooring it has again a kind of mats which has been laid
out, in classrooms there is a normal mats and as well as and this is a computer lab you know
it’s an air-conditioned computer labs which has a semi-circular trussed roof.

And this is again a prefabricated trussed roof and here they have actually established a
training center even computer training center as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:01)

477
And this is all about the temporary housing but then when we moved on how in these 2 years,
how we have to invest for the permanent housing because the land allocation issues, way to
relocate and how to find the land, how to get the money, how to get the collaborations, all
these becomes big questions you know and these are challenging issues and this is where the
technology transfer also has been adopted in Gujarat case.

So, where center for earth unit in the Auroville Center has actually transferred some rammed
earth and as well the compressed stabilized, here we call it as CSEB, compressed stabilized
earth block. So, these are basically a kind of interlocking bricks and this is the workshop in
that name. Earlier, the present Hunnarshala, it’s called Kutch Nava Nirman Abhiyan and now
it is called Hunnarshala Foundation.

But this was the workshop of, so, where they used to make these interlocking bricks or they
used to make these kind of pre-fabrications, making these live models of the houses,
demonstration units and the here, based on the silt content and the clay content is 60 to 65%
of sand, 10 to 15%, clay is 15 to 20%, gravel is about aggregates are about 10 to 15% and
salinity should not be greater than the 1200 ppm and pH value not less than 7.

So, that is a kind of composition through which they developed these stabilized earth blocks
which are about in a square shape and this is called Aurum press.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:51)

478
And basically what they do is they actually prepare the mixture of this, mixing with the
cement 5% to 7% of the cement and to stabilize it and then they actually this is a mould
process. So, they keep that and then they press it and then these moulds will come out of it
and this is where the interlocking bricks because these are very helpful for having a vertical
reinforcement at the corners or the junctions.

So, they can have some vertical reinforcement, there is a male and female coupling of it. So,
how these two things has to match and then the reinforcement is kept whether it is a pipe
inserted or 8 mm rod has been inserted into it. So, what they do is once they prepare these
bricks, they do not fire these bricks, what they do is they cover with a kind of plastic sheet for
two days and then they leave it for about, they cure it for 21 days in the hot sun and then they
directly use it to the building material.

Also, there has been some prefab units such as Ferro-Cement Channels. So, you have the
Ferro-Cement Channels which are moulds and similarly these are mostly used for toilets as
well so this is how the roof structure is like. So, it couples one over the another and then it
forms as a kind of roof.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:10)

479
And not only in terms of this earthquake but also the previous past earthquakes, there has
been some efforts by different agencies by development alternatives in Delhi, Nirmithi
Kendra’s in Hyderabad. This is one another model where they talk about you know the pre-
cast frames you know. These are all the precast technologies in housing. So, this is a frame
which has been developed by Nirmithi Kendra like a door frame.

But then this is a hollow brick model of roofs, what they do is these things will embedded
into this frame and that becomes into the roof, you know so each panel is fitted with these
kind of blocks and then it composed as one panel. So, this is one technology and also they
developed one more technology of having a diagonal bracing and the concrete balls you
know. So, they roll over even if earthquake comes and shakes.

Obviously, the building can only you know tilt a bit, so that it will not affect much damage.
So, this is also one of the technology, which Nirmithi Kendra have developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:18)

480
And following various guidelines which we showed by the GSDMA and all others IS codes,
Kutch Nava Nirman Abhiyan of that time has developed many of the models earthquake
resistant, one is G+1 model, one is the imitation of the Bonga, what you can see is the plinth
band, sill band on the roof band. So, following these codes as well as the guidelines which
has been issued by the authorities, so they also demonstrated that how the transfer of this
technology can be implemented like the upgradation of the Bonga roof.

So that is where they are talking about the octagonal conical roof with the help of truss,
fabricated truss.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:58)

Also, some of the circular models which is a hemispherical dome. This is completely done
with the bricks, you know with the mud blocks.

481
(Refer Slide Time: 27:07)

And the Ferro-Cement Channels which I have showed you just now how they are fabricated
and some of the houses were also constructed on that and as well as some toilets, you can see
that these are the precast toilets, toilet units so these are some of the interventions, some ideas
because this whole disaster becomes the follow-up of this becomes a kind of place a
laboratory of different ideas and experiments.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:32)

So, even some incorporation of traditional technology like bamboo how we can make use of
bamboo and embed that in the shelter forms and thatch. So, there is a combination of both
these CSEB blocks, rammed earth as well as thatched roofs, so there is different works.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:51)

482
And similarly, in the hospital what you can see is that they are building some units of the
geodesic domes which has known for its earthquake-resistant structure and which will have
less area and more volume. So, this is the earthquake resistant model built by Nirmithi
Kendra as I said to you the diagonal bracing in the foundation with these circular balls where
the building can bear the forces, the earthquake forces as well.

And the same community hall, the Catholic Relief Services has taken the reconstruction
activity of the Paika village and here you can see that this whole community hall which has
been damaged has been reconstructed and using the CSEB blocks and the Mangalore tiles.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:42)

And similarly, you can see that houses they are giving about 35 square meter area of a house,
where they have a small open space and sometimes using the previous doors if they have.

483
(Refer Slide Time: 28:52)

And here, in this village what they did was they have not designed any layout but what they
did was just adjacent to the house where they already have an existing house just adjacent to
it they have like imagine you have a house here, so adjacent to it they have built it. So, that
the structure remained, the structure of that layout remained as it is and like now today, you
see that the crossroad is like this where the community center in the center and gradually
things have developed later on.

But now, what you are seeing is a view of the village which has been reconstructed at the
same places like you can see a small Bhongas next to it where they were living temporarily.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:33)

484
And there is also some earthquake-resistant models which were developed by Caritas-KVT
but these are very not even relevant to this area but they are very uniform and standardized
forms of the concrete models where people showed their reluctance in not to stay in these
houses. When I started interviewing them, they said no we cannot stay in these houses and
some of the, there is a 100 crore hospital projects which can at least resist to 9 Richter scale.

So, in that way, they try to progress to resistance aspect of it and what are the responses of
this community. So, now you can see a community has been given this house by an NGO,
next to it the community themselves have built this house by using the stone.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:28)

They know that they have, a stone is an unsafe material but they have built with their own for
their own needs, for their own. So, this is where we have to learn that what community needs
and what community demands and now to give them some guidance even if they are wishing
to go with the stone how safe it is but what are the better ways to construct and what are the
rightful ways to construct using these materials.

You know, what are the codes we have to follow; this is where the technicality has to be
addressed in some support system for the community to build themselves. So, these are some
of the examples from the Gujarat earthquake whereas in following the Gujarat we have
Tsunami and immediately after Tsunami the Kashmir earthquake and in the Kashmir
earthquake, I was working in a company in UK.

485
And I was immediately, after the post Kashmir earthquake, a lot of agencies were working
towards it and they were looking for a quick technologies, quickly build houses that is why at
that time UNWTO has also approached our company and I was actually designing some kind
of prefab houses from Britain and where setting for frame houses where we can do a flat-pack
approach, what you can see is the panels here.

And there all, this is not the house exactly built-in the POK but built elsewhere but I do not
have the photographs, so I am trying to show some similar models of it. So, here the trusses,
the roofs everything is a flat-pack approach. So, in a uniform and standardized format, so that
we can reduce the waste by design and we pack it from the factory, we ship it to the POK and
as well as then we send to few labours there and they erect it on spot.

So, here that is where I say that I realized a villain’s role as a designer sitting in my desk. I
have never been to the site, I never been to the context, I never introduced to the context. I am
not knowing who are the beneficiaries, what do they need, what was the livelihood and this is
where I was playing a villain role and that is where I looked at my further research of how we
can actually take the research, what are the gaps, how to reconcile in between the gaps
between the development groups and the beneficiary groups.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:40)

Then, before that Kashmir earthquake, we have the Tsunami.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:44)

486
And what you can see is a Giant Tsunami which has been destructed the Banda Aceh and the
Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, the Boxing Day Tsunami.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:52)

And it has affected the Tamil Nadu, the southern state of Tamil Nadu especially in the
Nagapattinam and of course the Cuddalore and the East Coast of the Tamil Nadu but the
epicenter was somewhere near Sumatra and waves have traveled almost in this direction.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:12)

487
So, now immediately after the post-Tsunami when I visited the place, the important issues are
the food security, you know how to get their rations because they are all after the relief stage
when they settle somewhere, so their daily needs, this is where every ration shop is full of
queues, every water facility because their infrastructure has been damaged because of the
Tsunami, where do they get the drinking water you know and their livelihood is in threat.

So, this is where in the fishermen set up, you have the boat owners, you have the fishermen,
you have the traders and everything used to cooperate with each other and they use to work.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:53)

And the traditional houses you know and their indigenous knowledge how they oriented their
houses, they are climatically efficient, how it suits their livelihood needs.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:03)

488
And different typologies of houses, this is in Tharangambadi and how different layouts of
these houses like a joint family house, a nuclear family house.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:14)

(Refer Slide Time: 34:19)

489
And their public places, how they were damaged. This is a huge infrastructure has been
damaged.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:24)

But one has to look at it but if you look at the evidences if a correct information has been
passed down to these places, it took 180 minutes which is about 3 hours to reach to get these
waves into the mainstream, you know to the mainland, so if that information has been passed
on the right way, we would have saved many lives, we would have at least saved some
important assets.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:47)

490
There is always a relief stage, there is a rehabilitation stage which goes for a few months and
the final is the reconstruction stage. There is a lot of actors working from the government,
international NGOs, local NGOs and the community groups which work on these aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:03)

So, I am talking about the transitional shelter. So what they did was an immediate
requirement for them as where to live, many of them lost their houses, so many I was visiting
Devanampattinam village, the longest fisherman village and you can see that I have taken lot
of questionnaires and a lot of semi-structured interviews. They got the tin sheets immediately
and they have lived here for about two years.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:28)

491
And what you can see is a barracks of the tin sheets, in fact, the similar kind of housing has
been provided in the Andaman and Nicobar ice islands and the tribal communities they
rejected these houses, they have boycotted these houses. So, this is where material also plays
an important, of course, it was very quick to deliver but one has to understand that they have
to stay here for a few more months and how to work on it.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:51)

And after the following disaster, the basic infrastructure, the toilets, where do they go for the
toilets, where do they get the water services.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:01)

492
And this is where the time where people have some professional minds come together, they
started showing some choices, yes, we provide this option, now you can decide, we try to
facilitate you know what they decide. So, different process which starts actually following the
transition stage but the most important challenge is not only about it should not be narrowed
them only at the built form but one has to look at how this transition stage has to gradually go
into the permanent stage.

And there are issues like how this material could be reused in these two years, what are the
things we have to address, children schooling, the community's health facilities, community’s
livelihood, how they can regenerate and all these, okay. So, these are some of the evidences
which I want to bring to the students notice that yes, there are some challenges in the
transition phase as well, okay. I hope you understand better. Thank you very much.

493
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 22
Temporary Shelter Construction in Kenya

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh
Pasupuleti. I am an assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT
Roorkee. Today, we are going to discuss about temporary shelter reconstruction in Kenya.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:43)

So, this particular lecture has been derived from one of the important contribution from
Dyfed Aubrey, which is the chapter 9 in build back better volume, which has been edited by
Michal Lyons and Theo Schilderman with Camillo Boano. So, he talks about temporary
shelter contribute to participatory reconstruction. So, that is the link between the temporary
transition shelter and with the participation and how it can actually make shift into the
permanent process.

The background of Kenyan condition, it is not a natural disaster but it is a kind of manmade
situations especially the political violence. When you look at the natural disasters
phenomenon or the risk phenomenon, even from the document of at risk or the CRED
reports, it says almost more than 75% to 80% of the disasters are through the political
violence.

494
So, today we are going to talk about the consequences of the political violence at specially in
terms of shelter provision and how it has been organized and how it has been conducted as a
pilot project and how it has been scaled up at a nation level and what kind of responses they
have you know able to understand.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:14)

So, in 2007 and 2008, after the former President Mwai Kibaki was declared the winner of the
presidential elections in December 27, 2007. There has been a huge political clashes and
along with various ethnic groups within the country and about 1200 people have been
reported dead, almost 5 lakhs people displaced, that is as per the United Nations Office
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs report.

So, ideally there are 3 categories of this; one is the first was burning and looting all the shops,
commercial premises and houses. So, all these mobs, they come to the city in the urban
clusters and they started destroying, burning down whether it is a public property, whether it
is a commercial properties.

So, this is one kind of attack. and the second was an onslaught by opposition supporters on
small farmers and landholders in the rift Valley, perceived to be government supporters
within the aim of driving them away from the region, so that is also how opposition parties
you know make an attempt to drive all these people from the origin and the third one is of the
pattern of violence was retaliatory and targeted mainly at the migrant workers.

495
People have suspected that these has been part of the opposition supporters, so that is where 3
patterns of victims have been analyzed.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:51)

In the Rift Valley which is the majorly affected area, displacement affected 5 of Kenya’s 8
provinces, in Kenya, we have 8 provinces and which has been considered the Rift Valley
Province particularly in Nakuru, Trans Nzoia and Uasin Gishu districts. So, after this kind of
Rebel groups forcing them and destroying the properties and attacking the people. So, this
has caused a huge social destruction.

And in any kind of, situations obviously what kind of responses, the immediate response how
people cope up to this kind of shocks and distress. One is move to the host families and some
of them, they tend to move to their host families or like people who are migrants from
different places, they go back to their places, setup spontaneous camps in police stations and
churches.

Because the religious buildings, the schools, the police stations, these are some place where
they can protect themselves and they can gather at least certain ethnic group can be protected
with the protection of police station or the religious governance. So, this is how they started
setting up some camps. Many sought to move to their ancestral homes in Nyanza, Western
and Central Provinces.

So, they go back to their parental homes or their ancestral homes, so in that way, they could
able to be secured themselves for some time. So, what you can see is about the big circles

496
here what you are seeing is it’s about more than 30,000 people have been internal displaced
populations and this is the size of the circle gives the shows of between 10,000 to 30,000 is
the medium range and below less than 1000 is the smaller, it is entire IDP’s.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:45)

And displacement of these affected 5 of these 8 provinces and out of the whole process, we
can see at least in 2009 you have 3 lakhs 13,921 people, have been internally displaced
persons integrated in their communities but whereas, the rest of them they have been
recorded in 296 camps have been positioned in various camps.

So, what you can see is this camps which are being a temporary shelters whether it is the
Pygmy kind of shelters or a kind of conical shelters with the plastic sheet or the tarpaulin
sheets where they try to accommodate in a huge groups and some basic services have been
provided in those camps in this clusters.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:31)

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So, how the government have tackled with the situation, the Government of Kenya’s ministry
of state for special programs, which we call it as MoSSP, the Ministry of State for Special
Programs and this particular ministry’s mission is to provide the leadership in the
development of risk reduction measures and disaster management, within Kenya. And this
has looked at the oversea of the IDP, International displaced persons and the resettlement
process.

So, UNHCR have also supported that the KRCS which is the Kenyan Government Agency,
which has been constituted to provide the resettlement program and they have given some
kind of support. So, Kenyan Government have thought that they are self-sufficient to manage
this resettlement process but still there has been some support from the UNHCR.

But, in terms of the understanding of the hierarchy of the government setup, one is the
minister of our provincial administration and internal security, which has been looking at the
internal security aspects and they are further directed with the provincial commissioner
because as I said there are 8 provinces, so each province has been headed by a provincial
commissioner.

And then, it further is reflected in the district, each province is divided into different districts,
so that is where we have and each district is headed by the district commissioner and
whereas, each district is again divided into subdivisions and that is where the district officer
has been heading the division and again each division is composed of different villages and
the chief has been constituted to look at the village level.

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But now in this IDP process, the internal displacement of these persons, first of all how to
identify whom, who is the most important people to be you know secured enough to put them
in the camps or to put them in the transitional centre. So, how we can profile it and how to
make the damage assessments, though this has been conducted as a part of the provincial
commissioner's responsibilities, in coordination with all the subgroups which is the district
level and the chief level.

So, they are able to see a kind of vertical coordination, also the support to KRCS and the
humanitarian actors in establishing and managing the IDP camps, activate village level peace,
reconciliation committees. So, these are all a kind of bureaucratic system, how each group is
living and how they are able to response, how they are able to give support for this kind of
IDP setup.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:21)

So, initially, there is a compensation package issued by the government about in a Kenyan of
10,000 which is about 100 Euros per IDP household and an additional 25,000 for each
household with a destroyed house. So, that is how they have given about 250 Euros+100
Euros, so that is a kind of compensation package. But then this was not very successful,
different and analysis report.

And evaluation reports talk about this particular process lacks accountability and consistency
in a location of 10,000 and 25,000 Kenyan currency for these IDPs and this is where, they
also started an operation called operation Rudi nyumbani, which is the how to return to home.

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Because, we cannot keep providing them all the facilities, for how long one can provide, so
that is where the transition camps have been provided initially.

But then how we can reduce the support system and so that how we can make them
independent of this process. So, this is where the operation rudi nyumbani return home has
been set up and it has been accelerated to close the temporary camps.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:30)

So, this is where many of these remaining you know they organized themselves into a self-
help groups 50 to 4,000 households. And in order to obtain the land, each group member
contributed its government cash handouts into a communal fund and bought rural plots of
land for permanent settlement and moved there with their tents. So, which means whatever
the cash inflows they have got, some of them they have tried to form into groups.

And they put some money and they bought some plots in the rural area. So that, you know
they can move with their tents. And one such group is Nyandarua registered membership of
4,000 households which has acquired about 50 acres land and they made their own makeshift
latrines and obtained water from a nearby river. So, basic services is an important task, how
in order to just live there for them it is not just only a shelter, it also has to be with service
aspect.

And the tenure has become a big issue in this particular phase, because and also profiling the
vulnerable people who are the beneficiaries, is also important as task. So, in that way you
know, the government also try to reduce, we are planning to reduce their supports that they

500
can slowly become independent. Whereas, the district level planning departments, they have
actually assisted some of the groups in terms of land subdivision and tenure issues and also
district water authorities also assisted some with the boreholes.

So, that you know, some service infrastructure could be set up for them. So, you can see here
that you know, the IDP how it has actually progressed and it has come down, later on, the
number of internal displaced persons, how they have come down gradually.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:34)

In terms of the housing reconstruction, because this transitional shelter it is not just a norm, it
is not narrowed down to your product, it is a verb, it is a process, it is a catalyst to enable
families to make a step change from dependency on external assistant, anticipated that the
provision of transitional shelter on owners, land would be trigger return, you know that is
where this is the process of how you have to make them aware of the situation and so that
they can become independent.

So, this is how the definition of transitional shelter which it says the transitional shelter
provides a habitable covered living space and the secure, healthy living environment, with
privacy and dignity to those within it, during the period between a conflict or a natural
disaster and the achievement of durable shelter solution. So, there is also the time factor. So,
between the event and this is event of disaster and this is about settling down.

So, this particular phase they need to be served with some dignity, some basic services, some
basic safety aspect.

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(Refer Slide Time: 14:01)

And how do one can identify the target groups, so what they did was, they have broadly
classified into 3 target groups, one is those who wish to return to their formal place of
residence, those who wish to relocate elsewhere in the country, those who wish to integrate in
their current place of displacement, so how they can integrate, the second one is go back to
the former place, the third one is go to somewhere else.

And then these groups has been further subdivided based on, land tenure whether they have
land or without land or intend to rent or those without who intend to buy land you know, so,
this is how the different categories they have identified.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:44)

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And the Irish NGO, they have given a kind of target working group and the shelter working
group along with the Irish NGO goal with coordination with the UNHCR, they developed a
kind of joint shelter strategy. So, they have been some, this particular strategy have addressed
some key issues, that has to be included in the process. One is the target group selection to
ensure access to the most vulnerable, whether it is the women headed families or it is a
elderly group or if they have lost their houses.

So, the widely varying degree of shelter experience and knowledge of design and
construction between assistance agencies, which can lead to inadequate solutions with
significant variance between shelter solutions. So, also there is a disconnect between the
transitional shelter and the permanent provision and design of uncertainty because we are not
sure how this is going to turn out, so the durable shelter end-point was unknown.

So, you are providing the shelter but how long they are going to stay here and how long it is
good to last, how people are going to respond is very uncertain. There is also need to
integrate livelihood assistance with shelter provision because it is not just for the home we
are providing, how they can procure their livelihood later on, how they can do their farming
facilities, how they can if there any labour how can they can get the work. So, this is all the
livelihood aspects which has to be addressed.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:21)

In the household selection, in assisting target group one, the following prerequisites has been
applied where the security in the area of return, because the first and prior most is because
already they have been undergoing a lot of shocks because of the political stresses. So, first

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thing we have to ensure the security in the area of return, household registration that is where
they have to register or the beneficiaries and all.

Willingness of household to return, so however, they are coming back with voluntarily they
are coming back, evidence of land or house ownership which was readily available in district
level cadastres. So, whether they have procured some land or not, so in that way, they could
able to see the household selections you know and but the problem is, with this kind of
categories, it’s not possible to accommodate everyone.

Everyone may not have procured the land, everyone may not have able to afford to make
their own move you know, so there is a bit complex situation of the resources, the financial
resources may not be sufficient, for the whole entire community. So, that is where you need
to select only the needy is to given the priority for the neediest households and would be
eligible for the shelter assistance with priority.

And then shelter design, because this is where the owner driven practices are already
advocated in many disaster and displacement practices.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:01)

And this is where they talked about how we can incrementally upgrade the temporary
structures to the permanent houses, relocation of shelters or disassembly of shelter materials
with meaningful reuse so because once if you are making a temporary shelters and if you are
making another project of permanent shelters, what happens to this material, so how we can
reuse this material. These are some of the important considerations which has been given.

504
And what they did was when in the developing the design process and analysis has been
made on the existing shelter typologies in that Rift Valley and they are basically a very
simple techniques of timber pole houses, timber frame structures with the structural poles dug
into the ground and usually cedar has been used to resist from the insect attack and the rot.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:53)

So, floors have been compressed earth, walls are made with mud or timber roofs, sometimes
an iron sheet or thatch. So, what you can see is now these are all some of the traditional
patterns, which they could able to gather from that location and how they just start that timber
poles and then they try to make the frame and that is how a small low cost house has been
dealt.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:13)

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They have also adopted some basic principles. You know, one is ability to build and inhabit
the shelter within two days of receiving assistance, so how quickly one can build. Ability to
upgrade temporary shelters into permanent houses, so one is from a kind of transition shelter,
how it could be upgraded to a permanent shelter because that is where we talk about the
robust quality of the house.

Ability to disassemble the shelter and move to a different site, imagine in the other category
which we discussed if they want to relocate, they found a land in some places, want to move
this house there, so how we can actually dismantle this and how we can re-fix the same thing.
Ability to disassemble the shelter and reuse component significantly in permanent housing
reconstruction.

Maybe some components we can still use in the permanent shelter reconstruction, ability to
extend shelters from basic sphere standards to suit specific owner-driven on the sphere
standards of setup some guidance what to do and what not to do. So, based on the sphere
standards, the following kit has been prepared. One is they developed a living space of 18
square meters, which is about 3*6 meters for up to 5 individuals.

And then the shelter would be erectly directly on the ground, elevated that floor with proper
drainage around the structure. The structural frame is made of wooden poles while the
roofing will consist of corrugated, galvanized iron sheets, nail to the structure because of the
moisture and other things. The beneficiaries will then build the walls with materials locally
available such as additional corrugated iron sheets, mud and straw bricks.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:57)

506
So, that is where so basically it provides the structure and the communities can actually fill
that you know the shelter with their own feasible material.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:06)

Now, what you can see is, based on these guidelines for GOAL and UNHCR brought local
artisans to upgrade, to build a prototypes in this Nakuru place. So, it’s a kind of pilot project
where by doing so they have also taken the feedback of the people and how we can improve
it further. So, that is one of the form which you can see a shelter prototype which has a timber
post and as you see plastic sheets has been tied around.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:36)

507
And then this artisans, started modifying the design, the pole sizes were too small and
inadequately spaced, built a housing frame use a vernacular technology of the Rift Valley and
by doing so, this whole component become heavier and the reducing the transportability of
shelters because it’s very difficult for them to transport from one place to another place but
enhancing the ability to upgrade and offering more options in the reuse of materials.

So, but, still, it has given a scope to enhance to upgrade and you know, with the given shelter.
Many of them, they felt it was small but then, the introduction of this plastic sheeting has a
temporary wall material that many people as a psychological interpretation, they felt it is not
durable. And but the agencies some have they have ignored all this process and when this
whole pilot project has been finished.

And that is where the beneficiaries have objected to use the plastic sheeting but when they
want to scale up this project that is where they say that 86% of the survey, they have said that
the transition shelters were larger than the previous houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:45)

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(Refer Slide Time: 22:56)

And this is where based on the feedback, based on some adjustments; a bill of quantity has
been derived from the prototype shelter and where a standard shelter kit has been developed,
about 497 shelter kits in its Nakuru warehouse. So, now each kit has 18 square meter house,
which is costing about 385 dollars and what they did was the GOAL agency have trucked all
the materials to accessible central points, delivering about 120 kits per distribution.

Then, the community members offload the truck and then they divided the materials into kits
and each household then arranged the transportation from the distribution point to their home.
So, it is basically from one central space, then it started distributing to the intermediate points
and then the community members facilitated themselves to transport to that whether by using
their own labour or hiring the assistance of donkeys or tractors or any pickups.

509
So, the artisans assisted beneficiaries in setting out the shelters, monitored the quality and
provided the technical assistance but most of these kits have been erected in a days’ time you
know 2 days, 3 days. So, it is a very quick development process.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:08)

But in any disasters, we have also understood that the personalization, the personalization is a
natural response to the cultural deficiencies and as well as economic feasibilities and
opportunities. So, what people started developing was thereby towards the near, so people
started developing to upgrade their house, using the timber off-cuts you know what you can
see is the timber shingles, where shingles they try to cover with that and make more of a
permanent look.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:38)

510
And also, this is a kind of partial upgrade with reclaimed materials they have the developed
with the kind of whatever, they have able to procure from the past site or with their
feasibilities, they have made some modifications to their shelters. And within a month 53% of
the house owners have started to upgrade their shelters and this is very quick, within a month
if this kind of change is 53%.

The priorities were first doors, second walls and the third is windows, so the ventilation
aspect. And some beneficiaries bought their own timber for walls, doors and windows as we
have seen in this complete set is in a timber. For the outset and used the plastic sheeting
provided to the line of the walls, so they covered with a kind of partial covering with a plastic
sheet.

Others sold a plastic sheeting and hired the local artisans to build adobe walls. So, they have
given it back and they sold it in the market and they could able to get some money and they
could able to put some more money and built the adobe walls and so this whole process you
know, it’s all showing up an incremental process depending on each household what kind of
economic feasibility they had, what kind of infill they are responding to their needs and
demands.

And some paid for the labour in kind using the tools they were given in the shelter kit and
some sold their tools once shelters were complete to buy household furnishings. So, once the
tools have been sold, they even bought some more household furnishings and fittings.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:27)

511
So, with this, the government have understood that yes there is a possibility that to scale up
this process. So, now what they did was they developed from 18 square meters to 20 square
meters and the permanent walls of adobe and timber and they launched the project build
about 40,000 low cost houses. So, by the end of March 2009, it is about 16, 240 were built
and mainly with the partnership of UNHCR and MoSSP.

So, this is a kind of a very bulk project and the Japanese agencies and different NGOs also
have given us support for that.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:06)

But when you talk about the theoretical understanding of it, you know as I said you in the
beginning transition shelter is not a noun, it is a verb, it is a process. So, as Christopher
Alexander describes a house is an activity which is ‘created gradually, as a direct result of
living which is happening in it and around it’ by people who spend only what they can afford.
So, it starts with you, when you actually start personalizing your own spaces.

When you start living in it, you realize that you know, what you need and accordingly people
start amending that, not only within the house, around the house.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:50)

512
And this is the similar observations made from John F.C. Turner on his work in Mexico,
housing by people. So, that is where he talks about the use value derived from this approach
was more significant than the market value, as what housing does for the user is more
important than what it is. So, this is not a product, it is a process how man evolves, a house
into a home. And he tried to see that the use value is more significant than the market value.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:24)

And similarly, John Habraken supports on 3 levels of decision making; one is the tissue and
the support which is the base building. The tissue refers to the urban fabric and the support
refers to the base building and the fitout refers to the infill, what the people have done in their
houses and the tissue tends to remain the same because it’s a larger content and the supports
will change with time and infill will change more regularly.

513
So, this keeps changing very frequently and the system of subdivision allows users to
interface with a level that is relevant to them. So, how each community response to these
different 3 categories? The consumer or households they act on infill level, the housing
corporation or a development agency on a support level or the municipality works on a tissue
level.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:20)

And similarly, buildings are also essentially made of 6 time bound layers. This is space time
phenomenon which Ian Bentley also talks about it. One is a site, which generally does not
change, although a few buildings are transportable. The structure, the foundations and load
bearing element are expensive to change because in the structure, once if you setup the
foundation, it is very difficult to change.

You can break the walls; you can take out the prefab walls, so people generally try to avoid
doing that. The skin which is the exterior surfaces and these may change over 20 years or so.
Whereas, the services working guts of a building, electrics, plumbing which wear out
periodically, so you need a periodic maintenance of it. A space plan, an interior layout, where
walls, ceilings, floors and doors go commercial spaces can change as often as every 3 years
and remain the same for 30 years.

And the stuff, the intermediate elements of furniture, appliances may change even monthly or
even daily.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:23)

514
Similarly, Ian Bentley also talks about how different layers of the space time the underlying
topography, the natural system and the public linkage system and the plots and the buildings
and the components which changes at different time aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:40)

Once a kit is developed, if a standard structure is acceptable in a owner-driven process and

this kind of intervention is upgradeable temporary shelter than budgeting, procurement and
distribution of standardized kits is a relatively small, simple operation. If the intervention is
permanent construction, then the standardized structural options designed in collaboration
with end users can be developed into standard bill of quantities and set key-stage grant
disbursements.

515
Because each stage we have to look at the funding allocation as well and while still allowing
flexibility on the design of skin and space plan. So, there is a basic code dwelling concept and
how we tailor different options within it. This is much lighter on professional resources and
time than an entirely bespoke approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:39)

And we have to understand when we are dealing with this kind of poor communities, one has
to look at the livelihoods framework, it is not just only a shelter and this is where, the defeats
ASAL framework to sustainable livelihood framework is very apt and considering because
how an individual or a communities or a social group, how their abilities to access certain
resources whether it is a social, economic, human, natural, political.

Whatever the resources, how they are able to access the resources, on one hand, they are
already subjected the vulnerability context, they are already in the context, which will have
some influence on their access to the abilities, you know the abilities to access the resources
and that is where we talk about with these abilities, how they transform the structures and
processes, whether in the form of regulatory framework, whether in the form of public and
private sector.

And then how they create their own livelihood opportunities and this is where we talk about
the more income increased, wellbeing, reduce vulnerability, increase food security you know,
like that there is whole set of framework, which actually an individual or a group or a
community can actually work with it.

516
So, this is very important when we are looking at the transitional shelter and as well as when
they are actually looking at the owner-driven process, you need to understand the whole
resources and their vulnerability context itself.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:20)

The enabling approach, how we can enable this process and one is the finance you know
because this is one the enabling approach recognizes the bottleneck to housing created
limited access to finance. So, we talked about the cash flows, we talked about how at a stage
wise, how we can deliver the financial disbursement. Land tenure, we talk about the access to
land and security of tenure which are the prerequisites for any provision of adequate shelter
for all.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:46)

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Also, the materials and labour because materials have a major cost implications and also
inappropriate building regulations can inhabit the production of housing. So, the legal
frameworks, that is where we talk about the governments can play a key role in supporting
the creation of enabling environments for housing provision through reviewing legal and
regulatory framework.

How can we accommodate the indigenous materials in the regulatory process, that is an
important challenge for all the building course. And the people and governance, where we
talk about how we can engage the people to participate individually and as well as
collectively. The national policy making, the planning and implementation, monitoring of
housing projects and the managing of the services and wider political processes.

We have this whole framework actually enables the owner-driven, participatory owner-driven
process, even though it is a transitional but how we can, what are the different ways, how we
can engage them and how if you can actually give this kind of support systems. So, this can
gradually lead to an important transition in their lives because they can be self-reliable, they
can make their own system, they can rely on that system they can.

Only we need to provide a little support system in order to progress with it. I hope you got a
better idea on transitional housing in Kenya. Thank you very much.

518
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 23
Build Back Better in Nepal Recovery

Welcome to the course, disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh. I
am an assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today,
we are going to discuss about build back better in the case of Nepal recovery.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:45)

So, whatever I am going to discuss with you today, it will be from the South Asian disaster
report which was published in 2016 and these about the BBB the build back better and how
different case studies are able to produce different lessons, what we can take back and how
we can learn from it because every disaster experience provide us some lessons to take over
for the future.

So, this has been published by Duryog Nivaran secretariat and this is about the build back
better concept as a theme and how it has been implemented in different disaster context in the
South Asian region. So, they have tried to cover the earthquake in Nepal in 2015 and the
Meeriyabedda Landslide in Sri Lanka in 2014, the Uttarakhand Floods, Cyclone Phailin and
Cyclone Hudhud from the Indian geography and which was in 2013, Cyclone Sidr and Aila
in Bangladesh in 2007 and 2011 and the monsoon floods in Pakistan in 2012 and 2013.

519
So, if you look at it from 2007 to 2015, almost like how about 7 to 8 years, we can see a
variety of disasters hitting the South Asian context and we as a different countries though it is
a Pakistan, Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh and as well as Nepal, we share some similarities, not
only from the cultural aspect but also from our socio-economic context of it and our the
vulnerable context of it and the development setting of it.

So, instead of comparing with something what is happening in Netherlands, it is good to see
in a similar geographies, in the similar vulnerable context and a similar development context
how these build back better approaches have been adopted and what are the challenges to
build back better. And whether it is an institutional level challenge, whether it is a legal
challenge you know, so all these things will be discussing about.

So, in today's lecture, we are going to discuss about the Nepal earthquake recovery, which
has hit in the April of 2015 and as a part of this report before this there have been some event
which happened in Delhi and School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi also have been
part of this and initially this report discusses about the jargon on similarities and
dissimilarities of a build back better, the notion of build back better.

So, they try to alter a few words and they try to present you know, how each of these
terminologies refers to what.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:45)

Number one, back to building better; it refers to the baseline conditions that is a regular
building practice with or without a disaster. For instance, if we don’t have a building practice

520
that focuses on the DRR or the qualities of resilience, we can scarcely hope to turn the
practice around overnight after a disaster, so this is the first concept.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:13)

Whereas, better building back; so this talks about a sense of urgency to build back. So, this is
in the event of a disaster. Imagine, if we on the pretext of build back better, if we do it very
slowly after a disaster, then on the pretext of build back better then, it will also compromise
the community resilience because the slow process also will compromise the community
resilience, so that is where the second concept is working.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:47)

The third concept which is talking about the build back better, which is one of the important
subject of our whole course. It is not just in the physical sense, you know that we build

521
infrastructure, we build housing, we build the schools, we build hospitals, this is not just only
in the physical sense.

But in a more complete sense incorporating other social dimensions of recovery, how we can
build the capacities, how we can build trust, how we can develop the belief systems, you
know, how we can develop cooperation, how we can develop the partnership, how we can
enhance the social capital. So, all this putting together, apart from only limiting to the
physical sense, we need to embed all the social and cultural and economic aspects sent to it in
a holistic sense.

That is where we talk about the build back better; it emerged as after the 2004 Tsunami, it
emerged not only as a theme but also as a framework during the multinational recovery effect
because each and every nation is putting certain efforts in the disaster recovery and the
intention of this is we have to use a holistic approach towards reconstruction recovery with
the physical, social, economic conditions of a community are collectively addressed to create
overall improved resilience.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:15)

So, it is not just only we build the housing and we are not only building the roads, we are not
only building the infrastructure but we are also dealing with the capacities you know, of
social, economic and then how this whole setup will also improve resilience. So, resilience to
what, to cope up with the future shocks and stresses that have been imposed not only because
of the disaster but with various other vulnerable aspects.

522
Like it could be a market issue, it could be in a political crisis, it could be a war, so how we
can prepare them so that they can able to cope up with it. So, this is how we call it as BBB
build back better and in Sendai Framework of action which we already discussed about this
in the earlier classes as well, there have been 16 prerequisites, which has been listed under the
6 themes.

Because in order to improve the resilience each and every nation has to incorporate certain
action plans in order to address these 16 prerequisites and how these are grouped into
different themes.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:50)

Number one is government, when we talk about the government aspect, it talks about
adequate national scale laws, you know what are the regulatory mechanisms and building
codes how to improve the building codes, in order to the disaster-resistant aspect of it and the
land use planning, institutions and when we talk about codes, that is where it is addressing the
uniform understanding of the uniform risk and vulnerability assessment procedures.

Then, the second one we talk about the economy and this is where we talk about insurance
and other risk sharing public private finance for constructions because who will provide the
finance for the constructions, what stages, like in different cases we also have discussed in
Argentina, how the four cafe funds have been used from different organizations have put
together whereas, the public and private partnerships are coming together and how the needy
infrastructure and support for the business resilience.

523
Then, the third aspect is the ecology and this is where the conservation of the natural
ecosystem, how important is it, in order to protect the habitats from the disasters. So, this is
where the land use planning and measures to reverse the land degradation, you know how we
can reverse the impacts and how we can bring back the nature. So, these are all part of the
consensus of this Sendai Framework.

Safety nets and essential services, so this can talk about the health care, HIV, maternal health,
food security, nutrition and housing and why we are talking about the safety nets and health
because most of these affected are the poor, which have a limited access to the medical
facilities of the health infrastructure and this is where and also, the access to shelter. So, this
is where we need to address that poverty aspect also into this providing them the basic needs
and essential services.

And that is where we are talking about the vulnerable groups, who have special needs such as
HIV, chronic diseases or even the elderly people who are unable to cope up with their
livelihoods and unable to cope up with certain stresses and shocks, so who are these
vulnerable people, human settlements because many at the cases like in the disasters people
migrate to different places and they try to settle down.

And this is where we need to talk about the tailoring and the building and land use, codes to
the feasible in informal settlements.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:38)

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So, this report the South Asian Disaster Report, what does it aim? It aims to analyze these 4
aspects? One is how the build back better recommendations of the Sendai Framework will
hold up against the institutional, resource and capacity aspects in the countries, context of
South Asia. The second, the capability intent and interest of the existing mechanisms and
systems of recovery and reconstruction to deliver BBB principles and recommendations
upheld in the Sendai framework.

So, it is basically like having a benchmark how the existing mechanisms are able to set forth
for the BBB principles. The role of capital, development agents and other interest groups in
operationalizing, so it is talking about the implementation aspect, how these different capital
and the development agents and how they are able to organize themselves, in deliver and
operationalize the build back better.

Then, the last one is how meaningful the BBB recommendations are in relation to prevalent
institutional and policy and political interest scenarios in South Asia.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:57)

So, all this they have been discussed in different cases including Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka, Uttarakhand, Indian context and as well as Hudhud cyclone and as well as Pakistan.
So, today we will discuss about the Nepal earthquake. So, in April 2015, there has been a
major earthquake 7.6 Richter scale which has hitted in the Nepal and it hitted the Gorkha
region and at 11:30 it has striked the Gorkha region and again at 12:30 it has received about
6.6 scale and again after that it has keep receiving more than 16 times aftershocks.

525
So, from 7.6 to almost 6.2 the intensity started reducing, so this is where the earthquake
phenomenon has hit in this particular whole country in different parts and aftershocks also
have created many issues. The summary of the impacts is we talk about the 8,896 lives have
been lost and almost 22,000 people have been injured and about nearly 5 lakhs private houses
have been destroyed and about two lakhs private houses have been damaged.

Public properties like government buildings about 2,656 have been damaged, destroyed and
as well as government buildings which is above more than 3,000 have been damaged, school
buildings, institutional they have been again destroyed more than 19,000 have been destroyed
and 11,000 have been damaged.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:45)

Now, if you look at the categories of earthquake affected areas, the severely hit region is
about this Gorkha land and you have the crisis hit and as well as a hit with heavy losses and
the moderately hit and very slightly affected you know. So, like that this has been zoned out
and this particular region in the Gorkha region has been affected very badly.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:14)

526
Now, we will discuss about 2 important phases of this whole process; one is the search,
rescue and the relief phase. So, the Nepal has a very good system of the disaster management
procedures and the standard operating procedures and this is where the National Emergency
Operation Center and the District Emergency Operation Centers have been activated as per
the standard operation procedures, which is we call SOP which plays an important role.

So, it is, it brings the communication between the national system and the local system at a
district level. So, it focuses on the disaster information communication. So, from a national
level to the local level how it has to set up that communication. The management and also
how different agencies has to coordinate, that is where the stakeholder coordination.

And during this process, the government have tried to adopt a kind of single door entry, sort
of thing because they have to channel all the funding mechanism, they have to channel all the
NGOs, they have to channel all the relief operations. So, that is where a kind of one door exit
options.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:39)

527
So, the government want to make sure that no victim is left out and no one gets repeated
supports because it is very common in any relief stage but one person because they are
always craving for certain benefits or some needs which they are able to get in that phase. So,
they want to make sure that something should be transparent and someone already got it they
should not get again and again.

So, there should be a kind of uniform and very transparent nature and no one should not get a
substandard packages, you know, someone has got a very better package, someone has got a
very substandard package, whether in terms of the quality of the delivery or the quality of the
product they have got, so you know, we should not compromise on that. So, that is where a
government has been advocating in this kind of channel how everything has to streamline
with this process.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:37)

528
But in reality, there are different partner organizations, which has distributed the goods and
materials with different standards, as per their institutional standards and decisions, while
some try to follow the international standards. So, obviously, it cannot be a very uniform and
standardized material, so each organization whatever the resources they have and whatever
the standards they have followed.

And as per their agency standards or the institutional standards and that is how they try to
deliver the products.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:09)

But the problem is this particular process has not been standardized, the reason why it has not
been standardized is it has not been recognized, it has not been incorporated in the legal
system, legal procedures. How to standardize these relief materials, how to standardize these

529
packages and that is where the first and foremost important part, there is a need of
standardization of relief materials in the legislations for the disaster-affected communities.

So, each agency has worked in their own way, so this is one of the input. Then, we talk about
National Disaster Management Authority, we call the NDMA which again focuses on the
preparedness management committee has subcommittees, preparedness management
committee, rescue and relief management committee and rehabilitation and reconstruction
committee. So, this is going with the time process of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:11)

Now, in the rescue and relief management activities, they have a bill which has been as old as
a dated bill of, they have an act of an existing Natural Calamity Relief Act, of 1982 which has
a very limited scope in establishing these procedures and also the packages of the present
conditions of the post-earthquake because it has one of the major earthquake and there are
certain situations which has not been addressed and the demand has been high.

So, this is where this after the earthquake, this particular bill has been in the parliament in
various discussions, until now it has not been formulated as an act. So, how this is very
important that these lessons has to take forward in terms of policy, in terms of bills then
formulated acts which further provides us a legal direction, how to do it and how to approach
it, what to do it, in what way we have to procedure that establishes the protocols and
procedures.

530
Then, Nepal has very interesting aspect of how to connect the disasters and development.
One is they have the LDRMP which is called Local Disaster Risk Management Planning. So,
how the national level guidance has been translated into the local level guidance, is that is
where with these planning guidelines.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:49)

So, this can actually connect the disasters and development because if you go back to the
literature of Frederick Cuny in 1980s where he talks about the disconnect between the
disasters and the development, you know, the how the disasters and development are
interrelated to each other, they are part of the process and in some cases yes in some councils
they have this LDRMP which is the Local Disaster Risk Management Planning Guidelines.

But many of them they are not having plan, they don’t have plan, so what to do with this and
even, if there are the council's which are having the local authorities which are having plan
and they also they did not receive any adequate recognition in terms of how to mobilize the
resources and how to build the capacities. So, which means it is not adequate enough to guide
the local municipalities how to enforce the local capacity to enhance the local capacities.

And how to mobilize the resources, skills, labour, materials, so this has been not been clearly
mentioned.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:03)

531
And similarly, there have been some observations on the disaster preparedness and response
plan which is a DPRP Guidelines and this is again after the scale of impact because this is a
major impact 7.6 Richter scale and having the aftershocks and that whatever the legal
documents, they were not fully adequate to be applied in practice because the challenges are
very complex, in this particular scenario.

And this is where one has to take these lessons and take it further to make it into a legal
instruments. Now, we talk about the reconstruction and recovery of Nepal. So, first of all, it
has adopted a post-disaster recovery framework which we call as PDRF. So, they have
certain visions; one is they have certain objectives. Now, the first thing is setting up recovery
vision and strategic objectives.

So, the very first and foremost part of the any framework is it should have a clear vision and a
strategic objective and a clear policy which is needed for recovery and reconstruction.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:17)

532
There is also the Institutional Framework for Recovery and Reconstruction, so how the
institutional set up and how it can actually be advocated through a management process and
this is where the implementation arrangements for Recovery and Reconstruction. And this is
one of the foremost part is how to finance it, the financing and the financial management of it
right.

In many cases, after the disaster, we keep hearing a lot of discussions on how different
political institutions mismanagement of funds and how to deliver these funds, how to
deliberate on it and how to negotiate these things, how to bring harmony in the process and
this is where steps towards the implementation of the PDRF, the Post Disaster Recovery
Framework, so these are the different stages the 6 steps for implementation.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:21)

533
And the policies acts on the guidelines of reconstruction overall reflect a build back better
approach, they have addressed these aspects. One is building obviously, it is a safer building
practice and it has to adhere with the earthquake resistance, this is one of the prime. The
second is decentralization; the decentralization and the coordination mechanisms. Then, use
of local resources; using the local labour, local skills, local materials.

This will actually reduce lot of financial cost, operational cost and even it will be easy for the
management procedures. This is where we talk about the self-driven reconstruction, how we
can engage the people in the recovery process in the reconstruction process so that they can
build their capacities. Mainstreaming DRR and mobilization of stakeholders; so how we can
mainstream the DRR into the development process and how we can mobilize the
stakeholders.

Then, there is how we can ensure that there is a uniformity in the grant division and we call it
as GESI, addressing GESI especially in the South Asian context one is called gender, equality
and social inclusion. So, this GESI, how the gender aspects and the equality aspects and the
social hierarchy, how they have to be included in the development process, in the disaster and
development process is one of the important challenge in the developing countries.

Avoiding social dispute and harm to local culture; so this is also the social harmony, that is
what I reflected with. Maintaining a goodwill, scaling up and scaling out of learning from
good practices during construction. So, what happens is many at cases, the NGOs come
forward or some agencies or a setup will come forward, they work for 2, 3, 5 years and then,
they close the whole basket.

So, what about these lessons in these with the practice, they have set up how to take it
forward. So, this is an important mechanism we have to tackle, how-to, we can scale it up.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:57)

534
Then, Approved Reconstruction Policy, Reconstruction Act, Reconstruction Bylaws or
different guidelines and procedures. So, that is where the NRA, the National Reconstruction
Authority, it brings 4 important because all these whether through the policy, the act or the
reconstruction bylaws, they are talking about 4 important concerns. One is, understanding the
disaster risk, including the risk of climate change.

One is, you need to link with the climate change and DRR, that is an important component
because risk disaster, risk is specific to a particular place but climate change, it is a time
taking process and it is very gradual, right. But this is not maybe, as it is not the cause and the
impact is not seen at one place but cause is somewhere else but the impact is also seen
somewhere else.

So, I think in a holistically, how one can connect this whole approach is important thing.
Then, addressing the livelihood, needs of the people during rebuilding and reconstruction. So,
in the recovery process what happens to the traditional livelihoods, what happens to that, how
we can enhance the rural livelihoods? Again, I discussed with you the gender and social
inclusion in the recovery process.

Because, how we can enhance the woman leaderships, you know because this is what most of
the deprived communities, how we can, we have to take this as an opportunity to bring them
into the frontline. Decentralization and the governance, which actually, how the information
is passed out, how things are managed and how things are coordinated, how things are
supervised, how things are perceived.

535
So, all this instead of centralized approach, we need to think of the decentralized approaches.
Now, this is coordination and the institutional mechanism between the government and the
national reconstruction agencies and other stakeholders.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:53)

So, whereas, we have the NRA Central Office, how it is coordinating with the sectoral
ministry and the NGO Central Office and here, you can see that this is coming with the
ministry to the department to the district and to the area and to the community. So, that is
going as a funnel type of it. Similarly, the central office to the secretarial unit, district level,
district office, area office, municipality, community-based and individually.

So, that is how these are linked into this aspect. Similarly, central office, district office and
the field office you know, so they are all going in a macro level to the micro level and again
and here, we need to establish a serious contact between a macro level and how it is also
reflected in the micro level.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:38)

536
And similarly, with the National Reconstruction Agency Authority, how a central
organization, you have the Steering Committee, the Advisory Council and the Appeal
Committee that formulates with the Executive Committee and this is how you have the Chief
Executing Officer and which have the Facilitation Committee with interaction with the CEO
Secretariat and the experts group.

And you have different thematic groups and the secretary is the coordinating aspect. In that,
they have different programs; one is the policy at planning and monitoring and development,
assistance coordination division. This is talking about Heritage conservation, especially in
Nepal the Durbar Square which has been demolished completely, how we can look at the
conservation.

The third aspect looks at the settlement development housing and the local infrastructure like
roads and this is completely on the social mobilization how we can mobilize the human and
resources and this is where we talk about the public building section, heritage conservation
and physical infrastructure and this one is looking at the housing settlement development and
the land development geological.

So, this is how this whole thing was coordinated and then it is further branched out in various
policy, information management, budget, development, legal decisions, HR management. So,
it is a variety of networks which is forming under a kind of tree you know, how it is
branching out to a much more individual departments, then later on the divisions, later on to
the sectors of it, so that is how it organizational structure of NRAs.

537
(Refer Slide Time: 30:18)

Now, some of the examples of how they are also encouraging the communities to be able to
understand the irrigation rehabilitation, how they can first safeguard their crops, how they can
fields you know, and enhance the unemployment youth and the communities of the mason
training, so that they can learn that skills and they can be a part of the self-help housing
process.

Sanitation awareness to woman health workers because sanitation is one of the very
important issue in the developing countries and especially, for gender, you know the woman
they don’t have toilets and because of there could be some religious reasons, there could be
some social reasons to it, associated to it, but how we have to sensitize them and how we
have to make them aware that they have to be adopting the sanitary procedures, you know
how they have to follow, how they have to give the importance.

Then, for elderly people there is a kind of T-Shelter, you know how they can also but if you
look at there is a kind of temporary shed, you know the tin sheets, the galvanized sheets they
have kept it. So, this is the kind of schemes which they have developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:31)

538
Now, first of all, neither funding nor the human resource for equipments are not adequate to
meet these needs because the needs are very vast. One is addressing the complexity of the
DRR, the climate change and the gender equality and social inclusion that becomes one of the
important challenge because we need to mainstream these needs into the sectoral
development process and programs.

So, from a very holistically understanding do we need to develop as a program in a sectoral

development? We have so many tools but there is no standard approach or a methodology
applied. So, this is one of the important draw back despite of having tools why we are not
able to get a kind of standard approach. A well-structured monitoring plan for the NRAs also
needed at different levels.

Because though, we have a different organized structure, we need to think about the
monitoring plan and which can address the bottom level realities to it. I think, this is given
you a very brief understanding on what happened in the Nepal and how this build back better
has been adopted both from a governess point of it and from the setup of it and you know by
the legal instructions how they were not adequate to fulfill, so what are the challenges they
are facing.

So, this has given you a little overview on the challenges of build back better. Thank you
very much.

539
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 24
Lessons from Peru

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh. I
am an assistant professor from Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee.
Today, we are going to take some lessons from a very different geography of the world from
the South American side the Peru. So, this I call it as lessons from Peru.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:54)

And, I am going to discuss about information gathered from various resources; one is, the
earlier discussed version of build back better by Michael Leone and Theo Schilderman and as
well as with Camillo Boano. So, the earlier version with that was a chapter on long-term
impacts from the short-term recovery. So, this is here, what they did was they tried to
compile a variety of cases in that particular geographical region.

And they have looked at how people have adapted to it, how people have responded to it in
different context. So, there is also some other information we can see from adapting
traditional shelter for disaster mitigation and reconstruction, experiences with community-
based approaches. In all the discussions, they highlights on different modes of participation
and different context and different responses to it.

540
So, this is Michael Leone and Schilderman and Boano; Camillo Boano, so what they did was
they have taken about 6 study areas, which are affected by different earthquakes in different
timings and different parts of Peru. Number 1 which we are talking about San Martin area,
Alto Mayo which has been affected by 1990 and 1991 earthquakes. Number 2 which is of
Piura Morropón region; in Piura region in Morropón which has been associated with the
floods and it is not just only a one event oriented.

But it is also the El Nino phenomenon where a longer term impact has also like drought and
other things have also been seen here. Ayacucho earthquake which is in 1999 which has
affected the Chuschi and Quispillacta. Then, you have the Moquegua earthquake in 2001,
down south and whereas, this is about the Ica area, which is 1996 earthquake and as well as
in Ica Tierra Prometida, which is the relocation.

So, now in these, we have the relocation context as well. So, let us go case by case and
briefly discuss about what they have worked on. So, I’ll discuss about the technological
aspects in the first case and then in because many of the things are common in all the cases
but there is a slight variance in different cases especially with the adobe type of construction,
so I will just briefly go through each and every case.

And finally, I will summarize it, see what are the various generic aspects of it and the specific
aspects to it.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:26)

541
In 1990, in 29th May, Alto Mayo, which is this region we are talking at 6.2 Richter scale and
it has killed about 70 people and injured 1600 and almost 6,000 homes either damaged or
destroyed. Later within one year in 1991, again another 6.2 Richter scale have occurred and
this is when 40 deaths and 700 injuries and the destruction of 466 homes in Moyobamba and
339 in Rioja affecting so this is all, the Moyobamba and Rioja and Soritor.

So, this is the Alto Mayo region and this has been carried out with the practical action group.
A practical action group they does mostly on the recovery process, mainly in the long-term
reconstruction rather than the short-term relief. So, how did they account the beneficiaries
obviously based on various surveys, various on the feedback from the local residents and the
leaders? So, they have actually calculated the whole expenditure of it and as well as what
kind of requirement and needs assessment has been done.

And then they identified, yes these are the potential beneficiaries. So, at this point of time,
when it comes from the architectural aspect of it, so, with all the consultation process with the
local leaders and various stakeholders within that region, so they have decided to discard the
use of rammed earth and adobe.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:06)

And they want to promote the quincha timber-frame instead to be as a better earthquake-
resistant material. So, what you can see is from the practical action groups, the model they
developed the plan with the timber posts in between and they have this is called quincha
construction. So, what you can see here is it is a kind of timber studs embedded in the either
in the concrete bedding or little deeper into the foundation.

542
So, then this whole wall like we know the rattle and daub sort of thing, so we have this
bamboo screen, which has been weaven and then the first coat of slender has made and then
the second coat of slender is made later on the bamboo screen. So, in that way, it has an
intermediate vertical studs and which also having a horizontal stud because you can see to
nail it on to other two studs and this is a whole very indigenous technique, they have slightly
upgraded this part.

And in the first coat, what they did was in the render they first allowed it to dry and then
cracks have appeared on it. So, when the cracks have appeared obviously they are made of a
second coat that is where it can fix the second coat because it gives a texture for it.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:26)

So, if you look at the cross-section of the woven timber, so this is how it looks where you
have the floor level and about 300 mm height and then this woven timber is fixed upon it. So,
this is about 2.3 meters, this is called we call it the woven infill and if you look at the detail A
this junction and this junction, so these are the 2 junctions. So, now you have the 100 mm
diameter and it has embedded the horizontal stud is embedded within it.

And there is also in the bottom, it have a recess so it goes into the wall base and as well as 50
mm diameter, so it fix the horizontal stud as well. So, this is a kind of detail it has been
implemented. Then, the technical group also have suggested various specifications that
concrete pad and strip foundations which should have a mix of 1:10 cement+aggregate+30%

543
of large stones and concrete wall base where it have mix of 1:8 cement and aggregate and
wood is structural quality poles.

So, in render again they have mixed about first coat mud is to straw with 100 kg and 50 kg
and second coat cement is to lime, sand or sieved soil as per the standards. So, this is where
1:1:5 or cement is to gypsum sand. So, this is again they are all about by volume.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:06)

And what are the benefits of this quince constructions; one is they have upgraded this type of
construction also embedded the concrete aspect and the concrete foundations. They provided
the concrete foundations, so which can give more stability, greater stability towards the
earthquake. Then, the wooden columns treated with tar or pitch to protect against humidity
concreted into the ground with nails.

So, this is what you can see here and these nails have been embedded into this, at the base to
give extra anchorage and use of concrete wall basis to prevent humidity affecting the wood
and the canes in the walls and similarly, careful jointing between the columns and beams to
improve structural integrity.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:56)

544
That is where you see in the next slide, you can see that here that the joining of the beams and
the columns, how carefully they have them because that is where, it is going to tie the whole
building and it is going to make sure that the whole structure acts in a better way in terms of
the earthquake, when earthquake happens and because when the canes are woven in a fashion
it will also not only the aesthetic character of it but it also gives a kind of structural stability.

And in terms of roof, there has been a lightweight probably galvanized metal sheets roofing
to reduce potential danger to occupants from falling roof tiles or the adobe roofs. So, when
the building shakes obviously, the stones used to fell down on the people, so that is where
they thought of going for lightweight materials. So, what you can see is a community
building in Soritor area.

So, what they did was they try to upgrade this technology. First, they did was, they tried to
construct the public buildings like schools or the community buildings so that people get
some awareness of this technology and they could also train the local people, they could also
train, give some training sessions or the masonry training sessions to the local people so that
it can be spread out to the other places as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:23)

545
So, the way they have developed is basically, there is 20 to 40 people in a team and then they
start working on, they have been got training and they have been implementing in different
sites. So, this is how the methodology has been done, you have the identification of the
beneficiaries and the first contacts, then you have these, what is characteristics of the
beneficiaries, you know how do one figure out these beneficiaries.

This is where the socio-economics also play into the role and the damage statistics also play
into the role and this is where the typology of plots and now who will supply the material
resources, you know that is where they have to negotiate with how communities can also
provide some resources to it. The main issue is the transport, you know like in certain places
bamboo is not locally available.

And they have to transport raw materials from different places, and that is where some NGOs
also are provided some kind of technical means and this is where the training and so first of
all procurement happens at this stage and identification happens at this stage and the training
and dissemination and that is where they talk about the implementation process.

And this is where they talk about the promotions you know, agreements with various NGOs
and beneficiaries and as well as the provision of materials as well as how they have to really
implement at different stages and technical supervision, how it has to conduct at different
stages. So, this is how the working methodology has been developed. Now, what kind of
impact?
(Refer Slide Time: 13:04)

546
See, this is one of the, this building what you are seeing is an improved quincha building in
Jepelacio and here what is the impact, by from 1991 we move on to 3 to 4 years down the
line in 1994, it has about 558 improved quincha houses within that Alto Mayo province and
there are also, by taking the inspiration there are many have been built in that particular
province independently by both men and women.

And in fact, in 1993, the national census estimated that the quincha formed just 7% of the
national housing stock but within the project area, this figure rose to nearly 30%. So, that
kind of inspiration it has motivated them and about 1300 US dollars it used to take construct
a 30 square meter house and if it was taken by a brick or concrete house, it would have taken
more than nearly, thrice the amount which is about 5400 dollars because which needs a
skilled labour, skilled contract.

But here, the benefits for these particular community was because the skilled labour was also
easily available in that region number one and the material resources many of the resources
bamboo and all, they are also available in that region. So, the timber was available, the
resources was available, the skill was available. So, in that way, it has come, the cost has
come down and people were able to participate in much progressive way.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:43)

547
So, the same caves 18 years after, you know, when the authors have investigated, so what
changes they have looked at? Now, one is gradually, the drought in North coast of Peru have
been consistently occurring and that has caused the affecting the predominant crops like rice
and sugar canes which needs more water and also there is, also impact on the water resources
and that is where that is one aspect people tend to migrate to other places.

And here, again in this particular Alto Mayo region, there is an existence in the area of free
land of a better quality than the land in the migrant’s native area. So, in the North coast area
so they are getting you know instead of 0.5-hectare land, they are having about 2 to 3
hectares land of it. So, that is how people tend to migrate and about 1994 when we see the
migration, out of 4.3% of population growth, 1.3% have contributed for the migrant
population.

And considering this conditions, the government has motivated to and encouraged to enhance
the production of the feasible cultivated areas. So, that is where they have also promoted
certain schemes and they also developed and encouraged the people to work on the possible
cultivated areas. So, that is worth from 32,000 hectares in 2003 has become 80,000 hectares
in 2005, so it has more than double.

And that has actually, the production has increased and obviously, the productions and the
imports from other places has been decreased. So, this is one of the important considerations
because and people are getting a better economic status. So, they are able to, now in the

548
beginning though initially, it has started with a very participatory approach but now because
the economic status is making them independent and they are able to take some decisions.

And earlier local government was not playing but now, gradually local government also have
taken part of the whole process and the economic status is actually, supporting to that.
But, when we talk about the public areas, they are often neglected except a few main squares
was what you can see is a main square in Alto Mayo.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:14)

And which has been you know, you can see the secondary roads are not normally paved and
they do not have any trees or plantation except for the main squares they have not
concentrated much on the public spaces. So, they also the migrants have also created
problems, you know they started settling down on plots and outskirts of the towns increasing
their savings and thus creating a demand for more housing and houses.

Because the more migration has started coming up and that is where the demand of housing
and services and which means they are forming new settlements without any previous
planning and this is one of the important aspect is deforestation, it says 1.33 million hectares,
have been deforested with these migration process and nearly 27% of the total area which
comprises 27% of the total area has been deforestation.

And now, that is where we are talking about the indirect impact on the climate change
aspects, which may result in the shortage of water, which will again turn into a cycle of
having an impact on the agricultural impacts.

549
(Refer Slide Time: 18:24)

So that is the brief about the Alto Mayo constructions and the second one is about the on-site
reconstruction, post-flooding reconstruction Morropon in Piura region. So, again in 1997 and
1998, there is El Nino phenomenon which about 9 months with heavy rain, floods and
changes in temperature that has resulted more than 85,000 victims and Piura and 8,000 homes
were affected.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:53)

So, because being an agricultural sector, this particular region is rich in its agricultural sector,
so one is in the reconstruction process, they looked at how to prevent the further water
shortage and dams have been irrigation projects have been built and also from the housing the
construction system with concrete foundations of 1 meter footings to prevent possible floods
was built an improved quincha.

550
Again, they use the quincha timber frame with the active participation of local population and
materials. So, even here, the participation has been incorporated and getting the local
materials. Now, here being agricultural family again the whole idea of urban planning is to
reduce the vulnerability and the centralizing water and services and this is where all the
housing complexes are built in about 200 square meters plots.

So, there have been also provided with certain technical guidelines, how to use water and you
know promoting an efficient use of wells and water supply resources and risk mapping has
been done on the drainage studies and they also identified certain vulnerable locations, so,
there have been also communicated to the people. This is how mostly emphasized on the
water segment and the irrigation services as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:15)

Now, what happens here? Today, the situation here, is very colorful and very cheerful. One
is, people have planted flowers and make the small gardens and they also develop their own
system adapted to the local conditions, so because they had tin sheets basically, with this
advanced I mean upgraded quincha system, they also adopted certain local techniques and
they try to modify their dwellings.

So, that is where in any response personalization is a very natural response to either to
climate aspects and as well as the cultural deficiencies. So, the fronts have been taken care of
because they have painted with various murals with drawings like birds, mermaids, geometric
figures, so this actually shows you know, they made them private gardens into it, they looked

551
into the green concerns of it. This shows that you know the community’s self-esteem has
been considered very much.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:20)

And that is how the participation have ensured that they have taken the self-esteem forward. I
will also discuss about the third case, which is an on-site reconstruction again and post-
earthquake reconstruction in Chuschi and Quispillacta Ayacucho. So, this is an adobe house,
so what they did was they have adopted because being in all these 5 or 6 settlements, the
poverty is one of the common factor.

And here, what they did was they tried to train them making adobe square blocks and train
them in making this adobe houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:58)

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And how to make some improvements on it and again, here also they consulted the people
what kind of beneficiaries and they make involved and all the people in making these houses
and everything but what we see is there is not many improvements have been made in public
areas, like you can see the streets have been gradually deteriorating, the stone parts have not
clean and uniform paving and ditches have not been cleaned.

So, which means, this is where, there is a negligence on the public space itself but one
interesting thing is people have invested the time and effort to actually to make this particular
carved stone church in Quispillacta built because this is how one positive sign of it but
somehow it has not been taken into the overall scheme, you know, how the same energy
could have well better used here in making this well.

So, this is one thing we can learn from this. So, why does it happen like this? Because people
have become dependent and have lost their dignity and self-esteem because state institutions
have been providing them whatever they need it, so in that way that participation aspect have
gradually come down and they are almost becoming mostly dependent yes on the state
institutions support and either they are looking for any kind of external support or a
cooperation.

And the traditional form of community work which is called of ‘Ayni’ which is a kind of
give-and-take process in the South American continent. They have this traditional system, so
that has gradually destroyed and the efforts and actions or intentions of the development have
been wasted. So, despite of having this kind of energy, we are unable to, they were unable to
invest that in holistically.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:54)

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Similarly, in on-site reconstruction, post-earthquake reconstruction in Moquegua, here, it is
also struck by in 2001, it is about 6.9 Richter scale, it is struck by an earthquake and almost
11,886 houses were destroyed and declared inhabitable and here, what they did was again
they did about again in all the cases the NGOs are coming into the picture and they are
working with the local governments and the local leaders and they are able to map what are
the lists of the beneficiaries, how to provide.

So, the 3 stages, they targeted 195 families, which is implemented in Mariscal Nieto Province
between about 2001 and 2003. So, in Moquegua one, they constructed about 103 adobe
houses and this is again 42 houses in stage two and in the last one is a 50 concrete block
houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:54)

554
So, here, what happens is they also looked at involving the community in the recovery
process and they also made some modifications according to their needs but what you can see
here is this has been very successful.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:12)

But here, because of the mining aspect, so they also the local government also received some
mining fees and which again it has been in turn used to provide the city services and make
investments in the community. So, the population, the community participation controlling
and efficiently planning the distribution of funds. So, one is the mining being one of the
richest economy, so it also supports to facilitate these services.

And both the houses of concrete blocks and as well as adobe remained in good conditions and
in both the cases it has been technically guided and they remained in a good condition and
this is where they also implemented one more indoors, the roof has been built with concrete
truss beams, so they have this concrete truss beams which are an innovation and another
innovation called tumbadillo, a cloth cover placed under the lower part of the roof to reduce
the heat and give a better appearance.

So, they try to cover a cloth under the roof so that it can you know reflect the heat and it can
make the indoor environment a little cooler and when people are participant in this, when the
economy is giving support and the local government is technically giving support for a safer
environments, so that is where you know the urban investments what you can see here today
is they are improving.

555
The streets are paved and a civic centre was built, public areas are pleasant and children
playgrounds, everything has been taken care of and this is where, we see the biggest thing is
the cooperation, the cooperation from the community, this is how, how it is continuing in this
process. In the earlier caves, initially they were part of it but then there has become a
dependent part of it and then they ignored it. So, in this case, it was continuing.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:08)

This is another case, relocation, post-earthquake relocation in Nasca, Ica. The second, the
following case is also in Ica.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:23)

So, here, also what they did was the similar patterns have been followed and here, the people
have lost their initial but today the situation is they lost their initiative and the settlement look
generally neglected because mainly the promising land titles have not been defined. So, the

556
moment land titles are not defined that gives a little insecurity for them and that is where their
insecurity of tenure, people spend no time or effort in developing their settlement.

When you know, that the tenure is not with you, how will you dedicate some amount and
effort to make that place better and similarly the streets have not been paved and the main
squares has also been neglected and but the houses which here also they use this quincha
technique and they are still in a good conditions and there also extension of the homes which
you see in the other cases as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:21)

The last one is the relocation, in relocation of flood victims in Tierra Prometida, Ica. So, here,
the church was involved, the missionary is also involved in the relocation process. So, what
they did was they initially have been supported the kind of temporary shelters and the
transition shelters.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:40)

557
And then later on, the church play an important role in negotiating and providing certain
helping hand to make their houses you know, in a better way but then here, if you look at it, it
is not the community who have not solved it, it is the priest or the church who have solved
their problems by receiving a payment for the work, they do for their own benefit. So, which
means the population does participate in the settlement but they are paid for it.

So, it becomes a paid process and this paternalism reveals a mistaken concept of charity,
which has created an absolute dependence on donations, affecting the population’s dignity
and self-esteem. So, here, instead of making them involved and realize the self-esteem
character of it, here, they have become dependent because they are getting paid for that own
work.

And in that process, what happens is they almost accustomed to kind of begging, tomorrow
any problem comes they are expecting someone will support them. So, this is one lesson
which we need to learn from this last case study.
(Refer Slide : 29:49)

558
But summarizing, putting altogether is when we have these all the disaster context, we have
the loss of lives which is a common context, destroyed housing, damages to services,
damages to community education and health infrastructure, destruction of productive
facilities, crops and cattle, disruption of local governments because in all the cases there are
groups which are migrant groups which have migrated because of terror aspects,
psychological and emotional damages.

But the underlying aspect, common aspect is the poverty but now in the last cases here
woman played an important role in the recovery process. They have been, being a participant
in different activities and they have been working leading certain groups. So, that is also one
of the important aspects. So, that is where, here there is diversities, local governments role
you know, how they negotiate and how they bring the people together.

State institutions, so of course, we learnt in a different way that that is also creating a
dependency, NGOs, who is supporting them in the church, again, who is paying for their own
work and the community agencies, who are being part of this course. So, this is all different
actors working in this recovery process.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:13)

559
So, what are the brief lessons we have learned. One is, in the first case of Alto Mayo, we see
the despite of huge participation process but related in a long run, the better economic status
have dominated this whole participation aspect whereas the individual and the collective, the
second case which is a more of a positive aspect and the individual and collective efforts of
making their houses more beautiful and making the places more hygiene.

So, that is talking about the self-esteem by improving an urban image whereas in Chuschi and
Quispillacta, participation was very active initially but the people, in general, are not making
any effort to improve their homes or their surroundings. It could be because of tenure issues
except, for a few promoted by the local government such as church a carved stone, example
we see.

They have invested time and effort for their self-esteem of that particular project but they
were not able to do it further. So, this is where the dependency aspect is seen more. Although,
which proves that the potential energy for developing the community does exist. These are
some evidences, which we can see that they have some energy but we need to channel them
in a right way so that they can understand and they can realize and they work towards it.

Whereas the state institutions provide certain dependency aspect and this definitely have an
impact on the self-esteem which in the last two cases, which we have seen and participation
of women is very significant in this process, you know the change is happening, the
leadership qualities are changing, the role of women is very different in this process. I hope
this has given you a brief understanding of what happens in Peru in different context and

560
what are the long-term impacts for the short-term recovery process. I think that will help you.
Thank you.

561
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 25
Progressive Housing in EL Salvador

Welcome to the course, disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh, an
assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, we are
going to discuss about the build back better practices especially, in the case of progressive
housing in El Salvador. This is also one of the important chapter which has been compiled in the
build back better which has been edited by Michal Lyons and Theo Schilderman and Camillo
Boano.

And, it is from the practice side of it how they brought all the lessons from practice and this is
where its been edited by Carmen Ferrer Calvo with Concepcion Herreros and Tomas Mata.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:17)

So, this is a chapter, I am going to discuss on how after 2001 earthquake in El Salvador, how the
reconstruction activities have started and what are the processes that they have implemented and
what are the learnings we are taking back for that how it has informed the other practices also
and in that region and it is also giving us some kind of guidance what to do and what not to do
and how community participation is also very relevant.

562
And what are the stages of the participation and what are the roles of each organizations and
there is a participation, partnership and also the coordination and the supervision of it. So, all
these things collectively put into the kind of management of the project. So many of you at least
from the Asian geographies, many of you may not have heard of El Salvador.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:12)

Which is the smallest country in the Central America so, it is about the 48% of inhabitants of El
Salvador live in the poverty or in extreme poverty. So, its almost if you look from the North
America and so, this is where El Salvador comes and many of you have to understand that the
America, the North America and the South America was very diverse even within North
America there was very great diversity exist and great challenges exist.

Within the North American region and in South American though they have the richest mining
sector and the richest natural beauty but they also have been unequally distributed with various
challenges especially, with the earthquakes which is very common in South American caves. In
other classes, we have also discussed in the case of Peru, how it has been dealt and today we are
going to discuss about the El Salvador.

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So this particular disaster 2001 and this has been destroying more than 200,000 houses and
already there is also vulnerable component of existing housing shortage you know, plus the
earthquake the disaster adds on to it.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:29)

So, what are these existing shortages, existing vulnerabilities, from 78 to 92 there is a very cruel
civil war which has killed more than 125,000 people and the moment you are talking about a
civil war it have impact on the economy and the major infrastructures. In 1986, then again, a
severe earthquake has hit the San Salvador, more than 40 thousand houses has been destroyed
and prior to 2001 and 1998.

This hurricane Mitch has produced the serious floods killing 250 people and affecting the most
successful experiences of the post-conflict reintegration process. So, in 2001 again, it has one is a
major earthquake which has been affected within a span of 30 days it has affected 6.6 points
Richter scale earthquake has been hitted and about 85% of the national territory has been under
impact.

And now, you can see here, there is a multiple disaster being a hilly areas, a mountainous areas
you can see the landslides along with it not only the earthquakes the ground is not just moving
around there is hills landslides on the other side, you have the Hurricanes which is again. So, this

564
is a multiple hazard phenomenon which existed in El Salvador geography and one is after the
earthquake obviously, with many NGOs come into the picture.

And they want to give their helping hand or the support or the technical expertise or a kind of
financial supports so, that is how this is the time different red cross associations like one is a
Spanish red cross along with the Salvadoran red cross.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:25)

How they have also associated with in the red cross associations, how they have also associated
with each other so, that they can learn from other, you know, practices which they have already
learned from different parts of the globe. So that is how they have come together and they have
come up with rather than a core housing concept they started with a progressive housing as a
solution.

Because they have considered a different experiences what they have learned and that is where
they have come up with a progressive solutions. So one is, what is progressive approach, these
are the houses developed in different stages in incremental way, right and many people gets a
core house approach versus with the progressive housing. In a core house approach, we give a
core dwelling unit and then people add on to it.

565
So, they try to make in a kind of bigger like what you can see here, is you provide some basic
things and then people add on to it you know like here the Alejandro’s work which has been in
Pritzker award and you can see his work in Chile. So, what it has been provided and what the
people have made incrementally, how they are modified these places but here one has to
understand it is like the incrementality is almost like 100 percent of increase.

But, this is something whether it is possible or not that one has to look into it but whereas, in
progressive approach it is unlike the core dwelling is not making a house bigger but were making
a house finished you know, to the complete manner, that is the most important aspect of the
progressive approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:13)

And, when the first earthquake hit in 2001, the Spanish Red Cross has created the special plan
for earthquakes in El Salvador which has PETES in accordance with the plan of action of
Salvadorian Red Cross and included three phases, one is the emergency phase, the stabilization
and the rehabilitation and humanitarian aid and recovery and the reconstruction phase which is
the final phase.

So, in the emergency phase it talks about because after earthquake and landslides removing the
debris with search and rescue and the first aids providing health, evacuations, search, some
family reunifications have been taken up a relief delivery like food, shelter, the basic needs, the

566
hygiene conditions, the epidemic and endemic disease controls in the relief camps. So this is the
whole part contributes to emergency phase.

Once, people gradually stabilize and rehabilitation the humanitarian phase this is where the
global strategies to cover basic needs of displaced population in shelter, water and sanitation,
livelihood and also the psychological support for mental health. And in recovery and the
reconstruction phase so, it is a follow up on to the previous phase and this phase is the
identification and definition of projects to rebuild the houses of infrastructure and as well as, the
projects for community and the economic development.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:58)

So now, this is how they come up with one is, the various intervention strategies, how the
partnership of this Red Cross associations have brought together and one is, they had 2 options
of resettlement with the contractor-built approach and reconstruction with the progressive
housing approach how they come together and how they make it in a progressive approach. One
is, in the rebuilding process they have given one of the important aspect is the participatory
aspect.

And, the community and it has to be a continuous process, it is not that the important lesson they
learnt is you deliver and you move away so, it has to be a continuous effort, how one can raise

567
their capacities and take it in a continuous approach. Environmental protection and the sensitivity
to cultural factors.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:55)

So, it did not just only this progressive approach it did not ended only with construction of the
dwelling but the original design was conceived so that it can be extended and improved by the
users in their own time depending on their resources and needs. So, how they can expand with
their own feasibilities on the resources. So, there are some general guiding principles of this
progressing housing approach.

The houses were built on the same land on which they have existed before the earthquakes, one
of the reason they have to think about this because first of all, they should make sure that this
provided this is not at risk of flooding or landslides. So, they have to ensure that whatever the
land the nearest possible vicinity so, they need to build on the same land or at least in the nearby
vicinity.

And the families held the ownership of the land because in this aspect the main important aspect
and the Gujarat recovery also we did discussed about the catholic relief services how they
manage the housing in their own land because first of all, the sense of ownership is retained as it
is okay. The most important part in earthquake resistance is you have to ensure that this is going
to be an earthquake-resistant building.

568
(Refer Slide Time: 11:19)

And it could be capable of withstanding an earthquake similar to those that has occurred without
collapsing. So, it has to ensure that there is no loss of human life and the damage that the damage
produced would be repaired by the user themselves. So that it could be repaired by minimal
interventions and the community themselves can repair it as quickly as possible and the
constructed area per house was about 42 square meter and 36 of which would be roof.

Divided into 3 rooms with a porch measuring of 6 square meter outside. So this have been
implemented the participatory approach where the communities were involved in the process so,
anyways I will discuss with you with, the process how the community was involved and how it
has related to the built form and the project management and community involvement was
essential during the whole process from the design of the house to the completion of the house.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:15)

569
So there are 3 stages, one is the first stage the basic construction of the structural elements we
talk about any structural elements like the foundations, the columns, the structure, the basic
structure of it and then these individuals from each family within the community have
contributed the unskilled labour that has created some kind of employment opportunities and this
has also enhanced the participation.

And now, in this the moment, the community is coming forward to provide some kind of
unskilled labour to make their own houses, where they feel dignity about making their own
house. In the stage two, there are associations the Red Cross supplied some materials, like for
example in terms of hollow concrete blocks or any other which are not locally available and it
also have provided the necessary technical advice through the electric local technical teams.

So, then the site supervisors and again the materials, how the Red Cross has provided the
materials, which are not available locally and the stage three, which is talking about the
completion which has the portable water supply and the household plumbing systems which onto
the service mechanism part of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:37)

570
Now, how this whole process the community participation has been approached one is, they
talked about approaching through the social organizations, the communities, the local
communities through their own networks so, because the Red Cross personnel will be coming
from somewhere else who may or may not be familiar with the local communities and that is
where the Adesco which is a kind of community organizations.

Become a kind of interface between the local communities and the various NGOs coming and
working in it. In that process, what happens is communities establish a trust on these agencies
which can actually negotiate and may create an interface between both the groups. So finally,
after having a thorough analysis of the 14 communities in San Vicente they have selected 9
communities within that 14, for the reconstruction process. So, for this progressive housing
project.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:44)

571
Mainly, they have covered in the two major municipalities, one is a Tecoluca and Verapaz,
within the department of San Vicente and each community includes El Arco, Llano Grande, El
Puente, Santa Cruz de Paraiso, San Pedro, Sand Jose de Borjas, Nuevo Oriente, San Antonio
Jiboa, San Isidro so, these are all concluding about 582 houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:15)

Now, the all issue to do with the land tenure so, the people who were already a legal owners of
the land or had a land ownership documents so that, these particular communities have been
processed and these communities have received help from the town hall and were provided with
the professional service of lawyer which brought down the cost of the process. So once, they
have a legalized document legalized process of it.

572
So, it can actually have you know, brought the regulatory framework into the process so that it
can cut down some cost. But, there were also some families whose houses are located on a land
that belonged to a railway company because you know, you have the revenue land, you have the
railway land or in some cases you have the mining authorities land, so but in this case the people
who are residing on the railway land so or to other private individuals.

So, these people have been excluded from the project for reasons of ownership so this is how this
has been considered. But, obviously one has to look at it obviously, what happens to these you
know what kind of NGO support they give because the basic tenure also makes a big difference
in the criteria of the selection of the you know, the beneficiaries.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:32)

And, how it is implemented as I said to you, it is a participatory design methodology the

communities have collectively prepared a house design so a think tank process has went to the
bottom level interactions and what they did was to get a real scale understanding so, they made
about the outlines with just two lines of blocks you know, that this is going to be your space so
you have this is your room and this is the veranda this is another room you know.

So basically, they made a mark out plan with keeping this two lines of the block so that they get
a real space understanding with one is to one scale. Then the house is consisted of a unit with a

573
gabled roof and walls of made of concrete hollow blocks reinforced horizontally and vertically.
So horizontally and vertically when we need to refer with the earthquake seismic course which
recommends that have a vertical reinforcement and as well as the horizontal bands.

The sill band, the lintel band, the roof band and the plinth beam and the diagonal bracing all
these things they are talking about the earthquake-resistant futures and as we inform the gross
floor area is about 42 square meters divided into 2 bedrooms 9 square meter each and a common
area of 18 square meter and a porch of 6 square meter.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:05)

So, as I discussed with you about 3 stages stage one which is a partial construction so here, the
communities who are these stakeholders. The communities they also provided some kind of
informal the unskilled labour at this process and the local builders because for a group of the
some of the local builders were hired by the contractors and the construction supervisors for
every group of 30 so, you have one supervisor who is looking at it.

There is another which is a social promoter, who is looking at the whole community level and for
50 to 70 households is one of the social promoter has been appointed. In that way, there is a clear
transparency and there is a clear the flow pattern of the communication from starting from a
household to group of households to the community level and also, you know across various
smaller communities.

574
So, what they did was in the initial stage they done the excavation and laying of the foundations
as per the course, the earthquake-resistant structure has been built and the walls were built about
sill level about 1.7 meters in the bedrooms and 1.1 meter in the remaining areas. So, the roof was
built and covered, paved so this is a stage one as you can see the vertical reinforcement and the
stage one is completed with a half-finished product with a small roof walls on the basic structure.
There is no windows, there is no doors nothing.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:53)

Then in stage two, this is where the completion by owners so, communities also have provided
so, in the earlier stage the materials were provided because these concrete blocks were not
available locally so the agencies have provided the concrete blocks but in here the communities
as per their feasibilities as per their available resources they have developed they brought the
doors and windows.

And here, the master builders apart from the social promoters, the master builders and the
bricklayers have provided training for the communities so that you know, they understand the
basic construction techniques because that will help them tomorrow, if something happens they
can do by themselves and the lintels of the doors and windows and the walls has been finished
with all the plastering and the waterproofing part of it.

575
By rough coating on outside walls and finishing touches applied to the whole house. So, this is a
stage 2.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:56)

But then, if you look at the contributions, the Red Cross have provided the materials which are
not available locally and they also provided some kind of workshops to organize this whole
process and in a technical support and monitoring because they have even they need to provide
the technical support to the communities and one master builder per community so for each
community they have given one master builder.

One bricklayer for each 20 houses and 11 social promoters in total of the whole 582. So, in
family they have provided the materials like the gravel, sand and things like that and also the
doors and windows and they also provided the labour which got training later on.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:44)

576
On the stage 3, the service completion of it, the water supply and sanitation. So here, they
installed a sink with two taps, a system of removing grey water connected, a system in each
houses for the excreta disposal and there has been also some workshops which has been
conducted for the community the training and you know interactions so the community needs
how are these identified.

Because this is where the participatory diagnosis have been implemented to describe the
community what the community was and how they are learn about their needs and analysing the
current community situations. So, this has been the descriptive lure of a community have actually
given a significant understanding of their needs and wants and the feasibilities.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:35)

577
And even, after this construction, people have been engaged in certain training process because
they need to get into understanding how to maintain these service aspect, how to maintain the
greywater take off or the water supply aspect, the sanitation aspect or the waste disposal. So,
they have been got training on the cleaning the area around the house removing superficial run-
off water, house maintenance.

Construction of natural barriers, protecting slopes, planting trees and extending the house you
know, some kind of awareness has been programmed with the community.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:20)

578
And with this, there has been various public projects like schools, like this one school of Hogar
del Nino which has been developed on a house for people with physical and mental disabilities
which has been constructed and there is 6 educational centres which has been constructed to
cater the needs of the community.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:42)

And looking at the timeline, we have about 500, what are the results starting from the 2001 from
May onwards it is about the planning and drafting of the project document so it looked at
analysing the needs, the combination of the cooperation of different agencies and how to go
ahead with it and then in August somewhere, the construction of the pilothouse have been
constructed.

And since September, October we see the social promoters were hired and the tender documents
were issued and awarded to successful construction companies to carry on with the construction
aspect and this is where, the stage one which we discussed about the unfinished structure the
basic skeleton of the house and here we talked about the stage two, where the communities have
come forward and they put some materials.

And they raise some funds together to for buying some materials and this is where the stage two
have occurred and the stage two in the last stage when they are about to get so they looked into
the service infrastructure as well.

579
(Refer Slide Time: 24:50)

So, what are the results now there has been a constant community involvement and a
participatory workshops have been like you can see that every morning the community is, team
is meeting and learning different aspects of their housing project and how to go ahead with it so
that is what they worked on a motto learn as you work and the main here, the one thing is main
users themselves have played an important role in their own recovery.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:21)

And, what are the direct impacts of this progressive housing, 97% of the population have been
covered, new employment have been generated and improved the standard of living,
strengthening the social networks because they start working together, breaking cultural

580
stereotypes of women involvement because woman has been a major asset and where people
were came forward to be part of the recovery program in terms of decision making in the
construction and the El Salvador Red Cross as active role the local Red Cross.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:54)

And, even after five years, one can see that you know, how they are able to maintain their
gardens the fabric of the house.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:03)

What are the constraints? You know, every project will have its downturns, difficulty for
communities for finding finances in the stage two because what they do is in order to procure the
materials some people are able to afford some people may not and then they used to collectively

581
do someplace or shows to gather some funds and that has also has an impact on the specific
deadlines of the project?

And the other thing we did discuss about the tenure and the ownership the legal procedures
regarding the land ownership which also took some time.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:35)

And the study concludes that active participation from the community is a viable alternative
because that is more flexible in many of the cases in this course what we are studying is a
participation, participation and participation. Families able to meet their economic obligations
and they are expected to as they will be expected to make a hefty contribution so in that way they
have been organizing themselves.

And extensive knowledge of the country, culture and its life is a paramount, so one has to work
with the local communities the trust has to be developed and only a part of it has been developed
in the remaining part has been developed by the users and how to optimize the time taken to
carry out the project. There is some constraints how the families have a very amateur level of
supervision.

You know, that is also because they may not be building from the building background, role of
social promoters was a crucial importance because they had developed a trust between the

582
community and the Red Cross, training of local people in social and technically so that has given
them some kind of employment scope that they can work as a masons they can work as a skilled
persons.

So, these are some of the understanding from the El Salvador case and how it slightly deferred
from the cold-core building approach to a progressive housing approach and how communities
are involved in the process of it. I hope this helps you. Thank you very much.

583
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 26
Decentralizing (Re) Construction in Colombia

Welcome to the course, disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh, I am
assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning IIT Roorkee. Today, we are
going to discuss about decentralizing reconstruction and we are going to learn about this aspect
from the cases of Colombian case which is reconstruction in Colombia.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:53)

And today, whatever I am going to discuss you with about the Gonzalo Lizarralde and one of his
chapter in chapter 8, is called decentralizing reconstruction agriculture cooperatives as a vehicle
for reconstruction in Colombia. So this has been published in the built back better which was
edited by Michal Lyons, Theo Schilderman, and with Camilo Boano and published by the
practical action publishing group.

So, I am going to take the learnings and understandings from his narratives and from his work
and so, that we can learn how the coffee workers society, how they all have organized the
reconstruction after the earthquake of 1999. When we talk about decentralization, I think let’s
start our discussion with the centralized approach and the decentralized approach.

584
(Refer Slide Time: 01:54)

What you are seeing here, is the centralized approach, where all the decisions all the financial
flows and everything is connected through the centre means. So, it is like a kind of dictatorial
order or because this particular approaches are very much used in the business sector and also the
decision-making sector in the politics you know, so this is how we can actually reduce our
burden taking everything on our own so how we can actually decentralized.

So that what we do is earlier it was all one man’s decision and one body’s decision or one
organization’s final decision and all the flow has to take an approval of that so that is how it used
to do. So now, as the population have increased as the constraints have increased as the load has
increased and that is where many of the models have approached on spreading the load to the
other sectors the other bodies.

Like for instance, if you look at any administrative setup like our own IIT we have a director
then we have the deans and we have a director and we have the deans and so, someone is taking
care of the faculty affairs, someone is taking of the academic, someone is taking with the
research, someone is taking to administration and then each this is further divided into different
departments and different heads are taking care of it.

585
So in that way, head has certain powers including the financial power and as well as certain
decision-making authority and certain authority has been spitted into these different deans and
the director is looking at the overall working of the IITR. So similarly, it has been branched out
and subcategories so that certain powers are vested on different bodies and certain decision-
making mechanisms have been channelled through.

And also, administrate by a central agency. So, this is how the very basic fundamental difference
of a decentralization. In the housing sector, in the housing delivery, there has been a traditional
approach, which is a concentrated approach and what are the benefits and risks associated with
this approach. One is because it’s one authority has to compile a lot of information as a given if it
is an authority or it is a small team has to collect a variety of information.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:40)

And they have to take decisions on that. So, this is where there will be a chances of high levels of
uncertainty and risks and difficulties in adopting proper communication means so, how at a
higher-order level, which can communicate to a lower order level or you know how a macro
level will look at a micro level communication, inherent problems of access to reliable and useful
information.

So, there is always an indigenous, the difficulties in accessing the information of even a micro-
level segment it could be an information about a behavioural aspect of a particular community

586
group, so that becomes difficult. So, that is where much of this traditional approach they often
end up with a contractor. So, most of the times whether in case of crisis in the case of economic
crisis so these contractors will be ready.

And that is how most of these traditional approaches the housing delivery is wasted upon the
contractor driven process because they are obviously a profit-making body and for them also it is
an employment opportunity and through them, there is also some subgroups which will also
benefit from them. So this is how the traditional approach works but the problems are different.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:03)

And in fact, Gonzalo Lizarralde and Cassidy Johnson and Colin and they have actually worked
on rebuilding after disasters from emergency to sustainability, where they talk about it is a
concentrated decision-making process. Now, as I said to you because you have to gather a
traditional approach you have to gather a heap of information a variety of information and that is
where they are based on by collected by one body or a few organizations.

They end up developing a unique housing model because they have many other challenges
including the budget constraints they have to finish and they have the time limitation, there could
be a political pressure.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:52)

587
So, that is where, so finally, they end up and coming up with a tested model and then they try to
replicate it in different contexts irrespective of the site context, irrespective of the community
context they end up replicating a uniform unstandardized development process.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:08)

But in reality, if you want to develop this kind of the processes, you need to acquire a large
portions of land because if you want to deliver a huge housing project you need to have ample of
land to have that kind of segment not only that you need to have access to the jobs, services and
another infrastructure and transportation. You might find a land outside of the city you might
because it was coming for cheap and you might put all the reconstruction activity there.

588
And but what about the jobs of the people, how do they travel, how do they commute when there
is no service sector, the transportation facility, there has no jobs, if you are especially, you are
dealing with the informal sector how you are going to provide them. So this becomes one of the
important challenge and mainly they also have to talk about when we are talking about finding a
land and developing a housing project.

They need to the team or the organization they will be responsible.

(Refer Slide Time: 08:21)

To evaluate and balance great amounts of information, that is difficult to obtain and to interpret
and what kind of information we are talking, the information about economic investment, the
management options, land prices, complex cultural desires, unexpected social attitudes,
controversial traditional values, day-to-day behaviours, political limitations, administrative
needs, and logistical considerations and fuzzy legal procedures.

Inter-related infrastructure costs, recycling needs, maintenance cost, environmental

considerations, and political pressures. This is a variety of information and a single team will get
confused of a variety of information and how to go ahead with it, this becomes biggest challenge.
So, in this process, because there is a hell lot of information but then the project has to move on
and that is where it often end up with a kind of contractor driven or an uniform and standardized
models of it.

589
And this is where, a restricted number of builders, professionals and advisors benefit from the
investment made and whatever it is a kind of contractual process and this the problem with this is
where a formal builder versus with the informal sector, the informal communities.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:56)

And the informal communities, they have a very diverse livelihoods. In Indian context, if you
can say there was some people who place with mine caves, there people who was working as a
housemaids, there are people who are working as a small farmers, there people who are working
as a garbage collectors. So, there are a variety of informal sectors, it’s a very complex
phenomenon.

And in this, you one has to also understand that the small bodies which may not have been
recognized, which has about a informal companies like we call it as small and medium
enterprises which may or may not legally recognized by the professional associations. They play
a fundamental role in handling these informal sectors.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:41)

590
In Colombia in 1999, there was a huge earthquake of 6.2 Richter scale and what you can see is a
devastation in Armenia, it has affected both the urban setups and as well as the rural setups and
today we are going to more talk more about the rural setups especially with a particular
cooperative society of agricultural cooperatives on coffee growers. Now Columbia is known for
its coffee growing, it’s a coffee culture.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:16)

That is where, this Paisa region of Colombia which is known for its rich coffee products and
there are about 4 departments in this particular region which famous for its coffee-growing
culture and even this they have been affected by the earthquake the rural communities have been

591
affected that’s about 800 deaths which has destroyed about 1,856 rural houses and many more
urban units.

So, it also have loss the productive sector which around 4.2% of the regional GDP because that
is one of the prominent industry in the Columbia and 1,000 buildings for coffee-related micro-
industries. so whether it could be filtering you know industrial inputs or any other warehouses or
storage so all these things have been destroyed and either fully destroyed or partially destroyed
but if one has to understand the Colombia.

The especially the rural communities as we discussed in the theories of vulnerability, it has been
noted very much from the extensive literature that it’s unequal distribution of wealth and land.
There is an urban agglomeration as well as the rural poverty. There are also slumps the informal
settlements which has occupied in unsafe lands in the urban setups.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:49)

The social and political indifference towards rural poverty and also the homelessness the rural
residents rarely access to the banking services and even health care. So, the moment if you are
not access to the banking services that itself tells you know, what is the level of the poverty
indication. So, health care which is a fundamental aspect so many of these rural set ups they are
not often access to the health care and as well as the banking financial instruments.

592
And in the earthquake, the existing social factors merged with these physical vulnerabilities.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:31)

Lack of proper maintenance of houses and uncontrolled informal construction on steep hills and
unstable land and lack of maintenance of roofs resulted in the collapse of heavy materials such as
clay tiles which are widely used in vernacular housing and most of these affected structures were
built in 1984 when the building codes introduced comprehensive seismic-resistant standards. In
total 48 rural schools collapsed and 86 educational facilities were badly affected.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:02)

So, being a large society of coffee growers is a coffee growers federation which is now termed as
coffee growers organizations. So, what they did was the society there is a FOREC fund which

593
has been support with the support from the government it has been formulated it’s about it
contributed about 720 million.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:31)

And, the president of this FOREC council, he adopted a certain institutional model which has an
objectives, one is eliminate intermediate officers because corruption is an important priority so
that when the moment you are eliminating the intermediate offices you are eliminating the whole
procedure itself, guarantee the transparency the decisions, reinforce democratic systems and
social organization.

How we can build our social setup in a democratic approach, prevent improvisation and
consolidate opportunities for peaceful social participation you know how we can create
opportunities.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:14)

594
And what they did was, they, in order to meet this kind of process they adopted a decentralized
approach so for each of the municipality, so the many NGOs came forward to support for this
reconstruction activity and then what they did was at least they have given each NGO a
particular task and then each one NGO was assigned in charge of the municipality. For example,
an NGO ‘Fenavip’ which has been assigned the municipality of Calarca and Camara Junior.

The municipality of Finlandia and ‘Antioquia presente’, the municipality of La Tebaida and so
on. Whereas, in the large cities like Pereira and Armenia, each NGO was responsible for a
specific area due to it’s the size which is almost equivalent to a borough or a large
neighbourhood and the biggest concern is illegal occupation of vacant lots and public spaces in
the city of became a serious concern of FOREC because this is not coming into the
considerations.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:18)

595
And under the FOREC responsibilities, temporary shelters was not been a part in the initial
process but then, people have started building their temporary units whatever the resources they
had so, this is where the temporary shelters and building new temporary units have already
started, in whatever the lands they are not available. The management of the more than 6,000
temporary units was assigned to publicly owned national university of Bogota.

So, this is where the coffee growers organizations, they actually aim to favour the development
of the local coffee industry through the improvement of efficiency of and international
competitiveness and procuring at the same time the integral development of the coffee grower
his/her family and the region. So, because being a cooperative society of the coffee growers
association.

They focused on how we can enhance their livelihoods, their the whole support systems and
based on their experience as an co-operative society the CGOs they have actually could able to
address the peasant communities needs. One is supporting and gaining credibility for the
community, infrastructure spread throughout the rural areas, administrative and financial
capacity coupled with organizational infrastructure.

And the local know-how, availability of own resources, independent decision making this is
talking about the capacity.

596
(Refer Slide Time: 18:01)

Commercial and political contacts at both national and international. So, it basically it is relating
how rural set up could be linked with much more of a national and international setups.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:12)

And the whole structure has been framed where the coffee growers they have the constituents of
family businesses a small family businesses and which are again linked with the coffee growers
local communities. So each group of family businesses constitute a particular local communities
and then again they contribute with the regional communities and this is where the coffee
growers federation you know.

597
Even in India, we have the South Indian Fishermen Federation which is in Kerala. So, that is
where we are talking about each community have their own setup and these smaller setups
contribute a local community, the local community contributes a regional committee and then
adding with the federation and that is where coffee grower’s federation CEO who looks into the
overall process.

And there is also the executive committee, the growers, national-level committee and the
national coffee growers congress on the summit. So, this is how the structure has unable to look
into a decentralized setup. So, there is two phases of the emergency phase and as well as the
permanent phase.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:24)

And here, in the emergency phase, we talk about what is the role of this CGOs, they actually
worked as a kind of fund managers, how to distribute the external aid, reactivating the industry
and re-establishing conditions for collection of seasons harvest and preventing migration to main
urban areas. So, they also provided at this stage providing tents and some food, rations all these
activities have been provided during this phase. In the permanent reconstruction, there is also the
hard and soft needs.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:03)

598
The hard needs, which talks about the funding, housing reconstruction and reconstruction of
infrastructure related to coffee industry, general infrastructure, community services and
educational technical whereas, here it talks about the soft needs community organization how to
build this and participation, education, decision-making capacities and information channelling,
employment opportunities and economic reactive.

So, how they are also looked in parallel and hand-in-hand along with the physical and the hard
infrastructures to along with the soft needs.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:41)

599
So, when they make this assessment of the early stage the census says 6,648 houses need to be
reconstructed or repaired and 2,972 coffee industry infrastructures registered with the CGO need
to be repaired. So, if you look at the setup of any cooperative society which is focused on a
particular agricultural sector, they were having the technicality with relation to the agricultural
setups.

But they do not have enough architects or builders or the civil engineers who has an experience
in housing, this is one important aspect which they have looked into it.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:23)

And that is then following upon this assessments and all, a fund has been created is called
FORECAFE fund is a Fondo para la reconstruction del area rural cafetera has been created with
the savings of the CGOs, resources transferred from FOREC and private donations which has
been made by like many coffee agencies like Starbucks coffee, Red Cross, ECHO, and others.

Now, they have been 3 phases of this funding process, one is the FORECAFE 1 which has met
the first stage met the housing needs, productive infrastructures for the coffee industry, public
services and programmes of assistance and social development whereas, again therefore later on
some more fund has been added this is where it was designated for housing reconstruction and
relocation.

600
And, in the last FORECAFE third stage it was designated for construction of schools, roads and
health care centres, which has more to do with the public infrastructure, police stations, religious
infrastructure like churches and social activity centres and FORECAFE 1, 2 and 3 together it
talks about 66 crores rupees.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:36)

And first of all, making their own decisions about the construction they wanted. So, now how
this decentralization process have explained, have been implemented. Now, in most of the cases
being a farmer’s community and most of these individual agricultural activities, most of these
families own land so that at least they have a capacity to build on their own piece of land and
they could able to develop self-help construction for the following reasons.

One is farmers have skills and knowledge in construction, their extended families allow many
people to work on each dwelling and because as I said to you earlier, it is a family businesses,
their regular season of harvesting was almost 5 months after the disaster leaving the peasants
with free time for other activities and also farmers work individually and run their own
businesses which allows them the independence to manage their time.

So, it was not if you compare in the fishing sector in Tamil Nadu it was very quiet different set
up. Construction materials including bamboo were available locally in that region and at least if
some elderly people or if they are unable to make their own can self-built self-help construction

601
then still the labour was easily accessible and they were affordable as well and rural communities
have a deep-rooted sense of mutual cooperation.

It’s unlike an urban setup the rural community cooperate with each other.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:12)

So how the process, so the process of FORECAFE 1 and 2 fund in the housing reconstruction,
first, once the society the individuals when they realize the housing needs and economic needs so
they actually made their understanding of their requirements in a piece of paper and they drafted
that in what they want and that is where the engineers or specialists about 17 engineers were
working in order to assist them with the technical expertise.

And what are the ways they were assisting, approval of hazard resistant quality of the units so it
could be a 2 bedroom and a kitchen and 1 small toilet, approval of the conformance of the
construction with ecological and environmental standards and approval of the monthly
construction payments? So, there are many ways these kind of subsidy process also worked. Like
for instance, if you are getting some loan out of it.

Then, you again you need to finish 25% of your construction then get the payment next then you
followed upon so in that way they are able to look at the payment process also. So, once the
affected families could receive the financial aid, infrastructure, technical support.

602
(Refer Slide Time: 25:26)

For their industry, information and the technical assistance promoted by the project. For these 3
options, they have been getting some support, one is the individual option, the second one is
houses from other NGOs programs and a program of prefabricated houses promoted by the
coffee grower’s organizations. What you can see here is some examples of the repaired houses so
here they could able to procure some loans and subsidies.

And build the type of house they wanted according to their needs, capacity to work in
reconstruction and availability of their own resources whereas, this is again a customized
structure for processing coffee beans which is necessity for a small scale industry and there has
also been proposals they brought about the invitation for their companies to come and showcase
different topologies of the prefab housing.

And, this is where about 17 prefab out of 50 proposals 17 prefab companies were selected based
on the following criteria, one is the quality of the system, the price, the production of the
capacity, socio-cultural accessibility, acceptability of the technology and scope for the use of
labour force. So, this is how these are the criteria they have looked at and they qualified 17 of the
companies. Now, this is a good example of what you can see is a house.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:49)

603
Made with the prefabricated materials and an exhibition has been co-organized by the CGOs so
that to give alternatives for the communities so that they can take some inspirations in buying
materials and follow up on certain ideas and there are also some service infrastructure
investments which has happened some families they could able to reconstruct part of their house
and also the septic tank for their service component.

And, there are different processes which went on one is how the subsidies have been supporting
and in the 3 phases, one is the emergency phase.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:33)

604
They have got about 25,000 food rations have been provided, 700 tents have been provided and
these are the project outcomes and there is also the delivery and installation of the plastics
needed for the temporary shelter and in the permanent phase about 9,800 houses have been
rebuilt and which 6,648 house for coffee growers or coffee workers and others 4,700 production
related structures for like the coffee beans filtering processes.

Or any other industrial purposes or packaging purposes and 2,131 individual projects of
infrastructures for like sewage, water and electricity so all these have been incorporated and in
the FORECAFE 3 budget they talked they focused on the schools and the essential public
infrastructure like police stations, churches and using the prefab and modular components. Apart
from this, there is also the soft outputs which is about 10,000 direct.

And indirect jobs have been created, information and education for residents and construction
companies, which have participated and collaborated in exhibition. So all these have been a part
of the project outcomes.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:00)

They just shared responsibility and risks, residents that had construction skills used self-help
construction, for example, people who are farmers, they could able to come and participate in the
reconstruction process but there is the elderly people they are able to hire some labourers,

605
residents optimized the use of resources by using the recycled material like from their old houses
they use the doors, windows.

And other materials which have been reused which could reduce the cost and also get back the
similar fabric what they had and because the engineers were evaluating all their proposals all the
constructions were seismically sound while responding at the same time to individual needs,
tastes and priorities, the freedom to match the subsidies with additional sources prompted an
important contribution from the beneficiaries.

And, conscious about the limitations of the resources, residents optimize their projects by
creating flexible spaces and responding to various uses and as a result, residents have not
considered one single technology or a housing model, there is a diversity come into the picture.
Of course, for any project, there are always some downturns.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:17)

In this segment, in this whole project, because it’s a coffee growers associations which I working
on, the coverage of informal dwellers because informal sector is very significant aspect in
Colombia which has not been addressed and concentrated decision-making in urban areas and
lack of continuity and loss of knowledge what happens. These FORECAFE the project is closed
after a few years, then it completely closed all the files everything.

606
So, there is no transfer of knowledge what the learning they have gained in this process and how
it can be transferred to the future reconstruction projects. So, that is where the continuity and loss
of knowledge because in terms of maintenance, in terms of any other allegations, any other
issues to be taken further so that is where the continuity aspect has to be looked into it. I think
this gives you a good example of how the bottom-up approach.

And also giving a variety of to the farmers needs and you know how the decentralized approach
will have helped the coffee growers and to come up with their needs and wants and certain fund
supports have been provided by the government and as other private sectors and how the
association become a manager of fund manager in the controlling authority to look after the
whole reconstruction activity.

And, this is where even the technical inputs have been incorporated there is also the hard and soft
inputs have been provided through the reconstruction process. I hope, this helps thank you very
much.

607
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology-Roorkee

Lecture – 27
Tsunami Reconstruction in Tamilnadu - Part- 1 (Approach)

Welcome to the course, Disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh, I am
an Assistant Professor Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, I am going
to discuss about Tsunami Reconstruction in Tamil Nadu in two parts. I have divided this lecture
in two parts because it is my own research, which I have conducted during my Doctoral studies
and the first part which talks about the methodological approach.

And what are the various approaches, how I framed it and what kind of framework I worked on
things like that. And in the second part, I will be actually discussing about the case studies and
my observations and findings about what kind of understanding I got it through the case study
approach. So let’s start with the part one.

Before talking about this Tsunami Reconstruction Tamil Nadu, I would like to give you an
overview of how my journey in the disaster field have started.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:34)

608
These two photographs are one of the important photographs of my life. In fact, where my whole
journey of my life has taken a different turn, the right hand side photograph which you are
seeing, which is the reconstructed houses in the Latur Earthquake recovery in the Marathwada
region and 1993 posts 1993 and on the left hand side you can see many of the Geodesic Domes
constructed in Gujarat Earthquake recovery.

When I saw this photograph of the Latur Earthquake recovery and after some time I visited these
particular sites and even today, many of these housings products they are still vacant not many
people have occupied these houses. The first question in my mind rose on that day, why these
houses were not occupied despite of having a very good technical input but is RCC structures
Geodesic Domes.

But what made the communities not to occupy and this question have rooted in my mind. I
started working on the reasons behind these kind of unoccupancy, then, later on I worked on my
thesis and then I realized when I went to Gujarat I realized how the communities are worried
about the cultural dimension and especially, why they are not happy with certain prefab inputs
and though it is concrete structures, why still people would not happy.

How they were looking after their family and the livelihood aspect. So, it opened a different
dimension in my mind and I started looking at understanding the traditional Architecture,
traditional environments and with that, I worked in Auroville for some time and that has given
me an eye-opener for me to understand how the architects works with the communities.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:45)

609
And through that, I went to master to do my Masters in Oxford Brookes on International Studies
in Vernacular Architecture. So, that was the time of 2004 and Tsunami have hit the Tamilnadu
and immediately after the Tsunami, I did my thesis on the rehabilitation part of fishing villages
in Tamil Nadu and then I worked on the reconciling the interaction gap between the community
and the development groups.

So, this is one of the understanding I had encountered in the rehabilitation stage, later on when I
was working as design technician in Benfield advanced timber technologies (BATT) in Caldicot,
our company have got a project on Kashmir earthquake rehabilitation in the Pakistan occupied
Kashmir which United Nations World Tourism Organisation have proposed to build some
houses, a prefab houses using timber frame houses.

As a part of their tourism development and as well as the affected areas. So, there I was working
in the flood pack approaches where I was designing the houses getting them made and where I
was sending them, to shipping them to the Kashmir part of Kashmir and then shipping flat pack
up using the flat pack approaches like we delivered the IKEA furniture. So that is what I was
doing and there I realize a villain role in myself.

610
And because that is where I don’t know who are the beneficiaries, I don’t know what is a site, I
don’t know what is the contours over there. I don’t know what is a climate, so it is only just I
was doing I realized that you know that’s where there is a gap between what the client wants?

What the industry is supplying and what the beneficiaries are looking about. So, this is where I
developed my proposal of Ph. D research and in the very early days of my Doctoral research
which I got funded from the same University of Westminster London, my initial theories were in
the basic terminology you know. Because we use many words very loosely in day-to-day sense
like for instance the development.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:09)

When we say development, how can we define the development, so in my research what I looked
at the development aspect my context is on one side the usual development process, which is
before the disaster also the Municipalities or the Panchayat keep taking care of their communities
and their roads, water supplies, services everything, health sector. So that is the usual
development process and then the second part is the disaster.

When the disaster strikes different NGOs comes forward for a helping hand and they work on
you know, different funding mechanisms and it could be a relief stage, it could be a rehabilitation
stage or it could be in a long run it will take up to the recovery and reconstruction stages. So

611
here, the actors are very different and they are very much the temporal in nature the development
is temporary in nature.
In a long run, once the relief stage is done and the rehabilitation stage where they are put in
temporary housing for some time and long run they look for the visible land feasibility and
appropriate NGO co-ordinations, appropriate financial visibilities and that is where the post-
disaster development process works on, which you could be a two-year, three-year long-run
process, and before going I like to brief about the technical aspects behind it.

First, I started looking at hazard and disaster, its a very fundamental difference it is hazard is
simply a natural phenomenon it could be a flood, it could be a cyclone or you know, it could be
earthquake, it could be a landslide but then what makes hazard a disaster, so here, one has to
understand in Japan you are getting 9 Richter scale.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:07)

In San Francisco, you are getting eight Richter scale but still, you are not losing lives over there
but in India countries like India or Pakistan or Sri Lanka even a 7.5 scale is creating a huge
impact. So, it is not just a natural phenomenon which is making an impact it is the vulnerability,
which is the people’s vulnerability, the society, the community, who are unable to face, that who
cope up with that particular hazard and its impact.

612
So that is where the hazard plus vulnerability is going to disaster risk. In fact, Rohit Jigyasu’s,
when I referred with that Rohit Jigyasu’s work, I am mean that is an again and eye-opener for
my study where, he have given me a direction that a lot of literature from Blaikie’s work, Canon
and Ian Davis work and how these vulnerability disaster and hazard have been worked out. So
for instance, what you can see here is in the disaster of response immediately after a disaster.

The development used to follow, right and then supposedly, the vulnerability factor should be
very less but in reality, the disaster response is within the development aspect, that is where you
see the vulnerability factor is more, it is within our existing system.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:29)

It is where the Lewis calls it is not just a cycle he calls it is a bicycle. Well bicycle, when the
front wheel rotates to the development not necessarily the vulnerability is reduced, it may turn in
the other direction too, because there are other factors which are the push and pull factors to it.
Similarly, as I defined to as a development, the pre-disaster development, during disaster and the
post-disaster. In vulnerability also, I have classified into pre-disaster vulnerabilities which are
because,
(Refer Slide Time: 10:07)

613
This is a photograph which I have taken in the early stage of Tsunami recovery in the relief stage
where they have an existing water resources issues, you have, people used to gather, to get water
from the small municipal taps and around the corners and they have service issues so, there are
already an existing vulnerable situations it could be they are prone to the hazards. They are prone
to the daily life activities.

But whereas, the vulnerabilities as a result of disaster that is where even loss of human life and
property damage.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:42)

And, infrastructural damage.

614
(Refer Slide Time: 10:45)

Whereas, in post-disaster vulnerability this is the photograph of the same place after 2007 which
is after almost two years, two and half year and still people, still struggling for these basic
services. So that is where, we talk about these post-disaster. So sometimes, the vulnerability gets
increased or decreased as a result of the recovery process, so that is where it takes into a different
form, then I started looking at how one can assess the vulnerability.

When we talk about vulnerability there are, I will introduce you to four different types of
vulnerability analysis, the first one is techno-centric analysis
(Refer Slide Time: 11:32)

615
Earlier, when a disaster happens whether it is a flood or earthquake, the engineer’s team use to
visit these site and they also identify where the cracks coming where the joints where the
reinforcement defects. So, which means they are looking at the physical vulnerability of the
buildings through a technical inspection of falls and weaknesses and what are the reasons behind
these. Later on, in after 80s where Frederick Connie and had brought the relation.

Between the disasters and the development where this it has also become a focus of the
sociologists and anthropologists, they often observed that every time a disaster happens, it is
affecting mostly a particular target group. So, it focuses on the vulnerability of a social group and
is concerned with the causes of the social vulnerability. The third aspect, which is a situational
analysis, it focuses just on what kind of group a person or a family belongs to.

But the nature of the daily life and how their actual situation changes or which may have
changed very recently, it could be through the development input, it could be by the vulnerability
as a result of the unexpected different forms of vulnerability, so how a situation is changing
every day. The last aspect is a community-based analysis here, the communities and the groups
appropriate the concept of vulnerability to inquire their own expose to damage and loss.

These were the most of the NGOs plays an important role, so they tried to make the communities
aware of their own problems and the issues. So, you are trying to engage the community to find
the appropriate solutions by a participatory approaches. This is where most of NGOs work. But
in my research, I looked because I am not a group, I am not an NGO, but I am looking at
everyday what is happening every day, how things are changing every day.

And I am a lonely researcher, working at the situation so that is where, I looked at a situational
analysis. There are various models of the pressure and release model.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:50)

616
Proposed by Blaikie and it says how the vulnerability progresses we have the root causes it is
called the PAR model, it talks about the underlying factors, it could be the limited access to
power structures, resources, so you have the gold reserves, it doesn’t mean you are rich nation.
Ghana have the gold reserves the South American countries have good resource but they are not
very rich.

A Singapore which doesn’t have anything which is still capable of dealing with it. So which
means we are talking here about the capacities, how one is able to access to the power and the
access and maybe a certain group is not having an access, maybe in countries like Saudi where
gender have a limited access to certain aspects. So that is where you are talking about the
underlying factors.

And there is a dynamic pressures, which is talking about the market, the local institutions, the
press freedom and which are again the macro level of forces, the rapid urbanizations which are
everyday changing factors. In fact, the unsafe conditions which often result in the dangerous
locations because of the rapid urbanization people tend to migrate and form ghettos and slums.

Or they tend to stay near volcanic places or they tend to fear live near the flood-prone areas, so
that is how the poverty is also one of the underlying factor. And then that is where we talk about
the R is equal to H+V and that often results into the unsafe conditions. So, this is basically, there

617
is also the underlying factors and how they actually the dynamic pressures which are actually
creating with the natural hazard phenomenon.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:44)

There is also sustainable livelihoods framework which talks about the asset framework where it
is a different model in 1997, which they have developed how the individuals or a groups access
the resources which are basically an assets to organize their livelihoods and how the capacities
make them able to act engage and change the world. Apart from this, Tony Lloyd Jones and
Carole Rakodi.

Also propose that there is also the futures like how the infrastructure and development has an
impact in those access to these assets and the vulnerability context. As well as the livelihood
opportunities and also the policies and the institutions, how these actually make the individual or
the groups to act upon. But here, the thing is it is not just for the economic necessity where
households or groups act upon.

But it is with the cultural factors which people manage the results and make their livelihood
choices to act upon. That is where my argument started building up. So till now, there are main
lot of research works on cultural and the relation between built environment and there is also a
lot of literature vulnerability and the development.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:08)

618
There is also work, literature from Frederick Cuny onwards like you consider disasters and the
development but I try to look all these components that relation with culture vulnerability and
development. I am looking from my ontological perspective, the built environment perspective
and especially, in a disaster context, so that is where I started reviewing a variety of literature
starting from Bourdieu’s cultural capital.

Kim Dovey’s work on framing places, Neil Leach work and Regina Lim’s work. So, this is
where when I started revealing a lot of literature on what is culture and that is where I try to
adopt certain literatures and made a framework in my research, in order to understand the role of
culture, in the disaster development process. So, I have adopted Lim’s model of cultural
environment.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:05)

619
Which she calls it is a kind of matrix of religion, ecological environment, economy, family
structure, kinship, gender roles, politics, cultural interaction. So, all these makes how they gives
shape certain structure that create an identity.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:21)

And similarly, I spoke about the Bourdieu’s theory which talks about the cultural capital which is
the inherited capital, the objectified capital and the institutional capital inherited which is
basically, an inbuilt with what the qualities you achieve from your family and through your
socialization process, but in objectified how you objectify in the form of art and how you can
objectify through the architecture.

620
And its places and institutional is more to do with the academic credential that is where the
difference of the popular cultures comes up. And Leach Theory talks about the identification of
the space how one can narrate the space the performative which define the space and the
repetitive performances which talks about the mirroring of the place. In the context of culture
and in the modernization and the globalization.

One has to look at you know, it is not necessarily that we go back to the situation where it was,
because people as developed and talks about people. Now cannot simply rely on local knowledge
as tradition, religious precepts, habit observation of other practices to conduct their everyday
lives. Because there are certain other factors also people tend to make their choices. So this is
where a contradicting aspects one has to observe from the tradition.

And the contested aspects of traditional model. So in my research, we started looking at the
culture how we can start defining the cultural research.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:58)

Here, the culture is defined as the sum of total human experiences and accumulated indigenous
knowledge within the space because, I am looking from the built environment perspective that
communities rely on giving meanings to their lives and places delivered through which people
habitually develop an approach to survive their everyday life, whether it is in a pre-disaster
situation or a post disaster situation.

621
So, mainly my argument lies on how the cultural dimensions of the local communities are not
effectively and sufficiently addressed in the current post-disaster for humanitarian and
development process.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:42)

0
To the disadvantage of both the communities affected and the humanitarian and development
agencies helping them. So, that’s where my research question talks about.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:53)

How to understand the role of culture in the post disaster recovery process and its relation to the
vulnerability, especially, in particular to the built environment of affected traditional settlements.

622
So, my methods have started understanding from two subject domains, one is talking about the
change which is about this morphology which how the spatial character has changed before
disaster and after disaster.

The second aspect when I am looking at the cultural dimension of it that is where I have to draw
the methods from the cultural anthropology.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:27)

So that is where it’s synthesis from two different domains of work that is the cultural
anthropology and the morphology especially in the disaster and development set up. So I have
adopted Ian Bentley’s work on the theory of responsive environments where he talks about
certain qualitative indices how to measure a space. You know, when we talk about the
morphology and when we talk about the spatial character.

One has to understand that how one can measure that change. What are the qualities we can so
that is where the permeability, legibility, vitality, variety, robustness?
(Refer Slide Time: 22:06)

623
Visual appropriateness, personalization but then as we consider the space-time framework. We
are not just looking at a settlement, we are also looking at the different layers of the built
environment the mostly the underlying topography, the natural system which is an ecological
landscape of it the public linkage system, the plots, the buildings, the components. Because these
intermediate spaces you know, these are the various layers of the built environment.

Which changes in different time aspects like the geological, the underlying topography changes
in a geological time, whereas, the natural system changes in an ecological time as the public
space the changes in the millennia or the plots may be in a centuries like that we have looked at
the change aspect in different layers of the built environment.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:58)

624
So, I developed this kind of framework of oneness, how the ecological environment and the
geographical landscape is framing the built environment aspect especially, in the pre-disaster
development and the post-disaster development and then you have the concepts of urban design
especially, the theory of respond how we can check this spaces how it is changing in both the pre
and post.

And then on one side the constructs of culture in the built environment like you have the Lim’s
model of geography and ecological environment, family, gender, religion, economy and how
these actually interact with the space.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:36)

625
My next question was how many case studies? One, two, three? So, what I did was I travelled
around Tamilnadu, I have taken a lot of statistical information of the damage statistics what
districts have been affected, what are the villages, what are the NGOs working on, what
approaches they are doing whether they are doing Institute or a relocation and accordingly have
visited about 17 villages along the stretch of Tamilnadu coast.

And then, while I was travelling one of the important finding in my pilot study was the
geography is very different not only in land. But the sea also, until your path straight you have
the shallow sea waters further down the Gulf of Mannar, you find the deep sea waters also the
geography is more plain from the northern side and it’s more hilly towards the southern side.
Apart from geography, we also notice that community is also very different.

And especially, in the fishing communities. In the northern side of the fishing villages which I
have visited they are mostly Hindu oriented. The Nagapattinam area, we can see a mix of
Muslim, Hindu and also some of the Danish communities live there. In further South, you see
more of the Roman Catholic communities live there. So in that way, I have selected three
villages.

Lighthouse kuppam, Tharangambadi, Kovalam in all the three villages Kovalam is a Roman
Catholic village, Tharangambadi is a mix like which is a Hindu, Muslim and Christian
community lives there. Lighthouse Kuppam is a Dalit village, its a small island. Here, apart from
these social-cultural settings, there is also development settings which makes a difference. In
Lighthouse Kuppam, Tamil Nadu Government is involved in it in the recovery process.

In Tharangambadi the fishermen NGOs, South Indian fishermen federation societies they were
involved in it, in Kovalam the traditional church the local Panchayat is involved. So, I am
looking at how different development inputs also vary and how the outcome will be.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:48)

626
So, I was looking at the qualitative approach in fact, initially I started with questionnaires
somehow, it didn’t worked out so that is why I strike out from the questionnaires and I see that as
I am looking at the underlying dimension of the cultures you know, I have to adopt different
methods like field observation which has both direct and indirect participation, a documentation
recording and the interview.

So it could be semi-structured interviews with the communities and development agencies and
the government authorities. And also the mapping exercises in fact, this to tailor these methods it
took me some time and there are many methods which I have used.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:26)

627
And I have to tailor according to the context for example. when I approached the village directly
in a car and going with, then people were afraid of they thought I was a Government servant and
that only talk to me about problems they never talked to me about solutions or their how the
things were doing I was getting a different data. So, what I did was sometimes they were not they
were hesitant to give me data I went to the church I discussed with the father.

I said can you please allow me so then he introduced me in the mass that is where, then onwards
every community, every household is inviting me and they have started giving the data and so
which means the idea is to approach to not to do a research. You have to approach the local
agency, whether it is a church, whether it is a panchayat or anything so to build a trust between
the people whom you are connecting in the study.

Like I have to visit in the mosques, I have to take the group interviews and especially, with
gender many of the women doesn’t open up to me because I am a male person. So, I have to hire
one lady who can speak Tamil and I could able to respond so and then they start speaking about
their issues. So, which means is a communication techniques which I have learnt also, when I
asked interviewers in the land the response is very different.

But when I travelled, I used to live as a fisherman for a few months and I used to travel to them,
their Sea in the morning nine o clock, morning four o clock and then in the sea they used to open
up a lot because they somehow, their belonging goes the essence of belonging is more to the sea
and they used to open up many things you know, how they identified the settlement how they
have the indigenous knowledge to understand the risk and all these things.

I have also adopted the mental map exercises. Initially, I have given them techniques of how to
draw the maps. I mean how you can understand the places.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:35)

628
Legible maps but then in some cases they were not even afraid even to draw and then I have
adopted a different techniques which I will explain later. In Tamil Nadu what happened was
there is a coastal regulation June which has a blip, which has been from 1993. And it has been
revised 19 times till then and it was hardly implemented in a practical level. So, but after the
Tsunami agencies have thought that we should seriously implement this.

And they have tried to move back all these fishing settlements. Like as per the 500 meters of the
landward site they should not construct anything and later also they have actually proposed that
you know, you have to they have amended this particular thing later on and then they allowed to
some areas 200 to 500 meters you can still permit some constructions.

So it has been amended and this has implication has a serious implication on the land acquisition
issues and going back and finding an alternative piece of land and the connectivity aspects.
Which I will be discussing in the next lecture in the part 2 lecture and this lecture is developed
my own work.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:50)

629
So, these are some of the references you can refer. Thank you very much.

630
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 28
Tsunami Reconstruction in Tamilnadu Part – 2 (Findings)

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh I am
assistant professor in Department of Architecture and planning IIT Roorkee. This is a
continuation lecture of tsunami reconstruction in Tamil Nadu part two. This is about the findings.
In the previous lecture, we talked about the method and approach which I have developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 00:55)

As I said to you in the last lecture, I have selected three case studies which is three villages one is
a Kovalam in the South near Kanyakumari, the Tharangambadi which is near Karaikal and
Nagapattinam. And the lighthouse Kuppam which is a Dalit village island and this is where I
have conducted some kind of ethnographic methods. I used to stay there as a fisherman and I was
to interact with various communities

I used to travel to them in the sea for fishing and I used to observe the daily activities so this is
how I did.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:32)

631
The first challenge in that time of research we are talking about 2005-2006 where the Google
Earth was just in the beginning stages and I was not getting any Maps, so I have to digitize these
maps whatever the Google Earth have to give me and some physical observations. So, I have
developed these maps especially. If you look at the Kovalam map and this is basically, the sea
and then Indian Ocean and you have the salt mines here and this is the main heart of the village.

And this is the main village centre and then 88 houses were damaged during this Tsunami and
immediately the government have done the assessment of these 88 houses. And they decided to
find alternative position for them because of the CRZ regulations so they have took some land in
the DC Nagar phase and SISU Nagar and they have identified this is a government land and have
given about 88 houses.

So, after that, the church have realized that why not we take this as an opportunity to build a
more special village and to also address the pre-disaster vulnerabilities. That is there the church
have gathered the communities and they put some money forward and they bought some more
land in different parcels and these two are Praxis Nagar which were later amended when the
CRZ regulation has been further amended.

And they bought some more land and this is where communities have put some money in it. But
here one thing you have to understand that they people who were having houses earlier but now

632
they have been given houses through a government support which is completely land is free and
the house is free. So now, these people were on a lease for 10 years only then they will get the
pattas and these people who bought the land with their own money.

So now, they have got the pattas from the beginning. Like the traditional houses which has a
very rich character this is all joint families earlier, it was only a four hundred households village
after the tsunami they taken the opportunity to make a spacious village and in the process of
making a spacious village 400 have become thousand houses so which means joint families have
broken into the nuclear family setups.

So father and mother started living in the whole city old town areas and old village areas and the
brothers and sisters they all scattered in whatever the land feasibility and the lottery allotments
they got. So, if you look at the traditional housing setups.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:13)

You can see the traditional elements of the architecture where they have some certain storages of
net and they perform the net weaving practices. They are drying of the fish and also the
traditional elements which have the more privacy symbols it could act both as a window and
door and it is climatically on the coastal side it is very efficient to give comfortable stay in the
house and even the clusters.

633
Were very narrow, very organic development happened in that particular villages and of course
there was also some problems before the disaster issues, with some neighbours issues, with some
water issues or the service issues. There are also some issues at the same time there is a very
close-knit families. In the recovery process, in the reconstruction stage when they identified this
new land.

So, including the government and the NGOs who have worked on it, they actually proposed a
kind of grid iron patterns.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:23)

And a very linear networks and here they have taken a lottery approaches. Here, when they have
taken a lottery approaches no one knows who is your neighbour and where you are going. So that
has actually broken certain neighbourhood you know linkages and gradually people started in
making the compound walls and initially in the first two stages, two years they were not having
proper water supply and gradually things have developed.

And some people they started expanding the kitchens in the backyard because you know,
fishermans they cook fish and they want the kitchen to be outside. So, in despite of having a
kitchen inside but still, they prefer to have it outside as well. So, these patterns have what kind of
created some impacts in the society like for instance first thing is before the tsunami everything
was near MDR.

634
(Refer Slide Time: 06:21)

We have the harbour here, you have the auction place here, you have the village square here
everything is near to the city. But now, after the tsunami they have to relocate to two kilometres
which is almost taking a person has to walk almost 2 kilometres and you say you and me are
walking with a laptop or a small with one kilometre or two kilometres but they are walking with
a fish gear, net, diesel, the collected fish, any other equipments.

And it is not like they are going morning 9:00 to 5:00 is an office. Sometimes, depending on the
fish catch, they travel at morning four o clock they come at morning eight again they might go at
11:00 and they might come back at 2:00 they might go to evening 5:00. So, it depends
completely on the kind of fish catch they get. So, every time walking two kilometres and coming
back is a very difficult task for them.

For every, the church is in the centre, the village church, the parish church and even for the elder
people to go and conduct their prayers in the church it has become a very difficult thing or to
attend any village councils meeting it has become very difficult thing. Even to celebrate any
festivals.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:30)

635
Like, you can see the Christmas was one of the important festival live in every street it is
becoming a celebration and in the new clusters you can see that not much is happening and in
fact, the church is also making its efforts how we can conduct the open masses in the sea-shore
and things like that.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:52)

So, now in the new situation, not particular celebrations have gradually diminished. Because the
access to the religious places and the political meetings not only that in our personal level.
Earlier, husband when he goes for fishing the woman used to see the boat, oh! my husband is
coming and wait for the husband with food. Because he will be starving but now he can only, she
cannot see whether the husband is coming at what time is coming.

636
So obviously, when the person comes back he will not say that no one is there with him you
know, to give him food. So obviously, when a person returns as I you know, comes back from
the shore and to the shore and he is hungry and obviously, it has created certain impacts in the
family relationships. Maybe when he goes house he says that you know, my bonds got weakened
the family network and bonds gradually got diminished.

When the NGOs have started consulting what type of house do you want they said yes we want a
brick and concrete house.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:07)

Because most of the influence happens from the nearby urban areas. That is what exactly the
NGOs have given but now, they are realizing that a community it is better have a old house
because it is much more you know, thermally it is more comfortable and here, sun is very hot.
Also the orientation of the kitchens now, they have to carry the food from the kitchen to the
outside and in their cultures, they don’t want the food to be seen.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:41)

637
As I said to you that the people who had a house, earlier and which was damaged during tsunami
and now, these people which who got in the government land and built by the government for the
next ten years they don’t get any Patta. But now, the other people who were not having a house
but now they could able to put some money and they got a new house so they got the patta. So, it
means it created little differences between the having the tenure.

And the ownership part of the land and the house because if they want to sell this house now
these people cannot sell but these people can sell. So, that means that has created some sense of
ownness also talks about the maintenance aspect. So, the dynamics of the family networks have
very dependent on family to family for some small families of where husband died and he is the
only support but despite of having a new house but there is no livelihood facility.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:44)

638
So, where the woman have started expanding their house front as a small shop to run the family
expenses. Similarly, the kitchens were extended.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:50)

In the second case of Tharangambadi, it is the three clusters one is the Danish colony, and the
Muslims, the pre-colonial houses and the fishermen society, let’s say and this is a Renuka Devi
temple square and this is basically, the tourism circuit goes on to this because of the Dansburg
fort here and the town centre. So, this is the highway and it goes like this and this is a
Masilamani nadhar temple which caused damage during the tsunami.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:20)

639
And if we look at the network after the tsunami, many Kuriakose architect and as well as the
SIFFS Agency has worked on this relocation of this fishermen houses they identified this land
and they tried to work out the housing when a more of a participatory approach. So, they tried to
even make some efforts of put the same neighbours in the same cluster and I have documented
the various typologies of streets.

Various types of connectivity patterns within the settlement and that the building details and
everything. Also, taken the mental maps.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:58)

640
You know, Kovalam I have taken the mental maps of how people imagined and understand the
places.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:04)

But in Tarangambadi, it was not possible because when I gave some papers to draw their mental
maps, they were bit hesitant to draw the hand started shivering then what I did was I have taken
the maps developed by SIFFs one is before tsunami and the second one is after tsunami. This is
newly relocation houses, I say this is Renuka Devi temple then oh! this is temple then this is my
house then I asked them where are all used to go.

Then he says my house is like this I took my children to the school in the Christian this colonial
area and then I go to the ice factory here, and then I go to the market and sell the fish I go to the
harbour. So in that way, this is called a princess street but in relocated context, this is my house
and then I said I give a landmark this is the school then I said oh! this is school then they said
yeah this is how we travel to the school.

This is where travel to the harbour. In the interviews, many of the people even from the pre-
colonial side they started saying we are not happy here because none much of my friends they
are left and we are not, it’s very boring here. So, they started selling their houses and they are
going back to some nearby areas. I didn’t realize what was really because still, the people are
living in the same village what did why they are not interactive.

641
This map, have shown me why they are not because earlier, this is the only street which was
connecting all the three communities. But now, they are walking on the periphery of the town
and only to the school which means they are not walking from this. Which means the pedestrian
movement have actually created certain communication gap and also it started weakening some
social networks. And in the lighthouse coupon that was in the process during my study.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:59)

And it was Dalit 11 island 11 villages were settled in an island near the pullicat lake so I used to
travel every day by boat from here to here and then I used to spend some time in a group, focus
groups and things like that here, even though they were offered as a relocation option but they
didn’t opted for that. They just stayed, they wanted to stay there and they have gone for the brick
and concrete houses so this is too early to comment.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:28)

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On but then, from the two findings which we could able to see a tremendous responses in those
two-three years, people started building extensions and then encroachments. Fortunately, these
two people got in a lottery method, they got two brothers got an adjacent house. So, what did it
was they extended one single roof to represent the sense of belonging, people started in
expanding the kitchens at the rear.

And they don’t have public places lets they started encroaching the neighbourhood lands and
they started conducting some children activities for socialization process. Woman, who lost their
husbands in the tsunami, they started expanding as a shop having a small shop in front of the
house, this is one of the important thing. Even, toilets were provided which were provided in the
new houses they are converted as the worship areas which is puja rooms.

Okay, because according to Vastu, they believe that this should be here and they converted then
they push the toilet outside. So in that way, even the building design level has not been well
thought of what the community needs. So, I will show you a movie and this will actually talk
about a few responses from the field. So, you will get an idea of how people have responded to
these kind of post-disaster experiences.
(Video Start Time: 15:59)
(Refer Slide Time: 15:59)

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(Refer Slide Time: 16:59)

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(Refer Slide Time: 22:29)

(Video End Time: 22:51)

So now, you have seen the video and you now can get an idea of how even a small aspect of
family distance you know brotherhood, kinship, religion how these things matter and how people
started adapting to the change, a cataclysmic change. I visited the same site again after eight
years though, I finished my research I still visited these places how these things. Initially, they
were given these house.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:30)

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But now, the same houses have been modified in this main Kovalam, in the new housing clusters
earlier, they were not having a church or some religious building in the close proximity. So, they
started building a church bell tower to represent a public place and in the same pattern and the
same colour. So here, the architectural style also reflected. They again brought back the
traditional elements of the south Indian with the tile roof over that and with a small portico.

And the colours, the bright colours and for elderly people whatever the leftover spaces in
between the buffer spaces, they covered with the net and they put the see shore sand with the
small vernacular materials they started constructing some small prayer rooms. So in that way,
people started adapting to the change. So, if one has to understand this change process, it is not
just we can understand from one-year work or two-year work.

I mean, I can see here at least after eight years, when I visited I could see a tremendous change.
So here, what we are concluding on the very fundamental why the core dwelling concept have
failed.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:48)

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The first thing is the uniform and standardized forms which are not acceptable many cases.
Because, it is also based on the family networks, the family size, the family structures, the
individual and collective needs vary, before disaster and after disaster a husband male he has
been killed during a tsunami and then the wife and the children will be homeless and livelihood
less.

So, what to do with it so that is where one has to look at the dynamic aspect of the family and his
friendship and the network of it. Just imagine, of the lady in that video imagine if her in-laws
was given a house next to her house she would have got little support to look after her kids when
she was running the shop. So, in that way, these are a very micro level management issues one
has to look at it.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:44)

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The design of the core dwelling aspects were not sufficiently address the religious beliefs and
customs. You can see the example of the puja rooms, the religious buildings how they have
modified those, including the location of the orientation and how it has an impact on the
inhabitants. When we talk about location it talks both at a macro level layout as a settlement also
the location of a dwelling is orientation within the block and the plot.

The usage of modern materials also had an impact on their thermal comforts and the long-run
maintenance. Here, the urban design issues talks about the fronts and backs you know how it is
not sufficiently thought by the designers and a sense of privacy.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:41)

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Also, there are some general development issues. These pre and post-disaster approaches they
vary with from place to place, culture to culture based on the cultural setup. In church, they set
up it acts differently in a government base set up it act differently, in a NGO base set up it acts
differently. So, there is always a difficulty for all these development groups to address the
cultural aspect.

So, there is one it's very difficult to establish a common methodological approach you because
development is a culture-specific. Building design and planning guidelines does not sufficiently
address the cultural needs of traditional settlements. Also, the neighbourhood concept is not well
addressed because imagine 30 years we lived in a company of some of your neighbours and
suddenly you are allocated somewhere.

So one has to understand that interaction that is where participatory approaches are very well
encouraged and inability to access local knowledge because this is one perception to
development they think that the foreign agencies whoever comes within that these people doesn’t
know anything one has to understand that they know many things one need to tap that resources.

Barriers, this is where causes the barriers in communicating the needs and wants either discussed
with you those changes in the land use and the ownership and the tenure.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:18)

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So this is a kind of brief diagram shows like saying that what are the impacts and what are the
causes for these impacts and how they shape these built environments.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:25)

So this research have discussed the reconstruction process in two ways one is instrumentally in a
positivist way, where the physical distances had increase. Certain activities are no longer
possible and then the family and the community suffers. Whereas, the development agencies
operate at an instrumental level mostly, temporal level in the discussion of the vulnerability. It is
more to move with the governance, agencies from the direct physical relationships.

But the second perspective is discusses from the cultural anthropology. It talks about the
concepts of habitus the relation between habit and the habitat which is not determinist and this
whole process has anyways inevitably altered under different responses based on the different
cultural backgrounds. So in many cases, we can observe that there is threat and such kind of
cataclysmic changes have led to increase vulnerability. But when we look at the longer run
adaptability in some cases we have seen a positive response.

So this whole observation grows from a positivist approach to the post-structuralism. So, which
actually looks at the social construct that operates for a physical spatial field. And here the theory
of responsive environments especially the Bentley’s work.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:13)

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It actually worked to tease out the spatial elements and one is the layout is viewed both
instrumentally and functionally whether support or not the issues of income and livelihood and it
can also be interpreted as socio-spatial construct which supports different performatives related
to social and cultural life. It could be family, religion, political, social and neighbourhood
interactions. So that is where we bring back the theory also.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:40)

So, gist of some of the recommendations which came out through these studies like how we can
empower the glass root level governance this is where the participatory level approaches are
more important and also the appropriate training and awareness of local governing bodies. How

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we can train at the bottom level approaches also the film and media communication methods
should be encouraged.

Because you know one need to showcase that what they have documented to the people this is
where a film is one approach one can think of. Documentation of existing, because when I
started my research I couldn’t find in the map. Existing settlements, development issues and
what kind of spatial transformation have happened. So here, now the technologies like GIS and
many other new tools have come in the market.

So one has, can easily adopt and it has to be furthered informed to the communities. So you have
to bring the science and society together. Incorporating the disaster management lessons in the
curriculum of secondary schools and other schools that deal with the built environment. So, it’s
not just only during the time of disaster one has to look at it, long-run approach how the
capacities could be enhanced.

Development of building and planning regulations with local and regional concerns, I hope you
have now got an idea of the whole work. Of course, this was a very old work but later on, we
will be discussing on my further work as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:14)

And these are some of the references for your reference and thank you very much.

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 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 29
Cultural and (Disaster) Risk

Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture series on disaster recovery and build back better, in
this lecture we will discuss about culture and risk particularly in disaster risk. This lecture
would provide an idea, the kind of perspective about why culture is so important in disaster
risk management or understanding risk perception also, we will look into what is the meaning
of culture, why culture exists in society.

And how it may influence people's perception and perspective of risk in our context this
disaster risk, we may not give a direct connotations of disaster but we will look into culture
and risk from a broader perspective, okay and I am Subhajyoti Samaddar, I am from Disaster
Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan. Generally, in the conventional
theory, they think that individual's perception of risk matter, how big the hazard is; the
exogenous variable.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:02)

If the hazard is bigger in size in magnitude, then people have greater, higher risk perception
but it’s a very conventional idea now, so external risk stimulus is so important in
conventional risk perception theories or practices, okay and risk management effort;
conventional risk management effort is therefore to prevent the unwanted event and to

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ameliorate its consequence, to reduce the consequence of an unwanted hazardous event,
okay.

Here, you can see in this picture when the stone is bigger, people have greater perception of
risk when the stone is smaller, people have less risk perception; a low risk perception. Now,
in the conventional theory, conventional understanding of disaster risk or any risk is that
individuals who are at risk they are the passive recipient of risk that means, they do not
manipulate, interpret, construct the meaning of risk.

They see what is there so, risk is very objective, what is; it depends on the probability of a
particular hazard and the consequence of that hazard, okay that how it would cause human
losses, property damage. Like, in this theory all individuals are like a passive recipient like a
baby, okay and there is of an independent stimulus that is the hazard.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:04)

And for them, the particular way of communicating risk or risk communications in case of
early warning, there is a recipient that is the source, they send the message and through some
particular channels like mass media, televisions, radio, newspaper to the audience in order to
help them to prepare and to know them the magnitude and the consequence of a particular
hazard.

If you look into the right-hand side that is showing that some methodological agency, some
scientific bodies, they will collect information; scientific informations and then through the
mass media, they pass it to the people; common people who are at risk. So, for them the

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dominant model of risk communications for them, the major concern is how to pass
qualitative informations to the people about risk.

When they are sending this informations, they focus in 2 aspects; one is the probabilities and
consequence of that event, from one information bearer, that is the transmitter to the receiver
or the from the source transmitter or receiver okay so, these way they communicate the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:13)

But people are arguing or from our practices, from the field notes, researchers are reporting
from their studies that this is may not be enough, well transforming the information is very
important and very critical component of risk communications in order to enhance the
resiliency of the local communities but that is not enough that’s simple okay, it is because
how people interpret, the meaning of risk it varies from individual to individuals, groups to
groups, okay.

So, one group something is risky, for another group of people, it is not that risky so, we need
a kind of consensus shared meaning of risk here, you can see the example like a snake when
you someone is thinking that snake is dangerous, it is a risky animal, a person is escaping
from that place, someone is trying to beat him, kill him, someone is taking picture, someone
is praying to the God.

So, people have this stimulus is the same is a snake but people have different meaning,
different perceptions about the risk so interesting, so what risk is; it’s not, does not really
depend on the magnitude and consequence, the probability and consequence of hazards but it

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also depends how people perceive; perceived that hazard, okay. Now, as the conventional
theory, they are focusing more on the probability and consequence and hazard kind of event
as disaster.

They generally have 2 way of conventional risk management; disaster risk management, they
are very directive, they are saying that okay in order to reduce the risk, you should do that
you have some specific goals and you have some specific actions to perform and while doing
it, they are also very reactive, they think that this is the only way to solve the problem, okay,
this is the only way to solve the problem.

So, target is set and now how to implement that target and that’s it but there are some other
perspective of risk, they are saying that it is not that external stimulus that determines
people's risk perceptions but it is the socio-cultural context or individual characteristics that
define the way people perceive risk. Here, we are talking from the cultural perspective of
risk.

For the cultural perspective of risk, individuals are active information seeker, they are not the
passive recipient of information but they also collect informations to develop their own
perception, own perspective okay, like you can see for someone it is 6, for someone it is 9,
for someone it is 4, someone it is 3, so how you are looking at it from which angle, from
which perspective, it matters.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:07)

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Here is another good example that how dad sees it, how the kid experience it and how mom
sees it, so it’s not actually maybe that does not matter the length but when it varies from
person to person, individual to individual, group to group, institution to institutions, this same
stimulus we see in a different perspective, in a different angle. The perceiver is not an
individual of course, they are a kind of institutions or kind of organizations they are living
with other group of people.

So, institutional structure of at which the individual belong is the ultimate cause of risk
perception so, creation of shared meaning and trust over the transfer of quantitative
information.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:02)

So, there was an outstanding work by Purity and Danger, 1966 considered to be modern
classic of anthropology, so Mary Douglas in her book in 1966, Purity and Danger is talking
about the cultural importance of risk, the cultural perspective of risk that we would look into
why, what is culture and why it is so important, what why she is arguing that culture is so
important when we are talking about disaster risk management or risk management.

Why we need to understand the cultural aspect otherwise, we were missing, we cannot
communicate enough, we cannot manage risk enough, we cannot encourage people to prepare
against risk, let us look.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:55)

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She was studying Leviticus, I think you know Leviticus, it’s a kind of religious book; law
book that gives you guidelines about the morals; what to do, what not to do, what do it okay,
so this is a third book of the Israeli people, the Jews people and the book of the Leviticus
from the Greek word it has came, the book explained the five basic themes that relate to the
life of holiness, okay, a holy God, a holy priesthood, a holy people, a holy land and a holy
saviour.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:33)

Now, these Leviticus to the Israeli people they are saying hey, no pork on my fork, you
cannot eat pork okay, no pork on my fork so, Mary Douglas was curious why Israeli people
are restricted not to have pork, why they cannot eat pork, what is the reason, why they seen it
is a kind of risky pollutions, she was not looking into disaster research but she is looking into
pollution that is also a kind of risk.

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What is purity and danger okay, why it is so danger? So, somebody argued that the pork it
carries some kind of parasites so, if you are eating, consuming pork you will be affected by
parasites, your body will be affect, consuming also parasites; Trichinella spiralis.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:41)

So, this particular parasite that enter into your body through pork and that’s why the Israeli
people were given the mandate that you should not eat the pork but Mary Douglas was
arguing okay, if it is really that so it could be scientifically true or not true that does not
matter but if it is really true that why that time, the China which was scientifically and
technologically much advanced than many other countries who are eating pork.

There was no restrictions for Chinese people not eating pork but in Israeli, in Israel there was
the restrictions of not eating pork, why there is a difference, his channel is much advanced,
they didn’t know about these parasite issues that not to eat pork for their health reason, is it
really the health reason that’s why the Israeli people saying that do not eat pork is risky, then
somebody who was arguing that may be in Israel, you would not get pork; pigs.

So, as a result, you should not eat pork because they are very less in number so, if you were
eating pork, you will endanger these species; the existence of that species. Now, somebody is
now, Mary Douglas is arguing that if it is so, then you can use it like a kind of asset, okay like
gold, you can sell it, when as an endowment and you can say the more pork I have, more rich
I am, more pigs I have but they didn’t do, they only put restrictions.

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So, then she came there was a study and she came to know about the Taxonomic anomalies
dietary restrictions, what is that, do you know what is the meaning of taxonomic anomalies
dietary restrictions? Well, some foods are clean according to the Jews people and some are
not so clean, so why it is so? So, Mary Douglas was trying to understand why this is so and
then she came up with the idea, taxonomic anomalies on dietary restrictions.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:34)

Now, what is taxonomic anomalies on dietary restrictions? Mary Douglas found that
according to the Leviticus, according to the Jews Israeli, people cannot eat pigs because pig
is; pigs are anomalies, like pigs have cloven hooves like cow or horse but they do not chew
the cud like other cloven hooves as land animals generally do like horse or cow they have
cloven hooves and they do chew cud.

But only pig they don’t do chewing the cud, so that’s why they are anomalies okay, so they
have cloven hooves but they do not chew the cud but other those who have cloven hooves
generally they do chew the cud, so that’s the difference we can see and that’s why it is an
anomaly.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:44)

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In case of snake, you should not eat snake according to Israeli Jews law because they live on
land but they have no legs that’s very rare, you would not find any other animals that live on
land but no legs so, if most of the animals they are on land, they have legs so, if someone
does not have legs but living on land, this is should be considered as anomaly, okay;
taxonomic anomalies.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:16)

Also, shellfish; shellfish is considered to be fish, they live in the water yet they lack fins,
scales, characteristics of true fish, they do not have fins or grills, okay, so you should not eat
shellfish because is an anomaly. So, here what is polluted, what is dangerous to eat are given
the list; unclean food and clean food, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:54)

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And they are considered unclean foods considered to be monster okay, abominated by the
Lord and by his chosen people, so you should not eat these unclean polluted anomaly animals
or species, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:12)

But why should only Israeli uniquely care about classificatory anomalies? Douglas was, of
course, arguing that such concerns are not unique to the Israelis but thrive today in support of
social structure or many other tribal societies.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:31)

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Even within the Hindu practices, the reason could be different but we can see that many
foods are considered to be polluted, dangerous and many people are vegetarian. Cows are
considered to be sacred that’s why you should not eat cow and we and they often avoid the
pork, no snails or crocodiles, you cannot eat and numerous birds are restricted in Hindu
dietary practices.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:05)

Similarly, in Muslim culture also, the concept of Halal and Haram actually distinguish what
is risky to it and what is not, what is pure, what is dangerous or polluted okay so, risk
according to that way, it’s not the external stimulus that determined but risk is basically,
culturally constructed, we are culturally biased.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:31)

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So, how people perceive act upon the world around them depends on their way of life
culturally, biased means nothing better wrong, I think good or bad, it’s more about the way
people, in one the lens they have, they are looking into it okay, the way people look into the
outside world.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:55)

So, what is culture then, if it is so important, let us look here that what is the meaning of
culture, when it is defining our risk perceptions, not only risk perception, it defines many
things but how, what is the meaning of culture and how the impulse control and shape our
risk perceptions? Well, this is we human being, right and this is a cow, this is dog, this is lion,
are we different? Yes, we are different well, physically we are different.

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They have 4 legs, we have 2 legs, they don’t have hands, we have 2 hands, of course, we are
physically different but also socially or emotionally, intellectually we are also different, they
cannot speak, we can speak, we have language.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:51)

Now, if I want you to go to an island, where I can give you all the gadgets you want, all the
luxury items, a swanky building and all the Internet facilities, a good car but all the foods,
any kind of foods you want from any country, any dress you want to wear, want to have, I
can give you, provide you and I ask you to go to an island, live there, a condition is that there
is no other human being, no other people there and you have no internet connection, phone
connections.

And you will stay there; will you stay there; well, some people may be very exceptional, they
will stay there but I am quite sure that large number of populations maybe 99% population or
maybe more than that, you would say that I would not agree to go there, why; I do not want
to go there, I have all the facilities, all the things I want to achieve there is there, all the things
I want, all the foods, all the dress, all the cars, gadgets, all I have; luxury life.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:21)

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But still I do not want to live there because why; because we are social animals, we cannot
live in isolation so, if instead of that, I send dogs or maybe cow, lion, can we call it kind of
they are my companions, I can stay with them, am I social now; basically, no.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:38)

I need fellow members who look like me, who can talk to me and with whom I can interact
with so, this other fellow, not only dogs, cats, lions but I want the human being right, so it
could be that someone is from my own country, it depends on someone's nations, race or
maybe same linguistic group or maybe some coming from the same town and village,
geographical locations or same occupations.

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So, we all comprise, want to live together, sometimes based on nation, race, linguistic groups,
town, occupations, we want to live together and that’s how we form, create society and
community okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:43)

Now, if I want to live there, okay and what is missing here like 3, 4, 5 people coming from
same nations or same linguistic group or maybe same hometown, they are living together,
what is missing there in this diagram, what is not there; that a society needs a human being
are missing, human beings are missing. So, what I should look into? If I want to say okay, we
can live like this, really we agree? No, I will not agree, why?

I will again feel isolated, if I say no, you cannot talk to each other, you cannot share anything
with each other, you cannot look at each other, you cannot help each other, you cannot marry,
you cannot develop friendship; make friendship so, in that condition; in that conditions you
cannot really make yourself social so, what is missing is that simply being a social animal, I
want interactions with each other.

So that is also true for any individuals, any social animals, human beings, we always seek
interactions with each other and that’s how we form society so, interaction is so very
important to form necessary to form a society, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:05)

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So, but then now question is that how do you make interactions, I have different identity and
roles, sometimes I am a father, sometimes I am a son, sometimes I am a friend, sometimes I
am a teacher so, the way I talk to my students, I talked to my friends, these 2 interactions are
different so, how to control like suppose, if at the middle of the night, I call you and say hey,
hello how are you, well this is not socially accepted, nobody would bother that one, okay.

So, how do you make interactions, what helps to make social interactions and what kind of
social interactions I should do; you will define that one.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:00)

And so suppose, if I am very close to someone when I am talking to him, is it okay or should
I maintain some distance.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:10)

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Or maybe in the train, there is elder person standing besides me, I am not offering her seat, is
it okay?
(Refer Slide Time: 26:20)

If somebody is saying to me, hi or hello generally, we say hello are hi, if I say okay I don't
know the meaning of hi or anything well, we are not social right, so our interaction is not
going on well.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:36)

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So, people are interacting but they are not effectively interacting, there is something missing,
people want to smoke, they are smoking but they are bothering others, is it okay? If someone
is telling me thank you, other people are saying that okay you were welcome.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:58)

Now, we want to maintain that social relationship, somebody is saying Namaste, I am saying
Namaste, okay, handshake; we are returning with handshake.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:09)

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And when it is more difficult to maintain social relationship okay, why society cannot always
maintain social relationship?
(Refer Slide Time: 27:18)

So, then how to achieve that one, that how we can maintain that social order, these social
interactions okay, that is very important. Now, why we cannot do it because we have
different mind, different perspective, overlapping roles and conflicts we have, we possess
okay and so, we put rules and regulations upon interactions between individuals or between
groups, formal and informal rules and regulations.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:56)

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Like sometimes, some rules are very formal like it’s written that please do it at your home,
you cannot do it, it is completely, explicitly and very fun written and some are sometimes that
a very formal that you cannot smoke here, you cannot eat here but people are on a queue
where nobody told them to do that but they are doing it, it’s very informal manner, it is a kind
of to showing the manners to others; respect to others.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:24)

Then, this is a culture that tells you what to do and what not to do, doing, being, explaining
like for example in the left hand side, you can see that this is a market in Paris, okay and this
is another market in US, they are doing the same thing, they all came in a market.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:58)

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But they have a different way of marketing style, doing shopping; this is considered to be an
marriage and institutions but it is completely different in 2 different culture like, in case of
United States people tend to view marriage as a choice between two people based on mutual
feeling of love but in case of Hindu marriage, maybe in not in every cases but in a lot of cases
is arranged through an intricate process of interviews and negotiations between two parties,
two families, right.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:40)

Here, the two partners have very limited choice to make decisions by their own or when we
are talking about family, you can look in the left-hand side an Indonesian Muslim family, in
the right-hand side, a Christian nuclear family in Europe so, they are very different but they
are both considered as family, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:53)

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Or maybe cow on the road, Indians won’t be surprised seeing cow on the road but a foreign
people particularly, Western people very surprised seeing cow on the road.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:09)

Well, this is very important and this is very interesting that this lady thinks that other lady
wearing a burka is everything covered but her eyes are what a cruel male-dominated society
okay she thinks that it’s a very male-dominated society because everything is covered only
eyes are open, on the other hand, that other lady with burka is saying that nothing covered but
her eyes are open so, what a male-dominated society.

So, both of them is perceiving that they are coming from a male-dominated society because
based on their dress pattern, okay so, culture is a kind of lens through which you look into the
society how it is okay.

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(Refer Slide Time: 30:59)

So, what are elements of culture; we have symbols, language, values, beliefs and norms.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:00)

Symbol is the most critical important part of culture because it is a human being who can
only interact through using symbols, no other animals can do it, we can use symbols like sign
or gesture, objects and words; we can use variety kind of symbols to reciprocate
informations, okay. If you see this one, you can understand that this is where you can get
drinking water also, we can show various fingers too to tell the meaning to others,
communicate with others.

Also, it could be written as a word to communicate with others okay so, we have different
kind of symbols that human views as a part of culture.

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(Refer Slide Time: 31:52)

But also it varies from culture to culture this symbol, what is the meaning of this one for
example, maybe in India, this is chota or thoda, it is very small amount, okay but look into
other what other people in other countries they think.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:13)

In Italy, it means that what exactly, do you mean.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:19)

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Or in Greece that is just perfect; that is just perfect, the same meaning, a same object but
different meaning.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:28)

The different meanings to different cultural groups, in Egypt have patience, be patient okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:34)

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Some meanings, some gestures are very universal like smile, if I smile you understand I am
happy, okay and it is almost universal but for example, the thumbs up, okay in United States,
it is a kind of positive reinforcement, in Russia and Australia it could be an offensive curse
for this one, what is the meaning of this one to you okay?
(Refer Slide Time: 33:03)

For someone is hello, for someone is goodbye, oh no, no, no thank you and for some people,
I am royalty.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:14)

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so, also like this colour; red colour, the colour is red but it has different meaning in different
cultural or different context. In the left-hand side, it means there is a police, there we
understand that okay this is the police, something is an emergency, in the right-hand side, it is
the red light that means you have to stop and in the middle, it means actually a brothel; the
prostitutions.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:44)

So, the meaning of this red light depends on the context similarly, we have language symbol
used for written communications okay like nowadays, we are talking about emails, internets,
downloading, texting which was not there just maybe 20 years before okay or maybe 30 years
before so, which is very new to us.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:04)

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Now, another important component of culture is the values and beliefs okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:12)

What is that? Values are culture standard for what to do, what is good, what is not good to
decide okay, so when somebody is gambling or somebody is very flamboyant or somebody is
taking alcohol, we have some kind of values, somebody saying is good or bad, ugly or
beautiful, right or wrong, it could be also kind of accepted or unaccepted, desirable and
undesirable, ethical unethical.

So, what is ethical unethical, acceptable unacceptable, these are all our values, how do you
decide that taking alcohol is bad or good, from being flamboyant is good or bad, gambling is
just our values, right, just our values.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:02)

685
And culture create these values to give us some kind of mind, vision and lens so, what is
good and bad, ugly and beautiful, right and wrong this is we see from cultural perspective,
cultural lens and culture gives us this mind, this vision and this lens to see the objects, no
object is right or wrong, no object is ugly and beautiful, it is that we which we give the
meaning to them right.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:37)

So, we have this cultural perspective and these values then come into beliefs, okay and
individuals in a society have different beliefs that translate this one.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:45)

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So, this is American society and they believe in individualistic culture, on the other hand, we
have Japanese society which is more in collective culture.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:55)

This is could be considered in Western culture as a kind of homosexuality but in many part of
Africa and Middle East this is considered to be as not homosexual but solidarity and also
friendship showing friendship. So, how the same thing varies from culture to culture, so in
order to put those values and beliefs into practice, we have generally norms. So, what is good
ugly, how to control that one these values okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:30)

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Then so, how to maintain that social interactions, we put social control that we called social
norms okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:38)

And these social norms are sometimes formal, sometimes very informal like you can put
cover your hands when you were sneezing.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:51)

688
Or your; you should not do cheating or you should not drink alcohol okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:57)

And some are very important norms, some are very unimportant norms.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:03)

689
So that’s how culture works and gives us so, cultural context of risk is saying that culture
matters, how people define, what is right or wrong, what is risky or not risky and in so, there
are many examples.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:24)

But so risk is culturally constructed, how people perceive and act upon the world around
them depends on the way of life and way of life; a combination of social relation and cultural
bias, thank you very much.

690
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 30
Cultural Theory of Risk

Hello everyone, welcome to the lecture series on disaster recovery and build back better; this
lecture we will talk about cultural theory of risk or cultural perspective of risk. I am
Subhajyoti Samaddar from DPRI, Kyoto University so, we already discussed in other lectures
about the role of culture in risk perceptions. Here, in this lecture, we will focus more what the
cultural theory is talking about people's risk perceptions.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:23)

And how, this is connected with their cultural affiliation okay, so that was the book purely
endangered by Mary Douglas in 1966 considered to be a modern classic of anthropology,
talking about the moral risk pollution and danger okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:31)

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And she was talking about taxonomic anomalies, dietary restrictions in case of Jews, Israeli
people who cannot have pork or snake as a food, okay because they are considered to be
unclean like why they are unclean because they are anomalies, so taxonomic anomalies like
snake, they live on land but they do not have legs so, it is very rare, so that’s why you should
not eat snake.

Similarly, you should not eat pork because they have cloven hooves but they don’t chew the
cud, so unlike horse and cow so, these are clean who are anomalies, so you should not eat
them.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:25)

Similarly, the other examples like in case of Hima tribe in Uganda, they depend on animal
husbandry, they depend on livestock okay and that the female; it is considered that female

692
they should not touch these live stocks, the very tribe whose livelihood depends on animal
husbandry on depending on livestock rearing, they should not touch, their women should not
touch live stocks.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:10)

They believe that if the woman they touch livestock, the livestock will die, so similarly in
case of the 14th century Europe, there was poor water quality was already an issue for a very
long time but it came into kind of more outcry of the people, it is considered to be as one of
the critical concern and the blame of these was given to the Jews people because they were
told that Jews people are actually contaminating the water.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:08)

So, they started to evict Jews people in Europe, so according to the cultural theory of risk, the
allocation of responsibility of hazard event is normal strategy for protecting a particular set of

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values, one culture they define that this is right and this is not good, this is bad this is good,
this is acceptable, this is unacceptable, this is pure, this is polluted okay, so each culture have
their own values.

And through these values; through this lens let’s see, what is risky what is not risky, what is
pure, what is impure okay and they disseminate this informations among their members.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:44)

Now, Mary Douglas was saying that we need to have a kind of categories of cultures, there
we have many cultures but we can group them, categorize them.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:54)

She was telling that we can do it through the grid and group pattern, we can categorize the
culture in order to analyse them better. Why it is so, why we need to have grid group kind of

694
system which will come later but why we need categories the culture based on grid and
group. She published a book in 1978 and claiming that the traditional anthropologists;
anthropological studies on culture, they are lacking any category of culture.

Therefore, if you are studying some culture in Africa, you cannot compare that when you are
studying a culture in Asia so, the anthropologist are trained in such a way that they do not
generalize their findings so, they are very localized, contextualize their findings. So, in order
to reach to some kind of generalizations, we should try to make categorizations of culture,
okay.

And so, she said that we can do it through the model called grid and group to categorize the
culture to understand people's mind.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:24)

Now, she is saying that we can do this by taking 2 elements; one is whom one interact and
how one interact with so, whom one interact is considered to be group and how they interact
is considered to be grid, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:33)

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So, group generally represent the degree of social incorporation of the individual, this result
how often I am meeting someone, how dense is the network between the members of that
group if I am living in the neighbourhood, how I am interacting with each of them, am I
meeting them very frequently or very rarely, do I know everyone or do I know some of them
so, how this people are interacting with each other, what extent it depends on a group, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:14)

So, some groups are very flexible, very low, they have very less network, less density, they
often they seldom met and some are very high, okay, so low and weak group like open-ended
interactions, very infrequent, limited with specific purpose, the reason of people interacting,
in some neighbourhood people interact very rarely with each other, right or maybe they are
very competitive like the colleagues or co-workers, okay.

696
They do not working in a hospital or working in a school or working in a company, they are
very competitive but they have very less interactions; face to face interactions on the other
hand, we have high one which are people are meeting with each other like in the village okay,
everybody knows everyone, very strong interactions and people depend on each other
services, they have high dependency.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:28)

And they have share common very strong solidarity, okay like you can see in the villages
compared to urban areas, so this is one side, we have a low group and one on the side we
have high group; 2 extreme group polarizing.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:29)

Also, we have the grid okay, the grid represents that what kind of rules and regulations I
should maintain, I should follow, when I am a member of a particular group, okay that what

697
are the constraints like if I am a particular member of a particular group, will they allow me
to have an orientation of homosexual or will they allow me to have equal rights for the
women so, feminism, a kind of homosexuality how one see; one group see that is a kind of
the rule of the group.

Some group permits, some group do not permit okay so, it is a kind of law, hierarchy,
kinship, race, gender that how it is viewed this is in a group, this is called grid okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:34)

So, we have like low grid where everybody is equal, egalitarian state of affairs, no one is
prevented to participate in any kind of activities or social role depending irrespective of their
race, gender, age or so forth, everybody is considered to be equal. In other case, where
extreme we have high grid panel here, we can see that people are restricted; their activities
are restricted based on caste, creed, class.

So, access to social activities depends on one or another of these kinds of discriminations,
people are discriminated in this kind of situations okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:15)

698
So, group when low, it is; the networks are radical, when high it is interconnected, in case of
interactions low groups are rare, high groups are frequent, boundaries of interactions among
individuals in case of low group is open and in case of high group is closed, shared groups
like few, high groups are many.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:42)

In case of grid, when the grid is low that means in a particular group, particular community,
particular society, the low and high is like horizontal and vertical, one is very hierarchical one
is very equal okay, specializations; in low group it’s very little, people are all have similar
kind of activities, they don’t have any specializations, in high group there is lot of
specializations, lot of division of labour, people are divided, segregated.

699
And allocation of roles is like achievement what you are; what you have achieved but in case
of high, it is like ascribed, what your father was, what your mother was, whatever ancestor
was, you become like caste system, okay and resource allocations; in case of low grid, it is
like egalitarian, everybody is equal, everybody has the same opportunity but in case your
hierarchical; in high, it is hierarchical.

There some elite people have better access, the other people those who don’t have they have
little access or little power to accessize.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:56)

So, if we put this low group and sorry, group and grid into a cross-tabulations, we can get 4
categories; one A, B, C, D, so if we move from A to D to C, we can say that from A to D is A
is like individualistic, D is kind of egalitarian and C is like authoritative, some dictators are
there and in case of A, it is like little classification and distinctions between individuals are
there, they can nobody is segregated or discriminated because they are black because they are
women, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:40)

700
And in case of C which is very hierarchical okay, every movement of their social, cultural
personal movements are restricted and ordered.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:52)

So, we can have this scenario, you can see through this picture that one in individualistic, one
is egalitarian, hierarchical and authoritarian. Let’s look at hierarchical way of looking, it’s
like clearly defined role, if there is a strong hierarchy somebody on the top and somebody are
bottom okay, they are very rigid clearly defined role, you can only do that like caste system
for example.

And feel loyalty, you have to say hello, I am loyal to you, I will follow your order okay, to
your king; so there is a king, there is a subject and inequalities are prevailing there so,

701
inequalities are fair and deserve, inequalities are there because people have different
capacities, so that is why inequalities are justified okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:49)

In case of individualities, individualistic society or culture, it’s very different according to it’s
like free whoever can join whatever choice they have, they can pursue whatever like, they
have enough freedom and people have no mutual support because it’s very individualistic
society, you are what you can do but I am not going to help you anyway and interact with
anyone you like, okay.

So, you are free, you can do anything you want, you can interact with anyone, you want you
can be a homosexual, you can be a feminist, you can be a radical that is up to you unless and
until you are harming anyone so, you were open; you were open to achieve anything you
want.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:43)

702
In case of egalitarian, it is like everybody is equal without there is no leader, there is no
variation based on status and prestige, no one is okay and there are a lot of solidarities, people
help each other between members, okay and but there is a problem that they believe they
have a very strong, we feeling that this is we and this is they so, there is a difference between
that we and them, okay so, us versus them mentality is there.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:23)

Like we can see in case of hunter-gathering bands or some crimes of communes and another
one is the authoritarian or fatalists, here is that somebody there is a ruler, life is constrained
by rule imposed by other like defeated soldiers okay, they have to follow the order of the king
and there is no trust or cooperations, this is just dominating, one person is dominating others,
okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:56)

703
So, who are left to fend themselves and like the slave as I said or the prisoners okay, so each
people of these groups; these 4 groups based on the grid and group of these cultural groups or
cultural categories, they looks every aspect of our social life in different manner, different
values, different lenses, different perceptions and opinions they have so, it is not the
individual biological characteristics that define their values.

But which culture they belong that matter, for somebody is eating with chopstick, is okay for
somebody it’s cultural shock because it is eating by fork or knife or for someone, it is like no
alcohol, you should not drink alcohol, for Muslims example or a foreign white-skinned
person is seen in a part of Sri Lanka or South India, this people are so surprised to see this
one.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:04)

704
So, because we have different perspective of human features so, Michael Thomson in 1978
and he was trying to say using this cultural pattern that it is not the cultural pattern that exists
and also this cultural pattern actually, through it defines that how people see the risk okay,
how people see the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:33)

And so, this is the cultural pattern we discussed about, one is very hierarchical then we have
egalitarian, everybody is equal and individualist and authoritarian right. Now, each one see
risk from different perspective, we will discuss this here okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:55)

For the individualist, they believe that nature is like no matter how much human disturb it, it
will; they can handle it, nature can handle it, it is super-powerful, so for your own well-being,
for your own achievement for your own success, you can utilize the nature as much as you

705
wish and okay, this myth of nature shows that there is no need for control or cooperations,
people are free to use the nature.

So, there is no risk exist, people can be left free to exploit nature, okay because this is a very
competitive society okay, everybody is free and their status is based on ascribe status.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:47)

In case of egalitarian which is kind of they see that actually the it’s very opposite of the
individualistic any, they think that that nature is very vulnerable, any little mistake nature will
come crashing down okay, like a ball balanced on a hill, if we just touch it, it will fall so, we
need lot of control, lot of control okay and cooperation is necessary to protect yourself from
that kind of threat okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:38)

706
So, we have to help each other to protect as our self from the threat of hazard; from the threat
of risk and then we have hierarchical okay, they believe that nature can be exploited freely
but there is certain rules, particular way they define there is a limit of it, okay because this
limit is put because they have a very strict authority so, the authorities or the higher people
those who have or the Kings or the top people they know how to do it.

So, they depends much so, expert can tell you what is right and what is wrong, the king can
tell you okay that what is right and what is wrong and you have to follow that extent so, it is
okay that you can exploit the nature but you cannot cross certain point, cross certain
boundaries okay, if you cross that one you are putting the nature at risk and on the other hand,
we have fatalists, there is no way to foresee how nature will react to any stimulus.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:52)

So, they don’t know what is the risk okay, it is protected or not so, there is no point in
fighting over how to manage it instead you should just try to roll with the punches so, you
should go on.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:58)

707
So, they are the most vulnerable so here, we look at the attitude of 2 risk; one is
individualistic, the fear risk that would limit the market and constraints their ability to trade
freely. Egalitarian; use the threat of catastrophic risk to generate solidarity, for example,
global warming. Hierarchists fear risk that would upset the ranking of people okay. For
example; crime or social deviance.

Fatalists; don’t see the point of fearing any risk, it’s not like they can do anything about them
so, we are talking about this that how one see different way of looking at the risk from their
cultural perspective so, it is not that risk is objective and his hazard dependent but it is more
that how people are culturally when oriented, how their perception values are met as we see
in each cases; individuals, egalitarian, hierarchists and fatalists.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:23)

708
This idea was then little further developed by Steve Rayner, he was talking about polythetic
concept of risk and that in generally, we consider risk is the probability of an adverse event
and the magnitude of his consequence right, something will happen, an adverse event will
happen and it has some consequences.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:46)

But he is arguing that risk is more than that risk actually a kind of perceptions, it varies from
one person to another, there is no one meaning, risk is more polythetic, so he got this
philosophical idea okay, from Wittgenstein, he is asking that to for you what is the meaning
of a game okay, for if you look at the game, you will not see something that is common to all
game.

For example, we have the game here; 3, 4 games, one is and the cricket and in the soccer and
the chess and solitaire okay so, in the first part they all consider to be a game but they have
very less similarities with each other for example, the cricket or soccers both are 11 players
play for each team so, they have some similarities but from the point of rules, aims and
strategies they are quite different.

On the other hand, they are completely different from chess or solitaire, in other sense that
chess and solitaire are quite similar because they both are played on board and they both are
not competitive as such okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:22)

709
So, there is a series of links that which connect soccer, cricket, chess and solitaire but there is
no single feature or that is enough or sufficient condition to call it as a game, right.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:40)

In all these system of concept of formation, items one end of the chain that constitute a
category need not to have any conditions in common with those at the other end that means,
that they all are in a sense and that they have some commonalities but and like they all are
goal-oriented okay but that is not only defining the characteristics of the game, game needs to
be more characteristics.

So one; so they have some similarities but they have also some differences so, one single
feature of anything is maybe sometimes necessary but not sufficient condition to define or to
call it as game, okay but similarly the public does not care much about the probabilities in

710
choosing between two course of action, he is arguing when the difference in probability are
as small as they are in most of the risk management decisions.

So, people don’t care when the probability is let’s say high probability and high magnitude,
there is no confusion, people say okay, I accept the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:02)

But in case of low probability okay, like radiation exposure, labels in medicine or permissible
level or possible carcinogens in cancer, these kind of low probability event of risk is very
unclear to the people so, what people will do the life, how they will consider it as an accepted
or not accepted.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:26)

711
So, he is offering that for that we can have a kind of model which is called TLC; trust,
liability and consent okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:38)

So, polythetic definition of risk is that probability and magnitude that is the traditional way of
looking at risk but that is not enough, we should add the TLC okay, this is the principle of
trust, liability and consent are themselves also, the subject when we define that what is risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:02)

(Refer Slide Time: 27:12)

712
Like, in case of nuclear power plant that if we want to tell people what should be done, we
should can consider this; this TLC concept okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:18)

So, that’s how the problem of the need for the plant, why it is necessary to have a nuclear
power plant, so that should be defined and agreed among the parties and who pass for the
plant, who will take the liability of it, if something happened, who will be benefited out of it
and who will take the benefit of it so, these should be considered when we are defining the
risk and the management of the technology.

So, trust is a very critical important point when we are talking about this kind of risk
management so, there are some informations, I giving and thank you very much.

713
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 31
Guidance to DRR

Welcome to the course; disaster recovery and build back better, my name is Ram Sateesh, I
am Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, we
are going to discuss about guidance to DRR; Disaster Risk Reduction so, here today in this
lecture what I tried to do is I tried to compile at least showcase, different kinds of manuals or
which is providing some guidance.

It could be a thumb rule guidance, it could be dos and don’ts, whatever you call it but it is
showing some guidance; guidance to what, guidance to whom and guidance to which context
so, when we say guidance to whom, this could be for the people who are working on the
shelter practices whether it is an architect, whether it is a civil engineer, whether; so basically
there is a group of built environment professions involved in the shelter recovery especially,
in the humanitarian context.

And the second aspect is; it is talking about certain principles of do's and don'ts, you know
what to do and what not to do which is better, it’s a very generic principles which is showing,
it is not specific to the site but it will actually show some guidance to people working either
on hilly areas or floodplain areas or an earthquake-prone area so, it is sometimes it is also
specific to a disaster.

So, this particular manuals earlier, they were too technical to work on it and but as the time
moved on, the visual aspect has improved quite a lot and because it has to reach to the
common man, the most of the target group population who were often affected by the
disasters, they are probably from the vulnerable areas especially, from the remote rural areas
where you hardly get any technical manpower.

So, how this kind of guidance can show and these manuals can show your direction for the
layman even to understand that what to do and what not to do and how to do, I will be
showing a few guidelines and which has been developed by different agencies and what are

714
the focus lights on and how they have tried to demonstrate and what is that they are trying to
give an information or to a guidance to the shelter makers.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:09)

Now, for example, this was an a kind of guidelines which have been developed for
earthquake resistant design and detailing and this has developed by ERC which is the
Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology,
this is where the IIIT in Gachibowli, Hyderabad have worked and they have also set up some
lab on it and they have worked on the simulations part of it.

And finally, they have concluded with various evidence-based analysis, they try to develop a
small manual about to you know, which gives the kind of thumb rules for example, how it
will inform the built environment professionals for instance, in architects or a civil engineer
who is constructing the housing. When we talk about very basic form of house compositions,
planning of a house or a dwelling here, we follow certain elements of architecture and we
follow certain principle; we apply the principles of okay.

And then we compose basically, what we try to do is we compose and in this composition
process what in terms of the earthquake nature is concerned so, they are recommending that
try to avoid the asymmetrical compositions in an earthquake-prone areas and because these
asymmetric buildings undergo torsion and extreme corners are subject to very large
earthquake forces.

715
So, obviously if you are talking about wings and keeping many officers in the building's
obviously, there is a tendency that you know, there will be tendency, that these corners can
break because most of the damages which we have noticed in the past earthquakes, they
mostly occur in the corners, so that is where they try to suggest, try to avoid the asymmetrical
buildings forms.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:17)

Some of the other guidelines, which they talk on the site selection you know, so when you are
constructing something for building try to avoid the sufficient away from the steep slopes
okay and also in many cases what they do is; when you are cutting down and filling the soil
especially, the filled up soil try not to make the foundations in this because that is going to
have an implication that you know, it might come down and the whole load will collapse,
there is a possibility that the building may collapse at the time of earthquake.

Because the forces it cannot be very much stabilized because of that fill soil and the shape of
the building, they also suggest that very slender building should be avoided so, they also talk
about the ratio, height and breadth should be less than four and also the inverted pendulum
type buildings are unstable so, they always go with a kind of pyramidal type so the load is
distributed and whereas, here it becomes difficult the more height you are going up, it
becomes difficult.

And there is also the wind movement, there is also the lateral forces which are actually
applied on to the whole structure and how it can resist for instance, in Hyderabad is called we
call as; nickname is a kind of Malkpet Bhuj, it’s a kind of tall tower which has been built in a

716
place called Malkpet and you can see that 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,. 9, 10 almost, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9 and with the ground floor G plus 9 floors and look at the volume of the building and look
at the height and breadth of the building whether, in and also look at what is on the adjacent
sides.

If some slight movement happens now, you can see that the next building is also coming on
the similar heights so now, when certain towers are not considering and they are not leaving
any setbacks and they are not leaving out any proportions you know how the proportions with
the height and breadth has to work and this is where despite of the building regulations on
what we have, the building bylaws, the permissible limits yes, he is going within that
permissible limit.

But is it really worth enough and whether it can resist that earthquake forces during the time
of an event so, these are all some mismatches between what the building by-laws permits and
what the earthquake guidance is telling so, there is a consensus, there should be a consensus
between the bylaws and as well as the structural measures which the guidance manual
suggests.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:23)

And similarly, when we say about the sudden change of lateral stiffness should be avoided
so, when you are talking about the you know, when we are improving the height so, you
should not you know increase it, so that the sudden change of this lateral stiffness because it
has to avoid this but otherwise, there is a chance of collapsing similarly, and the projections
and overhangs.

717
So, now just on the two stilts, the whole building has been collapsed so, this is very unstable
you know and so you need to have some kind of support system that is how in order to have
this kind of large overhangs and then you are keeping load over a load and it may collapse
that’s what it says, large overhangs and projects attract large earthquake forces.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:14)

Similarly, the separation of dissimilar buildings so, when you are talking about the two
different buildings at least, you need to; if it is a load-bearing structure, you should have
about 15 mm and if it is RCC frame, it should be have 20 mm and if it is a steel frame, it is
about 30 mm so, at least this much gap should be left because in order to avoid the collision
between these are dissimilar buildings and that should have a minimum gap.

Also, we should try to avoid the heavy mass at the top because normally, in the previous
building culture, what they do is they try to build the overhead tanks at a heavy volumes but
then during the movement you know that is where it can also give a load and it can also can
be a cause of that particular you know, when the movement is happening obviously, it can
bring instability in that whole structure.

So, that is why what the advice is you can have instead of a large tank, what you can do is
you can have a smaller tanks and the water distribution system could be connected, so that at
least on that note you will not get any load aspects into it also, these technical manuals also
talks about the even the type of reinforcement, the connection details you know so, for

718
example, they will talk about when we say the one feet beam or that is where the
reinforcement.

Basically, how even the stirrups, how the clear cover has to be done so, you know the stirrup
details will also have been given as guidance, how to mould them how to consider and what
to do and what not to do.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:02)

So, after the Tsunami, government of Tamil Nadu and with the help of Revenue
Administration Disaster Management and Mitigation Department, they have also developed
certain guidelines of reconstruction of houses affected by tsunami in Tamil Nadu. I will show
you a brief about what is there in the guidelines and like that, I will keep discussing about
various guidelines.

Now, they also talk about the you know, the cyclone zones; the wind and cyclone zones, for
instance, this is the most high damage risk zone which is more towards the Chennai and this
is the moderate and this is much more beyond the cyclone aspect but whereas, in the
earthquake if you look at it that is where this zone is more of an earthquake vulnerable zones.

Also, the hilly areas about the Nilgiris and a little bit of the Kanyakumari and the part of
Kerala, where the Western Ghats are also meeting at some point near Nagercoil and other
places so, these are developed so but one has to look at when you see these kind of maps,
they should not look that in an isolated manner, you have to also consider the multi hazard
prone aspect.

719
So, at the same district, it might be a cyclone like for instance, if you look at this, it is also a
cyclone-prone, it is also an earthquake hazard zone, so in that way, one has to look from that
perspective.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:34)

And similarly, they also talk about the CRZ regulations, the implication of the CRZ, which is
a coastal regulation zone implication like they talk about at least 500 meters from the shore
and plus 5 meters from the main sea level so, you know they also talk about because if you
don’t raise it, either you improve the height of the plinth of the building, so that if the water
comes there is a tsunami then or you raise the plinth, so that at least this will be taken care of.

And similarly, there is about the desirable conditions when you talk about building near a
ridge attracts high wind velocity but buildings and valley is protected from a high wind, I
think, in this case, I would also bring a counter aspect of it, it is also depends on where how
the make-up of the hill and the landscape is all about because even in sometimes, imagine if
you have an another hill that becomes a tunnel effect you know, so in that way the wind will
get channelled much fierceful.

So, no shielding from high wind due to absence of barrier because that is where you need to
talk about the landscape, you know, how we can promote the landscape, so that it can
actually reduce the velocity of wind and can have a control mechanism over there and as I
discussed you as an earlier report, which talks about the planning requirements of what kind
of plan forms, don’t make an asymmetrical plans.

720
And also, you know, don’t have too many offsets you know here, this is like too many, so
symmetrical but still it’s too many offsets in it but then either try to make more of a defined
shape because that is where you can even have a diagonal bracings, you can have some kind
of support system so, it will; it is at least bound to a; this plan should be square or
rectangular, if it is rectangular then you need to have a kind of intermediate support systems
into it.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:36)

Now, asymmetric buildings with empty pockets are more vulnerable to damage because don’t
leave these empty pockets, we tried to fill that and that is where these are more stable you
know, the symmetric buildings are more stable and also when we say about the row house
planning; the row house planning also creates wind tunnel effects because the moment your
house is one step to another, next to the shore and then it channels the wind and that is where
it can damage the edges of the walls or the corners.

So, that is where you can even you know, now even the zigzag planning avoid wind tunnel
effect right, so how actually, you can actually see about, how you can actually, give a little bit
of vastness and then reduce it so, the zigzag pattern as well can have some control, it depends
on how you are actually orienting it and similarly, the long phase of the building facing the
wind direction.

In fact, if you ever visit in the coastal villages of Tamil Nadu and the coastal areas; most of
the times your short phase is of the building is facing the wind direction and whereas, in

721
horizontal phase because that is where they have less number of openings and either that, if
they are facing that side and they will have less number of openings and otherwise, if they
mostly they orient so, the whole building pattern is like you have the seashore and you have
these.

So, the building's; the shorter side will face the seaside, so that is how they are oriented and
similarly, in terms of the; this particular manuals also talk about the quality control. In terms
of quality control, it is also talks about the material, what are the ratios we have to include.
So, when we say about do not use cement and sand to be less than 1.6 okay, 1:6, so for 1
cement and 6 part of the sand.

So, you should not make use of the combination of this mortar not less than 1:6, either it is
recommended to use 1 sand, 1 cement and 6 sand or 1 lime with 3 sand or 1 cement, 3 lime
and 9 sand, so this is a kind of mortar mixes which normally guidelines do recommend and at
the end of the day, all these are coming from the proper IS code but these are only a thumb
rules.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:15)

And many of these manuals, when they are published in English, it becomes very hard how a
local mason can understand it, so that is where a recent efforts have been done by architect
Benny Kuriakose after the recent Kerala floods. So, what he did was he developed a manual
for retrofitting and flood resilient design for flood-affected areas in Kerala. So, the
Malayalam version is already printed and the English version is on the process.

722
But still, I could show you some images of what his work and it was very diagrammatic and
really illustrative work. He looks into the before coming into the solutions, he actually
explains the situation of how the causes you know, this is a very important aspect of
developing any guidance, so one has to understand the consequences of these disasters and
especially, what are the causes; root causes for it.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:21)

And whether it is the form of orientation, whether it is the type of construction, whether it is a
citing out you know, so this all for instance, here, you have these normal setup where you
have the river level and all of them have built on the top, on the mountains and then the
average flood level in case, it might have reached here but then because, after the
construction of dams, people started construction near the riverbeds, they change.

Because they know, that the water is not coming very frequently, that is how they started
coming down and they even started you know, constructing the houses near the riverbeds, so
that is where you can see that in 2018, the Kerala flood have almost submerged 3/4th of the
houses even on the top but even after the flood process still certain because you see that when
this kind of images have formed, even after the this low-lying areas are still leftover with the
water and that is what creating some endemic and epidemic diseases which are spreading.

And that is even much bigger disaster okay, so it takes so much time and also there are the
water has stayed back even after you know because even after the flood and even after the
rescue process still in being the same story in Kashmir, the water has stayed back and
because the main issue is lack of proper drainage systems, the Chennai floods it is the same

723
because that is where the planning situation, the service infrastructure orientation has to be
addressed.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:02)

Then, when the water keeps coming into these areas obviously, there is also an aspect of;
there is a difference in water levels for instance, the amount of water it enters and the amount
of water outside, this is almost 8 cars, you know the load which is coming of the 8 cars worth
of load which is pushing this wall and this difference in water level you know creates the
pressure on the wall you know, this difference is creating the pressure.

And that is how there is a major scope that this wall might collapse right because there is two
forces; one is a smaller force, one is a bigger force and it is pushing, it’s almost about 8 cars
and then obviously, that balance is missing and even the water so, it takes out the topsoils, the
moment the topsoils are going out because the foundation we are talking about maybe a 1000
mm.

And obviously, this can loosen and this can change the soil conditions and movement
beneath, so in that way, there is a possibility that these houses may collapse, so that is what
we have seen in those videos.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:09)

724
Also, the velocity of the flood water because the moment you are keeping the same thing
what the other manual of the tsunami is talking, the moment you are making these row
houses like this that is where this is going to create the pressure you know, intensify because
that is where the it’s a kind of bottleneck process so, the water and then it affects this whole
damaged process both the walls and also it can affect the foundations.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:38)

So, these are a few glimpses of the reasons but there are many other which he have explained
in this manual and in fact, how to retrofit these things because there are some solutions not
only the causes for these aspects but you also have to talk about the solutions so, for instance
when we say about solutions, how to retrofit it, what are the techniques one can use.

725
For example, in architecture we might have studied shoring and you might have studied about
raking shores and you might have studied about underpinning so, these are various techniques
which we learn from our architecture building construction subject but then this is one, where
you really apply it because this is where, in order to protect this wall and during the
restoration process, you need to apply these shores.

So, that you need to give a kind of temporary support until the restoration is done or
retrofitting is done. Now, there are different ways of; he explains different scales of these
cracks for instance, if it is a smaller crack what to do is; we making a V groove and removal
of loose particles, then insertion of stone chips, so there is a Gelatin technique sort of thing,
you keep the stone chips and then, then fixing a chicken wire mesh all along and then filling
with the mortar and non-shrinkable cement grout.

So, in that way curing it for 15 days, the curing is most important part you know, everyone
ignores this curing part, it is only not just only the plaster part of it so, these are some few
techniques which he comes up with you know how to retrofit these things.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:27)

And then till now, we have spoken about we have discussed our discussion about the giving
the manuals and guidance from a very disaster focus, whether it is an earthquake focus,
whether it is a tsunami focused and it is a flood focused but in Benny Kuriakose, we have
observed that these are being translated in the local language which and illustrated more in a
diagrammatic manner explaining the cause and the reason for it and the impact of it.

726
So, there is a issue, there is a cause and there is an impact and as a result of this, how we can
deal with this as a solution you know, what are the very different ways we can deal, so that is
how these manuals have been framed but then when we talk about the manuals or the
guidance yes, we do understand the show a broader picture of it but then, what about whether
it is a State Government of Tamil Nadu whether it is engineering structures GSD, MA where
is a Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority which have issued some manuals for
retrofitting the buildings or reconstruction.

But the state; whole state is very diverse, it has its own regions, it has his own unique
geological and geographical and topographical conditions, it has unique landscape; is a very
diverse landscape, if you take Gujarat state, you have the desert part of it; you have the Banni
grasslands part of it. Similarly, in Tamil Nadu you have the coastal Tamil Nadu; you have the
Nilgiris, as a mountainous place.

So, one has to understand that each state is been sub-categorized by different cultural
geographies, which is not only the geography but they also vary with the cultures, the
moment culture comes into it, it can talk, it is reflected in the building practices whether it is
a type of construction, whether it is an alignment of a house, whether it is the dwelling
typology and their belief systems.

So, that is where and there has been an effort by the Ministry of Rural Development and
Government of India where they have issued a compendium of rural housing typologies of 13
states, this is called Prakriti Hunar Lokvidya under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin
scheme, this has been compiled as a kind of compendium of different rural housing
technologies.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:06)

727
And UNDP and CBRI and IIT Delhi and they have all been partners of technical institutions,
they have already covered Assam, Chhattisgarh, Himachal, Jharkhand, Manipur Orissa,
Rajasthan, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal so, I will just show you, I will not show you
everything but I will show you one state how there; what is the pattern they have try to
addressed.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:25)

First of all, the design of the manual itself is the important thing when you are developing a
guidance, for example, this is a zone A, this is how the coding is worked so now, it says UPA
01, UP is Uttar Pradesh, A is what is the zone and within the zone, you might have 2, 3
typologies, so that is where the typology number. So, for example when you say, the state
name and then zone; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, like that.

728
So, this could be done by ABCDE zone and then within the zone, you have 1, 2, 3, 4
typology, this is how it has been organized and how one can read this document.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:07)

I will show you one example of it, for example, you take the Assam state where you have the
zone A is here and the zone B okay and the zone C which is towards the Bangladesh and the
Manipur side of it and you have the zone D and zone E, so this is how and they are all
classified by vulnerability to natural hazards, physiographic and access to building materials
and the cultural compatibility.

So, here, they have even described what actually this zone A comprises of in the high
vulnerability especially to floods and what kind of floods they are talking about, what kind of
riverbank erosions, they are talking about and you know, it is also talking about what kind of
elevations and the forest cover, so that’s how the descriptions of each zone has been given.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:05)

729
Then in the zone A, where we talk about, here, this is the zone A and it is based on the high
vulnerability and medium vulnerability cyclonic storms and mostly, low vulnerability
riverbank erosion, so here, this particular typology, this is a typology of a house where they
try to document it and this response to brick masonry houses with three-inch walls which are
most common.

And because it is an effort how one can validate these rural housing typology which are
already existing you know, so how structurally one can validate how, so that earlier whatever
the rural technology exists, they try to ignore it and they try to give their own uniform and
standardized solution but this is an effort, how we can bring that local character still and how
we can validate those techniques.

Now, it says about the plinth; the high plinth design and a sloped roof, it also talks about the
foundations and the wall, wall finish, plain roof structure and the floor and it’s all talking
about the recommended specifications of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:20)

730
Then, a typical dwelling unit like this is a zero-one, this is one typology and you can even
think about you know, the how the basic dimensions, which are existing and how one can
actually understand that 6 foot 3 inches because the span between 6 foot 3 inches and that is
how a framed structure could be also thought of and here, you can see the half brick wall in
cement mortar is 1:4.

And whereas, if it is a brick pier; 10 inches by 10 inches brick pier and for each this is a 6
feet 3 inches span you are getting and also 3 inch diameter, bamboo post embedded in
concrete slab so, basically, you have the concrete and then this is a bamboo post which has
been embedded with it that acts like a reinforcement so, this is a basic understanding of the
plan forms of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:16)

731
And then, it goes back to the heights and you know, the material components in it so, how the
wooden purlins works, how the collar beam works you know so, how the brick foundations
you know, how they have to so, it gives the more technical details of how one can construct
in this format.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:36)

Then, comes to the cost estimate, you know the cost estimate for zone A, design one so, when
we talk about cost estimate, it covers excavation, brick soiling, PCC, brickwork foundation,
brickwork about plinth, concrete, what is the ratio we are talking about 1:1.5:3 always it’s a
multiple of the aggregates and the reinforcement steel truss and then GCI sheet and door,
window cement and plaster.

So, in that way they have been composed with you know how much it is going to cost per
room, kitchen, veranda and total is this much and how do they calculate it, when you talk
about this is where the integration of quantity, pricing and specification will come into the
picture also, one will have to understand the labour rates of that region, if it is a Delhi area
you have to talk about the list analysis of rates you know, DSRs.

And if it is a CPWD agency, then you have to analyse, that at least there are different ways
how one can get these rates, whether it is a labour rate, whether it is a material rate, whether it
is a steel rate, if it is one ton how much steel it is working, it is brickwork how much
brickwork is costing and for this amount of brickwork, how much labour is worked out so
this whole thing is a kind of a cost break up.

732
So that at the end you are able to come up with some kind of guidance from 1 lakh 64,000
one is able to get this kind of house, right so, in that way, this is giving you a detailed version
of what to do and how we can bring these rural typologies into the mainstream practice.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:22)

Similarly, there are efforts in Pakistan in countries like Pakistan, there have been a guidebook
for technicians and artisans, they call it as artisans. Like in India, also in Himachal and as
well as in Uttarakhand, we have the Dhajji wall constructions where it can go of the one and
two storey earthquake-resistant houses, where you have the timber frames and the embedded
whether it is a stone embedded, whether it is cobbles or pebbles, whether is a flint filling it
so, they have developed the technical manuals of doing this Dhajji constructions.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:48)

733
And also, the retaining walls if you are constructing in these hilly areas, what are the methods
one has to approach in constructing the retaining walls and especially how, what are the
principles we apply in subdividing these Dhajji wall constructions because there is a timber
studs and which are embedded within the stone gabions sort of thing or it could be mud-
plastered as well.

So, this is where they even talk about the nail sizes, they even talk about the spacings to it
you know and now, here 1 inch by 4 inch you know, there even talking about the length of
studs, the dimensions of the studs, the volume of the squares you know now, some of the
technical details which has been given some guidance to these local carpenters or the artisans
who are going to work on these Dhajji wall constructions.

So, I mean this is a brief about these manuals of course, there are many manuals in different,
different languages but I try to show you from the Indian context and probably Pakistan I
covered so, this is good enough for an architects to look into some kind of thumb rules for a
low-cost housing as well and one has to understand that giving it in the local language, how
this particular technical information can reach to the common man and the layman to
understand it, is one of the important objective of these manuals.

I hope you are familiar with these manuals now and the guidance, thank you very much.

734
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 32
Self-Help Housing in Turkey

Welcome to the course; disaster recovery and build back better, my name is Ram Sateesh, I
am an Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of
Technology, Roorkee. Today, I am going to talk about self-help housing in Turkey in fact,
this particular lecture has been composed based on the understanding from one of the chapter
which is composed by Hassan and Cassidy Johnson inbuilt back better, which was edited by
Michael Leone and Theo Schilderman and Camillo Boano.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:00)

So, this is a focus on a particular geographical aspect in the Turkey and as many of you know
that Turkey is prone to earthquake; frequent earthquakes and certain part of Turkey is lying
on the fault line, so that is wherein we are going to discuss about how the reconstruction
mechanisms have worked out especially, in the self-help housing aspect. So, the authors
brought the 1999 Marmara earthquake Turkey.

And follow opponent which have been affected in consequences as an after effects and what
you can see here is a huge devastation of this 7.4 Richter scale earthquake which has killed
almost 17,480 people. So, when an earthquake hits, loss of property damage and you know
huge infrastructure damage that is what one can witness.

735
(Refer Slide Time: 02:10)

If you look at the chronological aspects of the major earthquakes in the Turkey since 1970,
starting from Gediz which is about 7.2 Richter scales and then we are again getting in 1992;
1999 in about 7.2 Richter scale and you can see the damage of heavily damaged houses are
about 15,000 and in Kocaeli earthquake, same August 17 and November say that from here in
the same 1998, 1999 is a continuously, this Adana region and as Kocaeli and Duzce
provinces have been affected.

And a huge damage you can see that 50,000 houses were damaged and 15,000 and almost
655,000 became homeless so, this is the kind of data which we get.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:10)

736
In Turkey, we have; they also have a disaster law; law number 7 states that the central
government, it should be responsible for the management of post-disaster activities and
basically, they have to delegates this particular authority with, they call it as kaymakam in the
provincial governors in the affected region. So and under this law, there are 2 categories
which they looked.

One is the emergency aid, immediately after the effect of disaster like, it could involve short-
term recovery, the relief activities and the provision of temporary shelters which is a part of
the rehabilitation and also some kind of temporary housing, these are the activities which
looked into under this category. The second aspect is the building construction; in the
building construction which looks at the permanent or the long-term housing reconstruction
and the strengthening and retrofitting of the damaged buildings.

And also some key decisions of whether to relocate whether in situ process so, this is how
these are the two categories which the central government looks at.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:21)

And then based upon the damage assessment, who will be eligible to get a new house. So,
this law states that they have established a criteria, one is being a homeowner both legal and
illegal constructions can qualify, let’s say when informal settlements have been destroyed
then obviously if it is a tenured or a non-tenured so, they were still be eligible for it. Houses
should be badly damaged or collapse.

737
So, the intensity of the damage is also considered, the owner is capable of meeting the
repayment terms over 20 years for instance, if he is going for a permanent reconstruction and
if it is through a kind of public-private partnerships or to a loan or credit facilities so, how
you can also establish certain housing schemes, so that he can pay instalments and 20 years
or so that they will also see that capability.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:22)

And especially, due to this major devastation in1999, this particular law has been amended,
somewhere around 2000 and this is where that only homeowners in rural areas who live in
outside the municipal boundaries would still qualify for state assistance, so which means, so
on a central level in collaboration with the state how they actually also considered the
homeowners living in the rural areas.

So, here where the municipal and building construction supervision exists need to be insured,
so, whatever the houses in the urban areas and which are under the perusal of the municipal
supervision need to be insured so, the insurance policies also have started drafted and then
this is under the Turkish catastrophic insurance pool, so that they can receive the
compensation.

So, in that way the insurance; idea of insurance so, one can invest from the housing insurance
especially, for the disaster act and so that they can receive some compensation to build a new
one or to retrofit that building, so that is how this particular policy have thought about.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:38)

738
And most common aspect in Turkey, what we see is the relocation and that how one can take
a decision on this relocation, one of the important three criteria they looked at one is; when
the old location is at risk for the future disaster imagine, if that particular old location is prone
or it is located on exactly on the fault line or is it in a vulnerable place, so that is where we
located.

And then when the old location is completely destroyed, if it is already and therefore to
remove the debris and rebuild on the same site will take too much of time, imagine it is a
huge property and you destroyed, it obviously may take 6, 7 months to take the whole debris
so, in that case, that is where they can look for a relocation, so that they can temporarily be
located.

Or, when there is a chance to relocate to land owned by the government and this is very
common and because this is mostly preferred, so that the government need not pay for the
buying the land so, this is what they look for the existing government lands, so that if there is
a land available for the relocation purpose, if it is a government land they are obviously
prefer for that.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:07)

739
In turkey, there are 2 different methods of procurement; one is mass housing and the self-help
housing, let’s discuss about what a mass housing talks about. In this process, the government
acquires land and here it is Ministry of Public Works and Services also, the minister now, it
has been renamed; Minister of Environment and Urban Planning also provides design
specifications and also the cost estimations.

And these locations are determined by availability of land and safety, in terms of earthquake
risk, it is a terrain area, is a what kind of geological conditions to exist so, basically the
surveyors provide the information and that is how they decide on these mass development
projects, so that is where a contract I mean, if contractors in this, they directly deliver the
housing.

In self-help housing, where families are involved in the reconstruction on their own land that
is one way or in a relocated villages, so there are different facilities like one is they call EYY
and it’s about kind of loan facility also, the families use the government credits to buy a
furnished house so, they take a loan and they purchase and similarly, the house designs, as
well as the technical and management assistants, are usually available from the government.

Because the government provides them how to build and what kind of structural guidelines
they have to follow and they disperse, they set up different stages of construction and they
say at this plinth level, this is what we deliver you the money and this is a sill level this is
what we deliver you, this part of the amount and this is the completion of the slab, this is the
amount, so then that way they distributed by the stages and in the percentage basis.

740
And also, a building contractor would may be hired by the Ministry of Public Works and
services who manages the construction on behalf of the owner, so that is process.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:05)

Whereas, in mass housing approach, there are many issues; one is these projects are mainly
developed with a general data and because they only talk about yes, this many houses have
been collapse and this many some households has to be relocated, they don’t give much
regard to the local situation, what kind of environment it is, what kind of the you know the
situation of the community, what kind of livelihood they are related to, is it going to affect
something of their livelihood, it is going to affect the children's school environment?

So that is one aspect, the second aspect is allocation process so, the houses are distributed by
lottery method like number 56, this is your house, number 52 this is; so despite of what kind
of settlement it was existed, what kind of neighbourhood fabric it was existed, it is all
completely taken out due to the lottery approach. So, here, which actually breaks the social
bondages because who was living in the old settlement and now, they may live with some
other group, they may end up with completely different community.

And that also have a little adjustment process you know, that takes some friction between
different strangers and for some people it is good but for some people it takes a long time and
who have a different religious and lifestyles, it also disregards the preferences and needs and
priorities of the affected communities because they are not consulted in the project planning
process.

741
Just imagine some woman have died or I mean, some woman is left alone with her children
and if a husband was died in an earthquake, if he was a businessman and his business was
lost so, what happens to the woman so, which means a situation have changed from before
disaster to the post-disaster, so they will not take an account what kind of support she needs,
she needs an external family support in the nearby vicinity areas or she needs a good safe
neighbourhood.

She need how to run her livelihood so, all these aspects are not given priority because they
never consulted, the design of the houses does not facilitate socialize outside which leads you
know because most of these either go for an apartment models which is three to four levels,
which they have to go with the staircases, so earlier, they might have lived in a different
setup, so that socialization process also gradually weakens.

And the payments for these houses often they are too high and especially, for the people you
know, they are not able to afford, so that is where it was since the conditions of the poverty
because they have to end up paying some extra instalments and they also have to pay it from
maintenance bills, individual maintenance bills so, they all add up to a big sum of money.

Though the housing units cause the same amount but the value differs depending on the
proximity of transport links imagine, if we are developing 2, 3 different clusters let’s say one
cluster is very close to the highway, the road network and the other two are much interior
depending on the land availability so obviously, it value differs so, the person who got a
benefit of getting near the road network or the transport facility or a railway station or a
metro corridor, so it will be his value; his property value is more higher than the one who was
staying in the interiors.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:06)

742
When we assess the self-help housing reconstruction method, we see that in Turkey first of
all the central government which these ministries and the general director of disaster affairs
and with the local governor of the state level, they look at the 3 different options. One is give
them the cash credits, direct financial credits to the homeowner, so what they can do is; they
can purchase a new house from the property developer wherein the second aspect, we have
the provide technical support plus stage by stage you give some certain payments on
construction; to completion of the construction that is delivered to the homeowner.

And he again relies on the either a beneficiary managed construction or it could be he relies
on the designers of the building contractors who hire, so in that way, that is another process.
Whereas in option 3, it is completely a government-managed construction so, in this, they
rely on the contractor, so agency driven process and they finish the house and they deliver it
to the homeowner so, this is how the self-house mechanism has been conceptualized.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:22)

743
And even in this process, there are so especially, in the housing process especially, in after
the 2000 Cankiri earthquake, there are also some other shortcomings; one is the house
designs offered by the government have very little regard to local rural living styles and while
families can choose to use their own design, this entails hiring an architect which the owner
must pay for in manage themselves.

So, even though the family is getting an option to choose their own design but he has to pay
for the architect or the contractor and here, in this process, though the government is ready to
give them a training or provide guidance on how to build a technical support, so but it takes a
long time to educate the owners about earthquake-safe constructions and design because it
depends on their literacy levels, depends on the social and cooperation, how they come in
negotiation.

I mean in contact with the government also, they need to know some the managerial
techniques of how they can manage the projects themselves and in many cases, it has been
noted that contractors run away with some basic deposits and maybe having a small verbal
agreements with the owners and they run away so, in that way the whole project leave left
incomplete.

And there is no involvement of owners in important decisions whether to relocate or where to

relocate and what kind of input especially, in this process, so that is one of the important
things.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:21)

744
In Duzce province after the 1999 earthquake, you can see that in the centres and villages and
the district we have the statistical you know, the damage statistics is in providing this table
and the house is constructed through the central government financial support, one is the
government mass housing process which is about 8004 who is qualified for this; owner of
badly damaged or a collapsed house?

Self-help similarly, it was almost less than half percentage that is where owner of badly
damaged or collapsed house. Whereas, the repair and retrofitting process of 4874 which is
about owner of semi damaged house, which means it is possible for the reconstruction.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:10)

745
So, this is where the turkey realized the sense of the self-approved, self-help development
process and that is where the new approaches, the new partnerships has been developed, this
is what we are going to discuss about 3 in different cases and in the Duzce province.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:31)

If you look at the whole process, in the disaster acts or whatever they has been, it is mainly
focus on whether someone owns something and whether it is lost and so that he can be
compensated whether in the form of insurance, whether in the form of; then what about a
renter; you know he was not having a house and he was completely ignored, so that is where
one has to look at how these neglected groups who are basically the renting community.

And how they are not to be considered, so that is where in Turkey, there have been some
efforts why various agencies have come forward that yes, we also need to take care of these
not only the house owners who lost the house but what about 7, 8 tenants or 20 tenants who
are living in that apartment, so what about them, who becomes homeless. So, the three case
studies which we will be discussing now.

One is the Beyciler which is in the Duzce centre, it’s the row house about 168 houses are
delivered, here there is a international NGO along with the partnership with the local
government, the solidarity housing project in Golyaka which is a detached house about 57
houses here, the international and national NGO plus community plus universities, the
UMCOR Duzce peri-urban areas which is a detached house about 220 houses.

746
Here, an international NGO plus the community so, this is the three compositions of the self-
help housing process which we will be discussing further.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:25)

In the first case, Duzce, Beyciler houses, social housing project, the international blue
crescent entered into a cooperation of the municipality of the Duzce and encouraged the
Catholic Relief Services to donate about a huge sum of amount to realize a project of 168
houses and a community centre for disadvantaged families, who were not qualified in the
government schemes.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:56)

So, this is where they focused on these small actors you know, in the whole project
management here, what they did was on one side, the local government is looking at the land

747
support and the land allocation and the international support is looking at the Catholic Relief
Services financial support and they are looking at the permanent houses of reconstruction.

And university of the Sakarya University is providing a technical support to develop the
location plans, architectural and structural and also the feasibility studies whereas, a local
NGO has been established for after the project for long term development and also who also
can look at the maintenance process of it so, this is where the communities have actually
participated in this process.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:41)

And even in this process, what happened is important some of the criticisms have observed,
families were largely absent from the important decision making of the project, apart from
what job they would do in construction and how to finish their house so, this is one of the
important because they may come from a different livelihood background, so in fact, in this
whole process, they couldn’t see much of the public participation.

Because they need to get the technical training and they are not may not be aware of it and
the second aspect is this project was only conceived for 168 houses but about 1377 who have
applied to be part of the project, see in this process; in the whole process, when you are
looking at delivered this kind of project for with the small actors who are the rental group,
how will you decide on the number of stakeholders.

So that is where they started with them, they invited all these beneficiary groups to come
forward to fill the application forms so, starting from the economic; the lower economic

748
background and their existing situations and that is how the priority has been given and that’s
the identified, only 168, so what about the others, out of 1300 odd have applied and who are
non-owners and these, they are not complied with these central government or the state
government schemes.

And also a Residents Association Beyder was started by the beneficiaries to see the
managerial and financial responsibilities of the settlement, in the long run, aspect but then
still they need the sustained input over the long term to help maintain the organization of the
community and this has actually you know, why it’s not only a delivery but one has to look at
the long-term input, how this could be sustained.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:50)

(Refer Slide Time: 24:00)

749
The second case; Duzce Golyaka solidarity houses project here, the Imece Evleri Projesi
which is a solidarity houses project, it was constructed by the association of volunteers for
solidarity AVS and within partnership in Gelderland Aid of Turkey Organization which has
collected money from Turkish people living in province of, so they have people who are
living in overseas, they have collected certain funds.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:22)

And they have partnership with the housing scheme and here, that they have established
certain kind of memorandum of understanding with the head of the village; each village and
also by the mayor of Golyaka. First of all, the site of the project it was decided that the
houses will be built in the same village boundaries as the demolished houses that is number 1.

And the method of construction, that the villages would take an active part in the construction
so, here what happened was the villagers they also said that at least each family one person
has to be part of it, the part of the construction process and management of the fund, the
credits given by the government and those from the donations would be managed by the
shared fund administration of one representative from the villager AVS and the Gelderland
delegation and the governorship so, there is a group of one from the community, one from the
funding agency, one from the international NGO sponsor and the local governments.

So, they are all looking at the shared fund management process also, the process of decision
making all the residents taking part in this project will be represented on equal terms and the
supervision which the Ministry of public worker has to offer an independent control

750
committee would be assembled from the representatives of the chambers of engineers and
architects.

So, here, what one can look at it is; like here they channelled into subgroups, each family is
going to contribute one person for the reconstruction that way, one village will form certain
committees and then in that whole process, you can see that village leaders in collaboration
with international NGO and the national NGO and as the government, the Ministry of Public
Works and Services who also looked at the financial process of it, the shared administrative
aspect.

So, here the this is also looked from both the ends and here, the stakeholders where the
universities, the Mimar Sinan University, the oldest university in Turkey who also provided
various technical inputs to the housing project also, the project professionals, architects and
engineers and on other side you have the chamber of Turkish engineers and architects, so in
that way, the village teams again they are part of this housing construction process.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:55)

So, if you look at the they have two stages of houses which has been developed, the first
stage which you see the red dot and the second stage so, this is a kind of social map and you
can see the villagers are also engaged in the construction activities so, because it has built
self-reliance when they are building their own home so, during this process they were living
in the temporary shelters and it has given them some kind of confidence like some of the
plans of the stage 1 and stage 2.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:33)

751
(Refer Slide Time: 27:37)

And the completed houses is how they look like and here, whatever the voluntary services
have initiated a model, where how do the users can participate and they have decided these
three reasons; one is the users could observe every aspect of the construction, thus
guaranteeing the reliability of the structure and safety, so that they need to observe every
aspect of the construction.

It reduce the cost of each house and then increase the number of houses that could be
produced through the project, so because you are participating in the labour initially, what
they did was they brought the skilled labour and then gradually the training has been
supported through the local communities and then they started realizing how it is built and
that’s where some of the villagers could be trained in construction skills.

752
So that, they can gradually get on into the construction industry so that it could also open a
gateway for the employment process.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:43)

(Refer Slide Time: 28:48)

In the third case, Duzce UMCOR houses here, the United Methodist Committee on relief of
Turkey was engaged in earthquake-resistant permanent housing and it has provided for about
220 vulnerable families and here, it has mostly focused on the female-headed households and
the elderly and the disabled and the families with a large number of dependents within the
communities.

753
So, it has a very definite focus on it, in the earlier case, even they have designated the role of
different actors like imagine, old man so, he can be acting as a supervision or he can act like a
watchman and young boys they can become given a different tasks similarly, a female they
can be doing, so in that way different groups have got designated, have been engaged in
different aspects.

Someone preparing the food, you know in that way, the whole process has been understood
and they cooperated with each other and families, who did not have any access to land and
they required some kind of only technical assistance and material contributions because may
that they have a land and also they don’t have an access and also required technical
assistance.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:18)

So, those who have a land but require still some technical assistance to construct their house,
so here, what they have used they even gone back to the vernacular housing methodologies
and they adopted the local traditional technologies, which were even used in Ottoman times
and they have started developing a detached housing projects. So, in this process, the material
aspect is more focused and also the community engagement is also when they are; it’s very
much active.

And here, they are focusing on particular vulnerable groups especially, the female-headed
families or families with a large household size you know, that is how disabled so, this is how
we learnt about three different modes of the self-help housing reconstruction. At the end,
what we have to understand is even within this process, the government act or the

754
government will is not the state will is not focusing on the needy, that is one thing would
have to primarily understand.

So, this is where different partnerships work and work actually together to provide facility for
these small actors like I would like to conclude this lecture with a small story, I think every
one of you know, the hare and tortoise story. Once the hare and tortoise kept a race; a mild
race and hard tortoise was walking down very slowly and then it has just walking very slowly
and the hare almost about to reach and she thought okay, I will sleep for some time.

By the time, the hare was awake, tortoise have crossed the milestone, in the second time, hare
realized that it is this time I should not sleep, so then it has make sure then the hare won this
time, the third aspect this time the water; the race was in water but now hare didn’t swim but
the tortoise swam and she crossed the target. Now, in fourth aspect tortoise and hare came to
an understanding, the hare sat on the tortoise and they reached a milestone together.

So, here what I mean to say is the partnership between various agencies can bring together
and can actually enhance the owner-driven practices also, the agency driven practices this is
where the participation is required and the cooperation is required. I hope you understand
about the importance of the self-help housing reconstruction in Turkey, thank you very much.

755
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 33
The Production of Refugee Place in Time: Case of Tibetan Refugees

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh; I
am working as an assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT
Roorkee. Today, we are going to discuss about the production of refugee place in time in the
case of Tibetan refugees. In fact, this work is actually has been supervised a joint supervision
with myself and as well as Dr Soren Schobel from Tu Munich.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:05)

And this has been executed by the student, a postgraduate student and as a part of her
master's dissertation and as well as a thesis. So, this is the title production of refugee plays in
time the case of Tibetan refugees which has been developed by my student Indu Shaji and
this particular piece of work has also been presented at London Center for interdisciplinary
research as a paper.

So, today I am going to give you an overview of how Indu’s journey has taken up in this
particular investigation and also the kind of wide variety of case studies she looked at not
only from India as a part of DAAD scholar, she also executed some more case studies in
Germany and in European continent and how as a collective understanding, how the refugee

756
displacements can actually produce, plays and how they eventually get transformed with time
and what kind of meanings are developed by the communities in varied context.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:34)

Coming to the refugee scenario, we have about the statistics talk about 68.5 million which
have been forcibly displayed worldwide as a result of conflict or as a political turmoil as a
result of persecution or any kind of generalized violence and this is all we are having the
statistics, as per the UNHCR’s mandate 19.9 million refugees and out of which 5.4 million
Palestine refugees and UNRWA’s mandate and the 40 million internally displaced people and
31 million asylum seekers.

Coming to this is a global scenario and in India, we have about nearly 209234 people of the
concern out of which we have about 52% more than half of the refugees in India are Tibetans
which is about 1,10,000, I am sorry this is 209234. Now, when we talk about the refugee, the
context of a refugee and his or her settlement process, so we have two questions.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:46)

757
One is an assimilation process and with the multiculturalism, you know, whether it is a
segregation or an integration part of it because a refugee or an asylum who is coming from a
different cultural context, different political context, different development context and
different social context and he tried to get accommodation in a different context. It is
completely different from the host aspect of it.

And how one can, in that process how one gets segregated and also how gets one integrated is
the biggest question. So, as per the UNHCR, it talks about the voluntary repatriation, the
local integration and the local resettlement. So, you know, out of all these segregation and
integration models which strategy is the best.

And how it differs in different cultural context and a lot of organizations working with the
refugees are working on this option of how we can better integrate and reduce the conflicts in
the host and as well as from the humanitarian point of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:02)

758
So, in this work, Indu have adopted Lefebvre’s theory of production of space because this is
one of the sociological component where Lefebvre, Henri Lefebvre talked about 3 different
ontological positions of place, how it gets transformed. So, the first aspect, when he talks
about the perceived space, which is the space which has been produced by the spatial practice
of all the users of a space.

So, you can talk about whether it is a vernacular process of it, whether it is a habitable
process of how you know, perceived space because there is some kind of attachment to it
whereas, the conceived space, it a space produced by the visionaries. Whether it is a planners
or the political decision-makers or it is based on the knowledge on ideologies of the
visionaries. How they want to perceive this place, how they want to conceive this place.

The third aspect, which is talking about the lived space as the people tend to live at a
particular place that is where an invisible degree of people's attachment to a certain place. So,
they develop certain emotional attachment to a place, they develop a sense of belonging to it
so where, you know, the habit in the habitat how it is reflected in the form of their belief
systems, how their daily behaviours, their understanding of the place, their eligible concerns.
All will put together in a form of a lived space.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:41)

759
And this particular theory of production of space has been widely used from different
researchers varying from sociologists, planners, urban designers and even the people working
in the housing segment so they have adopted this particular theory. So, here because we are
talking about the refugee context under displacement where the whole context has been
reversed out and how it is programmed in time and how it has been manifested, how it has
been shaped and reshaped.

So, that is where we thought this theory is most useful to understand this. Where, we have the
actual theory about he talks about the absolute space which is where, the perceived space,
where there is a vernacular context and then which is followed up with the conceived and the
living processes which makes as an absolute space. In the abstract space, you know, that is
where the conceived space takes over it.

And the visionaries and their ideologies you know, direct the whole program out of it and that
is where but whereas, in the differential space when the time moves on and then how
different priorities and different conflict setups are adapted and how a differential space is
produced that along with background of your home attachments and as well as the present
context, the lived space responds to it.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:11)

760
So, as a part of the DAAD scholarship, she also got an exchange program in Tu Munich and
she have visited some of the cases of the displacement cases in the Germany as well and Paris
and where she visited all these in Hamburg, Paris, Jaffna.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:32)

So, I will briefly go through each of these scales very quickly. The little Jaffna in Paris, so the
moment we talk about the Paris, we think of a very planned development and our expectation
of a place identity if it looks like this.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:51)

761
But the little Jaffna where the reality is this, it is looking like any other supermarket, bazaar
or a bazaar in an Indian context where you have the hoardings, where you have the localized
products, which is suitable for that particular community needs.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:12)

And even the festivals, the rituals, you know the religious belonging is also brought in a
foreign place.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:23)

762
In terms of how it is reflected in the buildings or the built forms, we think about the temples
in Tamil Nadu which we call the kovils.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:37)

But how they are reflected back in a foreign context, so the facades have been manifested in
such a way, that they reflect the identity of the religious identity of that particular community
and what you can see is so by looking it the facade so obviously, there are certain control
regulations of heights and the street friends in the Paris context but then still considering
those how they have tried to fit with this with a setting of their own sense of belonging and
similarly, with the temple Ganesh.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:11)

763
And this is also a cologne mosque you know, there is a cathedral which has been converted as
a mosque and how there is a conflict with the local communities because many people have
tried to agitate not to get a mosque the Islamization process, they are trying to little afraid of
that there is a different community coming and there is a big identities built up in the city in
contrast with their existing identities.

So, similarly, there is Jewish squatters and this is a refugee cafe and there is also how a
cathedral has been converted into the mosque and how the top part is replaced and a green
light which is also the colour of the light is also reflected. So, it reflects the identity of that
particular community in the religious system and similarly, the Soviet that time refugees and
how they build this kind of mosques.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:04)

764
So, what we can say is you know, from the global scenario, there is, this is the list of the way
she have analyzed it, this is a list of the case studies and what scale it has been reflected and
what is the economy occupation strategies and what and how the government have dealt with
the strategies and how the planning strategies are that is where how the conceived and the
perceived, lived space have been analyzed from the European case studies.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:38)

So, from the Tibetan aspect, the ability of homeless and impoverished groups of refugees to
build and fund in foreign lands, Tibetan have built a numerous monasteries of a remarkable
high architectural standard and their success in developing viable monastic communities
similar to those of Tibet, one of the miracles of the 20th century. So, whenever they have
been there so they try to reflect, they try to bring their attachments through the places what
they already know from Tibet and they try to build as the monastic communities.

And that is very specific compared to any other communities; the Tibetans are very unique on
that manner. So, there is a research on this whole research has looked into how this particular
hybrid you know, cultural responsive built environment has been produced in case of Tibetan
communities and especially, in the Indian suburban and the rural context.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:37)

765
And how hybrid settlements are produced and transformed over time, what is the relationship
between the cultural and the built environments in a hybrid settlement and how the theoretical
understanding of this production of space the handle Lefebvre’s space could be relooked in a
refugee context and how it could be understood, how it becomes a framework, how it sets a
framework to understand the refugee places and how they have been produced in time.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:10)

So, this all when we talk about cultural identity you know there is enough of literature we
have from the anthropologist and you know, how from the geographers and various
sociologists who talked about building the identity.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:28)

766
And based on that literature review, so this investigative framework looks at this the
sociological component and the anthropological component of it, the fundamental social
structures which have again the family kinship and the gender roles and politics and belief
system whereas, the economics and livelihood and geographical conditions and what are the
reinforcing structures which like language, shared experiences and the collective memory
how it gets transformed.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:58)

And then she built on the whole set of it; one is the sociological component of it and which
actually talks about the structures which create identity and when we talk about the
assessment of transformation with respect to research variables, we have the cultural
geography and the time are the main variables. The moment, the context is different how it is
changed, the moment, the time varied, how it has reflected in space and time.

767
And that is how this whole framework, the first generation, second generation and the third
generation, so we looked at the whole sequence of time how people have adapted to it and
when we talk about the methods of inquiry as oral testimonies, the visual data, the
morphological studies, observation and expert advice. So, like that there is a whole set of
larger framework which has been looked at it.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:54)

So, when we say how hybrid settlements are produced, one is wanted to bring from Tibet and
how much did they adapt. Here, the cultural identity of Tibetans when it gets mixed with the
built environment in India and then and that is where this has produced a hybrid Tibetan
settlement because they borrow from each other and that is how a new meanings are
produced.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:26)

768
So, when we talk about the land of Tibet, culture and architecture, so in Lhasa, this is how,
we see the Lhasa now, the very narrow streets and Adobe constructions and the huge
monasteries of the Tibetan architecture.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:43)

So, there is a Tibetan cultural environment, when we talk about the geographic conditions, it
talks about the cold desert climate and high altitude, Tibetan plateau and the arid topography
and a very scarce vegetation. This is how the typical Tibetan landscape is all talked about.
The family kinship and gender, they have a kind of polyandry system where there has one
wife and 2, 3 brothers marry the same.

And whereas, the political administration, where the religious leader is considered as the
Dalai Lama was also the political head and there is religion has placed an important role in

769
the Tibetan society and again economy and livelihood; they are basically the farmers, barley,
wheat and handicrafts and potters, the skilled labour and in terms of education, they have
about the monastery mostly, Tibetan institutions and a few secular schools.

And because they are also very conservative in terms of spreading their language and through
their religious guidance and the education systems and the shared customs you know they are
basically, you know how their funerals, how the festivals, how the food habits, they try to
share that through generation to generation.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:07)

When we talk about the built environment, the most important things we have to talk is the
monasteries which are almost located in the higher altitudes and they are difficult to access.
There is certain spaces for monks and the spaces for assembly halls. In a Tibetan culture, if
you have 3 children, almost the third child becomes a monk and that is how this whole
religious pattern is continued.

And the Stupas, the Chortens which is a bell-shaped which contains a religiously significant
sacred objects and there is a house forms either in I shape or an L shape courtyards, materials
which could be a sundried bricks or a rammed earth walls and with all the timber frames with
the standardized design and also the prayer flags on the top of the roofs and the details what
you can see is a kind of a code for the decoration of doors and windows.

770
So, there is the monasteries which have a very typical standard and even the dwellings have a
typical standard of how they are reused or decorated, how their factious have been put
forward.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:21)

So, in order to understand different adaptation process Indu have selected about 3 different
culturally diverse settlements, one is in Ladakh area, it is a Choglamsar which is close to the
Tibet, the second one is a Clement town which is in a kind of urban locality near Dehradun
and the third one is a kind of rural setup which is a Bylakuppe where it is near Karnataka.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:53)

So, if you look at these diverse settings; one is Sangmu village which is in Tibet which is in
the cold desert area which is close to the Tibetan landscape Choglamsar as well that very
much close to what they belong to and in Bylakuppe which is very much different from what

771
you can see the kind of roofs, the kind of whole settlement looks very different, you know the
tiled roofs which is a Mangalore tiles and everything which is close to what Karnataka people
you know, the hard dwellings look like.

Whereas in Clement town in Dehradun it is more of a kind of urban setting but still it has a
fabric of the Tibetan monasteries and the scale of the buildings is different here.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:38)

So, as a wide variety of things, one is the characteristics of the settlement, the social
structures of the settlement and how one can adopt to them, understand the urban
morphology, the street character, the plot systems and how this funnel of from urban tissue,
street system, the plot system and you know, the building systems, how from a very macro to
the micro-level has been looked into how these things have changed.

And the cultural geography and the time, that the first generation, 1.5 generation and the
second generation also have been investigated. So, how, what level of integration with the
local Indian context and that is how this whole process is looked at you know, assessing the
transformation and looking back into the theories reflecting how it is reflected with the theory
and you know, that is how it has been formulated.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:30)

772
So, let’s go to the case studies. This is a Bylakuppe settlement in Southern Karnataka.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:39)

There are two camps; one is a old camp and the new camp. So what you can see is the
religious buildings and when you have the commercial spaces here and you have the Tibetan
camps and the local villages. So, you can see this is a very clustered setup; each of them has a
very unique layout.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:02)

773
So, now, one is you have the new camps and the old camps and each cluster has been
oriented because they are basically, the farmers in that time when they came to 1960s.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:21)

The old camp they have given about each in a 40 Gunthas is about 1 acre and 1 Guntha is
about 33 by 33 feet. So, what they did was they divided the land distribution in 40 Gunthas as
a farmland and 6 Gunthas. So, there were 6 Gunthas of residential and 40 Gunthas of
farmland so that they can do the farming and whereas, in 1969 when the new camps have
been formed, so where they talked about 32 Gunthas in a farmland and the 16 Gunthas as a
residential land.

You know because now they reflect that they need more space for this residential aspect as
well and as well as the farming.

774
(Refer Slide Time: 22:03)

So, this is how the very old photographs of how they set up the initial days of the settling
down and how they started clearing the land and how the government have built them
thatched housing.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:19)

And you know, if you look at this whole process and then you know, Tibetans as a farmers
and they are also the handicrafts, their craftsmanship and earlier, as I said to you one member
of the family sent to the monastery to become a monk.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:35)

775
(Refer Slide Time: 22:36)

And if you look at the transformation and how it is reflected in different patterns, one is the
new camps, you have planned in a gridiron pattern with farmlands around the residential core
and whereas, an old camp they planned along with the streets and you can see that the houses
are led along the streets and also the community spaces in the new camps they are equally
shared you know, they are equally accessible.

And so that, there is a monastery as a major community gathering, so this is how the
settlement pattern has been organized.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:13)

776
In an old camp transformations in 1960s, you have the primary road and you have the
secondary road and from the monastery and this is how the dwellings were but then today
people start building up and then it becomes crowded. So, they started occupying next to that
places and then that is how it becomes a kind of crowded space.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:34)

Even in the new camp, you can see this is how the original part of it and then now today what
you can see is a black, the whole expansions have taken place even in the new camp.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:44)

777
And the street patterns, you know, how in the old camp, how the primary road and you have
the monastery and you have the secondary roads and you have the territory roads on to this
direction and then within that it becomes a small neighborhood block and that is how there is
a sense of scale, there is a sense of you know visual axis, there is a sense of identity which
has been reflected in their street patterns, the friends the street friends and their monastral
buildings.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:16)

(Refer Slide Time: 24:17)

778
And this is how what you can see is the kind of the new camps, how you can see a more or
less a kind of uniform heights with the dwellings and a similar artistic representations of their
facades and the compound walls and the flags over the top of the terraces.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:36)

(Refer Slide Time: 24:41)

779
And is the plot system which has been subdivided into equal composition and we have the
store for, they built a store and corn for storing the wood and they also have the monastery
and they built some kind of public spaces where there has a football ground and the maize
field and you know, there is all the public space access near to the monastery.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:04)

(Refer Slide Time: 25:05)

780
And if you look at the evolution of house forms, initially they were given as a tents, then the
government have provide with thatched roofs, mud houses of refugees. Then, over the years
they get modified into a kind of brick and concrete houses and mostly with the tile roofing
and a single room houses with all the wattle and daub constructions, how they have
transformed and the new camp how they have started extending and how two different
families and then how they started expanding this houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:39)

So, the second case study is about the Clement town and this is a kind of an urban scenario, is
a Dondupling of Tibetan settlements, so you have all the religious setting here and there are
residential setting over here.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:55)

781
And all these important landmarks including the school, medical clinic and the settlement
office becomes one of the major component of their public place as well because that is
where most of the records, most of the association with the community is taken care of.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:10)

And what you can see in a Tibet, the monasteries and how it is reflected in the Dehradun and
they try to carry out the impressions of what already they know and including the scale, the
proportions and again how a big room could be divided for a multi-purpose areas and how
this is what you see in a multi-storey structures in Dehradun as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:36)

782
In terms of windows, what you can see is a kind of this is mostly, these are the window
models which you can find in the monasteries and the entrance gateways which are reflected
to direct someone, to orient themselves into the settlement that, this is a Tibetan orientation
and these are the some of the traditional windows in the houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:59)

Whereas, in Choglamsar because it is very close to the Tibetan environment and the way of
lifestyle and the Ladakhis also they have a similar culture, in that way assimilation was
clearly possible here because of its close proximity to its environment.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:18)

783
And even here, the whole camp have set up along with the river along with the canal and the
rivers.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:27)

And here also the whole setup of camp 1 and initially, this is from the mental map she could
able to procure that, this is how the camps have settled and then later it has expanded and you
have the educational spaces and we have the Central Institute of Buddhist Studies and they
have the community spaces all around.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:49)

784
So, at an asylum seeker stage what they do was they try to settle down in a kind of U-shaped
pattern in the canal because first of all canal is one of the important water resource and here,
they also have talk about the tent of the head which is also referred as the settlement office
and you have the teachers quarters and the school which are more important but why do they
make this is a Leh Manali Highway.

And how they programmed it in a U-shape was because all these people who were settled as
refugees they were taken as labourers to the army camps and that is how they used to gather
in place and then that is how the trucks come and this becomes a kind of public place as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:33)

So, in the first and second, 1.5 and third generation, we can see a very good important
response that how they still aspire to go back the first generation because they still believes

785
within those memories of what they have when they have come from, back from Tibet and in
the first and the 1.5 and second-generation they are very much integrated with the system
with the topographical differences.

And they could able to better integrate with the Ladakhi community and understand, so
including the language similarities and the cultural similarities they were able to integrate
better. Where in the third generation, obviously, they also have could have a kind of mixed
response where they also want to go back to Tibet and you know, someday that they hope
that they go back.

And also it is reflected in terms of their wearing a traditional dress and their living patterns.
So, there is a wide variety of responses.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:33)

(Refer Slide Time: 29:39)

786
So, today this is how the traditional patterns look like and you have the Dalai Lama's
residence and where they have the open space, they celebrate Dalai Lama's birthday and they
gather in different tents what you can see here is this is how the Dalai Lama's residence and
then, these tents they come in a clusters to spend 2, 3 days there and they celebrate different
activities.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:04)

(Refer Slide Time: 30:05)

787
So, this is how there has been a transition of Bylakuppe, Clement town and Choglamsar, so
what you can see in the moment the context is different and here, the whole it is reflected
from its built form as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:21)

And then there are 2 aspects; one is taking the structures that create cultural identity and one
is the cultural continuity, what they have continued, what they have brought back from Tibet
and what they have adapted here. So, like that, like for example the polyandry which has
been a tradition for them but that has been discontinued in these 2 cases but whereas, in
Choglamsar which is close to the Tibetan in some cases they have partially continued.

So, again an important practice of monk practice with the family you know, sending a person
from the family to become a monk has been discontinued and the monks have been migrated

788
from other places, you know, it is not just from the same place. So, like that, there has been a
variety of changes from different categories. Of course, I am not going through each and
everything but I am just flipping through that this is a kind of framework to set up, to get an
understanding of what they have continued and what they have adapted here.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:19)

And similarly, the education you know, how the monasteries have reestablished from Tibet
and then the religious education have been continued and in the education of schools given
importance for cultural continuity, you know and the language and discontinued hierarchy in
social class and equality in the social class, how the plot distribution is also reflected through
bringing the equality in the social classes.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:51)

789
And similarly, they have the monasteries, they have the built form in general and how they
have changed you know, what I mean, this is a kind of framework how she put the data in
different pockets of explanation.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:06)

And there is a house form, materials, how they have changed, now today in sundried bricks
and rammed earth walls they are completely absent in both the cases but whereas, here it was
present because it was locally available and the local climatic conditions.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:20)

(Refer Slide Time: 32:22)

790
So, this is a kind of summary of applying the whole framework in one big sheet. Of course,
it’s not legible now. But at least it will get an idea of how, on one side we have the structures
that create the cultural identity, on the other side, we have how it is reflected in the spatial
structures.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:41)

And to summarize the whole findings, this is how hybrid settlements of Tibetan refugees are
produced. One is a spatial component, what they know, what they have inbuilt environment
in Tibet and when the political turmoil existed, then that is where the refugee settlement built
by the Indian government and gradually, how they adapt the new built environment that is
where the conflicts arrives.

791
And with this long-run process, how an adaptation stage was create and hybrid settlement. In
a cultural component, the Tibet which they know the environment of their origin and that is
what they reflect with the absolute space because that is what the perceived space what they
already know but here, the asylum seekers stage that is where the host environment is
providing certain conceived space you know, that is where conceived space is taking
forehead of it that is called an abstract space.

And with that people started adjusting with this and that is where they come interacted with
the host community and that is where conflicts arise, this is where we talk about the
conflicted space and gradually, when things get adapted, when generation moved on and how
they accustom, how they adapted and how they continue their practices that is where a
differential space comes.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:07)

So, this is how the whole theoretical understanding has been done and then again how this
whole transformation has an impact on the built environment. You have the various hierarchy
of spaces, street system, plot system, buildings, materials and then how the production of
space has been described in various concepts.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:26)

792
(Refer Slide Time: 34:29)

And what are the drivers of these transformations and what is the relationship between the
cultural and the built environments in a hybrid Tibetan settlement? One is the change in the
livelihood settlement and how it is influenced by the geography and the way host community
is lived. So, that is where, in Ladakh, it is very much close to what they used to live in Tibet,
equality in social class system because it has been attained for equal plot distribution.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:59)

793
So, that is how you can see the 3 different and visual character of places, how the festivals are
celebrated, how it have changed, how they have integrated and the active community life and
the bonding how these places are providing.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:11)

And what is the relationship between the cultural and built environments in a hybrid Tibetan
refugee settlement, so cattle sheds now discontinued or reduced as an occupational shift.
Handicrafts are now factory manufactured because of the tourism industry coming into the
picture and restaurant typologies have developed because tourism has a major influence in
terms of food habits and then funerals, earlier, they were having a different process and now
they are doing a cremating, this is where they require a crematorium spaces.

794
And similarly, the theocratic government has been changed. democratically elected, you
know so there is no, at least in Dalai Lama there is no residence of this Dalai Lama and things
like that.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:58)

So, like that, it has also reflected in the economic status, monastery, house forms. So, what
we observe here is the house forms have changed drastically but monasteries has retained
because the religious significance played an important role in the Tibetans.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:17)

So, this is how what we can see is the settings of the settlement setting, how it is at a
monastral setting, at a dwelling setting, how it has varied from a different context and how it
is reflected.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:30)

795
And in Bylakuppe, is the most self-sustainable and as well as Choglamsar because it has a
great close proximity to the ethnic similarity and the contextual similarity but here, there is a
lack of land availability and the less active community spaces because there is a pressure of
the urban development as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:52)

So, some of the major drivers were the religion, climatic context, economy, tourism,
education system and how they transform the place.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:00)

796
So, originally the Lefebvre’s work is like this but in here it has been conceptualized from the
absolute space which the Tibet before migration and the pre-abstract space which is an
asylum seeker stage and then this is where the permanent settlement process from the abstract
and the conflicted and a differential space.

When we know properly, that in order to avoid this conflicted space if you actually
understand this better, you know, that can actually you know bring the lived space more
carefully.
(Refer Slide Time: 37:34)

So that we can reduce the conflict stage so that they can easily adapt and they can easily
continue certain things and at the same time it is a benefit for both the communities. I hope

797
this helps you a better understanding of the displacement of refugees in a Tibetan context.
Thank you very much.

798
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 34
Assessments

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. My name is Ram Sateesh; I
am an assistant professor in Department of Architecture and Planning, IIT Roorkee. Today, I
am going to discuss about assessments, in the disaster recovery and build back better, how
different assessments have been conducted, what are the methodologies therefore followed
and what kind of focus they have laid and what are the good things about the assessments and
what are the lacuna in the assessment process and how to take it further.

So, I will just give you a little of critical review of 2 to 3 different assessments and especially,
one is a global level and one, two are at a specific level aspect. I will start the discussion from
a global perspective.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:21)

I will briefly introduce you to the Global Assessment Report on disaster risk reduction. This
has been prepared by the Cassidy Johnson and her team. In 2011, this has been developed by
ISDR. It is a creating and enabling environment for reducing disasters risk. Recent
experience of regulatory frameworks for land, planning and building in low and middle-
income countries.

799
So, the focus has been laid, on the low and middle-income countries because the DRR aspect,
the challenges in the DRR is very much pertinent to these low and middle-income groups and
because there were various reasons, why we are unable to aptly introduce certain technical
interventions as well as somehow, we are unable to address the bottom of cultures, the
bottom level realities and with that building codes, the structural measures and as well as the
land planning issues, land management issues, planning and land management.

So, that is all been covered in this particular assessment report. So, I will briefly explain, how
this has been tackled. When we talk about the reducing disaster risks in the built
environment, there are 2 approaches to it; one is the location approach, the second one is the
design approach. In the first one, the location approach, it deals with the process of land use
planning.

When we say land-use planning means obviously, there are different processes, that goes
hand in hand to each other and it goes in a particular sequence. Like for instance, we also
identify the areas that are risk from hazards, when we know that these are the potential areas,
whether it is a regional level understanding, whether it is a particular area development
understanding, so we will understand, which are the potential areas that will be subjected to
what type of risk.

Whether it is a landslide, whether it is a flood-prone area, whether it is a multiple hazard-

prone, so that is first task. The second one is we do with the zoning aspect; also we
designated these areas through zoning or strategic spatial planning. The moment you zone
them which is the high risk, which is the low risk, which is a moderate risk, which are prone
for this, what are the possibilities, what are the opportunities, what are the threats within it.

So, this is where we also develop a strategic spatial planning process. Here, we need to
incorporate to set out some open areas that could be used for the evacuation or emergency
housing, in case of disaster and to plan for lifeline infrastructure that cities manage. A few
examples I can give you. When Hudhud cyclone has hit, there has been a real pressurized
situation, much of the infrastructure has been cut down from you know, the main service
plans.

800
So, hardly the roads have been damaged, the flood water came onto the main road, so
railways have been damaged. So, in that way, the access has been cutted out in many areas
and this is where, once we know that these are inundation levels here, this might go up to this
level, so we can even plan that whether we should, what kind of alternate infrastructure
connectivity we should have in terms of disaster, how we can evacuate this people through an
alternative approach you know, and where can we put them.

In the immediate relief and rehabilitation process, where can we actually put these people,
what kind of open area because if you keep planning house for house, house for house and
then if you make it as the congested environment, so what happens during a disaster? We
need a place, for keeping them this evacuated, so all this whole process together frames into a
strategic spatial planning.

That is the DRR has to be addressed in that level but the question is whether we are able to
address that in that way or we are only taking in a piecemeal approach you know. this parcel
of land we are dealing with this and that’s it so but how about in a collectively, how a city is
working, how we have to plan with it. So, these are some major challenges. When the design
approach, this is to do with to control mechanisms how buildings are designed and built.

So, whether it is by following certain codes, certain regulatory frameworks and how they are
abide with this national-level regulatory frameworks or a local level frameworks bylaws. So,
this is how this looks at the design aspect of it. The important challenge in both the
approaches is, first of all, we do have the regulatory frameworks but in the developing
countries under low and middle-income countries to what extend they are adopted in a full-
scale or strictly they have been adopted.

So, there have been many challenges, poverty being one of the challenge, education being
another challenge, so like that, there are many aspects which and the cultural compliance you
know, how the local cultures also able to comply with these authoritative frameworks. So,
there has been so I will go through a few examples and as there are some important points
and how this assessment has been conducted.

When we talk about this lecture on the assessment, I am going to describe about the
methodology it has been framed. This study has composed of 3 components; one is the

801
literature review. So, the experts have collected a variety of literature, which is pertinent to
disaster risk reduction and disaster mitigation through urban and regional planning and the
design and implementation of building standards and codes that aim to reduce disaster risk.

So, which is one level is talking about the urban and regional planning of it the DRR and the
second level is talking about the implementation aspects of building standards and codes.
Then, the second aspect is they have taken 5 case studies, each from different country.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:57)

Two of them are from Turkey, one is pertinent to the Istanbul following upon the post 99 the
Ankara earthquake, the Marmara earthquakes and the post 99 earthquakes in Turkey and
what kind of developments happened in the disaster management in Turkey and the second
one focus also in Turkey, it talks about the what kind of revisions and enforcements in the
building code have been taken since 1999.

So, it is very focused on the building code aspect. Whereas in Namibia it talks on the review
of informal settlement of disaster risk preparedness and in Argentina they talk about the
relationship between disaster risk and urban planning and in Iran they talk about the building
and construction safety regulations against earthquake because Bam has been affected by
recent earthquake at that time and that side talked about the earthquake safety in very
particular.

802
Then, following these case studies and relating to the literature review, they also ended up,
they concluded with the kind of small working group meeting which has been held in London
in September 2010. So, that has framed the whole report process.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:17)

And how, this was presented for the leadership, there are 2 parts; one is the planning and land
management, the second part which is on the regulations for the buildings and disaster-
resistant construction and here this has been again further divided into 3 components; one is
the legislation for disaster risk reduction related to planning and land, the second one is the
urban planning and implementation of plans, third one is reducing disaster risk and informal
settlements through planning, land management and upgrading.

So, the focus has been very much focus on the informal settlements. Whereas, in the second
part regulations for buildings and disaster-resistant construction. The first one has been
focused on the designing and developing appropriate codes and standards, the regulations and
practices surrounding the application and enforcement of the building standard. So, what are
the various challenges that is faced in the implementation process?
(Refer Slide Time: 10:23)

803
So, they have discussed about a variety of issues, for example, in Turkey there are some
evidences which talk about the gas pipelines, how and gas stations which has been provided
in the residential areas near the residential areas which may be hazardous but none of the
regulatory frameworks have talked about these gas service stations. So, which means it is
completely not been looked into the regulatory perspective.

So, this is some of the lacuna in what how the land use planning also have to consider the
DRR in giving an appropriate functionality of different plan uses, you know. So, imagine if
you are keeping this because it is also the industrial segments, how it is interacting with the
residential land use.

There are also other things like for example, in the water contamination you know, the
arsenic water contamination in Bangladesh, how it has been, people are very much prone in
Bangladesh that they have been living with it. So, like that there are various aspects one has
to look at and in this particular land use planning, this not only has to do the national level
legislatory framework as because in India we talk about the URDPFI guidelines and various
other national level setup.

They have to take into the multiple risks, account of the multiple risk and mandate planning
in the local level and strategic and forward-looking legislation rather than reactionary
legislation in response to disaster events. So, one has to not only look at the if the event
happens and then we respond to it, it should not be like that, one has to look at a strategic
way, how even if the event is not had occurred how we can plan for it.

804
(Refer Slide Time: 12:21)

So, the legislation which could be flexible enough to allow for local adaptation based on the
development needs in specific areas, smaller plots for relaxation of requirements for more
affordable land for the poor and possible to make some more areas safe through design
approach. So, it is not only just by identifying the land and this is the safe land but even a
design can contribute to the understanding the safety of it.

And it can actually not only at the safe positioning the buildings in the safe land but their
orientations, the way the whole approach has been taken so that we can at least achieve the
safety for the people. Active counterbalances, between the civil society and other
governmental bodies like in Scandinavian example, I have been working on the snow
maintenance aspect when I was working in Sweden.

So, there we have interviewed many agencies, how the snow management program has been
conducted by the council. In the same building, two departments exist because they have 3
categories of the snow maintenance; one looks at the highways, one looks at the state
highways and the main highways, the second one looks the district routes, the third level
looks the neighbourhood level.

So, these 3 are situated in the same building but they never interact, so they have different
policies and procedures for each of them but they have some gaps in that 6 o'clock one
highway will clean, highway people, will clean and at 9 o'clock someone else will come but it
will cause the barrier for the neighbourhoods to come into the bus stop. So, that is where

805
there should be some coordination what about the middle areas which are in between, the
sandwiched areas between the local clearance people and the highway clearance people.

So, that is a kind of coordination which was needed. So, that is where, I am saying about
there should be also some kind of balance between the government bodies and they should
ensure, this kind of balance can ensure that the development decisions are not only profit-
seeking because many of the development authorities look for the economic security of that
particular neighbourhood or a city or a particular state.

They also have to consider what kind of social, environmental and economic cost of the
benefits of a particular proposal. If someone is coming with 140-acre development proposal
review, so you need to look at the all aspects, how it may have an impact on the water
security issues, how it will have an impact on the soil degradation issues you know, that is all
the aspects has to be looked in. So, I am also summarizing a few implementation challenges.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:13)

Now, when we talk about any plan implementation, first of all, it will be submitted to the
local development authority. These local governments they have the first step when you
propose something a large area development if you want to submit to the local council and
that is where they are in the front line of the risk reduction in planning and building
responsible for approving the development projects.

If someone is coming with huge housing development project, then the first place it is going
to the local council and the problem in developing countries was he might be a big architect

806
who is let’s say Norman Foster or any other or even some very well-known architects like
B.V. Doshi or anyone who is designing the big housing projects but at the end of the day who
is receiving that in the evaluation, in the council.

He might be the many cases in small towns; you might find even very less qualified persons
who have not understand who may not be able to understand the kind of terminology of the
disaster risk reduction aspects, the environmental concerns. So, they are trained in a different
process of their daily pressurized situation of approving and but then how these locals,
because they are heavily burden with lot of development proposals and the process the
bureaucratic process.

If you ever happened to go a planning office and if you look at the atmosphere, the working
atmosphere, it’s really they have a very less adequate staff and also not having an adequate
technical capacity especially, this is very true in the smaller towns.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:59)

And commitment of the local governments to risk reduction is impacted by competing

interests such as economic growth. I was in Mahabaleshwar in Pune and on one side the
tourism segment is been a promotive aspect to raise economic growth but one has to
understand it is also part of the eco-sensitive zone. So, the local governments have to give
that kind of priority that you know, one has to be sensitive enough in the development.

And in this kind of focus of the local government, the politicians are very much actively
engaged in, they want to promote their areas with much more rich economic, sensitive

807
economic generation models you know, they want to develop tourism, they want to develop
some of the industries to get the job opportunities but how it will have an impact, how it will
can reduce the disaster risk reduction.

And these kinds of things are very especially, prevalent in the localities where there are
infrequent disaster events.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:05)

The importance of regional level planning, I just said to you now, the Mahabaleshwar case,
being a part of the eco-sensitive zone, the approach has to not go only that a city level or a
town level or urban level. It has to relate with the larger ecosystem that’s where the regional
level understanding has to come. Similarly, in Uttarkashi to Gangotri, where the eco-sensitive
zone has been declared.

So, all the planning has to address that aspect, so where you are planning and where the
regional level, the fault line is going and how to plan those areas you know, that is where the
regional planning will enable you the uniform information about risks and ensures that risk
reduced in one place, displace risk to another locality. So, the moment you construct
something here and it may affect something else in the followed precincts.

So, that is where a regional planning approach should be implemented. Also, the despite
legislation enabling multiple stakeholders, inputs into planning of DRR, nations and cities do
not easily achieve a true multi-stakeholder perspective. So, these challenges somehow, they
seem to lie in the capacity planning offices to overcome the purely technical approaches to

808
the disaster management and planning instead of engaging a very multiple different
stakeholders.

So, as I said to you planning officials somehow in many at cases they are dominant with the
technical approaches rather than a consultative process of different stakeholders. Sometimes,
these meetings do held in many councils but then to what extent this has been considered and
how depth these are, the bottom-up approaches and this is where the technical approaches
dominates with the social approaches as well the perspective of different stakeholders.

Traditional separation of the departments of disaster management in urban planning is still

prevalent in most jurisdictions. So, disaster management is mostly seen as a contingency
planning for disaster response whether in a larger perspective on urban resilience. As I said to
you, we are still in 1980s in many of the cases, that disaster planning is not well integrated
into the planning process.

Because they always see that how well at the event of a disaster or risk how well we can plan
for rescue but how to avoid this okay, how a planning process itself can engage that thought
process in it. So, this is the two different separation of these departments are still existing in
many of the jurisdictions. Reducing disaster risk in informal settlements through planning,
land management and upgrading.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:08)

So, as you have seen that many of the impacts are seen in the informal settlements, they are
targeting the poor living on the edge. Whether, they are living on the edge for various

809
economic reasons or there are certain pressurized situations that are challenging them,
probing them to live in these conditions. So, this is where, this particular report also touched
upon a variety of example starting from Namibia, starting from Turkey, Argentina.

And they have emphasized about few important aspects how to be taken care of. One is the
security of tenure, evictions and risk reduction. Like, this is in case of Almansi’s work where
the Argentina aspect how to upgrade the informal settlements because if you ever go to slums
or quarter settlements always an up-gradation plans keep ongoing. So, a tenure slum, non-
tenure slum gradually becomes a tenure slum with the provision of infrastructure and services
and up-gradation of the quality of the housing.

So, similarly, an unsubdivided land, so earlier, it was true in similar cases of Namibia as well.
So, when people have been asked to get some you know, options of going there going into
the land and vacate these places and stay in a safer lands but there are some other important
aspects, what about the livelihoods. So, they are staying for various reasons as I said to you,
they are staying for the economic reasons, okay.

And earlier, when there was an informal settlement okay, there is no regulatory framework
has been enforced on that. So, people have developed on their own whenever the need has
occurred. So, it has been grown very organically but then when the DRR practice has
enforced them for up-gradation aspect with various mechanisms whether related to funding
mechanism or any legal support mechanisms.

So, that is why they have to undergo various requirements. For instance, the minimum size
plots of 300 square meters, the land over 375 meters above sea level and electricity and water
civil services, the infrastructure service provisions and restriction for housing on
watercourses boundaries, so that is where the zonal regulations also plays an important role
and the percentage of land for a public place okay.

Whether you are giving a 10% or 15% of land for the public place and then only it could be
formally registered land, then only, you can make the subdivisions right. So, one has to create
that kind of, so provisions in order to make it a tenured plan.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:14)

810
And there are also various schemes and programmes like Promeba is one of the program and
they have also conducted this as implementation level in various informal settlements. I will
show you some examples of Rosario Habitat Programme and here, what they do is initially, if
you look at it, this is the initial layout of the Villa Corrientes and there has been almost 13%
of the land in that particular region is all completely the informal settlements.

And when if you want to make it formal, you have to make it a socially sensitive responses
and you have to communicate it to the people you know, how it can benefit. First, what they
did was they identified that could be relocated in order to plan for infrastructure and services
because you look at or identified so that is where and these are, these houses have been
relocated and they have some passage for roads and services has been freed up.

And that is where then they started making new paths and the land subdivision has been
adjusted and the road is built. So, in that way, within the existence without disturbing much
of the habitat, so a few households have been recognized so that roads and basic services
could be laid out in order to meet for the planned process and the requirements.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:48)

811
And many of these regulations, policies or projects that aim to reduce risk to hazards can also
have detrimental impacts on poor or those living without secured tenure. Now, when it comes
to the informal settlements, there are both tenure done without tenure, so in many of the
development regulatory process, they don’t, without tenure has not been recognized in a
proper way and that is the reason they end up living there and those unsafe conditions and
they end up being a target groups.

There is also other cases when in cases of Namibia, when certain up-gradation program have
been developed or the relocation program have done, they identified the land which was not
part of the you know, in the local jurisdiction but then, the time it came into it has been
included in the urban level, by the time people because there is no urban enforcement when
they have been allocated a land.

So, people started already building up with whatever the facilities they have, so now, when it
has been included then the urban regulatory frameworks have been incorporated, so that
becomes a challenge because communities have already developed in their own ways of
patterns of the normally developed. So, these are some of the examples of the time-lapse
when it is included and when it is not included.

And there is also strong community-based organizations in partnership with local government
which can influence the better policies for land management and upgrading and this is where
the municipal governments can do to provide an enabling environment for DRR in terms of
land and planning, is to enable people to have access to safe land on which to build.

812
(Refer Slide Time: 27:55)

When it come to the buildings and construction the part 2 of the report, it talks about the
designing and developing appropriate codes and standards and many at cases, it’s very much
true that many of the building codes which will not reflect to the local situations, that is
where practical action group offer some principles to guide how codes could be revised.
Now, even in India, we have the NBC 2016, earlier it was from 2005.

So, things have been taken into account and committees have try to reflect that and let it has
to keep revising. Some of the aspects says the revision should be relevant to environmental
and economic circumstances and deeply rooted in local cultures and living habits. Whereas,
the cost reduction changes must result in cost reduction so that adequate and affordable
shelter is attaining for all.

Focus; the focus is also should be laid on improving conditions of the poor informal sectors,
participation of all sectors of housing delivery process, flexible to allow for interpretations,
variety of materials and technical solutions. Now, today are there any particular housing
standards, which is allowing a stone construction which is locally available which is allowing
an indigenous methods.

Access legislation should be easily accessible and widely disseminated and so incremental
improvement, the code dwelling concepts and surroundings can happen. Procedures, the plan
approval should be fast, free from corruption and inexpensive for builder. The approval stage
is one of the biggest challenges in developing countries. One has to understand that this

813
process will go about 9 to 11 agencies to get a formal approval whether it is a water supply,
whether it is electricity, whether it is airport authority.

So, all these agencies has to approve, fire and safety right. So, the municipal corporation,
everything has to be approved but then one has to look at a single-window check you know,
the person has to roam around to different agencies and get and that is wherein many of the
developing countries, the corruption do exist and that time, many at times it violates laws and
regulation.

Like for example, how does it does not meet with there is a big difference between the codes
and the reality.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:36)

In Bangladesh in Mahammadpur, it does not confirm to the Bangladesh National Building

Code like you have the Bangladesh National Building Code refers 75 units per hectare with
average of 5% per dwelling and the minimum plot size varies between 30 square meters to 25
square meters in dense metropolitan areas and the walkways should be width of 3 meters but
the reality is the families averaging 6 to 8 people in size are living in 9 square meter
dwellings which are cantilevered over the water.

So, even projected over the water so there is hardly is no plot of land where no reinforcement
has come. The walkways are 1.5 meters and there is no outside space, so these are some of
the reality which the developing countries face.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:23)

814
So, that is briefly about the Global Assessment Reports and also talk about the post Tsunami
assessment. There are two sets of assessment reports, I am going to discuss here. One is the
needs assessment. In 2005, when the ADB and United Nations and World Bank have made
an assessment report, a preliminary damage and needs assessment.

And then following up on the Tsunami after 2 years, how the reconstruction have taken up,
what are the various segments, what is the progress of it, so there is a second way of
assessment has been done after 2 years.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:10)

Now, the way after the Tsunami, what kind of damage has been occurred, this is how you see
the preliminary summary in Andhra Pradesh by state wise by sector-wise, by housing sector,
health and education, the agriculture and livestock, fisheries, livelihoods, rural and municipal

815
infrastructure, coastal protection and this is where the damage and as well as the losses and
what kind of effects on the livelihoods.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:29)

And also, what are the needs assessment, what kind of budget you need right and one has to
look at the short and medium-term process. So, immediately in the relief stage, in
rehabilitation what does you need but in a medium-term for next 1, 2 years what kind of
budget you might need, so that is where an each sector how much it take, this is the kind of
assessment it makes.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:53)

And similarly, on the impact of Tsunami related expenditures and finances, it also goes from
the 2000 year wise and when we talk about 2005, that is 2006 to 2008 there is a projection

816
that each state has status quo scenario and as well as the new scenario and that is how the
budget estimates are prepared by the economist.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:21)

But then when the budge estimate has been presented to the state government and how they
allocate it, how the external funding is also collaborated with it, so after 2 years the second
report, which I showed you, how what we have achieved. Now, when we talk about the
shelter and water and sanitation, so different segments they look at it.

Many of that, they looked at different states, what are the number, which has been damaged
and the percentage have been reconstructed, which have been completed and what is the
balance okay and why they are delayed. So, this is how the review is always presented.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:05)

817
And that is what ministers look at, how many number of houses were planned, how many
have been executed, how many have been laid out and how many are pending. So, this is the
infrastructure, what are the roads, what kind of highways, what kind of Panchayat offices,
what kind of community facilities, so this is all the infrastructures and again the bridges,
public buildings, roads, how many of them are planned, how many of them are completed,
what are the budgetary requirements.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:32)

From the health similarly, the health segment, HIV AIDS, trafficking as well as psychosocial
care you know, so because many of the children who lost their mothers, fathers in the event
of disaster, how they could be taken care of, how the woman who lost their husbands could
be given some encouragement of an alternative livelihood systems and how health and
nutrition could be provided for children you know.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:01)

818
And as I said to you, the child protection, how the child labour and the orphan children could
be protected, how their psychological conditions could be improved by providing a better
education systems and again the livelihood aspect. In the Tsunami case, many of the
fishermen lost their boats so immediately, the fibre boats have been provided and provided
some financial expenditure you know, support to buy some nets and fish gear.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:33)

Also, what kind of environmental impacts and how it has been improved, what kind of
plantations has been taken care of, so all these things will be accounted. Similarly, how the
communities are trained with the disaster risk management in the event of the upcoming
disasters, how they have to face and the information, communication technology and
coordination.

819
In Tamil Nadu, before that there was not proper early warning systems but now what they did
was, they have identified the core villages which will have set up of the communication
systems from the central level to the state level and then it goes to the village nodes and
where they disseminate this aspect and the train the villagers to how to operate the computers,
how to operate and understand this information and how to send this information.

So, these all activities have been taken up by different NGOs but the reality is the
assessments does not focus on how far they are successful in terms of a better lives. The
ministries only talk about the numbers, how many of them are occupied and how many are
there adequately you know, addressed the cultural needs or their livelihood needs and how a
person have adapted and modified it these places.

And in other lectures also we have discussed how these shelters have been modified for that
because of their individual and collective needs. So, I think if this kind of qualitative
assessment also is there, then these are lacking in the ministerial setup or in a bureaucratic
setup. So, one also has to look at this angle. I hope you understand about this assessment
reports. Thank you very much.

820
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture - 35
Designing Culturally Responsive Built Environments in Disaster Context

Welcome to the course; disaster recovery and build back better. Today, we are going to talk
about designing culturally responsive built environments in disaster context. When we talk
about the cultural responsive built environments in a disaster context, one has to understand
the basics of the cultural issues and how especially, they are related to the built to meet needs
and how they change from the pre-disaster context during disaster and the post-disaster
context and over a long-run process.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:11)

So, this is where, I would like to introduce you to the contribution of Paul Oliver's work on
built to meet needs on especially the part IV on cultures, disasters and dwellings and he
brings a number of cases along with it and how culture has been overlooked in the recovery
process and as a result what kind of spaces are produced and as a response situation what
kind of meanings have developed.

And this is where how development and culture are not related to each other in the process.
We have also seen similar examples in the Tsunami recovery process in Tamil Nadu, the case
of Tamil Nadu. So, today we will be covering about places in Turkey in the Mediterranean
countries and also the recent Hudhud cyclone which my present work is also going on.

821
(Refer Slide Time: 02:10)

So, the picture which you are seeing here is in the Cappadocia and also the central Antolian
region of Turkey. There is a very different landscapes of these pinnacles, the tufa rock
pinnacles which are spreaded over in the Anatolian region and these are basically formed
from the ancient deposits of the lava dust and because of the exposure to the air this soft rock
hardens so that the interiors can have the firm walls and the stone can be carved with some
voids and which actually becomes a kind of living spaces.

So, in fact, if you ever look into the Turkey, it actually falls the fault line in the world which
the global fault line which actually passes through the Turkey and Turkey is prone to the
earthquakes and these tufa pinnacles being a very soft rock nature, they often collapse
destroying many dwellings and also causing a serious loss of life. So, what you can see here
is like you can see the frequent damages, which is occurring to these pinnacles and in fact,
one is also very much concerned about how to protect these natural forms.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:42)

822
In fact, there are some of the case studies in Cavusin village in the old Greek town which is
about 4 kilometres from the Goreme-Avanos road. So, here it’s a kind of big mountain which
is embedded with a lot of dwellings which is intricate dwellings which are embedded like a
mountain, what you can see is that all the dwellings, series of dwellings which are very
organic nature of it.

And you can see that destructions have happened because of the frequent earthquakes and
also the erosion due to the exposure to the air and also the rocks, the soft rock keeps falling
down and a lot of destruction over there and during the earthquakes and of course, these
communities were given an opportunity to go back and resettle in someplace but some have
they denied going back, many of the communities they denied going back.
(Refer Slide Time: 04:30)

823
And they came back and they try to settle in the you know, vicinity of this village, despite of
knowing that this place is prone to earthquakes and there is a danger, they are going to live on
this edge conditions but still, why do you think that these people have come and stayed here
back. Here, we have to notice one thing; it is not just only on the matter of safety which
communities have thought.

There is also the other aspect of their livelihood, which they also have which has actually
attracted them back to it and that is why because it is being a tourist spot, so it has actually
brought these people back and they started instead of settling in the above areas, they started
settling in the bottom part in the foothill area and where they have some restaurants or some
kind of economic resources.

So, that is where, the tourist economy is also an important aspect, how communities have
believed that the livelihood is also a part of cultural resource and will go to another case in
the same Mediterranean climate.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:48)

In 1968, there has been a vast earthquake which has destroyed the restaurant Sicily almost
leaving 1 lakh people homeless. There is a small city called Gibellina and this is one of the
most affected places in the Belice Valley, which was completely razed to the ground and its
community of shepherds and farm labourers relocated to the temporary tent camps. Now,
when you talk about an earthquake-affected area, obviously, the whole trouble creates you
know, a massive scene.

824
You know, that is very destructive scene for the people, they somehow under the immediate
impact of a disaster, they tend to look for you know, first safeguarding themselves and try to
look for an immediate shelter, so that is where they moved to the temporary tent camps.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:44)

But then at that time, the mayor of that particular Gibellina, mayor Corra he talked about, he
thought about how disasters could be taken as an opportunity rather the curse because
disasters are the agents of change. So, why not take this as a golden opportunity and how we
can build a society with these modernistic philosophies and ideologies. So, what he did was
he promoted an idea of the cultural renaissance through the urban reconstruction of Gibellina.

And his vision like that is where we talk about a conceived space of the visionaries of the
politicians, of the architects, of the intellect, how they want to perceive this space, the urban
space and how it has to showcase the visions of modernity. Also, a symbol of emancipation
for a region considered by the rest, so it want to be a model for the rest of the country. It is a
showcase model, that it can show that this is how the modernism, is a modernist
understanding of the place.

And how it can become a role model for the other cities, within the region and because when
something has been affected and when someone is really working out on bringing a lot of
thoughts and visions into the place-making process. It becomes a laboratory you know, a big
laboratory, attracting various artists, various architects and various intellectuals coming from
all over the Italy to contribute to make a laboratory of ideas on new forms of building.

825
So, how an art and architecture can come together, how we can actually revitalize the whole
community and how they can actually you know, come up with this kind of aftermath of a
disaster and how they can actually bring back to the normal and that to in a more of a
modernistic understanding. So, what they did was, they brought a lot of artists, they develops
lot of plazas and the piazzas.

Here, you can see that the Piazza del Comune, the community plaza with Torre Civica. It is a
kind of civic plaza and here, you can see the new cathedral by Ludovico Quaroni and like that
various artists have come to install their own ideas in the form of plazas, in the form of
squares, in the form of monuments, in the form of buildings, in the form of housing, also
some smaller level of artwork.

And in terms of the new dwellings, they actually aimed for about 50,000 people but today,
unfortunately, only 5000 people lived there.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:50)

And much of the housing, if you can see that they have these front gardens and they have
these detached housing and the whole street, it was a vast street layouts that separates from
the neighborhood you know, they are all like a row house aspect but that communal
interaction gets missing in this process because that the Mediterranean countries they have
this veranda concepts and the evenings sit outside, they chit chat with each other.

But now with the scale of the street and the footpath and the parking and the front garden and
so the whole scale have taken away that the social interaction. In fact, instead of socializing it

826
has fostered the isolation and segregation of users that is how this project have ended up. In
here, what you can see in this slide is the plazas.

Do you see any people, you know here the demographic understanding has been hyped a lot
from 5,000 and they have aimed for 50,000 and the infrastructure is planned accordingly.
Today, what you see is an empty plazas and empty cathedrals, so all together an empty one.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:02)

And the locals, few locals have understood the connection between the artwork and the
reconstruction of the city, how art can actually bring encouragements with the people, how
they can engage them in the participatory ways and you know, how they can realize this
innovative way of connecting with the art and many workshops have been conducted by the
artists coming from different parts of Italy.

And with the local citizens and in fact, rather than fostering active engagement for co-
creation of the artistic landscape and the city, the institutions washed their hands on their
responsibilities leaving the artists to fill the gap. So, in that process, what happened was
because there is a lot of participatory activities working on and they could see that yes, there
is a scope of engaging the public and gradually the funding.

Either the funding institutions or the organizing institutions, they try to wash away their
hands that yes, why don’t you guys carry on with your artwork you know and try to fill the
gap and also there has been infrastructure, many of the infrastructures has remained
unfinished because there has been mismanagement.

827
And also, some political corruptions and what they have envisioned about the city and what
they have got is a complete vast scale of a city which is utterly silence. Also, what you can
see is the Cretto which is designed by Alberto Burri.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:40)

This is about a 12-hectare land; this is actually the old village where the whole village has got
destroyed. Now, what they did was they put, they covered with almost a 1 meter height of the
concrete blocks and these alleyways are actually the existing street network of that village so
that they want to bring that memory of the skeleton of that village as it is in a kind of block
model but one can imagine of the scale of this artwork.

It is, we call it as you know, it is a kind of concrete jungle you know 12 hectares of land has
been concretized as a part of in the name of the art and it has been as a memory. So, they try
to preserve this street network for people to walk and navigate through the sculpture. So, they
can orient themselves, they can reflect that the memories where they belong to, where they
used to live you know, that whole memories could be entitlement.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:52)

828
But the whole thing you know, what you actually observe is the whole thing is now a silence
place, unfortunately, the Cretto and the Gibellina Nuova which have been rebuilt. The
common thing is the silence and why the silence is all about; I mean what are the factors that
brought this silence. The first one, the Cretto which is captured under the shroud of cement,
archeology of the archaeology, as a remainder of the past.

So, they are trying to reflect as a memory which is a completely studied for cement blocks
and the second, is a symmetry of houses, squares, monuments and unfinished infrastructure.
The second one is actually, is it is the houses which they are made for the people but still not
many people are living here and not much of social aspect is there in Gibellina.

And there is also about the livelihood you know, how they can actually get their livelihood
aspects of it. There are all many other factors which is related to it, so the scale has been in
this what we are learning, a scale has been hyped and as a result of that what we are seeing is
the infrastructural input has been mismanaged and an unfinished work has been held over, so
in that way, in the name of beautification of the project but it has actually created a different
ugly, unfinished parts.

And that way, it has also developed some kind of illegal spaces you know, that people just
leftover these unfinished artworks or unfinished projects like that because of there was a
funding mismanagement, there is the institutional, the way they looked at the these artists and
the work. So, this whole thing has actually reveals us that the lack of understanding of the

829
local cultural needs and how the short-term, medium-term and the long-run adaptation
process.

So, how one can think of the incrementality and one has not think about the incrementality
you know. So, if this same project has been taught in a more of an incremental level, that
would have been a better success.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:23)

In a cultural context, when we are providing a shelter, there is always two and they are very
distinct. One is the haves and the have-nots, the powerful and the powerless, the relief
organizations and the victims of the disaster. So, one is on upper hand and one is on the
taking hand.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:40)

830
So, the moment when these NGOs when these agencies come into the picture, many at times
what they do is they perceive the local knowledge, they perceive that this system, this
particular social system has failed to receive the expected conditions of life from the system.
So, that is where you know the larger collective stress situations took place that how the
system has failed.

But then the many of the relief operations, when they come into the rescue or the
rehabilitation projects, they try to reject and in favour of the systems familiar to an exercised
by the relief culture. So, they either depend on the, they either rely more on what they have
already executed and also the relief culture though they try to undermine the local systems,
they try to understand, undermine the local traditions.

And a victim culture is always being made aware of the failure of the local, traditional and
indigenous systems to either anticipate the disaster or be able to cope up when it happens. So,
basically the moment you, the institution comes in working to serve you and that is where
they see that this whole system has failed, they never see that how this has survived all these
years, how they used to live, what are the mechanisms that they do have, so that complete
ignorance of lack of understanding of the system that brings a big gap.

That is where such kind of situations you know when they were made aware that your system
have failed that is where they leads to the loss of faith in the traditional leadership and
hierarchies of the social and the religious order making the distressed community still more
prone to the external influence. So, some of the options you know that they come with a
ready-made options either from what they have already done before.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:31)

831
And they just give you this is options why not you take one of these.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:44)

Doreen Massey, a geographer she talked about place is a social construct and we actively
make places and our ideas of place are the products of the society in which we live. On the
similar context, can we not link the dialogue of can the vulnerability of a place is also a social
construct because we are the responsible people, how we are making ourself vulnerable in
that particular situation.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:08)

832
Let’s come to some of my own study which I am currently doing. This is on the Hudhud
cyclone-affected areas. So, I visited some of the villages in Visakhapatnam which is in the
coastal Andhra Pradesh and visited many of the government officials, the collectorates and
the statistical department to see what other NGOs are working on and what kind of projects
they are doing on and what how the damage statistics have been gathered you know.

So, many of these reports whether we talk about the damage statistics, how much loss of life
is damaged, how much property has been damaged, they are narrowed down to the
numericals, they are narrowed down to the surface structures of the society and they are often
reduced to the statistical terms. So, you can say that estimated crop loss this much, area more
than 50%, number of people evacuated, number of villages affected.

So, they are all narrowed down to numbers but that is where it is more to do with the
economic aspect how much fund is required for it, how much investment is needed for that.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:26)

833
If you look there is, these are some of the villages called Bheemunipatnam and you can see
the traditional patterns of living, they have the thatched roof systems, which have a very low
eaves because of the cyclone-affected areas and the coastal areas. So, they try to have this
indigenous understanding of climatic, the local climatic conditions and it will also serving
their way of life, how the fisherman's life is also celebrated and how functionally it works.

But if you look at the modern constructions, you can see even the drainage has left just alone
like this, so which means the agencies are looked only at a house but not as a system of
things, a settlement is not just only a group of houses, it is not just a thing, it is a system of
things and it can incorporate the road layer network, the drainage systems, the electricity, the
supply, water supply, so everything together that makes a habitat.

But here, when you go on an individual house for a house you build a house when NGO
comes and build a house, you go away and that’s it so what happens next, how it affects the
neighbour, so that is where we are missing in that level. In many of the villages, where I have
seen I visited that these damaged houses yes, they have been accounted that this has been
partially damaged or fully damaged.

But then these are left isolated because they might have moved to other place or they might
have been adjusted to in a new place but what happened to these. So, even after 10 years if
you ever go to Latur earthquake affected areas or even in Tsunami, there are many villages
we can see these damaged villages lying like that. So, there is no thought process of how one
can even clean up this debris or how we can reuse these materials.

834
So, these are all many aspects one can think of, so what you can see in the whole village is
bits and pieces of the rubble, which has been damaged by the cyclone or damaged houses in
between you are building a new houses, so there is no understanding of the old part but only
they are looking at what we are constructing, you know.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:42)

For instance, this is a story of a house as a joint family house and many of these poor houses,
the government has given only 5000 rupees as a kind of support to rebuild their house, the
roof and the reality is 3 families still live in the same house. So, I was wondering how could
they able to live in these houses. So, then they said, yeah we mostly sleep here being a coastal
area we can sleep there because that 5000 was not sufficient for us to keep all the rules.

So, what we do is we negotiate with our neighbours and they sleep on the nights in their
verandas. So, that is how, when you narrow down to numericals or you narrow down only to
the 5000 rupees or a particular amount to be given, I think if you don’t monitor it, how they
are going to build up and after two years this is the case. So, I think this is where one has to
look at.

It is not how much you are providing but how much they have done and what needs to be
done, this is where a reevaluation has to be done in these kind of cases. There is another case,
like where different corporate agencies come like for example this was a project by Infosys
Foundation where, as a part of their corporate social responsibilities, they try to come and
deliver the housing solutions.

835
And when you look at this housing, they have a very good road network, they have very good
houses, brick and concrete houses, this is slightly far away like 2, 3 kilometres; 3, 4
kilometers from the shore but then at least when I visited this place not many people have
occupied this places, maybe now people might have taken but at that point of time not even a
single person have occupied these houses.

I used to take some interviews with them and then I asked a fisherman why, they said our
fishing needs are very different, we want to stay close to the seashore though we like a
particular house but still our needs are little different. So, in gradual process, they also have
worried about how the local politicians and their networks, how they can grab these houses
on the name of fisherman’s that is also one of the threat which even fishermen feel about.

So if, the fisherman has a different cultural need and similar to the Gibellina of understanding
of the uniform and the standardized forms of housing and how it often gets rejected by the
communities because of their cultural needs, livelihood needs.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:24)

That is where, we say about the house is a denotative whereas, a home is a connotative. The
house or a small dwelling describes the structure whereas, the home is symbolic of the life
spent within it. The home is a connotative of the deep structures of the social system and how
these are reflected in family’s relationship to the domestic space it occupies. So here, what
we are able to see is that it is not just the four walls which a house is all about.

836
It is about the family, it is about their social relationship, how the social space is created, so
Henri Lefebvre talks from the conceived space, which the planners or the foundation have
vision like this in a modernistic understanding and the perceived space, how they try to adjust
with it and the lived space come with a longer run adjustments, longer than accommodation,
how the habitual practices set this place with a different meanings, how they manifest these
places with the cultural dimension.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:39)

That is where the lived space comes into it and I think I will summarize on how in the first
version of build back better by Michal Lyons and Theo Schilderman and Camillo Boana’s
work, how they even brought some of the compiled work of various scholars from different
regions India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Peru, Colombia, Turkey and all other places.
So, the model which generally which has been followed in the reconstruction processes is one
is an aspect of addition.

Like what they do is sometimes approach is through a singular NGOs like okay, there are 5, 6
houses this NGO will sponsor, another 5, 6 houses this NGO will sponsor, so that time the
NGO only looks at that house, they only talked about one house, one at a time, one family
because their contract is all about delivering 2 or 3 or 4 houses whereas in the multiplication
model from one house to a 100.

So, here this is where the agency driven construction, so what they do is they develop a
schematic or a model of a particular house and they replicate it whether it is a township,
whether it is a cluster, so in that way, they try to develop as a uniform and the standardized

837
models of it and this is mostly as an agency-driven process. Whereas the replication, it is
basically a cluster has been developed and that would be replicated in the whole settlement
but here in this and this in the agency driven process what happens is you the agency will not
consider a lot of differential aspects especially, in terms of space requirements, the communal
response to it and the needs or the situational analysis, how it has changed before disaster and
after disaster.

A woman loses her husband in the disaster, what happens to her, what kind of house she
needs you know, so this kind of understanding is not really goes within this process because
it’s only takes for the model and how it is repeated for 100 houses whereas here, this involves
a longer run engagement to understand each neighbourhood, a group of families.

It will take time but the problem with this is the media pressure will be there, the political
pressure will be there, the institutional pressure will be there, so a lot of constraints which
will add on to this aspect. In the second model of the contractor driven what they do is they
try to develop a kit of parts approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:04)

For instance, they develop a template of walling material, the foundation and the roofing
material or whatever. So, they try to give a template over and then people were asked to
choose within that so in that way, the kit is provided and there is a little flexibility adopted in
the standardized design process whereas in the second process of application, where Benny
Kuriakose have worked on 2,000 designs for 2,000 houses.

838
So, that is where a deeper engagement is required with the community and they have to
actually interact with the community and finally, they developed over 7 to 8 alternatives and
again and one-to-one interaction with the architects has been allowed and that is why even
the other further final modifications have been developed. This requires a very thorough
bottom-up process of it.

I hope you understand the cultural issues and what are the ways of designing and how it has
been overlooked and as a response what are the consequences of it and what are the various
models of designing the housing. Thank you very much.

839
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Department of Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture - 36
Disaster Risk Communication

Hello everyone. We welcome you through these lecture series on disaster recovery and build
back better. This lecture is focusing on disaster risk communications. I am Subhajyoti
Samaddar from Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University and we will talk
about disaster risk communications. We know that disaster risk communication is very
important because we need to motivate people to take preventive actions or preparedness
against disasters.

Let’s say evacuations or using flood-resistant building materials, retrofitting the house. So,
why people should do it because they need to know that this is the important and I should do
it, in order to protect myself from future disasters. Now, who are involved into this process,
what is the meaning when there are two parties. One, they want to make increase people risk
awareness, another one is the people who are at risk of natural disasters.

Now, these two parties has to interact and there are other parties are also involved. So, this
process, we called disaster risk communications. So, let us look into the detail of this entire
process, which we call risk communications or disaster risk communications.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:08)

840
Risk communication, what does it mean when we say risk communication okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:14)

So, one in risk communication or in even in disaster risk communications, I am talking in a

more, broader perspective, there should be one sender like local government okay. They want
you to evacuate and so there is first in the disaster risk communications, we need one sender
okay and what they do, they send message informations okay about the risk and what can be
done to people.

So, senders, they are sending informations to the people, they are the receivers. So, there
should be one sender, one receiver and another important component is the message between.
So, sender and receiver they should exchange information, okay, exchange of information is
critical between these two parties. So, this is one of the basic components of risk
communications.

When we are talking about disaster risk communications, like flood, earthquake, so there
should be informations about this. Now, when they are communicating, exchanging
informations, two parties, senders and receivers, they are exchanging information but
information about what, what kind of information. When you are talking about risk
communication, what kind of information they should share, exchange.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:56)

841
Is it kind of some hot topic of the town like some gossip or just day-to-day life they want to
share with each other like the colleagues or the neighbours or some co-workers, co-students
they do or is it about my haircut?
(Refer Slide Time: 04:13)

How I would look good, is it about that one or is it about how to cook, what to cook and or
my travel plan to Singapore or to Sweden or Switzerland. So, what kind of information they
will share is very important to know okay. So, exchange of information when we are talking
between senders and receivers, no in risk communications they are not interested about your
hairstyle, about your travel plan or about your day-to-day life.

In risk communication, in disaster risk communications, when we say we are exchanging

informations, we are directly or indirectly talking about some particular hazards and risk.

842
(Refer Slide Time: 05:13)

It could be a heart problem, it could be arsenic contaminations of groundwater and that’s

causing the cancers to the people or it could be flood-related issues or it could be genetically
modified food like many people and nowadays exposed to genetically modified food and they
are having a lot of health issues or could be Fukushima nuclear plant that was devastated and
nuclear accident took place by 2011 earthquake and Tsunami.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:53)

So, we are actually we have senders and they are passing informations to the receivers and
they have a message and they have exchange of informations and this exchange of
information is about risk but when the senders passing the information, passing the
information to the receivers, there is a motive. Do you know what is this motive? What they
want to do?

843
If the sender is sending these informations to the receiver, he has a very particular motive
when we are talking about disaster risk communication, the motive is the sender wants to
change the mind of receiver okay, change his mind, changed perception and changed
behaviour. So, the sender, once that receiver should have different perspective, a different
behaviour, different attitude, once they would be successfully communicate with them.

So, it’s not only a matter of exchange of informations but sender wants to influence the
receiver, so it is a purposeful exchange of information, purposeful exchange of informations
between senders and receivers.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:18)

So, like media like mass media when they give you advertisement, they want to change you,
they want to change your mind, they want to cover you in every way every aspect, they want
to brainwash you. This slogan is pretty clear, the intention is very clear, I want you to
influence your decision, it’s not that I am talking like a gossip or you are not listening to me
or we are talking anything.

No, in disaster risk communications I am communicating with you because I have a reason, a
purpose and the purpose is very clear that I want to change your mind okay. So, your
perception when I say that what I want to change you, what is that, your perception about risk
one and also I want to change your attitude about preparedness. Suppose, if there is an
evacuation, I first tell you that okay you are at risk because cyclone is coming and you need
to evacuate.

844
So, first I need to tell you that cyclone is coming and that is true and I want to change your
decision and then I want you to evacuate from that place okay. So, purposeful exchange of
information in disaster risk communication is very important.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:44)

Now, purposeful exchange of informations or purposeful informations, they are very different
from the noise. When we say message okay, in that case, a receiver or the informer they
intend to expose the target audience that is a receiver to a system of meaningful symptoms
like I want you to spoon-feed, I want you to change your mind okay, is simply that I want to
brainwash you, I want you to do what I think okay. That may change your perception or the
image of the sender.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:24)

845
So, purposeful exchange of information, so one sender is there and he would like to he or she
would like to change the mind of the receiver in the way, they perceived the risk, their
attitude about preparedness. So risk communication basically, primarily defined as purposeful
exchange of information about some kind of risk. In our context, this is more about disaster
risk but it could be health risk, it could be environmental risk, it could be other risk okay so
between interested parties.

So, there are two interested parties; one is the sender and one is the receiver, they are
affected, impacted by particular disaster or particular risk and they have an information
exchange, purposeful exchange of informations and sender wants to change the mind of the
receivers okay.

Now, this is the, there are many definitions of risk communications, of course, enormous
number of definitions we have but just for simplifications, we can take one which is more
relevant for our course.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:53)

And here, we took that was given by Covello, Von, Slovic and others in their study and they
are saying that risk communication is defined as any purposeful exchange of information
about health, environmental risk between interested parties. In our case, as I said it’s not only
environmental risk or health risk, it’s also disaster risk. More specifically, risk
communication is the act of conveying, is an act of conveying or transmitting information
between parties.

846
So, it’s an act of conveying some meaningful informations between two parties but when we
are talking about that they are purposeful exchange of informations, okay. They are doing it,
senders and the receivers. What they are talking about, what are the contents of that exchange
of informations that we also like to know, in risk communications but what they are really
talking about.

Let us look. When we are talking about risk, risk is a very funny word, very-very funny word;
people want to know that who is at risk, what ecosystem will be hampered?
(Refer Slide Time: 12:11)

When you are saying that you are at risk because of the flood, because of the earthquake in
this city, people do not want to believe you. They said that what do you mean that I will be in
fact, who is who are I okay, who are you. So, you have to define that who, what extent this
and this settlement and these people will be affected. Like, so people have different
perceptions about risk, so that’s why it is very important to know.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:48)

847
Like, if there is a news that our town has not had a murder since 1957, there could be this
news, simply this news or this idea of risk, people have two different perspective. The first
person, if you look into the middle one, definition of an optimism of looking into this. We are
safe forever, okay. So, he believes that we are safe forever because that our town has not had
a murder since 1957.

So, reasonably enough to assume that we are safe enough but on the other hand a pessimist
thinks that we are do, that means something is coming here, right that maybe next is me. So,
they are looking in a very negative way. So, the stimulus is there, the same but two people
have two different perspective or interpretations of the event of the stimulus. Similarly, in
case of risk people have very different mindset of different way of thinking.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:55)

848
Here, look into this in this picture okay, you can see this boat is at risk but the person in the
other end thinks that we are not safe, he is in the same boat, but he thinks that okay I am not
at risk because the hole is not at my side, is in the other end. So, if something happened, I will
not be exposed, I will not be impacted okay. So, who will be impacted, how will be impacted
is very important for people.

So, when we are saying that the exchange of informations, what is the meaning of content of
that, what kind of content they should discuss, of course, they are talking about risk but what
is, what component of risk they are talking about, so that’s we are talking okay. So, how
many people, we will want to know that we were talking that earthquake is coming, flood is
coming in your cities but I want to know that how and how many of us will be affected by
that.

If you have given a cyclone warning, people want to know is it the entire city that will be
affected or is it any particular neighbourhood or particular ward that will be affected,
particular settlements will be affected in a city, in a village, in a province. So, is that how
many of them will be affected is very important to tell people when we are communicating
risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:28)

Here is a very interesting data, very interesting data. Of course, it is not related to disaster but
it’s saying that 1 in 8 living with HIV in US they don’t know, they don’t know that they are
infected. So, can you believe it? So, 1 in 8 living with HIV, they don’t know that they are

849
infected. So, how many people will be affected, what extent is a critical important message
risk communication should provide.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:03)

And not only how many or what extent but people want to know, that how that will hamper
me okay, what extent that this will continue, like she may be smoking, well I am giving
examples is not only in disaster context, it will help us to understand the broader perspective
of understanding the risk and risk communication. So, she is smoking. So, maybe we can
discourage her not to smoke.

Now, the question is when we are communicating hard to quit smoking, she is under the
impression that okay I know many people who are smoking but they are fine but I know
many people who are not smoker but they are affected by cancer. So, it is not necessarily that
only those who are smokers they will be affected by cancer but also those who are nonsmoker
can also affected by cancer right.

So, how people take this data, this fact and interpret them is a critical question. So, when we
are communicating risk, it is very important to tell people what extent, how extent they will
be hampered by disasters okay. So, how will they be employed and how much and how long
will the harm continue is important. In this cartoon, you can look that talking about the
radiation issues that whatever radiations our citizen are getting is no more than an x-ray.

So, somebody may be talking about Fukushima or other nuclear accident and they may be
worried about the radiation impact and so these government people, Japan government

850
people in a cartoon is saying that the radiation, the way people are exposed actually is lesser
than when they are having x-ray. So, this is how people have different perspective about the
risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:29)

So, in case of risk communication, as I said, risk communication is a defined as any

purposeful exchange of information about health or environmental risk between interested
parties, more specifically it is the act of conveying, transmitting information between parties
about what? One is, what is they will talk is the level okay, it’s level of risk, what extent
people will be affected and the significance and the meaning of risk is important content.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:02)

But is it enough, if we only tell them the level of risk that what extent they are going to
affected and what risk they are facing therein what risk is imminent, is this enough

851
information in risk communications? No, basically no. Why no, when we are saying that
okay we have risk analysis and risk perceptions, there is another question is looking into risk
management.

So, look into this, that first maybe some scientific aspect doing that risk analysis part but
people have their own perceptions as I gave the example that how people interpret different
risk in different ways.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:44)

But also, that if you simply putting your ear that can help you to reduce this risk exposure
okay, so these are important information. So, when we are talking about people that you are
at risk, suppose we are telling them that there is an earthquake but a risk communication, only
they tell about this risk or hazard, this is not enough. We should also tell them that what they
can do, what measures, actions, preparedness they can take to protect themselves.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:26)

852
So, if there is an earthquake, they can go under desk or furniture to protect themselves. So,
this is just one simple example that how they can do it and this message should be given to
the people. Like if there is a Tsunami, we tell people that okay, Tsunami is coming but if this
information is not enough, it is incomplete information. We should also tell them that if they
can evacuate to a higher place like these people is showing that okay, you can go to a higher
place to protect yourself okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:06)

So, risk communications is the content between two parties about discussing one is the level
of the risk, okay and the significance and the meaning of risk and also it is about the
decisions, actions and policies aimed at managing and controlling the risk. So, these 3
components are important aspect of risk communications. Now, we are discussing about the
risk communication definitions and core ideas.

853
Let us look what are the objectives of risk communications, what we really want to achieve
from risk communication, where here is so we have sender and the receiver.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:59)

And sender wants to send message to the receiver right, so it can be sent through coding and
decoding. We can discuss this aspect, in later on another lecture but it should be sent through
speaking, writing, graphics, videos through different channels right at least one and in this
process there is a involvement of coding and decoding. Anyways, the important is that when
the sender wants to say that okay I want to communicate with you.

So, if the sender is saying 6 and receiver perceives as 9 is different right. Let ‘s say sender is
sending 5, want to say that okay this is 5 some code and receiver decoded it as S. So, what I
mean, what I mean by the sender and what I understand is important in risk communications.
If I am sending 6 and if you are considering it as 9, if I am sending 5 and if you are
considering it as S then it would not work right, it would not work.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:23)

854
So, when we are codifying, if I want to say you tree, you should understand after the coding
is as tree, okay. So, sending the message from sender to receiver after coding and decoding
should be same meaning, what I want to mean and what I understand should be same.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:45)

An effective risk communication should have this component. Like here, you look into this
very interesting cartoon is saying this lady is asking this person that why you have only 40%
of your umbrella is covered? This person is answering because I receive an early warning
today and is saying that there is a chance of rain 40% and that’s why only 40% of my
umbrella is covered.

So, this is so interesting, so what the sender wants to do and what the receiver is interpreting
is completely different, although they are same right, they are same.

855
(Refer Slide Time: 24:36)

Or if this lady having some challenges, physical challenges is at risk because there is a fire
and now you are saying to him that don’t use the staircase because it is in fire. Then, she
wants to say what, should I commit suicide now.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:56)

So, in case of objectives of the risk communication; one of the critical objective is to make
sure that all receivers, all receivers of the message are able and capable of understanding and
decoding the meaning of message sent to them. So, when senders are sending message to the
receiver, they should able to understand and decodify the meaning that sender sent okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:31)

856
The message should be very clear and second objective is that when senders wants to send
the receiver some message about a particular risk or a kind of some preparedness message.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:48)

He wants to change the attitude of the person okay, is changing attitude is one of the critical
component of risk communications. So, senders when sending the informations, he wants, he
or she wants to change the mind of the receiver and changing their attitude to persuade the
receivers of the message to change their attitude and their behaviour with respect to specific
cause or class of a risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:25)

857
Another important aspect, when sender is sending informations to receiver, receiver will be
same time able to feedback what they understand, what are the questions, concerns they have
to the senders.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:46)

So, it should be in a more democratic reciprocal process, like we can share our concerns in a
summit or maybe in just in a village meeting. So, one of the key component, objective of risk
communication, disaster risk communication is to provide a condition of rational discourse
on risk issues, so that all affected parties okay they can take part in an effective and
democratic manner for conflict resolutions.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:25)

858
If you have different opinions, you can share and you can resolve this conflict and come into
consensus or agreed decisions. So that’s all for today's lecture, this lecture, so thank you very
much.

859
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 37
CAM and CBDRM

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better, my name is Ram Sateesh
Pasupuleti, I am working as Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture and Planning,
IIT Roorkee. Today, I am going to discuss about 2 important concepts of DRR which is disaster
risk reduction and these 2 includes CAM and CBDRM. CAM is community asset management
and the second one is CBD community-based disaster risk management.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:21)

So, before we talk about these CAM and CBDRM, I think I will try to explain you what are the
complexities within the system and the hierarchies on these different networks; the institutional
networks and what are the kind of constraints on coordination and planning of a disaster
recovery because when we talk about disaster recovery, a lot of agencies comes into the picture
especially, even if you take the system of UN; United Nations so, there been a number of
bodies coming.

But how they are actually classified and how they are linked with each other, how they are
hierarchical to each other and how they are governing bodies work within each other so, let’s
see how it has been done. Max lock centre, where I worked earlier as part of my research and

860
they have published a document on mind gap; post-disaster reconstruction and the transition
from humanitarian relief.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:21)

So in that monograph, the Max lock centre Tony Lloyd Jones and his team they have developed
this kind of the network of what happens in UN and what are the various different bodies and
so, let’s see I will explain you this kind of institutional complexity within the UN disaster
response system. So, one is you have the higher body of the UN General Assembly and which
is further divided into international strategy of disaster risk reduction ISDR.

And within which we have the interagency task force for disaster risk reduction and the UN
ISDR, which has the interagency secretarial for the ISDR, so this 2 formulates the ISDR and
then you have the coordination of humanitarian policy development and the humanitarian
advocacy so, within which we have the UN agencies of UNESD, which is the economic and
social development and UNESA; economic and social affairs.

And DESE; support and coordination to echoed SDC and UNDAW; advancement of woman
and UNCRD; Regional Development so, like that these number of agencies part of it and then
you have the Central Register and OCHA, which is an important aspect, the office of the
coordination of the humanitarian affairs so, it is related with the Central Register, emergency
telecommunications and emergency and relief coordinator so, this part is an important office
and that is where the its sprungs into Interagency Standing Committee which is an early
recovery cluster as well as a civil-military and coordination.

861
Because this particular IAC, which is talking about the early recovery obviously, military
comes into the picture, so that is where the civil-military coordination is there and from the
ISDR, it goes to the; conducts the program of WCDR which is the world conference on disaster
risk reduction and the IDD; interagency of internal displacement division so, these are the UN
agencies which you can see that the one is UNDP; United Nations Development Program
which talks about the crisis prevention and recovery disaster management program and
drylands development centre.

And UN habitat; the moment habitat comes into the picture, it is more to do with the shelter so,
shelter and sustainable human settlements and the disaster management program then it talks
about the WH for World Health Organization which is more to do with the health action in
crisis like stopping the endemic and epidemic diseases and as well as how to approach the
health situation in the crisis and emergency situation.

And FAO which is the farming livestock fisheries and the forestry, which is also of the global
information and early warning system so, it talks about the livelihood than the nature-related
livelihood aspects and World Food Program because you know, we are talking about the
malnutrition so, we are talking about the poverty in developing countries, so that is where the
law, the World Food Program is also an important aspect.

How we can give the food security in the time of crisis, UNEP which is more to do with the
environmental issues in disaster management, so that is where it talks about early warning as
assessment information database and emergencies at a local level as well so, UNICEF which is
more to do with the health education equality and protection of children in disasters so,
UNICEF also plays an important role how they you know take care of the children who are
being affected by the disasters.

And how they can give kind of health education and as well as the protection for them and
UNESCO which is a prevention strategy and global early warning system and impact-resistant
and it also talks about the cultural framework for these communities affected for a communities
and how also the important sites, the heritage sites which have been affected in the disasters and
UNHC which is talking about the human rights of displaced people whether in the form of
refugees whether in the form of people who have been displaced due to war or any disaster.

862
So, what kind of human rights, this is where the UNHC works out and as I discussed with here
and this is where the information system whether it is a relief web or the humanitarian info dot
org or the glide number, or the virtual OSOCC number which is actually a set of information
system what is happening, what recovery programs are going on, which NGOs are working so,
it brings a huge database.

And this is where we also talk about the UNDMTP which is again the disaster management
training and program so, you know this is again very much linked with that UNDP aspect and
then once, we have the information systems, one you have the governing bodies, one you have
the UN agencies, one you have the strategy ISDR, so that is how one is looking at the
management process of it and the information and one is looking at the you know, this the
international strategy ISDR which is the disaster reduction program.

And this is more of the Coordination of Humanitarian policy development and Humanities
advocacy so, here we see the rapid assessment and international coordination on-site and this is
where United nations assessment and coordinate so, they look at the search and rescue and
INSARAG which is an international search and rescue advisory group so, in the event of an
disaster and immediately the search process and how they have to follow up on it and what kind
of mechanisms they have to follow this whole rescue and advisory group will work on it.

And this is where the UNDAC works on the rapid assessment and international coordination
on-site and this further linked ups with the IRIN 9:20 which is a news and the broadcasting
service and this is where again it is communicating to the UN regional agencies, whether it is
UNICA; Africa, CEPAL; which is Latin America, UNECE; Europe and UNESCAP; Asia and
Pacific UNSC; western Africa, so Western Asia sorry, so this is how this whole complexity in
the UN Disaster Response system has been laid out.

And how different bodies have their own individual tasks and as well as certain overlap is do
existed within these agencies. In fact, and this system when it gets connected to the national
governments or the state level parties that is were even more complex situations works because
on the political, they are, directly linked with the political system of a particular nation or a
country which might be pressurized in a different situation, the priorities are very different.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:05)

863
So, that is where Paul Oliver and Aysan Yasemin, they actually work commented on how the
perceptions of the recovery process they are not the same, among those who are administering
the recovery and those who are the recipients so, one is a provider and one is a taker you know,
so, that both the perceptions are very different. For the agencies, whether is a government or
voluntary organisations who administrate assistance for them, the important tools for efficiency
and the speed.

How many houses we can dwell, how many livelihoods we can generate, how to generate, how
efficiently we can generate so, these are the prime considerations and attitudes and customs
which tend to impede these priorities or deployed. Whereas, the recipients on the other hand
both the disaster and its aftermath are disruptions in the flow of their lives, for instance, the
recipients who have lost their boats in the tsunami for them, the immediate life and need is
getting back to the normal, is getting back to their livelihood.

So, also how to retain their customs and practices so, in fact, this is where inflow of their lives
and desired to retain customs and practices and behaviour patterns which ensure measure of
stability even if they are hindrance of effect to external relief is of great importance, so this is
where how the recipient looks at because maybe in the immediate impact of a disaster, he might
look for an immediate shelter, immediate need.

But in a longer run, the perception changes because he need to maintain, he need to have a
balance on his customs and his way of life and that is where one has to look at you know, what
the relief culture has to look at, what the recipient culture is expecting also not only in the

864
immediate term but in a long run aspects and in order to address this gap and the differences
between the providers and the recipients or the administrators and the recipients so, I will try to
introduce you in this 2 terminologies.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:24)

One is CAM, which is a community asset management and we also refers CAM, it is the
management of physical assets in collective use by urban or rural populations so, this brings the
management so, these are the physical assets whether it is in the form of buildings or in a form
of infrastructure or in the form of any livelihood stock so, how collectively they are able to
access, whether it is an urban or rural population.

And it actually envisages; CAM envisages improved capacity of low income communities
because in developing countries, the poverty aspect is one of the holding factor for any kind of
vulnerability setup so, how the livelihood aspect is directly related to the access to their
capacities for the management of lifecycle planning so, it is not about only we are dealing with
the situation itself, we have to look at how the continuity works out in a lifecycle planning
approach.

Because it is not just you lost something, I gave you something and you are done so, it has to be
continuity, you have to bring that continuity aspect in it, a regular care and construction work
for new and existing community buildings. So, this is where the physical assets are
continuously maintained and taken further with a lifecycle planning approach. The capacity
building can be taken in few steps; one is the identification of assets and their condition.

865
So, here one is the few points which has been listed and both the references of mind the gap and
as well as the CBDRM approach which was listed by John Twigg, and disaster risk reduction,
so they talked about listing the experiences and analysing the skills of the community to
manage and implement any repair and maintenance program. So, do they have any skills, do
they have any operational tools or methods, how they approach and tackle a particular disaster?

And how they can actually able to approach certain livelihood aspect, generating awareness and
capacity building regarding asset management in the community as well as local authorities, so
one is, we are talking about the awareness and capacity building approach, so it is not only with
the community but also with the local authorities where the community is directly relevant.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:05)

Physical survey and identification of community assets to be repaired and upgraded through
discussion with local community, what is relevant to the community you know, how one can
able to because you need to engage the community in this discussion, so that, they can identify
what is relevant to them and they can identify how to work on it, how they can even put some
efforts and funds possibly to make it better.

Or at least, they can link with some other funding agencies you know, so there were various
ways how a dialogue can happen.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:41)

866
Orientation of the stakeholders; so presenting the task of repair and recovery to different target
audiences such as policymakers, administrators, accountants community masons, engineers and
building centre managers and supervisors so, if once can be able to present this outcome when
these are the list of the buildings, we have identified that could be repaired further, these are the
areas which we can construct for a new purpose, you know.

So, once this whole task has been presented with the stakeholder, not only the community but
the local authorities but the policymakers but the administrators and as well as if there is any
building centres and their authorities and their supervisors and the mason groups so, in that
way, there should be a collaboration you can actually and you can have to orient them for that
kind of collaboration.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:28)

867
Capacity building for technical group; in fact, this is very important because day to day, the
technology is changing and in fact, the task of the construction is also it’s changing for every 2,
3 years of the new technologies coming up, new challenges are coming up, new regulatory
frameworks are coming up in the market and also in the system, so that is where one has to look
at the specialist training programs conducted for supervisors.

And it can also talk about basic housekeeping and minor repairs, a bookkeeping, site
management, quality control, procurement of materials and manpower management so, how
efficiently one can do it so, this is all to do with the kind of local-level approaches and even a
small if you are training a local mason near village but if you can actually train with this whole
process you know the file keeping and the bookkeeping, so that there is an accountable, he will
be accountable and he will maintain the transparency in his work.

So, that will be very much useful that makes this technical skill better and better and it could be
even validated.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:42)

Condition survey of assets; so how physical inspection and also one can make an inventory and
determining the priorities you know, what is the first priority because you only have a limited
fund, how you can priorities the set of activities and analysis of distress and recommendations
so, this is where the analysis plays an important role, you have hundred buildings damaged in
the locality which needs restoration or reconstruction.

868
So, which one you have only a few million dollars to work on it so, then what is the first task to
work, which are the most priority, is it you start with a home or you start with a livelihood or
you start with a religion you know that’s priority has to be understood. Then preparing
estimates of works and comparative cost-benefit of repair, this is the economics plays an
important role in making a decision making.

Planning for the procurement of materials and labour; how do you procure labour because this
particular labour in especially, in a distressed conditions, you may not be able to access the
materials as well depending on the feasibilities of the available materials or you may not even
get the labour appropriate level. So, how we can coordinate it because everything has to be
cost-effective, analysis of the distress and recommendations, so that is where it talks about the
situations.

Preparing estimations for works and comparative for and planning of the procurement of
materials of labour.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:21)

Then, the demonstrations; demonstration of the community asset management at key sites,
which can ensure the stakeholders are equipped with the right skills and shared understanding
before the rebuilding is scaled up, so, once you done the survey, when you are done the even
inventories and based on the analysis, you have prioritize the tasks, you have recommended
certain program to it and which could be scheduled in action.

869
And this is where you need to demonstrate at important sites. Whether, it is a site to be
constructed or whether it is a local authority, whether it is a funding agency, you need to make
sure that you know, that all the training programs have been conducted, so that we are ready to
go for the rebuilding you know, so we have just tested one model and then how we can scale
this up so, this is how the community asset management talks about.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:13)

Similarly, John Twigg also refers to the CBDRM projects, which is the communities based
disaster risk management projects.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:26)

He gives an example of coming to this management of Gestao de Risco a Nivel da

Comunidade, so which is Gerando method in Mozambique which has been designed by World

870
Vision in collaboration with Eduardo Mondale University which has piloted over 30 projects
from 2006 to 2010 about 4 years they have scaled up to 30 projects using this CBDRM method.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:57)

What is Gerando; Gerando is a process for supporting local capacities to identify, predict,
manage hazard impacts, so this process consists of 6 interrelated stages which I will explain
briefly about it and which has been facilitated by a trained member of the local community. So,
the first aspect is establish a local DRM committee in each community so, you have a
community and then you try to make sure that you set up a DRM committee, the disaster risk
management committee in each community.

So, the Gerando facilitator usually the community coordinator, who then leads the committee
and community through the next 5 steps so, one is set up and identify the significant shocks and
stress that committee faces, is it due to drought, is it famine, is it war, is it that; the one has to
identify that so, he is the one who actually coordinates with the rest of the community and carry
out vulnerability and capacity assessment.

So, this is where, he talks about the what kind of degree of vulnerability we do have and what is
the priorities because this is where you one has to understand the analysis part of it, identify the
scientific and traditional or indigenous early warning indicators, so one has to understand that
what kind of early warning systems we have, so that how we can inform these to the
community.

871
And this is where the fifth step is develop and implement mitigation plans, where appropriate
draw up a community disaster preparedness plan, so once, if you know what is the shock, what
is the stress the community is put upon and one can understand the vulnerability in the capacity
assessment and one can identify what are the scientific and traditional or indigenous early
warning indicators.

So that, they can understand and implement mitigation plans because each one is connected to
and then that is where one can end up draw a community-level disaster preparedness plan.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:27)

So, this is a kind of website of Mozambique, there is a lot of projects on starting from disability
and victims of floods and cyclones Idai and you know, that children victims, there are lot of
programs within it and one of the important challenge is official disaster management
organizations they try; they tend to undervalue the potential of informal social organization or
network, whether it is a neighbourhood or families or kinship groups.

So, in the earlier stage this community could be some places it is very small but the official
processes they try to undervalue this and actions by the affected communities or groups
examples, search and rescue, given out food and water have been even been viewed as
irrelevant you know, so even, the way the community support each other they often tend to
ignore or trash these things and irrelevant or disruptive.

Because they are not directed by the authorities because they are not officially directed, so that
is where, most of the official set up overlooks this existing community networks; the

872
indigenous networks, how they cooperate, how they face the disaster, how they understand the
disaster. For an effective CBRDM, one need to understand there is a social capital which plays
an important role.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:53)

The term social capital; if you refer to Putnam's work on, it says the social resources which
people draw upon to pursue their objectives, these comprise networks and connections between
individuals, membership of groups and relationships of trust and exchange, it could be a
horizontal capital, it could be a vertical capital, it could be a network within a group, it could be
across groups.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:18)

873
One has to understand, when you are in a crisis, it actually brings people together and
stimulates stronger and lasting social connectedness so, this is a crisis also gives an opportunity
to bring people together.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:36)

Inclusion and expectations and that is where the participation, whom to include, how to include
and because they have all different expectations and this is where the participatory methods
play an important role if you are talking about participation that there is also a note of
successful 3 T’s.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:00)

The first T talks about the transparency which requires clarity, openness, accountability and it
respects a need for communities to be informed about the drawbacks of interventions as well as
their benefits. Time; the second aspect is time, it is needed to build meaningful relationships

874
between communities, outsiders and the intermediate; the in-between, to implement activities
and to enable communities to take ownership of the process.

The trust; it is a result of transparency and the time in the participatory process creating a sense
of shared effort, goals and responsibility so, this 2 will obviously build a trust between the
communities between once, you are transparent, once you make things transparent,
accountable, meaningful, with clarity and that is where you will definitely build a relationship
between communities and outsider and the intermediaries.

And also it can enable you to know take the ownership of the process and that eventually, it will
build the trust.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:12)

But the question is; is it practical to involve everyone all the time in CBDRM activities? This is
very difficult question; this is very difficult task for any NGO to address it.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:32)

875
Some of the key tools, involving the most vulnerable so, who are all affected, who are
frequently targeted or who are under threat, try to involve them as much as possible that is one
of the important step.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:49)

Bring the information and information and openness you have to be transparent, bring what the
decision-making process, how it is done, how this has been developed and what kind of strategy
they are going to implement so, bring it more transparent ways. In any community, there
always a power relations; one is have and have-nots, power and powerful; powerless and
powerful.

So, even across the communities, it is not just only addressing the person who already have
certain power aspect but you also have to address who is not having any power so, you have to

876
bring them into the consensus but insiders and outsiders; so how an outsider can actually come
and interact with the insider because one has to build a trust and that is where local authorities,
local agencies, whether it is a church, whether it is a municipal authority, how they play an a
vital role in bringing an interaction between an insider and outsider.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:50)

So, how to facilitate the CBDRM; the entry points, an international NGO when they try to
approach the community, it was very difficult to work with the community because both are
from different cultures and different power setups and different targets and different
expectations.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:13)

So, creating an entry point, this is whereas I said to you, the entry; the local authorities have to
play an important role, how one can able to build bridge partnerships between these and the

877
agencies which are coming to help them and which the beneficiaries who are going to work
with them, even when in my own case, when I went to some villages in Tamil Nadu, they were
not trusting me because I was consider as an outsider.

So, what I did was, I went to the church and I met the father and the father introduced me that I
am doing research on these communities and tsunami effect and then the next day onwards,
people started cooperating with me so that cooperation and when the longer run, I developed
some trust. So, coming to the process and methods; we talked about the participatory learning
PLA and action methods and tools.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:11)

One is the spatial, which is talking about the mapping and modelling, this is very useful in risk
and vulnerability assessment, it can be used to identify hazards and dangerous locations, what
community already know about this. You know, the identified areas affected by erosion, loss of
vegetation or pest infestation and identify vulnerable groups and capacities and assets within
the community.

So, one, how you can address that in the spatial mapping and the modelling, whether it is a
hydrological modelling, whether it is a remote sensing aspects so, whatever the tools we are
using but we need to understand the spatial understanding of the vulnerability.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:51)

878
The second aspect is a nominal which is the collecting, naming or listing, it can collect
information about communities and their environment like for instance, we are talking about
who are the beneficiaries, who are the what kind of crops they have lost, how much and it can
also look at the sequence in the coping strategies used in times of food crisis, health problems in
order of frequency or importance and also the associated reasons for it so such consequences of
deforestation.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:25)

The temporal; so putting all these events in a sequence, whether it is through personal and
ecological histories, disaster timelines, disaster visualization, seasonal calendars, community
timelines or re-enacting events because these methods will actually reveal the changing nature
of vulnerability, if you look at a historical record of any disaster and its impact, one can see
where we are progressing, where how it is actually heading to.

879
So that, we can effectively you know, look after those preparedness aspects, what went wrong
you know, so that we can look for an alternative mechanisms. Ordinal; when we say ordinal,
sorting and comparing and ranking because this is where we can identify the most vulnerable
individuals and households.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:19)

Numerical, which is talking on most of the economic aspect of it; counting, estimating,
comparing and scoring and methods of this kind could be used in assessing disaster losses and
quantifying which normally any of the district agency is going to do on this, how much of the
livelihood stock has been damaged, how much of the animals have been killed you know, this
is how mostly assessed with the numbers.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:42)

880
Relational; this is often related to how we link and how we relate, how different facilitators
understand that how different parts of the community relate to one another and how they
identify the power structures and because it can associate of one cause with another impact and
one impact with another reason of it, so in that way, the effects of drought might be linked to a
land tenure arrangements or to gender-based divisions of labour using the problem tree.

So, it’s all about a very complex phenomenon of A is linking to B and B is linking to C, C is
linking to D but D is again linking to A, you know this kind of problem tree could be
developed.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:25)

In fact, the one of the important challenges how to integrate the CBRDRM with official
development planning; this is a good case which they have given about Bhandari and Malakar
work on Nepal, wherein the districts of Chitwal and Nawalparasi in Nepal, there is a practical
action group was working in 59 village development committees and which are the lowest
administrative units of government.

So, you have these VDC’s; village development committees to prepare the DRMs so, they will
prepare the DRM plans and then the ward and community level vulnerability assessments were
carried out in each VDC, so there is again ward level assessment has been carried out in each
VDC and then that is where, they form the local DRM planning workshops okay, so with
represent of government, civil society, organizations as well as technical experts.

881
And then these are agreed and the final plans with various endorsed by the respective VDC's
plus municipal councils in the local development plans, this is where the local development
plans and then these are further developed into DDP’s; DDC’s; district development
committees for inclusion in to do district development plans so, this is how from a local
vulnerability assessments, this has been identified at the district level aspect.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:21)

So, this is branching out from a small segment to a district level is a very important aspect, so
what are the futures of the successful CBDRM, how do we measure it? Of course, the IFRC;
the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have actually looked at the 9 key determinants of a
successful community-based DRR program; the motivation and capacity of the community and
community leaders so, how it has motivated the community.

And the motivation and capacity of the Red Cross Red Crescent stakeholders in the strength of
partnerships between them, so what kind of partnerships it have established, the capacity of
external actors, NGOs and private sector and the strength of the partnership with them, the level
of community participation and ownership of CBDRM program, the level of integration with
other sectors.

So, we are not only talking about the ownership but we are also talking the integration, how
well they are coordinating with, having an appropriate balance with standardization and
flexibility in the program design and also having sufficient time to implement CBDRM
program because these are all very much time taking process and having sufficient funding
implementing the CBDRM program.

882
So, how we can generate funding is also important term, having added adequate assessment
monitoring and evaluation procedure, so which goes back again to have a continuity cycle of
how periodically one can assess this. So, I hope you got about an idea of what is CBDRM and
the community asset management, I think this will help you, thank you.

883
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 38
How to Teach Disaster Recovery & Build Back Better in Build Environment Education

Welcome to the course; disaster recovery and build back better, my name is Ram Sateesh, I am
an Assistant Professor in Department of Architecture and Planning IIT, Roorkee. Today, we are
going to discuss about how to teach disaster recovery and build back better in built environment
education. So, this lecture is being prepared based on my own experiences for about 2 decades
how I have been involved both as a student and as a faculty in different cultural and
environmental setups.

So, how disaster has been integrated in the curriculum, in the education and the methods which
were adopted and in fact, some of the courses which were actually executed by me and where I
keep testing different methods of how to teach the disaster risk reduction and build back better
for the built environment professionals especially, for architecture and planning students in
India, UK, Mediterranean countries and in Sweden.

So, that has given me a good exposure of working in temperate climates and the tropical
climates, Mediterranean climates and the arctic climates so, I keep testing various tools and
methods in teaching this DRR so, I am trying to bring a kind of concise understanding of what I
have implemented and what I have learned through that, so before that I will give you a brief
theoretical understanding of the educative component of it; the education component of it.

And how it is relevant in the architectural phenomenon and especially, in the present age how it
is drastically changing and what are the threats and as a result how this DRR has to be looked
into it in the built environment education. When we start about architecture or planning or
urban design any of these studies which are related to the built environment orientation, in the
past, we mostly have talked about the monumentality of the architecture.

You know, whether it is a Vatican city plaza, whether it is Duomo, you know the Bernard smith
work; so the great architects, the great master builders who have actually made these spaces to
happen and that is what we all studied about architecture and in fact, when we were studying

884
these architectural courses, there are different segments of the training starting from your design
component and as well as the construction component, the structural component, the service
component and the historical component.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:33)

So, somehow we end up studying in most of an isolated manner like each component in a
different aspect, so there is always a need to integrate and how we apply the learning of this to
that so, this is the missing component and if you take ahead from the historical times of
architectural understanding, where people used to work under the master builder and that is
how they learned architecture.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:47)

But coming into the modern era where the Frank Lloyd Wright or Louis Khan, you know
people that is again, it’s a kind of a friendship, how they learn from these masters, learning

885
from masters, even Bauhaus you know, that has that is just not a school of thought, it’s a vision
and right so, that’s what Louis Khan states; schools began with a tree with a man under a tree,
who did not know he was a teacher, discussing his realizations with a few who did not know
they were students.

So, this is a very intimate relationship which he brings up and as a result of this interaction, the
architectural friendship or the student he tried to test a few ideologies and then come to a
particular decision-making process, so that is where this whole education is unlike the
engineering subject which happens in a classroom, we as an architects and the planners we deal
with the real situations and the psychological aspects of it and the behavioural aspects of it and
the financial aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:08)

There are various dimensions which are involved in the built environment studies, so that is
where this kind of training has been followed upon and Louis Khan talks about this idea of an
individual communicating to several individuals who after due deliberations, accept the ideas
only when these are found acceptable through the process of checks and counter checks over a
period of time intelligently, sensually and the level of performance they generate in patterns of
life and living.

So, this is all about the trade and error process of how you develop this idea and how you
communicate this idea and how you check this, how you countercheck this and how you see,
how it has been experiencing it, how it is behaving, what is a responsive pattern of it, how

886
people are responding to it, you know that is how the learning process happens. When we talk
about an architecture study, we mostly orient our students into the building orientation.

But one has to understand that the building is not just an objectified form of an architecture, it is
also the cultural setting you know the cultural setting which makes an important contribution in
understanding giving meanings to that place.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:16)

Like for instance, we called about the Jean Marie Tjibaou cultural centre, Ranger piano, which
talks about an ecological setting and the tribal understanding and how bringing that into the
architectural aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:34)

887
And similarly, when we talk about the post-independent architecture where Chandigarh;
planning of the Chandigarh where western philosophies have come and worked in an Indian
with a modern vision and the visions for democracy and equal opportunities and how the
method of working and how they have understood the site and how they have understood so,
this is all a transition process in the way the architecture have understood with the community,
have dealt with the communities.

And earlier, it was very singular process but now it has gradually changed from a singular to
the shared visions. When we talk about the shared visions, in fact, today, we are talking about
many important courses like urban design or architecture masters.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:19)

But you see way back in early 19th century and 1850’s, Liverpool which have started the Civic
design courses, even today this particular course do exist, so that is where they talk about
bringing the stakeholders into the design process in the planning process so, this is very
important that we have to move from singular vision to a shared vision because many at times
they notice that a singular vision process have failed apparently.

And one has to look into and take into the account of different user groups, the stakeholders, the
decision-making authorities in the process. In our present context, the globalised so, if we look
at the time frame of how our society have moved at least from India, what I mean Srinivas talks
about from the Sanskritization, to the westernization and to the colonization and to the
industrialization and to the modernization and now today, we are living in the globalization.

888
But still the gap between the rich and the poor is ever increasing you know, there is a
challenges for poor and there are challenges for the rich, it is a very diverse challenges, it is a
very incomparable challenges which both the groups are facing today, right so, the poor
obviously the poverty reduction is one of the basis of the disaster risk reduction and when we
have to talk about the rich, whether it is in the form of a well-planned settlement, well-planned
city obviously, it is been organized well.

And whether it is in a building, whether it is a city, one also has to look at in what conditions
this city has been planned and what would be the impact not only today but how it will make an
impact after hundred years as well, so this is important setting how the for planning has to be
taken care of.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:21)

We are also living in the state of wars, we are living in the state of contestation that is where an
example of Nicosia, you know how a cities broken into 2 countries, this belongs to two
countries; one is the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus and Greek part of the Cyprus which is a
Nicosia and the left coast side in the north and in this conditions obviously, how to channel the
services, how to have a holistic understanding of DRR, you know whether it is the natural made
or a man-made disasters, how we need to have bring back consent.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:12)

889
These are some of the challenges which we have and the great people like Laurie Baker who
actually worked with the poor and especially, developed the low-cost technologies, how we can
actually work with local masons, how to train the local mason, so these are all some of the
bottom-up approaches of how we can engage these communities or we can you know develop
some indigenous methods to construct, so this is one of the idea.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:33)

But then the same aspect, we also have to look at the long-run adaptation of these efforts like
for example, in Jungle Chula, what you can see is what Laurie Baker have designed on the
right-hand side but what the communities have developed their own initiatives later on and
today, one have a very great difficulty even finding out the locating what the Laurie Baker have
designed exactly.

890
So, this actually shows that there is also some gap between what the architecture on that day a
vision; made a vision and today how communities have responded to it, maybe due to various
schemes coming into the practice, maybe due to the various financial inflows and maybe
various needs and demands coming into, so I think this is all a very complex phenomenon.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:19)

Similarly, some NGOs like Hunnarshala, where they are also organizing various summer
training courses for the people and students of architecture, that how one can learn with the
communities you know, so being with the communities and working for the communities, it
also benefit not only the student who is there and learning interacting with the outside world, it
will also benefit the community, it will reduce the cost, it will you know certain; there is a win-
win situation in both the aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:58)

891
That is what till now, I was talking about how our design methodology and the teaching has
been progressed from a singular vision to a shared vision.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:05)

So, this is where we started about engaging our students you know, like even addressing the
diversity of people, when you are planning something it is not just a common man for a
common man you are planning how you are going to plan for differently-abled people, whether
for a children, whether is a old age people, whether is a blind person, whether is a physically
challenged person, so we used to do some kind of workshops where people realize the essence
of and the importance of other diversely abled people.

So that one can understand what are their needs you know, that is one important sensitivity we
try to do with that process and also in my own study, we did the mental maps and that also
some of the techniques we have some of the students have adopted in taking the mental maps
and how to analyse the mental maps and what are the different ways one can take the mental
map so, this is all some of the learnings which we have passed on through other learnings to the
next generation.

So that in fact, when I was a student no one have taught me about what is a mental map but then
when in my research, when I learnt it then I obviously, tend to pass it on to my students and
then my students have developed in a different innovative manner, in different contexts and
they have taken it in a different way so, this is how the knowledge have transformed from one
generation to the other generation.

892
Like for example, he was my Piyush, he was my bachelor student was doing a thesis in
earthquake-affected area in Uttarkashi, it’s a bound village so, to and it’s a small bachelor
dissertation, he was looking at the resettlement of a village and then the way he was looking at
it is basically, I took him to the village and he developed the community mapping you know,
there he asked, he gave them some maps of the village.

And then they asked him to how do you understand where are the important problems in this
village so, people started mapping it yes, this is how we get lot of water drains out in this rainy
season, we get the snow accumulated here, we get there is a dial-up pattern buildings in this, so
you know, that way communities also do possess some understanding of their own
vulnerabilities.

The second aspect, which we also tried to do was in that level he also mapped out for various
conditions of the house and the whole settlement, various social hierarchies, like whether it is a
Jat community, whether it is a scheduled caste community, you know that is how and how they
are segregated and how they are integrated so, all these things we have worked for instance,
then in terms of the individual layout, we tried to make some kind of small blocks.

And then try to interact with the community and people say that yes, I want you know a toilet
outside of it and I want place for the cattle to rear the cattle and interestingly, it is one of the
important finding also was they were not happy to have an another social community in front of
their house but they were happy to have the backside of their house but then we can see a
possibility from the designer, the moment if you keep them in front obviously, there are
possibilities that some disputes might occur.

But when the moment you keep in the backyard at least in that process, long-run interaction can
develop maybe in a long run process and also, we have to make them the students aware of the
adaptation process because when we talk about a disaster, it’s not just only the event, it’s not
only about the relief, it’s not only about the rehabilitation, it is not only about the
reconstruction.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:49)

893
But it is also one has to understand how communities have changed their dwellings to how they
have modified according to their cultural needs, this is a toilet converted as a pooja room, this is
standardized dwelling converted back to the traditional forms and this is where an architect can
understand the whole build back better with a cultural approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:09)

That is what a most reports has said, environments are thought before they are built and
designed tries, however imperfectly to reach some ideal embodied in an image schemata or a
model.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:20)

894
And like this is another discussion, I did also explain in one of my lecture on the Kiruna, the
moving Kiruna, where there is a mining town and people are relocated the whole town is
getting relocated.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:35)

But now, looking at the digital tools now, with the VR; the virtual reality so, one can see that
now people are making the planning even by sitting at a desk, you know by the tools have been
operational and how this particular city could be planned, the high way program could be
planned, so that is where people are getting a different notion, anyone can become urban
planners, how is it possible?

895
You know this is; see, one has to understand the ground realities, the demographics of it, the
sociology of it, the economics part of it, the infrastructural aspect, the procurement aspect so
many other things, it is not just only from the virtual reality which one can look at it.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:19)

There is many because the technology is moving. Earlier, it was all made with the hand tool
technologies now, after some time they moved on to the machine tool technology and now, the
condition have moved to the information tool technology so, it is focused more on the form
generation.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:39)

And today, what we are dealing with the houses with the housing with the city development or
whatever we are urban design, we are all doing with the same softwares, whether it is a peasant
house, whether it is an industrialist house or it is only with the templates which we are getting

896
from these software's we are trying to apply it but there is also how much a student is learning
with these template, it is a big question.

Because when he was interacting earlier in the physical form, he was able to see what kind of
trees, what kind of flora, what kind of fauna even a smell of flower makes a big difference.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:17)

When we talk about the curriculum part of it; Ashraf Salama talks about 2 sets of pedagogy
approaches; mechanist pedagogy and the systemic pedagogy. Here, we talk about the schools,
curriculum, grade, subjects, courses, lessons but then here also the same thing but here, what it
is very important, how are they relevant to the society.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:43)

897
And in terms of assessment, you know, we talk about the assessment to increase the quality not
just only grading them like C plus or C minus, it’s not about the judging but it is assessing to
increase the quality, how we can enhance their skills further, this is where a teacher has to look
at even when teaching the disaster risk reduction, how we can bring certain thought process, so
that he can understand the disaster context and the build back better context.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:19)

There is also another problem in many of the developing countries of course, it is common; is it
true just most penguins believe it so, students tend to believe that some master have developed
in the trend to believe that it is true so, I think we need to also develop certain critical
approaches of questioning each and everything and that makes a thought process. If there is a
river and there is a settlement you are designing.

Then a student can start thinking about, can I construct here, what happens when a flood comes,
what happens to what level the flood comes, then what way should I move, do I get any land
from this so, these are like the brainstorming questions you know so, it is not just only let’s say
you say a rule says you have to do this, then you have to critically question it, this attitude has
to be developed further.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:05)

898
As I said to you, in the education process, we learn by part by part but it is very important that
how a system works together when it is all connected and interconnected, they are dependent
and interdependent with each other.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:19)

This what I talk, a settlement is not just a thing, it is a system of things, whether it is an
underlying topography which has created the flora and ecological dimension of the flora and
fauna and then you got the public space network which might change in a millennium, you have
the plots and the centuries and then blocks and then you have the buildings and then the
intermediate levels.

Unfortunately, many of the architects, they try to orient only this level or maybe it a planners
level, we also need to in a disaster context, we need to see how this vertical understanding goes

899
and inform the macro-level understanding to the micro-level understanding and the micro level
to the macro level so, we need to have that kind of interface.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:04)

Here, I want to also bring some theory of H.D. Chhaya, how he talks about the self-
development aspect from a part to whole relationship. In an education, we teach about subjects
but we also teaches very important to teach about the self-responsibility, how they realize
themselves, how and I is interacting with the whole world you know so, the moment he is born,
he is related to his family, he is related to his gender, he is related to his caste, he is related to
his neighbourhood okay.

So, in that way, he is related to his town, he is related to the state, he is related to the much
more macro level nation and as well as the universe so, if something happens here will he
should not be bothered, if something happens in China, right or in Nepal, don’t you think he
will not; he will just ignore it so, this is where the sensitivity has to understand that you know
everything starts with I, it is not just only I have to be happy.

But if we, you, they, that attachment process also has to be part of the integral education
because I is always perceived through time and space and time and space are constantly
changing, the moment he is travelling a different places, the moment he is growing up but then
it says there is only I and change which are constants.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:47)

900
And this Chhaya calls it as a kind of the architectural process of the world, the process of
ordering time, space and forms, this process is called panchi karan and becoming the world’s
where the man is a micro reflex of the universal totality at all the existence levels of idea,
process and medium of macro-level universe, so it starts with I and how your responsibility
goes back to a much more macro level is very important.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:17)

And that is where your roles you know, how this I, myself and me and how your roles reflex the
body and mind, how your relationships and how as your role plays like an explorer as an
observer, how it keeps interchanging with it and how the attributes you know so, this whole
thing is a very theoretical concepts, though I am not going in-depth of it but at least one has to
understand that the God’s universe is complete only with man without him, it is incomplete.

901
So, which means we are the cause for everything you know, whether it is a nature of a disaster,
the cause for a disaster, it starts with I, we will be responsible for everything, right without us,
the concept of disaster cannot be understood.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:13)

So, in an education process, there are 3 things; one is the cognitive aspects and the psychomotor
aspects and the affective aspects. So, cognitive is talking about the mental capacities which
talks about the skills and the knowledge which you learn through the brain and whereas a
psychomotor, how you learn through the hand and effective which you learn which goes into
your heart you know which had some value of your education.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:43)

902
A lot of taxonomies which has been developed; Bloom's taxonomy is one of it, Blooms have
developed 1956, where there is a lower order to higher order, the evaluation was on a peak but
in 2002, he brought the synthesis and then the creation into the top in the summit.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:59)

And now, in the present generation of architecture, we are talking about not only the digital
forms because of various fabricated models, where technology has been advanced and also we
are looking at the digital processes as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:16)

But in this process, what we are missing is the ground realities, in fact, there are many models
like CAD simulation model, like this is one of my students work where they try to simulate the
lighting aspects and as well as you know the climatic aspects of it. So, in this process, you

903
know when you do a design, when you have to test back how it works in this context, on a
simulation level, yeah, maybe it will give you some hint.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:57)

But one also has to see from how he will document it and how he will take it further and an
architectural education is a 5-year course and where it starts with a fundamental foundation
elaboration, integration, advanced specialization and the last 3 E’s; exploration, evaluation and
experience. Here, you start with the small things, basic knowledge of it and then you try to
elaborate on further but here this is where we integrate structures, construction, quantity
pricing, the financial aspect, so we start integrating.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:25)

And then, we move on to the advanced specialization you know, your focus will be oriented but
in the teaching you know, it is not just about what you teach, how much they have learnt, this is

904
assess that it is not about how much you have thought but how much they have learned is more
important. I have taught Snoopy to whistle but I can’t hear him whistle, I said I taught him not
he had learned, so this is where the gap has to be analysed.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:49)

And also, this is one of the thesis of Vishal, one of my students and he developed a Rohingya’s
refugees, sheltered as a project and you can see the handmade drawings of his work and the
moment person is touching his pencil and drawing on the board, it will give him more time to
think about the details he is working. If it was a digital thing what happens is mostly, they try to
copy and paste from different aspects of it.

Of course, if you are drafting and design then that makes it different but here they will have
some sensitivity of the scale and the proportions and you know, this is what I can see that their
imagination also comes into the picture.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:32)

905
Today, because of the various tools which we are doing, we are having many tools like the
CAD simulation tools and energy efficiency orientation today, we are not having anyways, the
final year students are not at all using their hand skills which they learned in first year but
eventually, they forget about it you know, this is one problem and also the site interactions
become very less and they mostly end up in sitting on a table and drafting things you know.

I think this is very important that you have to make interact with this process of digital
interaction and along with the site interaction knowing the realities for instance, when any US
admission procedure when they get a portfolios from all around the world, every portfolio looks
more or less the same because they are all developed by the same tools and same processes you
know, so in that way the diversity and the context has not been addressed.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:32)

906
And this is where how the tools; the digital tools are also conditioning your thinking and your
understanding process and also your design ability as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:48)

Now, the one of the useful tools which have come up with the geographic spatial information
technology; the GIS tools where you can see from one of my students work of the hazard
landslip because the satellite imagery plays an important role but now to what extent, we have
to include that satellite imagery at B Arch level or we plan because they deal with much more
of a larger scale projects of city planning or the regional planning, for them GIS is already
within the subject, in the curriculum.

So, in that way, it was helpful for them to get the drain layouts and as well the hazard landslide
intensity maps, so that will give you an overall original understanding as well.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:29)

907
Also, the GIS is one of the useful tool but one has to know that what scale you have to apply
and what scale the macro-level scale to the micro-level scale, how one can understand, the
moment it goes to your site-level how this information would be useful, I think that is where the
gap comes in between. So, when we say about the psychomotor skills, we also have
demonstrated by with the help of Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya in Bhopal.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:53)

This is a disaster of shelter which has been built by yerukula tribe in 3 hours’ time, so we
brought them procure the material, we collected the various labourers from different parts of
Andhra and then we brought them here and we demonstrated and in this process, what
happened is students have learned that even a lightweight hut can be made in 3 hours, you know
which is very quick.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:23)

908
So that has given, which is very indigenous but one has to learn that skill. Also, when I was a
student in Oxford, my faculty have taken us to the centre for alternative technologies to test
various technologies, the local technologies you know how we can make it work so, this is all
the hands-on training which will remain in the students mind forever.
(Refer Slide Time: 30:44)

Also, when I was doing my research, I used to engage some of the B. Arch students along with
me, I should take them to the villages and they used to interact with the villagers, they used to
interact with various council development activities and you know, the lot of discussions, living
with the villagers and knowing their difficulties and that has really opened a third eye for them
you know, before that they were all imagining a different context, when they started interacting
with it, it was a very different experience for them.
(Refer Slide Time: 31:14)

909
And similarly, some of the things what I also developed is; we have so much of information to
read but how much to read and how to synthesize, it is a very important aspect, unfortunately,
for each course there is a lack of reading materials for DRR and build back better and this is a
very great need that we need to develop by topic by topic so, what I try to do is; I used to give
them different topics within the groups and then let them compile a lot of information on it.

And then at end of the day, I will compile as a reading material, like this was a subject on
climate conditions in Sweden, so in that way, I have given a wide variety of topics, which is
falling out on that and then at the end of the day, we do a kind of big poster putting all of this
reading material understanding one big poster of it. This is another important technique which
we played; this is one role play for DRR.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:08)

910
So, here for B plan students in SPA, Bhopal, what we did was we given them a task of a
disaster context whether it was a village, under the dam and a flooded area and then we given
them, make them into small groups and then we made into like community, engineers, planner,
architect, NGO, district collectors, so there is a decision-making, there is a user group, there is a
provider group, there is a technical group.

So, all these people will actually discuss the real aspects of it, in a virtual understanding. In fact,
as a very important to see how even students have developed a model and brought to me that
this is how we want to propose and this is where they counter-argue with the director and how
they can establish the funding mechanism, how they will establish the co-operative between
community and the technical providers you know, this is all things have been discussed.

Because when you imagine yourself in a different shoe obviously, you think of many other
practical situations and this was one of the successful which I can see.
(Refer Slide Time: 33:16)

There is another concept, which I have used for teaching build back better is; I used to give
them 2, 2 people in a group and then one chapter for the build back better, Michal Lyons and
Theo Schilderman’s work and then I asked them to read and analyse and make a critical review
of their understanding, so then what I do is; I try to first this is a build back better and I leave
this as an empty part first, I do not fill this so, this is the skeleton I give them.

And then I give them; each of them a segment of the; this is my blackboard actually, so
whatever the discussions we are getting, what they learnt I try to ask them to summarize in this

911
part so, the moment they are summarizing then I asked them to keep what are the keywords
which are informing this so, in that way you can see a very important keywords or security,
adaptation, traditional knowledge you know all those things are coming into the picture which
is informing the build back better you know, that is how I try to put.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:17)

And then we ask them a big poster, in that process, what happens is the people who do not just
study their chapter and forget it, they will summarize it, they will portray it and it becomes a
memory for them. Now, if you look at all the circle here, these are all various tools what we
learnt, whether it is an insurance, whether it is the participation and all these things.
(Refer Slide Time: 34:41)

So similarly, the end of the workshop will be like this. So, and more importantly, I try to cover
different geographical positions like Kenya, Pakistan, Australia or Turkey, China you know, the

912
variety of geography conditions Lima, Peru, so how they have adopted, how they have faced,
what kind of tools they have used, what are the successful things, what is not.
(Refer Slide Time: 35:07)

So, this is how I was trying to develop various methods and obviously, these are all my trial and
error process, I am also learning and whatever I did and what I felt was more successful was
some of the tools. Here, this the cognitive and effective and the psychomotor skills I tried to
addressed in a balanced way because it is not just only by theories and concepts you put it on
word and or even the software tools plugging in it but how one can actually critically look at it.

You know, one is by time-wise, how they look at it and by management perspective, how they
looked at it, an integrated perspective how they look at it you know and a learning perspective
at the end of the day, so this is what I want to present about how to teach build back better,
thank you very much.

913
 Disaster Recovery And Build Back Better
Prof. Subhajyoti Samaddar
Disaster Prevention Research Institute
Kyoto University, Japan

Lecture – 39
Source, Message and Receiver in Disaster Risk Communication

Hello, everyone, I am Subhajyoti Samaddar from the Disaster Prevention Research Institute,
Kyoto University. I welcome you all to this lecture series on disaster recovery and build back
better. In this lecture, we will talk about source, message and receiver in disaster risk
communication, particularly, what are the challenges there when we adopt particular risk,
communication model.

That is very important for us to understand the disaster risk management. Now, we all know that
the meaning of risk communication is actually a kind of event, where there are two parties.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:09)

One is the receiver another one is, one is the sender another one is the receiver. Now sender send
us their, send informations, message to the receivers in order to change their mind, their
perception and their behaviour and this exchange of informations between receiver and senders
is actually a purposeful exchange of information. That means they want to change the mind,
senders wants to change the mind of receiver’s.

914
It’s not that senders is talking and receiver is not listening it is a purposeful exchange of
information.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:51)

So risk communication is defined as any purposeful exchange of information about health,

disaster, environmental risks between interested parties. Right, now understanding risk message,
it is okay to send the informations but it is now we need to look that what are the challenges
when we are sending the informations to the recipient in order to do something, in order to
prepare, in order to enhance their capacity to prepare against the disasters.

What are the challenges? What are the barriers there to communicate effectively, well there is
one very typical model, very popular model, that was developed in 1940s on risk
communications and that is most widespreadly used model in risk communications called
(Refer Slide Time: 02:52)

915
Source message receiver model and it is considered to be there is still the most prevalent
framework of communication studies at least 50% are using these model.
(Refer Slide Time: 03:02)

What is this model is saying that a sender, they collect informations from some scientific bodies
or some outsiders like meteorological department or hydrological department about the disasters
and then this collected risk informations, in order to develop a kind of informations or analysis of
risk and based on that the sender collecting this information, dispersed this informations to their
receivers in order to change the receivers mind and attitude and behaviour?

916
Now, they cannot directly send, sender cannot directly send it to receiver most of the time.
Sometimes, is possible but most of the time it is difficult to send directly the message from the
scientific body to the receivers or that those who are doing these scientific analysis they cannot
also pass these informations to the receiver directly. What senders they do, they have some
transmitter.

Generally, it is could be mass media like televisions, radios, newspapers for many other. We call
them as mass media and when the sender send these informations to the transmitter or mass
media or some other transmitters, they do coding and decoding in order to understand that
message and they interpret and deconstruct and reconstruct that message and transmitter then
after the decodifying the message from the original source.

They send it to the receiver and receiver also decode, decodify and recodify this message. And
also in between, it does not directly go to them, in between the challenge is the noise right. Now,
he also has, the receiver also interpret decode and recode this message coming from the
transmitter and it is also challenged by the question of noise.
(Refer Slide Time: 05:13)

What is the noise? It could be some external and internal factors, external factors like the beep of
car or sound pollutions? I want to say you how are you but maybe you are not listening it
properly because there are a lot of noises there, the bikes there or a lot of the cars are beeping or

917
maybe you have headache or you have difficulty in hearing. So, the senders and receivers they
are challenged.

When they are communicating with the noise, this noise could be internal and also could be
external. Now senders collecting informations from some organizations like meteorology or
hydrology and then they passed these informations to the transmitter like mass media after
decoding and recoding and then they send it to the receiver and also these goes from transmitter
to the receiver through decoding and recoding.
(Refer Slide Time: 06:26)

Now, if the transmitter cannot understand, they feedback this one to the original senders, and
also the receivers if they have some questions, concerns, needs, they can also give feedback to
the senders. But it’s actually a one-way communication process, once you receive then you
didn’t understand then you again, you contact it is not a one two way communication, reciprocal
process is generally one-way traffic and flow of information. Now, who are the senders?
(Refer Slide Time: 07:09)

918
Okay, senders are generally science communities example meteorological agencies or it could be
public agencies like NIDM; National Institute of disaster management or sometimes could be
some municipal authorities or some interest groups. They could be senders or maybe eye,
eyewitness, eye watched maybe I, I am experiencing some disaster and I am conveying that
relaying that to others it is possible.

So, which is not always the case but scientific communities, public agencies, interest group, eye
witness they all could be senders of informations. Okay, now they send this information to the
transmitter. How do they send it? They publish reports, their scientific journals or maybe they do
some press release. Right, they do press release about a particular hazards, particular events. And
also maybe they can share the information through personal interactions.

Personal interaction especially, in case especially, in case of eye witness they pass these
informations to another person through personal interaction. So, scientific communities, public
agencies, interest group, eye witness they are all senders they are pressing the informations
through reports, press release, personal interactions to the transmitter. Okay, to the transmitters.
Now, who are these transmitter?.

They could be mass media like TV, newspapers, radios or could be some public institutions.
Okay or could be some opinion groups, same-minded people they pass it to the receivers. Okay,

919
they pass it to receivers these informations. How do they pass it? They can publish news or
broadcast news or some send message like SMS or maybe some newsletters about a particular
disasters.

Or maybe, some personal interactions like eyewitness people generally do, they pass the
informations about risk from one person to another. Okay, to the receiver, and who are these
receivers? Who are receiving these informations they are general public or maybe they are a
particular target audience some municipal authority one to target maybe some particular people,
who are at risk exposed to landslides, exposed to earthquake, exposed to cyclone right then

We want to pass the evacuation order to them, evacuate really warning informations to them. So,
it could be general basically, general public but we among them may be particular target
audience. We have or those who are at risk, those who are at risk they are the receivers of this.
Refer Slide Time: 10:08)

Now, the source of message so from senders to the transmitter decoding and recoding and then
again decoding and recoding, coming to the receiver. The first stage of communication is the
framing of message by an information source so, the senders they frame the information at first
right they collect so, who are senders is very important who are sending the informations to the
public is very important because they are also framing the message.

920
So, there is a question of trust and creditability and also the component of message is very
important component here. And source can because they can all amplify, magnify, reconstruct
and deconstruct the message. I can show you some example.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:07)

What can happen? Now, look into this nuclear power plant and if the source senders of
information is this company who are at risk about the radiation, then people would believe them
or what is the status of radiation is reported by a group of Nobel laureates who would be more
trustworthy the event is same. Basically, we are giving the radiation status report the senders are
two different group.

One is the company itself, who were affected and other one is a group of Nobel laureate. People,
of course, would easily trust more these Nobel laureates because they can think that this
company may be fabricating or suppressing the informations, making stories and not and they
are not giving the right information to the people. So, the event is same but the sources are
different.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:16)

921
So, people cannot trust, so by own people trust depends on who are the, who is providing the
information. Now, also it is very important that this one, this oil refineries, for example, a
particular, the factory there is a specific chemical substance has been leaking from the waste,
repository for two years okay. Now, how different maybe a Group transmitter can interpret that
one.

The event is that a specific chemical substance has been leaking from a waste repository for two
years. Maybe, do you think that all journalists will report the same way? No right, they generally
don’t do it. Let’s look, journalist 1 reported like that “Leak in waste disposal at high-tech Park”.
How about journalist 2 is “State-of-the-art technology for monitoring chemic emissions.” May
be journalist 3 is reporting air pollution by toxic waste dump.

Journalist 4 is reporting poisoning the air we breathe, the water we drink. So, same event but
different journalists are reporting different things, it’s so interesting.
(Refer Slide Time: 13:48)

922
So, the primary source of risk communications.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:02)

Primary source of risk communication so these are hazards, we know like smoking, genetically
modified foods or irrigations of arsenic contaminations or hazardous material or volcanic
eruptions okay or Tsunami.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:18)

923
Now, it can cause some kind of risk like genomic, genetically modified food can cause a lot of
damage to the children, kids and also arsenic can contaminate, arsenic contamination can cause
cancer or we can have flood in fact, of events of Fukushima a nuclear accident or other many
problems we are facing. Now, the scientific community basically, the first group the senders of
the informations what do they do basically, I am talking about the scientist.

Okay, they do hazard analysis, what are the hazards, what can go wrong, what are the potential
consequences, how likely is it to happen, is the risk is tolerable or not. So, these first primary
analysis is done by the senders, the primary source of informations about risk, they do the risk
analysis path, and now they based on their analysis they can categorize the risk low, medium,
high, very high or extreme high and so you can.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:35)

924
So, they can have measured the risk from a different parameters, from based on their own
parameters but not necessarily that these informations considered to be at raw informations, they
only do it to share among themselves within their own peer group, not to outsiders because if
they share it without much concern to the outsiders, it can cause lot of mistrust and
misconfusions and misleading, okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:09)

So, here is a very good cartoon, that how most people view their vacations and how scientists
view their vacations, okay. Like endemic but a thunderstorm at 4 p.m. So, there is a difference
between what scientists are estimating the risk, the scientific perspective of the risk or estimation

925
of risk and analysis of risk and the common man’s perspective of risk. Here, is another good
cartoon also, like climate impact range from moderate to catastrophic.

And the person is saying that I cannot say myself that doing nothing is not the best is not the best
solution. Also, there is a small chance my house will burn down, I cannot say buying insurance is
worth it. So, we have kind of construction of risk is how the scientists are looking at it and how
the common people are looking. They can ready at great extent.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:08)

So, the source of message, when the senders, they are sending to the transmitter. They actually
do amplify, magnify and accentuate the informations, it’s not that what information you pass is
go directly but it is the media or the other they actually convert this one in printer pair this one,
amplify this one, magnify this one, and then it comes through decoding and recoding.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:41)

926
Right, so and the primary source the science, since institutions have different purposes, different
interest, they will also like to see the different parts and selection and processing of one single
signal, one single message have different meaning. So, the source is very different, source is one,
but looking at that as object is perish like some per is elephant it’s like one community of
scientists.

They are looking one particular aspect is a fan, someone is looking it is a rope, a particular body
of the elephant. No one is looking at the entire aspect of the elephant, okay and these differences
in interpretations reflect adversarial science camps results from scientific advocacies within
interest group. Even the scientist, if they have same data they have different interpretations as if
they look like they are coming from different data set.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:58)

927
So, what I am analysing is also under considerations if my data is right or wrong, the scientific
analysis is also under subject of that what authentic data they have. So, here is this that are you
sure that data you gave me is correct, I have been giving you incorrect data for years. This is the
first time you have asked what I said the data is totally accurate okay. So, a model of single flow
risk communications is that.

Senders passing this informations to the transmitter and transmitter is decoding and recoding.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:42)

And when they are sending it to the receiver, they are also decoding and recoding the
informations, So, it’s not directly going and so during this process, amplifications,

928
magnifications and accentuations are happening, okay. So, how people react it depends on how
they are perceiving the seriousness of the risk and perceiving their perceived acceptability okay.
So, it depends that if this person is getting informations from the mass media.

He would think, Oh this flood will happen to me, this landslide will happen to me, will it happen
here, what is the probability? And if it, even if it happened what extent I am vulnerable, because
I have a good house maybe, I will not be affected by this flood or landslide. So, maybe my
neighbours will be affected, I will not be affected, so what happened? What, will it happen to
me? What extent I am vulnerable?

These questions are very important for the receivers, which we, so, the probability and the
severity he would judge. Now, the senders who try to break the perceptions of the receiver he
wants to reach him. But in between, there is a question of perceptions.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:06)

He would, the receivers would follow him the senders only if he believes or she believes, okay.
So, expected number of fatalities, if our is communication message is including that component.
How and what extent it affects people. When we are saying to the people that that number of
people are affected by particular flood, the scientific studies are showing that people are not
perceiving, believing that this is risky.

929
But when we are saying that, that much of casualty happened people are more likely to believe
the information, ready to accept that this is risky. Importance of message is also very important,
okay. Who is sending these informations to them and how important it is?
(Refer Slide Time: 22:04)

Another one the catastrophic potentials, how people consider the catastrophic potentials in order
to judge the risk. When we are saying high probability, low consequence of disasters like you
can say the drought compared to low probability high consequences like the 2011 Japan
earthquake and Tsunami. Which one you think people considered more risky, accept as risk. So,
drought which is high probability, this means happening almost every year or very frequently.

I have at have low consequences, people consider that as low risk but when this is low
probability, may be happening in 100 years but high consequences people consider that as more
risky. This is what the scientific studies are saying.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:08)

930
Also, the context, the risk situation, the perception of dread having personal control, that I can
control the risk over the magnitude and probability, so how it will happen or what extended to
happen, I have some control or not. This is one variable, another variable is the familiarity, if I
have experienced that one or if I am experiencing that and disasters and equitable sharing that
who is benefit and who is a risk.

So this kind of questions like you were running a nuclear power plant but that may cause you
were running from that but that may cause someone’s, increase someone’s risk. So, which one
people will believe? So, also the potential to blame someone that this risk is happening, this
flood is happening because of the municipal authority, so people are deeply believing that if it is
considered to be dread people don’t believe it.

Having personal control, that they can control the risk they have some kind of capacity if they
perceived this way, then they don’t consider this is a high risk. Familiarity, when people are
experiencing this in a regular basis they don’t believe or accept the risk. But when they are
seeing, think that he is at risk because someone is benefitting out of it, he thinks this is more
risky.

And when it is more easy to blame the reason that why this risk is happening, risk is taking
place, disaster is taking place is because of someone’s responsibility people consider this as more

931
higher risk and believe the cause of risk okay, is it unfair, equity, profit of others. So, these all
factors also increases can make it people acceptable to the existence of the risk and
understanding the probabilities.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:13)

Okay, alike availability, events that come to people’s mind immediately they can imagine it
okay, high and less mentally available or representativeness, singular events that they experience
not exactly the same.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:32)

932
But similar kind of and these are considered to be more risky by the people. Now, the transmitter
of risk information, that how the sender is that the transmitter is collecting the informations from
the senders and the perceived seriousness of the risk okay.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:52)

Now, this mass media public institutions and opinion groups and they are collecting data from
the senders through journal articles from report, eyewitness okay and they are collecting and then
they are passing it to the receivers. So in this process, they are collecting and interpreting and
then when they are passing it to the people they are also interpreting, constructing, reconstructing
and decoding and then they are sending it to the people.

So, they are actually transmitter play a very critical role in deciding, reinforcing and amplifying
the value of the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:35)

933
Like, all disasters are not reported by the mass media, the nature and magnitude of the original
hazards are only minor interest for most of the transmitter, most of the mass media. Do you
think, that volume of news that depends on number of victims? No! Number of victims and
volume of news that they have no correlations. Neither, it is on expected number of fatalities,
okay.

The focus is generally for the mass media transmitter on the hazards that are relatively serious
and relatively rare.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:14)

934
For example, a very good example like Chernobyl okay, that killed only 31 deaths and Tangshan
earthquake at the same time and same year killed 800,000 people but compared to Chernobyl the
media coverage of Tangshan earthquake is nothing, was nothing.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:38)

So, factors that determine transmitter attractiveness to pass report risk informations or risk news
is, if it is technologically induced hazard then compared to natural hazards they will report more
possibility to blame someone that it is this risk, people are at risk because of someone then they
are more interested, cultural distance from the place of occurrence people never experience this
one.

The disaster is happening in an very different cultural settings in it faraway place or if there is a
drama and conflict exclusiveness of coverage, very unique report where no one reported before
or politically hot issues which is going on right now. And also, prestige of informations. Like, it
was collected from very secret sources but with a lot of rigorous process then the transmitter
particularly the mass media they are interested.

And when there is a conflict among different parties or stakeholders they are also very interested
to transmit that news.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:51)

935
So, senders, they are getting information from senders interpreting and then they are
reinterpreting and sending it to the people. And so, uncertain and complex process this one so,
that we need to understand this simple source map source and message and receivers model how
what are the challenge and barriers are there. So thank you very much.

936
 Disaster Recovery and Build Back Better
Prof. Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti
Department of Architecture and Planning
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee

Lecture – 40
Summary and Conclusion

Welcome to the course disaster recovery and build back better. So today, this is going to be our
last lecture for this whole course and I am going to summarize everything the whole journey
from the starting to the ending. So, what we have given to you and what is the summary of it?
what is the gist of this particular each modules and what we are taking home? You know, so that
is you know the kind of conclusion.

So, this is going to be the last lecture and first of all, I really thank all the participants who have
taken this course patiently and giving all the assignments and listening to all our lectures and
there are obviously coping with different dialects and different terminology and you know
learning new things and also interacting with us in between. So, I really have taken this
opportunity and myself and Subhajyoti Samaddar.

Who have really cooperated with us in making this course a very fruitful course, with his all very
interesting illustrations, explanations, the theoretical grinding on it so you know, that’s this
course without all this support it has not been very fruitful. But I am going to give you a kind of
summary what all we have covered. First of all, this course, the way we planned disaster
recovery and build back better, so it has 8 modules.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:06)

937
The first module was about introduction to disaster risk recovery and the build back better. So, it
actually gives the theoretical understanding of what is a risk, what is a hazard you know and
what is vulnerability and what is actually a build back better, what is the perspectives, different
perspectives of build back better. So this gives the very, the first module the way we designed
was it has to aspirate them because different student participants.

Whether there will be many people who are faculty, there are many people who are students,
there are many people from bachelors, masters or from non-architectural backgrounds as well.
But then, the first basic module gives you the very fundamental understandings of the
terminology, risk, vulnerability, hazards, disaster, development and the build back better. The
second module, what we did was the, how one can understand the vulnerability.

And also, we have brought the culture you know the how the cultural dimension into the
vulnerable aspect and how culture becomes at risk, culture is at risk. So here we did discussed
about various tools and methods of mapping the vulnerability and especially, in cultural context.
So once you are familiar with the theoretical understanding, the second you are familiar with
some of the mapping techniques of it and getting familiar with different challenging context.

So we moved on discussions with the organizational setup and the role of built environment
professions. So here we did talked about what are the various setups you know the hierarchies in

938
a institutional set up, the frameworks, the guidances so all those things and the role of built
environment professionals whether it is an, what is a role of architect, what is the role of an
engineer, what is the role of a surveyor and what is the role of a planner.

So in that way, we tried to pull it together the whole organizational setup of the DRR. Then we
moved on with the timeline process of pre-disaster to the post-disaster process. So, once if you
have a theoretical background of these 3 modules, what is the theory related to it and some of the
tools on vulnerability, understanding the vulnerability and with the context, then we try to give
you an understanding of the setup of various organizations, the governance setups.

And from here, we moved on with the stagewise disaster from pre-disaster to the post-disaster.
So here the fourth module covers of disaster risk reduction and the pre-disaster planning you
know how one can prepare, this is where we talked about the preparedness programs and also we
are given various live case studies across the globe and a whole course, a good thing about this
course is we actually brought the theory.

And in parallelly we did discussed about a variety of cases across the globe so that we can learn
from each other you know, it is not only focusing on the India but it has the learnings from Peru,
Colombia, Turkey so across the globe we have covered a variety of cases. Then immediately
after the disaster, the relief, recovery and transition you know, what is the transition phase, the
relief phase of it and the temporary housing.

So, that is where we discussed about the Kenyan case studies and other case studies as well. And
then in a large amount, I think in the whole course we discussed about the reconstruction, the
post-disaster reconstruction. So that is where the tsunami recovery programs, which is my own
areas and also we did discussed about the rebuilding of Kiruna which is also my own area and
that we discussed in the culture part of it.

And there are also other aspects in Peru, El Salvador, Columbia, the coffee growers
communities, how they have worked on and Turkey how the small actors make a big difference
in it. So in that way, we brought a variety of cases in it. Then in the seventh module we brought

939
about, we talked about the assessments you know the global assessment reports and you know
what are the procedures one has to look at it, each report have.

How they have actually, what is their focus of that assessment and what methodology they have
adopted and what are their key findings on it so this is how we discussed. Also, we did discussed
about the guidelines you know what are the guidelines, how the guidance has been provided to
the built environment professions, what is existing and what is their lacuna. And also, we did
discussed about how these things could be improved.

And then here we also discussed about the climate change, the scale of it you know how one
because each assessment is focused on a particular scale but how we have to integrate different
scales is also we did discussed. And in the last module, we talked about the communication,
participation for people centre development and education you know so this is where when we
talk about communication, education, the pedagogy also comes into the picture.

When I was a student there was not familiarity about the DRR in the architectural education but
then this is where I also tried to bring the philosophical perspectives of architectural education
and the disaster risk reduction. So, this is the brief skeleton of the disaster recovery and build
back better. And if you look at the whole course one of the important keywords which you come
up the theory, which we obviously discussed in the first modules.

And always discussed in other modules as well along with the live cases, we are also discussing
about the theoretical aspects into it. Then the practice how different practice setups have worked
and that is where how they produce different plans, different designs and what kind of guidances
it has developed, we discussed about PAHAL and we discussed about the tsunami regulations,
we discussed with the GSDMA regulations like that.

Then the third aspect is we discussed about the management part of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 08:59)

940
Which is a governance aspect, the participation, cooperation and the coordination? And the last
part, we are discussed about the assessment and the communication, how the learnings has been
communicated and how all, that is one aspect of it and also internally during the project or before
the project, how this risk communication has been. So these are the key words.

And then education, how we have to, how to teach the DRR in the built environment education.
So, these are some of the keywords I just tried to put it together and you might have find a very
interesting diagrammatic illustrations where Shubho have showed each of the small concept.
(Refer Slide Time: 09:43)

941
How he explained very simply. So, you started with your discussions of the R=HxV you know
how a perception of a nature and how it turns into a disaster you know and how the impact is
seen if the houses out there and if it affects the flora and fauna, does it make an impact or if it
affects the habitat does it make an impact or if it affects the flora and indirectly affects the habitat
and the human survival.

So, like that he did explain the connections of each and every small aspect of nature and the
human interventions. So that is what some of the pictures which you can remember from your
course and then the second part which Shubho have discussed is about the communications.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:36)

And that is where what the sender and the receiver and what kind of information has been
reaching and what is the gaps we are getting and how the perceptions keep changing. So, this is
where he defines the risk communication is defined as any purposeful exchange of information
about health, disaster, environmental risks between interested parties.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:04)

942
So, then again there are 3 components, which he also discussed was risk perception, risk analysis
and the risk management so this is what most of the Shubhos lecturer on risk and also the
communication, the perception, he covered these 3 important aspects.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:25)

So one when the sender sends a message and then how the whole coding process and how he
receives it you know, this whole what I mean and what I understand.
(Refer Slide Time: 11:36)

943
These are all the gaps he tried to teach you. Then it is also about the information transmission, is
the only one part of communication and it also talks about it’s not about what you understand
what you understand, but it’s about the shared meaning and like for example how risk is
perceived by different cultural contexts or cultural theories, he brought about the cultural theory
of risk.

So, this is where when we look at the snake you know how different cultures, the Indian culture
you know, pray to the snake and some people take a videography and some people talk about
cutting it and eating it you know, like that there is different perceptions of the same thing.
(Refer Slide Time: 12:21)

944
So this is where again even a small colour or a red light how it is perceived in a different context.
Now, you have the same red light is used in as a kind of in a brothel houses in Amsterdam and is
the significance of the stopover and you know, like that it depends the meaning of this red light
depends on its context where it is placed. So that is where risk is cultural constructed because we
are all culturally biased.

And it’s all about how people perceive and act upon the world around them depends on their way
of life you know for them, for some people how they are grown up a small thing is a huge risk
for them but for the same thing may not be a risk at all. So it all about the cultural belonging.
So, this is where we talk about, we have many risks but how to prioritize the list. So, this is the
risk prioritization because that is very much instinctual.

It goes back to the planning principles of how we prioritize the risk and how we plan
accordingly, how plan in the sense is not only the physical planning, how we plan our budgets,
how we secure the whole process you know, that is how we have discussed. And in the third
module, we also discussed about the roles and the responsibilities like the whole setup and how
there is a jargon between different professional bodies.

How they have to contribute, what is the role of their contribution in the DRR and that is where
we refer to the Tony Lloyd-Jones in Max lock Centres work of the 4 different categories of
surveyor, architects and the engineer and the planner so how what are their roles and what stage.
So in fact, even this course structure has been followed based on the way they have structured
the phase-wise.

So the pre-disaster planning during disaster and the transition relief and the reconstruction and
the last how adaptation process you know, that is how we have understood the different roles and
the capacities and how to use and when you know, what expertise we should use. Now in the
communication process, of course when Shubho have dealt in detailed about it.
(Refer Slide Time: 14:53)

945
But it was also about the you know, the ways how it is communicated like he discussed about the
hearing. And how the information is passed on, reading you know, so this whole networks how
these NGOs and outsiders you know how, this social capital is social network of hearing is
effectively used. So basically the NGOs, how the central persons of the NGOs and as well as you
know, some community members how they are also linked with these networks.

If a similar networks, if we have that during the tsunami, 2004 tsunami it took 3 others to reach,
the Indian Ocean tsunami to reach the Tamil Nadu, if this similar networks would have
implemented we would have saved many lives, we would have saved many losses and we also
have discussed about the climate change adaptation so you know, the scale of climate change and
what are the challenges between.

Why we are unable to integrate, properly integrate the DRR and the climate change adaptation
because there are scale mismatches. There are spatial scale challenges, there are knowledge
mismatches and there also the temporary challenges and mismatches between norms so like that
there are various contexts which we discussed and that is where how different cities are coping
up with the climate change and how Amsterdam, how their barrier.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:22)

946
Once upon a time, they used to open only in 10 years but now they are opening almost every 1 or
2 years.
(Refer Slide Time: 16:27)

And we also discussed about various adaptation process about floating houses but similarly, we
also looked in a critical way of, is it worth? Spending billions of amount of, spending on floating
houses or is there any better ways to do it?
(Refer Slide Time: 16:44)

947
And this is where we relate to the discussions of climate change and culture you know, in the
Regina Lims work of Philippines so where, how the indigenous communities have the
knowledge on their sea and their fishing grounds and the impact, what they are seeing and how
the foreign fisherman, how they are able to not understand this indigenous knowledge and have
not creating a lot of impact.

So this is all, we have learned how cultures, indigenous cultures do possess some knowledge on
the risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:18)

948
And this is where, we discussed about the frameworks of adaptive built environment which my
ongoing work about how to integrate different scales from a larger scale to a building scale and
also different time phases, which is the pre-disaster to the future risk, the post-disaster and the
future risk and how the vulnerability assessment, how it can be carried by macro, meso and the
micro-levels.

And this is where we talk about different institutional bodies, how institutional cooperation,
coordination and again at participation communication, the global and national and local levels.
So, this is where how to bring nature and culture together and understand in the disaster risk
reduction and the climate change adaptation.
(Refer Slide Time: 18:09)

So overall, I mean that’s the fundamental parts of the management philosophy of it, the
theoretical philosophy of it, and some of the tools we have learnt about it but whole course is
mainly focused on the built environment professions, how the nature of built environment, how it
has an impact and how it has been dealt and how it has been responded. So that is where I call it
as built environments in transition.

So, there are different cases we have come across like in Kenya, how the transition shelter has
been personalized later on and how people have participated and this is where I talk about the
personalization is a natural response to cultural deficiency and also to the economic

949
opportunities. So, when we talk about the transition shelters we did discussed about the Gujarat
recovery, this is own, my own visits during that time.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:12)

And how the schools were not there and how different NGOs come forward and how they
supported the school educations.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:18)

And different technological inputs, paper houses and tents, the cost of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:26)

950
But what we are seeing is the, how the from the transition onwards, how it moves on to the
permanency. So, that is where different NGOs have taken that very quickly with great
participatory efforts. But here, you can see some notice that how the community has come back
to building with the stone and the different professional bodies are giving some expertise, some
guidance on how to build it safer.
(Refer Slide Time: 19:50)

In the whole course, what we did is we also come across different methods you know, how to
understand the risk, how to understand the adaptation, how to understand the communication
process, the gaps. So this is where, we discussed about different methods of interviews and some

951
of the quantitative understanding from the mapping tools, mental maps, and by time-wise, how
they varied and different approaches.

How to approach a community, the social level approaches, participatory approaches, all these
we did discussed about it. And then, in the tsunami case.
(Refer Slide Time: 20:33)

We did discuss about how adaptation start, how a small house, how a toilet becomes a worship
area, how a woman who lost her husband have shifted her house front as a shop so, in that way,
they started encroaching the neighbourhood lands for their public places. So, this brings a larger
perspective of the built environment perspective. This brings even the urban design aspects into a
smallest, planning a settlement.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:02)

952
But if you, one has to look at the cultural adaptability and that is where one has to, this, we can
see the same story after 80 years, how things have been modified in terms of their built forms, in
terms of their street networks, in terms of the public spaces, how they have built and this is
where how tradition is coming back in the new form, you know in a hybrid form.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:26)

So in all the cases, what we did discussed is about the process and the networks. So, how the
organizations have dealt with the communities and how it has been networked but very macro
level to the micro level agency.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:44)

953
So, we did discussed about the rural constructions in Columbia where the coffee growers
associations.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:49)

And how their organization structured, the institutional structures of the coffee growers
organizations and how their funding process.
(Refer Slide Time: 21:56)

954
And how it has been developed and how from a participatory approach, how the technical
expertise have supported them in it so how different funding platforms have been created to
support these associations.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:10)

And at the same time, you know what is the kind of response and this is where we can see the
prefab technology also have been adopted and how people have been trained in it and the
technical expertise have been guiding them.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:25)

955
So what you can see like how some people have started repairing their houses and building the
new houses.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:31)

And similarly, in Turkey, we have also learned about how the renters, you know they are not
recognized in the process and that is where the small actors like NGOs with community agencies
came forward and they also worked on different projects on it, right.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:54)

956
And this whole discussions talks about the participation process and the facilitation process and
also the control mechanisms, who controls what and this is what who will control the rules of the
exercise and the facilitators.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:12)

So, in all these case studies we have discussed about putting people in the centre.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:21)

957
So, this is where Shubho have discussed about his Dharavi work in Bombay and how the
communities have understood the risk potential and how they cross-verified it at the end. So, this
whole understanding the community level understanding.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:36)

This has been also, some of the methods you have learnt. And assessments, how we come across
in this course, various assessment reports like global assessment reports which is by Cassidy
Johnson, where they talk about the building codes.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:56)

958
And where the location approach and the design approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:58)

And how the building course doesn’t match with the reality in Bangladesh despite of having the
building codes, how the reality turns into a vulnerable situations.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:09)

959
Also, we did discussed about various other reports of South Asian disaster report, where it has
covered in kind of developing countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and India.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:23)

Behind the frameworks.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:26)

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And I have referred with the good practice reviews work on John Twigs work of disaster risk
reduction and that is where he compiled everything all these frameworks into one segment. So,
this is a very recent edition.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:39)

And where we talked about the disaster risk and poverty nexus.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:46)

961
The similarly, we talked about the DFIDs resilience framework from the livelihood framework,
how we moved on to the resilience frameworks. So, this is all have been discussed.
(Refer Slide Time: 24:56)

So, when we talk about the resilience frameworks and that at a global level, how the Sundae
framework, how the Hugo framework for action, what are these priorities for action. So all these
things, we did discussed in different cases. In the institutional networks, how UN functions, what
are the various bodies within which the UN is organized by its own setup.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:25)

962
And we did also discussed about the community-based networks. That is where the CAM and
CBDRM. So this is where the community asset management and the community base disaster
risk management. So, how different social capitals and its network play an important role in
reducing the disaster risk.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:44)

And in the case of Nepal, we also discussed about how legally that is certain things which have
not been acknowledged so far. How the bills remained as a bill and how it has not been turned
into an act.
(Refer Slide Time: 25:57)

963
So that is where the local disaster risk management planning guidelines you know, how it is not
properly able to connect the disasters and development. So, there should be an ideally some kind
of planning process which has to go within it.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:13)

We did also discussed about various examples on heritage at risk.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:21)

964
Like Pitalkhora caves, the rock shelters how they have been assessed with the GEO
technological perspective and similarly, we also discussed about,
(Refer Slide Time: 26:31)

How it has been rated.

(Refer Slide Time: 26:33)

965
And how, what kind of interventions have been formed you know, to make a small pillar it might
have taken this to make a small canal, what are the various strict instructions we have to follow,
what to touch and what not to touch, what to remove and what not to add. So all these things, we
are learnt in that exercise and there is one more we have also discussed about the city of
Ayutthaya.

How it has been subjected to risk and we also discussed about Kiruna, their mining town. It is a
scale of, so now starting from a cave we talk about a historic precinct and we talk about even a
whole city of Kiruna, how it has been protected because of the mining issue.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:15)

966
And after having the discussions of all these, we brought to the Camilo Boanos, the
reconstruction space, how it can be theorized.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:26)

Along with the Gibellina’s case, what the lessons we have learned from Gibellina case and the
Turkish case, Cappadocia case.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:32)

And this is how the theoretical understanding of the reconstruction space about the how power,
discourse, options and choices.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:42)

967
Then we did discuss about the guidance you know, what are the various manuals that has
provided guidance, what are the various kind of giving thumb rule directions to the practitioners.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:54)

But in reality, though despite of having these what we can see is the reality of these Malakpet
Bhuj and how these things are happening because this is where the planning control.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:05)

968
And again, we did discussed about the guidelines for reconstruction of houses in tsunami.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:10)

And the recent Kerala floods with Benny Kuriakose have derived in the local language,
understanding the local context of it.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:20)

969
And the CBRIs and the ministry of rural development, how they work on the rural housing
technologies, how to validate these rural housing technologies and especially, in the 13 states,
which they have already worked on. So, this is we have just briefly gone through it.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:37)

And then, we also addressed about the philosophical content of the education, that is where the
HD CHAYYA work on the how the notion of I, we, and our and how it expands from the very
essence of I and that is very a realization to the self to the society and that can actually have a
major impact on the DRR. So, this and how it is related to architectural orientation and that is
where we talked about the pedagogy and in the pedagogy, we did explain about various tools.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:16)

970
Which I myself have used, adopted in different teaching exercises that is one of the commonly
practised to build back better exercise which I tried to do with my students is how they tried to
conceptualize the whole learning from different continents in one single sheet playing a role
models, role plays and these all different techniques of how, because we need to educate them
into the real context, because we have to prepare them for the real context. So now, that is the
end of the our summary.
(Refer Slide Time: 29:50)

But now, I will conclude with what we learnt in the same sheet of the same format, disaster
recovery and build back better and this course from each module what are our key learnings? In
the first module and this recommends, please understand and know the theory first, that will

971
because theory always can connect you to for a better practice. The second module we also learnt
about the mapping techniques, how first map the risk, prioritize the risk.

And then you can it will help you in planning further. Third aspect we talk about the set up the
roles, how you organize yourself, understand what is a hierarchical process, what is the
understand each of these roles and responsibilities. Then pre-disaster planning, prepare for the
expected and sorry this is spelling mistake here, prepare for the expected and also the
unexpected, so that is kind of preparation we need to go.

Then in the relief and transition, don’t undermine the local capacities because at always at relief
phase, obviously undermines that these people doesn’t know anything that we have there to help
them, but also there are ways how we can, we need to think how what are their relief? I mean
capacity, how they can build themselves. Learn from past, what are the learnings that we,
sometimes we ignore them at that time of emergency.

And in the reconstruction phase we have to understand the transition process, understand the
transition process, putting people in the centre and assessments there are important points which
we touched upon the building codes, lack of codes, lack of the regulatory process but make sure
that you don’t do a very superficial survey because many of the reports only point on the
numbers, how many houses we have built but we have to see how it has been adapted.

How it has been successful. So this is one thing, which we have taking away. Then the
communication, communicate, educate and participate for the real so, even in the education
perspective, in the communication, take things in a realistic way. Otherwise, because you are
preparing, even in the students we are preparing for the real issues. So, try to make sure you take
it in that approach.

I think that’s end of our course and I thank each and every participant for their wonderful
participation and we hope to see you in further courses. Thank you very much.

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