DISASTER

Readiness and Risk Reduction

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or
society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the nature,
disasters can have human origins.

A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable people.

The combination of hazards, vulnerability and inability to reduce the potential negative consequences of
risk results in disaster.

Hazard
Phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause disruption or damage to people, their
property, their services and their environment.

Vulnerability
Is a condition or sets of conditions that reduces people’s ability to prepare for, withstand or respond to a
hazard

Capacity
Those positive conditions or abilities which increase a community’s ability to deal with hazards.

Risk
The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the
impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous
area.

(VULNERABILITY + HAZARD)/CAPACITY = DISASTER

Elements at Risk
Persons, buildings, crops or other such like societal components exposed to known hazard, which are
likely to be adversely affected by the impact of the hazard

Response
Action taken immediately following the impact of a disaster when exceptional measures are required to
meet the basic needs of the survivors.

Relief
Measures that are required in search and rescue of survivors, as well to meet the basic needs for
shelter, water, food and health care.

Recovery
The process undertaken by a disaster affected community to fully restore itself to pre-disaster level of
functioning

Rehabilitation
Action taken in the aftermath of a disaster to:
• Assist victims to repair their dwellings;
• Re-establish essential services;
• Revive key economic and social activities
Reconstruction
Permanent measures to repair or replace damaged dwellings and infrastructure and to set the economy
back on course

Development
Sustained efforts intended to improve or maintain the social and economic well-being of a community

Prevention
Measures taken to avert a disaster from occurring, if possible (to impede a hazard so that it does not
have any harmful effects).

Mitigation
Measures taken prior to the impact of a disaster to minimize its effect (sometime referred to as
structural and non-structural measures).

Preparedness
Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in
the aftermath.

Disaster Risk Reduction

The concept and practice of reducing disaster risk through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the
cause of disaster. Includes:
• Reducing exposure to hazards
• Lessening vulnerability of people and property
• Wise management of land and the environment
• Improving preparedness for adverse events

Disaster preparedness

• Lessening or limiting the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters

• Adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be prevented fully
• But the scale or severity can be substantially lessened by various strategies and actions

Disaster Response
• Also called disaster relief
• Provision of emergency services and public assistance
• During and immediately after a disaster
• To save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety, and meet basic subsistence needs
of people affected

Disaster Management
A collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for preparing and responding to disasters. It
refers to the management of the consequences of disasters.

Disaster Risk Management

• Using administrative directives, organization, and operational skills and capacities…
• To implement strategies, policies, and improved coping capacities…
• And so lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and possibility of disaster
• A broad range of activities designed to:

Prevent the loss of lives

Minimize property damage and economic loss
Minimize human suffering
Inform the public and authorities of risk
Speed up the recovery process
Types of Disasters

Disasters can take many different forms, and the duration can range from an hourly disruption to days
or weeks of ongoing destruction. Below is a list of the various types of disasters - both natural and man-
made or technological in nature – that can impact a community.

Natural Types of Disasters

• Agricultural diseases & pests * Hurricanes and tropical storms

• Damaging Winds * Landslides & debris flow
• Drought and water shortage * Thunderstorms and lightning
• Earthquakes * Tornadoes
• Emergency diseases(pandemic influenza} * Tsunamis
• Extreme heat * Wildfire
• Floods and flash floods * Winter and ice storms
• Hail * Sinkholes

Man – Made and Technological Types of Disasters

• Hazardous materials
• Power service disruption & blackout
• Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
• Radiological emergencies
• Chemical threat and biological weapons
• Cyber attacks
• Explosion

Effects of Disasters

1.} Environment
Volcanoes, earthquakes, floods, wildfires, and mudslides often permanently alter an area’s
landscape, leading in some cases to the destruction of a local species.
2.) Economic Concerns
Even a minor storm can cause considerable damage. At the very least, the local economy must be
able to absorb the cost of cleanup repairs
3.) Indirect Effects
Natural disasters almost always lead to a disruption in utility services around the area impacted.
Medical assistance often slowed. Banks and other businesses might be closed, affecting a family’s ability
to withdraw money to pay bills and buy groceries.
4.) Physical destruction
Buildings are collapsing and swept away, possessions destroyed all this leads to leaving families
homeless, shutting down businesses.
5.) Emotional Toll
The emotional toll of natural disaster is much more devastating. The death of a loved one, whole
communities may be displaced, separating friends and neighbors, victims face anxiety and depression as
they wonder if it could happen again. In extreme cases they may experience post-traumatic stress
disorder.
6.) Human losses
People are washed away, drowning, left under collapsed buildings and so on.

Areas/Location Exposed to hazard

• Community living near conservation areas
• Located near riverbanks
 • Living in high buildings

Exposure and Vulnerability

Lack of Awareness about the range of consequences of a hazard event is a big reason why many take
natural hazards for granted

Elements:
-Any of the four substance air, water, fire, and earth formerly believed to compose the physical universe
-weather conditions; especially: violent or severe weather.

Elements at Risk and Exposure

Elements at risk are:

1. People
2. Properties
3. Economic Activities
4. Private and public services potentially threatened by harmful event

Risk assessment- involves the identification and mapping of the elements at risk and the assessment of
vulnerability

Exposure- refers to the ‘elements at risk’ from a natural or man-made hazard event. Elements at risk
could include individuals, dwellings or households and communities, buildings and structures, public
facilities and infrastructure assets, as well as agricultural commodities and environmental assets. It can
also refer to intangible elements such as economic activity and infrastructure networks.

As the risk model (Risk=Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability) shows, risk is also a function of hazard.

The combination of both hazard and exposed population provides the physical exposure:

PhExp = Hazard x Exposure

Where:
PhExp = physical exposure for the affected area
Hazard = probability of occurrence of an event at a given magnitude.
Exposure = total population living in the affected area for each even

Social, Environmental, and Economic Dimensions of Exposure and Vulnerability

When disaster strikes, casualties (death, missing persons, and injured people) and property losses and
damages are the first to be reported in tri-media. Long after a disaster, the effects to the other
elements assume greater attention. Tangible and intangible losses fall under social, environmental, and
economic categories.

Dimensions of Exposure and Factors of Vulnerability

1. Social – the social dimension of exposure and vulnerability covers a wide range of concerns (including
migration, social groups, health and well-being, education, culture institutions, and governance aspects)
but demography is the most important aspect. Population density maps are excellent indicators of
exposure and vulnerability.

• Migration
• Social groups
• Health and well-being
• Education
• Culture
• Institutions
 • Governance aspects

2. Environmental – the physical aspects of exposure and vulnerability refer to location and built
structures.

List of the physical elements exposed to various hazards:

a) Essential Facilities

• Educational Facilities
• Medical and healthcare facilities
• Emergency response facilities
• Government offices
• Recreational or tourist facilities
• Place of ownership
• Cemeteries

b) Industrial and High Potential Loss Facilities and Facilities Containing Hazardous Materials

• Dams and ponds

• Fuel reservoirs, pipelines and pumps
• Power generating plants and line
• Multi-purpose hydropower plants, water tanks and lines
• Food processing facilities

c.) Transportation Lifelines

• Highways, bridges, railway tracks, and tunnels

• Bus facilities
• Port facilities
• Port and harbor facilities
• Airport facilities and runways

d.) Utility Lifelines

• Potable water facilities, waste water facilities, pipelines and distribution lines
• Oil and natural gas systems facilities, pipelines, and distribution lines
• Communication facilities and distribution lines

e.) Potentially Vulnerable Natural Systems

• Low-lying areas
• Coastal regions
• Mountainous areas

f.) Vulnerable Human Settlement Patterns and Environment

• Floodplains along major river courses

• Dikes

3. Economic-among the economic effects of a hazard event include business interruption due to
accessibility problems, loss of jobs and access to work and loss of government income due to inability of
business and people to pay taxes at a time when more funds are needed for relief and rehabilitation.
Disasters may also significantly affect the gross domestic product (GDP)

• Business interruptions
• Loss of jobs and access to work
 • Loss of government income

Vulnerability of Each Exposed Element

Vulnerability- (according to the INDP “United Nations Development Programme”) the degree of loss to
each element should a hazard of a given severity occur.

Physical, social, economic, and environmental factors determine the likelihood and severity of damage
due to a given hazard

Social, Environmental, and Economic Factors of Vulnerability

Social, certain population groups may be more vulnerable than others. For example the very young and
the old are more exposed to most hazards than any other age groups.

Most vulnerable populations:

1. People with disabilities
2. Children
3. Seniors
4. Medication- dependent individuals
5. Women, especially those who are single, single parents, or the unemployed

HAZARD
A Hazard is any agent that can cause harm or damage to life, health, property or the
environment. It has the potential to cause harm to:
• People – death, injury, disease and stress
• Human activity- economic, educational etc.
• Property – property damage
• Environment – loss fauna and flora, pollution, loss of amenities.
Some examples of hazards are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods, landslides, and
other such events.

Basic Concept of Hazard

Concept of Hazard
A hazardous event that causes unacceptably large numbers of fatalities and/or
overwhelming property damage is a natural disaster. In areas where there are no human
interests, natural phenomena do not constitute hazards nor do they result in disasters.
Types of Hazard
• Biological – bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc.,
• Chemical – depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical,
• Ergonomic – repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation etc.,
• Physical – radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum),
noise, etc.,
• Psycho-social – stress, violence, etc.,
• Safety - slipping/tripping hazards, inappropriate machine guarding, equipment
malfunctions or breakdowns.

The Impact of Various Hazards

The impacts of natural disasters vary in severity and therefore vary in regard to how
long they last. A more economically developed country can prepare for and predict hazards
more effectively and they have many resources to support a faster recovery. Impacts of
hazards are not so easy to classify as short term and long term as this tends to vary for each
individual event.
There are a number of common long term impacts, which always take time to recover from.
These are:
• Grief and psychological trauma
• Loss of vital infrastructure, like sewers and sanitation and water
• Loss of power stations and key transport infrastructure, e.g. harbors, airports and
railway lines
• Widespread loss of housing
• Loss of a harvest or fertile soils and cattle
• Loss of fishing vessels and equipment
• Loss of forests and freshwater environments

Earthquake Hazard
Earthquake is the sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great
destruction, as a result of movements within the earth’s crust or volcanic action.

Potential Earthquake Hazards and Their Effects

1. Ground Shaking – It is the first main earthquake hazard. Buildings can be damaged by the
shaking itself or by the ground beneath them settling to a different level than it was before the
earthquake.
2. Ground Rupture - It is an another important effect of earthquakes which occurs when the
earthquake movement along a fault actually breaks the Earth’s surface. The constructions built
adjacent to the fault will survive while structures built across these zones will collapse and be
torn apart.
3. Liquefaction – It is the mixing of sand or soil and groundwater (water underground) during
the shaking of a moderate or strong earthquake. If liquefaction occurs under a building, it may
start to lean, tip over, or sink several feet.
4. Earthquake-induced Ground Subsidence – Ground subsidence can occur in various ways
during an earthquake. Movement that occurs along faults can be horizontal or vertical or have
a component of both. As a result, a large area of land can subside drastically during an
earthquake.
5. Tsunami – It is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. The effects of the tsunami on the
country during this period range from destruction and damage, death, injury, millions of dollars
in financial loss, and long lasting psychological problems for the inhabitants of the region.
6. Earthquake-induced Landslide – Earthquake shaking can cause landsliding on many scales.
An earthquake can cause a slope to become unstable by the inertial loading it imposes or by
causing a loss of strength in the slope materials. The effects of it include homes and buildings
being buried underground.

Natural Signs of an Impending Tsunami

• Severe ground shaking from local earthquakes may cause tsunamis.
• As a tsunami approaches shorelines, water may recede from the coast, exposing the
ocean floor, reefs and fish.
• Abnormal ocean activity, a wall of water, and an approaching tsunami create a loud
“roaring” sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft.
If you experience any of these phenomena, don’t wait for official evacuation orders.
Immediately leave low-lying coastal areas and move to higher ground.

Emergency Plan and Safety Measures Before, During, and After an Earthquake

What to do Before an Earthquake

• Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a
flashlight, and extra batteries at home.
 • Learn first aid. Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
• Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
• Don’t leave heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or floor.
• Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace.

What to do During an Earthquake

• Stay calm! If you’re indoors, stay inside. If you’re outside, stay outside.
• If you’re indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building, stand in a
doorway, or crawl under heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from windows
and outside doors.
• If you’re outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that might
fall. Stay away from buildings (stuff might fall off a building or the building could fall
on you).
• Don’t use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don’t mix.
• If you’re in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake stops.
• Don’t use elevators.

What to do After an Earthquake

• Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for anyone who needs it.
• Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are damaged, shut off the
valves.
• Check for the smell of gas/ If you smell it, open all the windows and doors, leave
immediately, and report it to the authorities (use someone else’s phone).
• Turn on the radio.
• Don’t use the phone unless it’s an emergency.
• Stay out of damaged buildings.
• Be careful around broken glass and debris.
• Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep from cutting your feet.
• Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).
• Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground has
stopped shaking.
• Stay away from damaged areas.
• If you’re at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the
person in charge.
• Expect aftershocks.

GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

What is Geological Hazard?

Is one of several types of adverse geologic conditions capable of causing damage or loss
of property and life. These hazards consist of sudden phenomena and slow phenomena
Related Geological Hazards
1. Rainfall – induced landslide- shears failure due to build-up of pore water pressure and
erosion by surface water runoff when flow velocity exceeds a critical value.
2. Sinkhole – a cavity in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock, caused by water
erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground.
3. Avalanche – is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. Avalanches are typically
triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical failure in the snowpack (slab avalanche) when
the forces on the snow exceed its strength but sometimes only with gradually widening.
4. Earthquake- is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden
release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
 5. Landslide- also known as a landslip, is a form of mass wasting that includes a wide
range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows.
6. Flash flood- is a rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry
lakes and basins. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm,
hurricane, tropical storm, or melt water from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.

Causes of Geological Hazards

Example:
EARTHQUAKE
A. Ground shaking
B. Surface faulting
C. Landslides and liquefaction
1. Rock avalanches
2. Rapid soil flows
3. Rock falls
D. Tsunamis

VOLCANIC ERUPTION
A. Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles
B. Pyroclastic phenomena
C. Lahars (mud flows) and floods
D. Lava flows and domes
E. Poisonous gas

Signs of Impending Geological Hazards

Landslides occur along slopes where masses of soil and rock material are susceptible to
being pulled down by gravity. Heavy rains and earthquakes are two ways that landslides may
be triggered. Geologic maps can pinpoint areas at risk of rock falls and debris flows, because
such landslides pose serious risks to people and property.

Earthquakes are sudden movements or tremors in earth that result from the abrupt
release of strain that has accumulated over time beneath the surface. Geologic maps identify
fault zones, some of which are still active and cause earthquakes.

Flooding the covering by water of land not usually under water—typically happens
when a stream overflows its banks, or when storms and high tides force ocean waters onto
land. People rely on geologic maps to show the locations of flood basins, which after are
swampy, and flood plains, often rich with sediment deposits.
Sinkholes are circular, often funnel-shaped depressions found in areas underlain by
karst, where rock types such as limestone, dolomite and gypsum are easily dissolved and form
underground drainage and caves.

Mitigation Strategies to Prevent loss of lives and Properties Landslides and mudflows
Landslides occur in many parts of the country. They are characterized by the down
slope movement of rock, soil, or other debris.
Mudflows are defined as flows of rivers of liquid mud down a hillside. They occur when
water accumulates under the ground, usually following long and heavy rainfalls. If there is no
brush, trees, or ground cover to hold the soil, mud will form and flow down the slope. For this
reason, mudflows can follow wildfires.
Mitigation
Before buying land or building on any property, check with the country land
commissioner or the local office of the U.S. Geological Survey for ground composition,
drainage, and stability. Surveys of land that may be susceptible to landslides should include
grazing land.

Practical things you can do on your property are:

• Plant ground cover on slopes, or build retaining walls.
• Reinforce the foundation and walls of your home and barn.
• Install flexible rather than stiff pipe fittings to avoid gas or water leaks in the event
of a landslide or mudflow.
• Construct channels or reinforced masonry walls to direct the mudflows around your
home, buildings, or barns. Clear obstructions from waterways.

Earthquakes
An earthquake is a wave-like movement of the earth’s surface. The earth’s crust and
upper part of the mantle push and move against one another along what are known as fault
lines. When rock masses slip along a fault, the energy of an earthquake is released in seismic
waves. An earthquake can also be produced by volcanic eruptions. The damage caused by an
earthquake depends on its magnitude and intensity.

Listed below are several actions that can be taken to mitigate the harmful effects of
earthquakes.
• Check your local emergency manager for potential earthquake and fire risks.
• Bolt down or reinforce water heaters and other gas appliances. Use flexible gas line
and appliance connections wherever possible. Know where to turn off the gas
supplies to your house or barn.
• Place large and heavy objects on lower shelves anecurely fasten shelves to walls
taller than 5 feet. Brace anchor all tall or top-heavy objects.
• Do not place dog runs or other animal enclosures underneath things that might fall
on them during an earthquake, such as a chimney or a heavy retaining wall. Include
a pair of bolt cutters in your disaster kit.
• Gates can sometimes become damaged and unable to be opened.

Tsunamis
A tsunami (pronounced “soo na’mee”) is a series of giant ocean waves produced by a
major underwater or coastline disturbance such as an earthquake or volcanic eruption. A series
of waves sometimes lasts several hours, with 20 or 30 minutes between waves. Tsunamis can
occur in all oceans, but they are most common in the Pacific. In this century, more than 200
tsunamis have been recorded in the Pacific.
Areas thousands of miles from an earthquake can be struck by a resulting tsunami. The
waves appear to be normal ocean waves until they approach the coastline, where a gigantic
wall of water can build on the ocean surface. Tsunamis reaching heights of more than 100 feet
have been recorded.
Mitigation
The most effective mitigation measure to avoid property damage is not to build or live
in buildings within several hundred feet of the coastline. Even the strongest buildings can be
damaged or undermined by a powerful tsunami.

VOLCANO HAZARDS
What is volcano Hazard?
A Volcanic Hazard is the probability that a volcanic eruption or related geophysical
event will occur in a given geographic area and within a specified window of time.

Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions

The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt. These precursors
may vary from volcano to volcano.

1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of

volcanic tremors.
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray
due to entrained ash
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater
4. Ground swells ( or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion
5. Localized landslides, rockfalls and landslides from the summit area not attributable to
heavy rains.
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano’s
upper slopes.
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g. Bulusan and Canlaon) and
crater lake (e.g. Taal) near the volcano
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the vicinity
of the volcano.
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras.

Potential Volcano-Related Hazards

• Lahar- is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of slurry of pyroclastic material,
rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a
river valley.
• Ash fall – a rain of airborne ash resulting from a volcanic eruption.
• Pyroclastic Flow- is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter(collectively
known as tephra)
• Ballistic projectile- are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. These
blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent
(but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.)
• Volcanic gasses- magma is molten rock containing dissolved gases that are released
to the atmosphere during an eruption and while the magma lies close to the surface
from hydrothermal systems.
• Lava Flow- lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting
vent.
Family Emergency Preparedness Plan
On What To Do Before, During and After Volcanic Eruption.

Before
• Build an Emergency Supply Kit, which includes items like non-perishable food, water,
a battery-powered or hand-crank radio, extra flashlights and batteries. You may
want to prepare a portable kit and keep it in your car in case you are told to
evacuate. This kit should also include a pair of goggles and disposable breathing
masks for each member of the family.
• Make a Family Emergency Plan. Your family may not be together when disaster
strikes, so it is important to know how you will contact one another how you will get
back together and what you will do in case of an emergency.
During
• Follow the evacuation order issued by authorities and evacuate immediately from
the volcano area to avoid flying debris, hot gases, lateral blast and lava flow.
• Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a mudflow increases near stream channels
and with prolonged heavy rains. Mudflows can move faster than you can walk or
 run. Look upstream before crossing a bridge and do not cross the bridge if a
mudflow is approaching.
• Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
• Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance – infants,
elderly people and people with access and functional needs.

Protection from Falling Ash

• If you are unable to evacuate, and in order to protect yourself from falling ash, you
should remain indoors with doors, windows and ventilation closed until the ash
settles.
• Listen to a battery-powered radio or television for the latest emergency information.
• Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants.
• Use goggles and wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses.
• Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with breathing.
• Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.
• Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof collapsing.
• Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents, furnaces air
conditioners, fans and other vents.
• Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.

After
• Go to a designated public shelter if you have been told to evacuate or you feel it is
unsafe to remain in your home.
• Local authorities may not immediately be able to provide information on what is
happening and what you should do. However, you should listen to radio, watch TV,
listen to the radio or check the Internet often for official news and instructions as
they become available.

POTENTIAL HYDROMETEROLOGICAL HAZARDS

Typhoons

•A typhoon is an intense area of low atmospheric pressure. It is a low pressure

weather system with sustained wind speed near its center of at least 56 knots
(about 105kph).
• Typhoons are made over the ocean; typhoons are not made over land.
• Typhoon builds up as a result of low pressure and high winds.
• Radar can show the location of the intense rainfall cores, and estimate the duration
of the rainfall.
Common signs of an impending Typhoon

• Cumulus clouds
• Southerly winds
• Warm nights
• Decreasing atmospheric pressure
• Low cloud base
Things to prepare before the Typhoon

• First aid kits/Emergency kits

• Food/Water
• Mobile Phones
• Clothes
 • Flashlights
• Money
• Survival Checklist
Things to do during the Typhoon

• Keep your eyes and ears open. Anything could happen in an instant.
• Don’t go outside unless you need to evacuate or an emergency situation has
happened.
• Secure your home and turn off your appliances. Turn off your LPG tanks as well.
• Save batteries on your phone for emergency calls.
• Never go out or near a window until storm subsides.
• Keep your windows closed at all times.
• Avoid staying on the higher levels of your house.
Things to do after the Typhoon

• Keep listening to the latest news on the radio and TV.

• Watch out for continued rains and flooding – they may still persist despite the storm
being gone.
• If you’re staying in a shelter, ask the local officials first if it’s safe to go back to your
homes.
• Inspect your house to see if there are any damages.
• Use flashlights and not candles – the latter can easily start a fire in these situations.
• Check your stored food.
Thunderstorm

• Generally local storms produced by cumulonimbus clouds and are always

accompanied by lightning and thunder, usually with strong wind gust, heavy rain and
sometimes with hail and/or tornado.
• Thunderstorms are typical in warm environments like the tropics and may persist for
1 to 2 hours.
• National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) the device used to detect
thunderstorms, it provides accurate lightning data information across the country.
•
Common signs of an impending Thunderstorm

• A rapidly rising cumulus cloud

• Darkening sky
• Lightning
• Sudden change of wind direction

Things to do before the Thunderstorm

• Learn about your area’s thunderstorm risk by looking at past events.
• Discuss how you would know if a thunderstorm may produce light, moderate, heavy
or torrential rain as well as duration.
• Discuss the rainfall/thunderstorm warning system of PAGASA.
• Recommend trimming and removal of unstable trees, electric post, or any
infrastructure that could fall and may cause damage or injury.
• Ensure proper drainage in the surrounding by removing things that may hinder
proper drainage flow.
• Participate actively in the school drills on disaster response.

Things to do during the Thunderstorm

 • Stay indoors and remain calm
• Postpone all outdoor activities. Regularly monitor the official updates by PAGASA or
other reliable sources.
• Be on the lookout for falling debris and flashfloods.
• Turn off and unplug all electrical and electronic devices.
• Refrain from using phones until the storm passes over.
• Remain indoors at least 30 minutes after hearing the last thunder.

Things to do after the Thunderstorm

• Continue monitoring PAGASA or local radio/television stations for weather updates.

• Always observe safety measures on if you need to go outdoors.
• Stay away from storm-damaged areas.
• Watch out for fallen tree branches, trunks, electric lines and report them to the
authorities.
• Stay away from flood waters. It is possible to contract diseases from flood water.

Flashflood or Flood
• Flashfloods are caused by heavy precipitation in a short period of time, usually less
than 6 hours.
• Flood is the overflowing of the normal confines of a stream or bodies of water, or
the accumulation of water over areas that are not normally submerged.
• This is common in coastal areas and shorelines. Also in plain low-lying area adjacent
a river, lagoon or lake.
• Radar are used to monitor flashfloods and floods in every area.
Common signs of an impending Flashflood/Flood
• Slow moving tropical storms
• After a dam break
• Rainfall intensity and duration
• Early snow melt
Things to do before a Flashflood/Flood
• Learn about your area’s flood risk by looking at past events.
• Know the flood hazard map in your community.
• Learn from previous occurrences how frequent, how high and how fast flood can
occur.
• Take notice of rapidly rising water and prepare plans for evacuation.
• Have a survival kit containing battery operated radio, flashlight, emergency cooking
equipment, candles, matches and first aid kit.
• Participate actively in the school drills on disaster response.

Things to do during a Flashflood/Flood

• Unplug all electric and electronic devices.

• Listen continuously to official updates on weather and flooding.
• Remain calm and be ready in case of evacuation is necessary.
• Do not attempt to cross flowing streams unless they are assured that the water is
below knee level.
• Avoid areas prone to flooding.

Things to do after a Flashflood/Flood

 •
Report broken utility lines (electricity, water, gas, etc.) to appropriate
agencies/authorities.
• Ensure that electrical appliances are checked by a competent electrician before
switching them on.
• Stay away from flood waters, it is possible to contract diseases from flood water.
• Uneven ground, open drainage and sharp debris under floodwater can be potentially
harmful.
Storm Surge

• It is the rise and onshore surge of seawater as the result of the winds of a tropical
cyclone, and secondarily of the surface pressure drop near the center of the tropical
cyclone.
• The height of storm surge is dependent on the size, intensity and movement of the
tropical cyclone, shape of the coastline as well as near shore underwater topography
and astronomical tides.
• Storm surge is monitored by a barometer.

Common signs of an impending Storm surge

• Abnormal rise of water levels

• Intense storms
• Strong wind and flooding rain
• Low pressure weather
•
Things to do before a Storm surge

• Stay away from beaches/shore during tropical cyclone passage.

• Identify evacuation routes leading to safe higher grounds.
• Establish evacuation plans and procedures.
• Learn about your area’s vulnerability to storm surge.

Things to do during a Storm surge

• Regularly monitor official storm surge advisory/forecast updates of PAGASA.

• Remain calm and be ready in case of evacuation.
• Stay away from beaches/shore and low lying areas.
• Head towards inland away from potential flow of water.
• Turn off power supply.
• If caught in a storm surge, you are advised to hold on large structures like big trees.
•
Things to do after a Storm surge

• Check structural damage of your surroundings and make sure structures are safe
from collapsing.
• Check surroundings for electrical damage.
• Stay away from flood waters, it can transmit may kinds of diseases.
• Clean all mud and debris.

El Niño

• Is a significant increase in ocean temperature over the eastern and central Pacific
ocean.
 • It occurs at irregular intervals ranging from 2-7 years usually developing in the early
months of the year and decay the following year.
• In the Philippines, El Niño conditions are often characterized by dry and warm-hot
events.

Common signs of an impending El Niño

• Warmer oceans and higher temperature

• Thunderstorm in the bay
• Floods
• Extreme hotness of temperature

Things to do before the El Niño

• Listen and monitor PAGASA El Niño/drought/dry spell forecast on what parts of the
country will be affected severe conditions.
• Plan your daily activities to avoid doing strenuous work during the hottest time of
the day.
• Learn about the symptoms of heat stress or exposure to extreme environmental
heat, sunburn, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, dehydration, and other related
conditions caused by the very hot climate.

Things to do during the El Niño

• Avoid doing strenuous activity during the hottest time of the day.
• Keep hydrated.
• During drought condition, conserve water.
• Stay indoors whenever possible.
• Regularly clean electric fans and air conditioner filters.
• Wear light-colored and lightweight clothing.
• Take frequent breaks if you must work outdoors.
• Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles.

Things to do after El Niño

• Seek medical attention if you or another person experiences symptoms of heat

stress.
La Niña

• Is a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the
tropical west coast of South America.
• It is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in Equatorial Pacific.
• La Niña causes increased rainfall while in other regions it causes extreme conditions.

Common signs of an impending La Niña

• Sudden change of weather

• Extreme rainfall
How to prepare when La Niña attacks:

• Check if your in a high risk area. If your property is near a body of water that can
overflow or if your area has experienced flooding in the past then you may be at risk.
 • Clean and clear. All gutters and drains need to be cleaned and cleared to ensure
that water can easily drain away.
• Prevent blockages. Storm-water drains can easily become blocked with debris
during flooding.
• Fix any weak points. Any cracks or holes where water can enter your property
should be fixed and sealed with water resistant material.
• Anchor. Items that cannot be stored above water levels and can float or be easily
moved should be anchored down to prevent damage during La Niña.
• Check sprinklers. Electric short circuits due to water damage can cause fires on your
property or premises. Ensure that your automatic sprinkler system is in working
order and that all valves and pumps are located above the expected water level.

Fire Hazards and Related Concepts

Fire Triangle

• A simplified cousin to the fire tetrahedron, the fire triangle is a model for conveying
the components of a fire. The fire triangle’s three sides illustrate the three elements
of fire, which are heat, fuel, and oxidation.
The three elements of the Fire Triangle

1. Heat – the first element in the fire triangle which is perhaps the most essential of fire
elements. A fire cannot ignite unless it has a certain amount of heat, ant it cannot grow
without heat either. One of the first things firefighters do to extinguish a fire is to apply a
cooling agent – usually water. Another cooling agent is a chemical fire retardant, such as the
ones used in fire extinguishers.
2. Fuel – a fire needs a fuel source in order to burn. The fuel source can be anything
that is flammable, such as wood, paper, fabric, or chemicals. Once the fuel element of the fire
triangle is removed, the fire will go out. If a fire is allowed to burn without any attempt to
extinguish it, as in the case of a controlled burn conducted by the forest service, it will
extinguish on its own when it is consumed all of the fuel.
3. Oxygen - a fire needs oxygen to start and continue. That is why one
recommendation for extinguishing a small fire is to smother it with a non-flammable blanket,
sand or dirt. A decrease in the concentration of oxygen retards the combustion process. In
large fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of the oxygen is not usually
an option because there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.

Causes of Fires

1. Cooking Equipment – pots and pans can overheat and cause a fire very easily if the person
cooking gets distracted and leaves cooking unattended. Always stay in the room, or ask
someone to watch your food, when cooking on hotplates.
2. Heating – keep portable heaters at least one meter away from anything that could easily
catch fire such as furniture, curtains, laundry, clothes and even yourself. If you have a furnace,
get it inspected once a year to make sure it is working to safety standards.
3. Smoking in bedrooms – bedrooms are best to kept off limits for smoking. A cigarette that is
not put out properly can cause a flame, as the butt may still alit for a few hours. It could burst
into flames if it came into contact with flammable materials, such as furniture.
4. Electrical Equipment – an electrical appliance, such as a toaster can start a fire if it is faulty or
has a frayed cord. A power point that is overloaded with double adapter plugs can cause a fire
from an overuse of electricity.
5. Candles – candles look and smell pretty, but if left unattended they can cause a room to
easily burst into flames. Keep candles away from any obviously flammable items such as books
and tissue boxes. Always blow a candle out before leaving a room.
6. Curious children – kids can cause a fire out of curiosity, to see what would happen if they set
fire to an object. Keep any matches or lighters out of reach of children, to avoid any curiosity
turned disaster.
7. Faulty wiring - homes with inadequate wiring can cause fire from electrical hazards. Have a
licensed electrician come and inspect your house.
8. Barbeques – barbeques are great for an outdoor meal, but should always be used away from
the home, tablecloths or any plants and tree branches. Keep Bbq’s regularly maintained and
cleaned with soapy water and clean any removable parts.
9. Flammable liquids - if you have any flammable liquids in your home or garage such as petrol,
kerosene, or methylated spirits, keep them away from sources of heat and check the label
before storing.
10. Lighting – lamp shades and light fitting can build up heat if they are close to light globes.
Check around the house to make sure. Lamp bases can become a hazard if they are able to be
knocked over easily, and so should be removed if they are.

Fire Safety

Prepare before a fire:

• Always familiarize to “where you are” and be sure to know how to reach the two
nearest EXITS.
• Remember that in a fire situation, smoke is blinding and will blank down in the
rooms and hallways. This condition may force you to crouch or crawl to escape to
safety. By always being aware of your surroundings, your knowledge of the nearest
exits and having a plan will greatly increase your ability to deal with sudden
emergencies.
If you are notified of, or discover a fire:

• Move quickly to the nearest accessible exit.

• Notify, and assist others to evacuate along the way.
• If the building fire alarm is not yet sounding, manually activate the alarm pull station
located near the exit.
• Exit the building and proceed to the “area of gathering”
If smoke, fire, or other threat is imminent, move into the stairwell:

• After the stairwell crowd has passed below your floor level, enter the stairwell with
assistant and wait on the stair landing. Make sure that the door is securely closed.
• Wait for assistance. First responders will be assigned to assist you if evacuation is
necessary.
When should you use a fire extinguisher?

• Only if you are trained and confident in fire extinguisher use.

• Only if the fire is small in size.
• If you do fight the fire, use only one extinguisher, then evacuate the building.
• As a reminder, you are not obligated to fight fires of any size. If you have any doubt,
do not attempt to fight the fire.

TOTAL AND IMMEDIATE EVACUATION IS THE SAFEST.

If caught in smoke:

• Drop to hands and knees and crawl towards nearest exit.

 • Stay low, smoke will rise to ceiling level first.
• Hold your breath as much as possible
• Breathe to your nose.
• Use a filter such as shirt, towel or handkerchief.

If trapped in a room due to fire or smoke:

• Call police and report your location and conditions.

• Close as many doors as possible between you and the fire.
• Wet and place cloth material around or under the door to prevent smoke from
entering the room.
• If the room has an outside window, be prepared to signal to someone outside.

Clothing on fire (Stop, Drop and Roll):

• Direct or assist a person to roll around on the floor to smother the flames.
• Drench with water if a laboratory safety shower is immediately available.
• Obtain medical supervisor.
• Report incident to supervisor.
 CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Disaster risk reduction (also referred to as just disaster reduction) is defined as the concept and
practice of reducing disaster risk through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the casual factors of
disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property,
wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse effects.
Disaster reduction strategies include, primarily, vulnerability and risk assessment as well as a number of
institutional capacities and operational abilities. The assessment of the vulnerability of critical facilities,
social and economic infrastructure, the use of effective early warning systems, and the application of
many different types of scientific, technical, and other skilled abilities are essential features of disaster
risk reduction.

Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Disaster risk management is the systematic process of using administrative directives,

organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, polices and improved
coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and their possibility of disaster.
Disaster risk management aims to avoid, lessen or transfer the adverse effects of hazards through
activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness.

The interaction between disaster risk and disaster risk management is clear. Disaster risk
reduction concerns activities more focused on a strategic level of management, whereas disaster risk
management is the tactical and operational implementation of disaster risk reduction.

Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction

Development and disasters interact in multiple ways. Disaster impacts growth particularly of
poor and vulnerable sections of the society. The subject of disaster and risk reduction draws its
relevance from earlier contributions and previous practices in the disaster management fields, where
traditionally the focus has been on preparedness for response.

Many countries are still not investing enough in prevention and preparedness, and many
development actors are not prioritizing enough such support to poor countries. The result is another
stark reality of our times – that striking inequalities persist, with global disaster risk disproportionately
concentrated in poorer countries with weaker governance.

From a development perspective, therefore, disaster risk reduction is vital for building a more
equitable and sustainable future. Making investments in prevention and preparedness, including
through civil defense exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts to increase resilience to disaster.

Five priorities identified for action are:

1) to ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority;
2) to identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning systems;
3) to use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels;
4) to reduce the underlying risks factors; and
5) to strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery at all levels, from the local
to the national.

Responsibility for disaster risk management does not lie with disaster managers alone. It is
rather a concern for everyone – from citizens who must be empowered to make decisions which reduce
risk, to political leaders, government institutions, the private sector, civil society organizations,
professional bodies, and scientific and technical institutions.
Key Principles

1. Flexibility and Adaptability

The need to approach capacity building interventions flexibly so that the design of the programme is
appropriate to context and responsive to needs (rather than applied as an externally-imposed
“blueprint”). It includes undertaking careful assessment of capacity needs, and working with and
reinforcing existing skills, strategies, systems and capacities. It also includes understanding and
accounting for the political and power dimensions that can undermine or strengthen capacity building.

2. Comprehensive Planning

The need to carefully design interventions so that they can meet their objectives and are likely to be
sustainable. It includes appropriate scheduling of interventions so that pressure to show visible results
does not undermine capacity building. Also critical is planning for long-term sustainability of capacity
gains after the withdrawal of interventions. Comprehensive planning includes a robust system for
monitoring and evaluation.

3. Ownership and Partnership

The need to ensure that those targeted for capacity building have a clear and significant role in the
design and implementation of initiatives (which will again help to ensure they are appropriate, effective
and sustainable). Ownership is likely to rest on active participation, clear statements of responsibilities,
engagement of leaders, and alignment with existing DRM and DRR strategies.

4. Attention to Functional Capacity

The need to focus on ‘functional’ capacity building. This means doing more than improving technical
skills and resources. It means developing the ability of stakeholders and organizations to take effective
decisions and actions on DRM. It includes aspects such as improving coordination, and developing
policies and plans. It also includes creating an enabling environment for effective decisions and action,
such as developing incentives for good staff performance, and building support among stakeholders to
see DRM as priority issue.

5. Integration of Actors and Scales

The need to build capacity to coordinate across scales and to work with other stakeholders. Capacity
building can act to bridge capacity and communication gaps that commonly exist between national and
local levels. Initiatives can focus a building capacity of networks of stakeholders, and on building local
people’s capacity to interact with other stakeholders.

6. Contribution to Disaster Risk Reduction

The need for a more holistic DRR influenced approach to DRM capacity. This includes attention to:
understanding and planning for long-term changes in risk; moving beyond a focus on short-term
emergency management to capacity in disaster prevention, mitigation and long-term recovery;
prioritizing the reduction of vulnerability; targeting the needs of vulnerable groups; and addressing
gender inequalities in both vulnerability and capacity.

Principle Recommendation

Flexibility and Adaptability Ensure capacity-building activities are adapted to the context
and offer flexibility in programming. Conduct rigorous capacity
needs assessments early in the design stage.
Comprehensive planning
Improve capacity for sustainability planning and
implementation of robust monitoring and evaluation systems.

Ownership and Partnership Continue prioritizing meaningful and deliberate ownership and
partnership.

Attention to functional capacity Place greater emphasis on functional capacity, where possible.

Integration of actors and scales Increase emphasis on efforts to improve inter-scalar

communication and coordination. Address the missing middle
(district and provincial levels) in capacity-building programmes.

Contribution to disaster risk reduction Increase the focus on mitigation, prevention and recovery.
Improve attention to gender by educating programme staff and
Addressing it meaningfully in capacity-building programme
design.

COMMUNITY – BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FOR PREPAREDNESS

EMERGENCY PLAN
A definite plan to deal with major emergencies is an important element. The major benefit of
providing guidance during an emergency, developing plan has other advantages. You may discover
unrecognized hazardous conditions that would aggravate an emergency situation and you can work to
eliminate them. The planning process may bring to light deficiencies, such as lack of resources, or items
that can be rectified before an emergency occurs.
Earthquakes – are sudden rolling or shaking events caused by movement under the earth’s surface.
During an Earthquake:
- Stay where you are until the shaking stops. Do not run outside.
- Drop down onto your hands and knees so the earthquake doesn’t knock you down.
- Cover your head and neck with your arms protect yourself from falling debris
- If you are in danger from falling objects, and you can move safely crawl for additional cover
under a sturdy desk or table.
- If there is low furniture or an interior wall or corner nearby, and the path is clear, these may also
provide some additional cover.
- Hold on to any sturdy covering so you can move with it until the shaking stops.
If getting safely to the floor to take cover won’t be possible:
- Identify an inside corner of the room away from windows and objects that could fall on you.
The earthquake Country Alliance advises getting as low as wheelchairs or other mobility devices
should lock their wheels and remain seated until shaking stops.
- If you are in bed when you feel the shaking: if you are in bed: stay there and cover your head
and neck with a pillow. At night hazards and debris are difficult to see and avoid; attempts to
move in the dark result in more injuries than remaining in bed.
- If you are outside when you feel the shaking: if you are outdoors when the shaking starts, move
away from buildings, street lights and utility wires.
- If you are in moving vehicle when you feel the shaking: if you are in a vehicle, stop as quickly and
safely as possible and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under building, trees, over
passes and utility wires.

AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE:

- When the shaking stop, look around. If there is a clear path to safety, leave the building and go
to an open space away from the damaged areas.
- If you are trapped, do not move about or kick up dust.
- If you have a cellphone with you use it to call or text for help. Be prepared to “drop, cover, and
hold on” in the likely event of after shocks.
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE

- Look around places where you spend time. Identify safe places such as under a sturdy piece of
furniture or against an interior wall in your home, office or school so that when the shaking
starts you drop the ground, cover your head and neck with your arms, and if a safer place is
nearby crawl it and hold on.

Practice how to “DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON!”

- To react quickly you must practice often. You may only have seconds to protect yourself quickly.
- Before an earthquake occurs, secure items that could fall and causes injuries (e.g., bookshelves,
mirrors, light fixtures)
- Store critical supplies (e.g., water medication) and documents.
- Plan how will you communicate with family members including multiple methods by making a
“family emergency communication plan”
- When choosing your home or business, check if the building is earthquake resistant per local
building codes.

EMERGENCY PLAN FOR TYPHOON

BEFORE
• Be updated with the latest weather reports
- As an incoming weather disturbance is approaching the country, it is important to always keep
yourself updated with the latest weather reports. Staying informed with the latest weather
bulletins and following government announcements and warnings are the best starting points to
prepare yourself and your families for the storm.
• Make communication plans
- Make a family communication plans so that you can establish the whereabouts of all family
members (and keep mobile phones charged!). Stay in contact but have a plan in case cell phone
coverage disappears during the storm; like a predestined meet-up place where you can find
each other once it is safe to go out again.
• Prepare supplies and disaster gear
- Have emergency supplies ready and have them ready to carry out in a small backpack so you can
have your hands free. These should include some nonperishable food, water or water
purification tablets or drops, first aid kit, flashlights and extra batteries. If safe drinking water is
not available, boil water for at least 20 minutes. Place it in a container with cover.
• Protect property
- Secure your property before a storm hits by trimming trees, securing roofs and covering
windows. Examine your house and repair its unstable parts. Harvest crops that can be yielded
already. Secure domesticated animals in a safe place.
• Obey evacuation orders.
- Follow instructions from government officials on preemptive evacuation at all times. Move
away from low-lying areas and stay away from the coasts and riverbanks. Evacuate calmly and
as soon as possible. Do not wait for your situation to worsen before evacuating. Close the
windows and turn off the main power switch of your house. Put important appliances and
belongings in a high ground. When evacuating, avoid the way leading to the river. For fisher
folks, place boats in a safe area.

DURING
• Secure yourselves
-Stay in a safe place. It is important to be aware which areas are prone to floods, landslides etc. and
which buildings are safe enough to withstand a typhoon. Do not go outside during the storm. In case of
a threat of a storm surge, evacuate in a high place early. If possible, find a place that is higher than 500
meters from the bay if your community is in the direct track of the storm.

AFTER
• Continue to be alert
 -Do not wade through flood waters to avoid being electrocuted and contracting diseases. If
your house is destroyed, make sure that is stable before you enter. Watch out for live wires
or outlet immersed in water. Report damaged electrical cables and fallen electric posts to
the authorities. Avoid going to disaster-hit areas so as not to get in the way of rescue and
emergency operations.
EMERGENCY PLAN FOR FIRE

Fire Safety & Emergency Evacuation Important information:

• Portable fire extinguisher policy
• Fire Safety and Emergency Evacuation Pamphlet
• Student Fire Safety 101
• Laboratory Fire Hazard Alert: gas tubing Fire Safety and Emergency Evacuation Poster
• Fire Extinguisher and Evacuation Retraining In the Event of a Fire If you see smoke or flames.
• Contain the fire by closing all doors as you leave.
• Activate a fire alarm pull station. Pull stations are near exits from the building.
• Evacuate or extinguish. It is best to leave the building using the nearest fire exit.

EVACUATION

• In the event of a fire or fire alarm, supervisors must be sure that all employees evacuate the
building and individuals who may need help are assisted to safety.
• Each office should develop an evacuation plan, which includes a primary and a secondary
escape route.
• Establish a designated area to meet outside the building. This location should be known to
everyone in your office and be far enough away from the building to ensure safety and
avoid blocking access by emergency personnel.
• Your evacuation plan should also include a way to be certain that everyone has left or is
otherwise accounted for when you leave the building.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

A Strong Case for M&E in Reconstruction

• As development community moves towards results-based frameworks for measuring
impact of programs, similar push needed for reconstruction programs post-disaster.
-M&E should be put at forefront of reconstruction programs.

• Reconstruction programs have lagged.

-One reason is the lack of availability of effective monitoring and control tools.

• M&E frameworks across different reconstruction programs not fully comparable.

• Developing standardized M&E frameworks in reconstruction is important given increasing

frequency and scale of disasters.

• Post-disaster Reconstruction involves substantial resources and can take priority over
country developmental agendas in short term.

KEY MESSAGES

-Reconstruction Performance Management helps improve the likelihood of achieving development

objectives.
-Performance Management should be an inalienable part of the overall recovery program from the get
go.
-A five pillar approach to Performance Management provides multi-dimensional views into
development.
-Reconstruction Performance Management has significant operational and strategic implications.
Results-Based Performance Management for Reconstruction and Recovery Projects

• Monitoring aims to keep track of activities and results of post-disaster programs.

• Evaluation assesses program’s impact on the economic and social realities of beneficiary
communities.

Evaluation a challenge in post-disaster settings because:

-Projects are hastily prepared
-Baselines to be used for comparison in the evaluation process are not available
-Data are especially hard to obtain and analyze

Benefits of Results-based Approach to M & E of Reconstruction Programs

• Well-suited to measure intermediate-level and longer-term reconstruction and recovery

outcomes.
• In Results Framework (RF) approach programs are assessed only against outcomes within
their designed means and not to impracticable higher level achievements.
• RF approach helps develop clearer and streamlined results chains that systematically link ;
- Program and intermediate outcomes;
- Intermediate outcomes and outputs, and;
- Outputs and inputs
Reconstruction Results M&E – Some basic concepts

• Intermediate outcomes are hence carefully designed in the system to: - Capture and track
the intended changes as they begin to unfold or otherwise
- Control the process and pace of progress of achieving the desired results for progressive
problem identification, and the design and targeting of solutions
- Allow space for timely course corrections.

M & E systems can simultaneously exist at many levels

• Overall national reconstruction program (Multi-sector and thus broad-based)
• Sector level, encompassing projects by all agencies covering one particular sector
• Project level
• Beneficiary households level by conducted household surveys.
- Social impact assessment, participatory monitoring tools e.g. community scorecards

EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

- Can be defined as a set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate and meaningful
warning information of the possible extreme events or disasters. The purpose of this
information is to enable individuals, communities and organization threatened to prepare and
act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm, loss or risk.
-
CHARACTERISTICS OF EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

• Effectively early warning system requires strong technique foundations and good knowledge
of the risk.
• They must be strongly people centered – with clear messages, dissemination.
• Public awareness and education are critical; in addition many sectors must be involved.
• It must be embedded in an understandable manner and relevant to the communities which
they serve.

EARTHQUAKE

• Early warning system use earthquake science and the technology of monitoring system to
alert devices and people when shaking waves generated by an earthquake are expected to
arrive at their location.
FLOOD
• a typical flood Warning system includes a number or items including automated sensors
which are placed in or beside rivers and reservoirs throughout a designated area.
CYCLONES

• earlier notice would give the public more time to prepare for a potential future threat.

SURVIVAL KITS AND MATERIALS

• water
• food
• batter powered or hand crank radio
• flashlight and extra Batteries
• first aid kit
• whistle to signal for help
• dust mask to help filter contaminated
• moist towellettes, garbage bags and plastic ties for personal sanitation
• wrench or pliers to turn off utilities
• manual can opener for food
• local maps
• cellphone with chargers inverter or solar charger.

POLICIES OF DRRM – THE DRRM LAW RA 10121 AND IT’S IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATION

Implementing Rules and Regulation of REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10121, also known as “an act strengthening
the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Framework and institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan, appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes”

RULE 1 – GENERAL PROVISIONS

RULE 2 – DEFINITION OF TERMS

RULE 3 – THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

RULE 4 – REGIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

RULE 5 – LOCAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT COUNCILS

RULE 6 – LOCSL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OFFICE (LDRRMO)

RULE 7 – THE OFFICE OF CIVIL DEFENSE

RULE 8 – NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT TRAINING INSTITUTES

RULE 9 – ACCREDITATION, MOBILIZATION, AND PROTECTION OF DISASTER VOLUNTEERS AND NATIONAL

SERVICE RESERVE CORPS, CSO’S AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR.

RULE 10 – INTEGRATION OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION EDUCATION INTO THE SCHOOL CURRICULA AND
SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN (SK) PROGRAM AND MANDATORY TRAINING FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR
EMPLOYEES

RULE 11 – COORDINATION DURING EMERGENCIES

RULE 12 – DECLARATION OF STATE OF CALAMITY

RULE 13 – REMEDIAL MEASURES

RULE 14 – MECHANISM FOR INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

RULE 15 – INVENTORY AND MONITORING OF ALL RELEIF GOODS

RULE 16 – PROHIBITED ACTS

RULE 17 – PENAL CLAUSE

RULE 18 – LOCAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FUND

RULE 19 – NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FUND

RULE 20 – FUNDING OF THE OCD

RULE 21 – ANNUAL REPORT

RULE 22 – CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE

RULE 23 – TRANSITORY PROVISION

RULE 24 – SEPARABILITY CLAUSE

RULE 25 – AMENDATORY CLAUSE

RULE 26 – EFFECTIVITY CLAUSE

INFORMATION AND RESOURCES FROM THE GOVERNMENT (PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS

A plan which serves as the national guide on how sustainable development can be achieved through
inclusive growth while building the adaptable capacities of communities; increasing the resilience of
vulnerable sectors; and optimizing disaster mitigation opportunities with the end in view of promoting
people’s welfare and security towards gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable development. It
outlines the activities aimed at strengthening the capacity of the national government and the local
government units (LGUs) together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of
communities and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including
projected climate risks and enhancing disaster preparedness and response
capabilities at all levels

The plan highlights, among others, the importance of mainstream disaster risk reduction and
management (DRRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in the development processes such as policy
formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting and governance particularly in the area of
environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban
planning and public infrastructure and housing among others. It also highlights the need for
institutionalizing DRRM policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing
budget appropriation on DRR from national down to local levels.

Finally, the plan adheres to the principles of good governance within the context of poverty alleviation
and environmental protection. It is about partnerships and working together – engaging the
participation of CSOs, the private sector and volunteers in the government’s DRRM programs towards
complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to the citizenry. It includes four district
yet mutually reinforcing priority areas, namely, (a) disaster prevention and mitigation; (b) disaster
preparedness; (c) disaster response; and (d) disaster recovery and Rehabilitation. Each priority area has
its own long term goal, which when put together will lead to the attainment of the Philippines’ over
goal/vision in DRRM.