Disaster Management

Amando C. Bitara Jr.,RN, EMT, MSDRM

Nurse IV- NMSG
Assistant DRRM-H Manager
Bicol Medical Center
At the end of the session, students will be
able to:
1. Identify the meaning of Disaster Management.
2. What are the types of Disaster.
3. Discuss the components and phases of disaster management
cycle.
4. Formulate and make a Hazard, Risk, Vulnerability and
Capacity Assessment (HRVCA).
 Disaster Risk Management
• Disaster Risk Management is the application of disaster risk
reduction policies and strategies, to prevent new disaster risks,
reduce existing disaster risks, and manage residual risks,
contributing to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of
losses.
• Disaster risk management actions can be categorized into;
a. Prospective disaster risk management,
b. Corrective disaster risk management.
c. Compensatory disaster risk management (also referred to as
residual risk management).
 Disaster
• A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society causing widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
 Disaster
• A disaster is a function of the risk
process.
• It results from the combination of
hazards, conditions of vulnerability
and insufficient capacity or
measures to reduce the potential
negative consequences of risk.
(Disaster risk management systems
analysis A guide book, 2008).
 Types of Disaster
Geological disasters
Earthquakes
• An earthquake is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the Earth's crust
that creates seismic waves.
• Earthquakes are caused by slippage
within geological faults.
• The underground point of origin of the
earthquake is called the seismic focus.
• The point directly above the focus on the
surface is called the epicenter.
• Earthquakes by themselves kill people
or wildlife.
 Volcanic eruptions

• Volcanoes can cause widespread

destruction and consequent disaster in
several ways.
• The effects include the volcanic eruption
itself that may cause harm following the
explosion of the volcano or falling rocks.
• Secondly, lava may be produced during the
eruption of a volcano, and so as it leaves
the volcano the lava destroys many
buildings, plants and animals due to its
extreme heat.
• Thirdly, volcanic ash, generally meaning the
cooled ash, may form a cloud, and settle
thickly in nearby locations
 Hydrological disasters
Floods
• A violent, sudden and destructive
change either in the quality of
Earth's water or in the distribution or
movement of water on land below
the surface or in the atmosphere.
• A flood is an overflow of water that
'submerges' land.
• Flooding may result from the volume
of water within a body of water, such
as a river or lake, which overflows,
causing some of the water to
escape its usual boundaries.
 Heat waves
• A heat wave is a period of
unusually and excessively hot
weather.
• The bushfires, collectively
known as "Black Saturday",
were partly the act of
arsonists.
 Droughts
• Drought is the unusual dryness of
soil caused by levels of rainfall
significantly below average over a
prolonged period.
• Hot dry winds, shortage of water,
high temperatures and consequent
evaporation of moisture from the
ground can also contribute to
conditions of drought.
• Droughts result in crop failure and
shortages of water.
 Wildfires
• Wildfires are large fires which often
start in wildland areas.
• They can spread to populated areas
and can thus be a threat to humans
and property, as well as wildlife

Common Causes:
• Lightning
• Drought
• Human negligence or arson.
 Man made Disasters

• Hazardous material spills

• Fires

• Groundwater
contamination
 Hazard
• A potentially damaging physical event,
phenomenon or human activity that may
cause the loss of life or injury, property
damage, social and economic disruption
or environmental degradation.
• Natural hazards can be classified as:
a. Geological (earthquake, tsunamis,
volcanic activity)
b. Hydro meteorological (floods, tropical
storms, drought)
c. Biological (epidemic diseases) origin
 • Hazards can be induced by:
a. Human processes (climate change,
fire, and mining of non-renewable
resources, environmental
degradation, technological hazards)
b. Hazards can be single, sequential
or combined in their origin and
effects.
• A natural hazard is a threat of a
naturally occurring event will have a
negative effect on humans.
 • Technological or man-made
hazards:
a. Complex emergencies/conflicts
b. Famine
c. Displaced populations
d. Industrial accidents and
transport accidents)
are events that caused by humans
and occur in or close to human
settlements
 Risk
• The probability of harmful
consequences, or expected losses
(deaths, injuries, property,
livelihoods, economic activity
disrupted or environment damaged)
resulting from interactions between
natural or human-induced hazards
and vulnerable conditions.
• Risk is a combination of the
probability of an event and its
negative consequences.
 Capacity
• Capacity refers to all the
strengths, attributes and
resources available within a
community, organization or
society to manage and reduce
disaster risk and strengthen
resilience.
• Capacity is a combination of all
strengths and resources available
within a community, society or
organization that can reduce the
level of risk, or effects of a
disaster.
 Capacity
• Capacity may include:
a. Infrastructure and physical
means
b. Institutions
c. Societal coping abilities
d. Human knowledge and
skills
e. Collective attributes
such as social
relationships, leadership
and management
 Vulnerability
• Vulnerability is a condition determined by
physical, social, economic and
environmental factors or processes, which
increase the susceptibility of a community
to the impact of hazards
• Vulnerability is the degree to which a
population, individual or organization is
unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and
recover from the impacts of disasters.
 Vulnerability to a given hazard depends on:

• Proximity to a possible hazardous event

• Population density in the area proximal to the event
• Scientific understanding of the hazard
• Public education and awareness of the hazard;
• Existence or non-existence of early warning systems and
lines of communication
• Availability and readiness of emergency infrastructure
• Construction styles and building codes
• Cultural factors that influence public response to warnings
 Disaster Risk Management
• Disaster risk management is the
application of disaster risk reduction
policies and strategies to prevent
new disaster risk, reduce existing
disaster risk and manage residual
risk, contributing to the
strengthening of resilience and
reduction of disaster losses.
 Components of Disaster Risk Management
Four phases of the Disaster
Management Cycle
• Mitigation
Mitigation lessens the likelihood and
severity of disaster by implementing
sustained actions, such as improved
construction practice, to reduce or eliminate
long-term to people and property.
Actions include:
• Hazard Assessment
• Vulnerability Analysis
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Evaluation
• Vulnerability reduction/mitigation
strategies (structural and non-structural).
• Preparedness
Preparedness lessens the severity
of disasters by preparing people for
disasters, developing plans to ensure
an effective response and recovery
and training people to implement plans
after a disaster occurs.
Preparedness includes:
• Prediction and warning for different
disasters.
• Emergency preparedness (for
monitoring, alert and evacuation,
immediate disaster assistance to
set-up medical operations, deployment
of search and rescue teams and
distribution of disaster supplies and
equipment, etc.)
• Education, training and public
awareness.
• Response
To be ready for response with
capability to provide rapid and
efficient medical, rescue and
emergency supplies and equipment
o those in need.
• Mobilization
• Assessment
• Requirement Analysis
• Rescue and evacuation
• Emergency Assistance (medical
care, shelter, distribution of food,
water and supplies).
• Recovery

Recovery is implementation of actions

to promote sustainable redevelopment,
following a disaster, including new building
code standards and land use planning
controls
Recovery consists of:
• Rehabilitation
• Reconstruction (During reconstruction, it
is absolutely necessary to consider
mitigation measures including relocation,
land use zoning, etc.)
• Psychological counseling
• Long-term assistance to rebuild the
community is critical to survival.
 Main Concept of Hazard
• A hazard is a dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or condition.
• It may cause loss of life, injury or other
health impacts, property damage, loss
of livelihoods and services, social and
economic disruption, or environmental
damage.
 Hazard, Risk, Capacity Vulnerability Assessment

• is a critical, scientific process that serves as the foundation for

every component of the Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
planning and programming.
• It provides the parameters that can guide policymakers and
DRM professionals in developing strategies and operational
plans to mitigate and prepare for disaster risks.
Purpose:
• Guide long-term development and land use plans.
• Provides emergency and contingency plans.
• Enhance their institutional and technical capacity
 HRCVA Sample
Common Hazards at Bicol Medical Center Identified
Natural Hazards
1. Typhoon
2. Flood
3. Heavy Rains
4. Earthquake
Biological Hazards
1. Emerging and Re-emerging diseases (Disease Outbreak)
2. Hazardous wastes
Human Induced
1. Fire
2. Bomb
3. Stampede
4. Industrial Accidents
5. Radiation
 Elements at Risk or Affected by Type of Hazards at Bicol Medical Center
Natural Hazards
Types of Hazards Elements at Risk

Typhoon Person

Services
Building
Equipment Medicine supplies
Water supplies

Electrical supplies
Flood Person

Services
Building
Equipment Medicine supplies
Water supplies

Electrical supplies
Heavy Rains Person

Electrical supplies
Services
Building
Equipment Medicine supplies

Water supplies
Earthquake Person

Services
Building
Equipment Medicine supplies
Water supplies

Electrical supplies
Biological Hazard
Emerging and Re-emerging Person
diseases (Disease Outbreak) Services
Building
Equipment Medicine supplies
Electrical supplies
Water supplies
 Human-Induced Hazard
Fire Person

Services

Building

Equipment Medicine supplies

Electrical supplies

Water supplies
Bomb Person

Services

Building

Equipment Medicine supplies

Water supplies

Electrical supplies
Stampede Person

Services

Building

Equipment Medicine supplies

Water supplies

Electrical supplies
Industrial Accidents Person

Services

Building

Equipment Medicine supplies

Water supplies

Electrical supplies
Radiation Person
Services
Building
Equipment Medicine supplies
Water supplies
Electrical supplies
 DRRM Capacity of Bicol Medical Center
Indicators/Particulars
A. Physical and Material
Building
Access Routes
Facilities/Equipment
Communication Facility
Water Supply
Standby power supply
Emergency and non-emergency vehicles
Medicines
B. Social and Organizational
Population density (Service population)
Decision making structure
Participation level
Access to resources
Coordination
Linkages with other health agencies and organization (e.g., EDMERO, PSO, District Hospitals, NGO’s)
DRRM Protocols
 Vulnerability of Medical Center
Indicators/Particulars

Physical (e.g., structural damage like dilapidated old buildings and old
electrical wires

Economic (e.g., Loss of productive workforce through fatalities and injuries)

Human/Social (e.g., Fatalities, injuries, and diseases)

Attitudinal (e.g., a community with a negative attitude to change and cannot

act independently)
 Activities and Output 1.
Make a HAZARD, RISK, VULNERABILITY, CAPACITY ASSESSMENT
(HRCVA)
Group 1: Collapse Structure of Library during Earthquake of
Magnitude 7.5 with 47 students inside.
Group 2: Robbery/ hold up and Arson (Fire Incident) at Treasurers
Office, HRMO and other offices.
Group 3: Heavy Rains causing Flood at UNC Gate 1
Group 4: Fire Incident at UNC Canteen with 100 students
Group 5: Earthquake with 200 Students are affected at Chapel area.
Group 6: Stampede at UNC covered court with 500 people.
Each Group will identify Disaster Risk Reduction Management
(DRRM) Practices, Initiatives, and Problems at University of Nueca
Caceres
 Activity 2
1. Identify and Discuss Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Practices, Initiatives, and Problems at
University of Nueva Caceres
2. Each Group will present and discuss.
 Disaster Risk Reduction Management Practices, Initiatives,
and Problems at University of Nueva Caceres
• DRM Practices
(e.g. UNC has existing and functional DRRM protocols and policies,
There is an organizational structure solely for DRRM, There is a unit that
conducts evaluation of drills and seminars conducted on DRRM.)

• DRM Initiatives
(e.g. DRRM staff possess the right qualification and trainings, There are
existing agreements on DRRM programs and projects involving the BMC
with other agencies/organization, UNC Personnel are aware of the kinds
of hazards & disasters in their workplace)

• Problems
(e.g. Poor Practices of DRRM of UNC, Disaster Awareness Participation)