D r N G u n a se ka ra n Ja n u a ry 2018

V E C T O R A N A LY S IS

1 W h a t is a v e c to r ?
If ıw a lk 4 k m du e n o rth a m d th e n 3 k m du e e a st a s sho w n ,
t h e n ıh a v e t r a v e e d
lı a

t o t a l d is t a n c e o f 7 k m fr o m w h e re I h a v e s t a r te d B u t it is n o t Ia m m 5 km Eijw Ð 1
0 n e e d a n a r ith m e tic to d e s c r ib e q u a n t it ie s ı
ik e m m w h ic h ev id e n y d o n o t a d d in
tı
t h e o r d in a r y w a y The re a s o n is t h a t d is p ı
"
a ce m e n t ha s a d ir e c t io n a n d m a g n it u d e ,

an d it is e sse n t ia l to t a k e b o t h in to a cco u n t w he n w e co m b in e th e m Su ch q u a n t it ie s

a re c a le d
ı v e c to r s

T hu s a v e c to r qu a n t ity is re p re sn t e d b y it s m a g n it u d e a n d t h e d ir e c t io n Ex a m p le s

Fo rc e v e lo c ity , a c c e le r a tio n e le c r ic fie ı

d t ic fie ld , le n g t h , a r e a e t c
, , ,
m a gn e

2 W h a t is "
F ie ld " ?
A
"
fie ld "
is a p h y s ic a l q u a n t it y a n d a n o b s e rv a b ı e q u a n t it y It a s s u m e s d iffe r e n t v a lu e s
a t d iffe r e n t lo c a t io n s in a re g io T h e p h y s ic a l q u a n t it y m a y b e a v e c t o r o r a
n s c a la r ,
E g P o te n t ia ıfie ı
d , te m p e ra tu re fie ld , e le c t r ic fie ld g r a v it a t io n a l fie ı
,
d

3 W hat a re th e d e fin in g fu da t a l fie ı

d qu
n m e n a n t it ie s (p h y s ic a l q u a n t it ie s ) in th e
Eı
e c tr o m a g n e t ic fie ld t h e o ry ?

The m o s t Im p o r ta n t p h y s ic a ıq u a n t it e s u s e d in " F ie ld t h e o r y a re
E e e c t r ic fie ı
ı d in t e n s ity D eı e c t r ic flu x d e n s it y a n d
,

H m f
a g n e t ic ie ld in t e n s ity B m a g n e t ic flu x d e n s it
,
y

◆
co m m en t

:h
Ë = M a g n e t ic nu x d e n s ity , A n a lo g o u s to fı

; UÈ
m a gn e t ic u x
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R pm ı
d e fin ce d a c ro s s
..

c r o s s s e c tı
o n a ıa r e a

S in c e th e d is c u s s io n in fie ld t h e o r s t a t
y r s b y re fe r in
a n t itie s a r e
g t o a p o in t in s a c e ll fie ld
qu d e fin e d w it h r e s p e c t to a p , a
p o in t in s p a c e H e n c e t h e
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 D r N (i u n a s e k a m n Ja n u a ry 2 ı8

V E C T O R A N A LY S IS

1 W h a t is a v e c to r ?
If I w a lk 4 k m du e n o rt h a m d th e n 3 km du e e a st a s s ho w n th e n I h a v e tr a v e ı
le d a

t o t a l d ıs t a n ce o f 7 km fr o m w he re ıh a v e s t a r te d B u t It is n o t Ia m o n ı
y 5 km
n e e d ĝ a r it h m tæ to d e s c r ib e q g a n t it ie s lik e t h is w h ic h e v id e n t ly do n o t a d d in
t h e o r d in a ry w a y The re a s o n is t h a t "
d is p ı
a ce m e n t
"
ha s a d ir e c t io n a n d m a g n it u d e
a n d it is e sse n t ia l t o t a k e b o t h in to a cco u n t w he n w e co m b in e th e m Su c h qu a n t it ie s

a re c a le d
ı v e c to rs

T hu s a v e cto r t ity is r e p r e s n t e d b y it s d t h e d ir e c t io Ex p le
qu a n m a g n it u d e a n n a m s

Fo rc e v e lo c it y a c c e le r a t io n e ı
e c r ic fie ld m a g n e t ic fie ld le n g t h a re a e tc
,

z W h a t is U
F ie ı
d" ?
A fie ld "
is a p h y s ic a l q u a n t it y a n d a n o bse rv a b le q u a n t it y It a ssu m e s d iffe re n t v a lu e s
t d iĦe t lo c a t io in g io T h e p h y s ic a l q u y be
a re n n s a re n a n t ity m a a v e c to la
r o r a sc a r,
Eg P o te n t ia l fie ld t e m pe ra t u r e fie ld , e le c t r ic fie ld it a t io l fie ld
g ra v n a

3 W ha t th e d e fin in g fu da t a l fie ld
a re n m e n qu a n t it ie s (p h y s ic a l q u a n t it ie s ) in th e
Eı
e c tr o m a gn e t ic fıe ld t h e o ry ?

The m o s t im p o r ta n t p h y s ic a l q u a n t it e s u s e d in "
d th e
F ie ı o ry a re
E e le c t r ic fie ld in t e n s it y D e ı
e c t r ic flu x de n s it y a n d
H m a gn e t ic fie ld in t e n s ity , B m a gn e t ic flu x d e n s it y

Fie ld q u ' " ity C. e. t

:
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. . . M y
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'

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.

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n in fie ld t h e o r
y s t a r ts b y r e fe r in g t o " a
p o in t in s p a c e " , a ll fie ld
qu a n t it ie s a r e d e fin e d w it h r e s
p e c t to a p o in t in s p a c e H e n c
e th e s e
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g. .
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f n d a m e n t a ıv e c t o q
r u a n t it ie s E
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e q u a t io n s T h e s e o u r e q u a
t a n d vo t a ge
l e m e n ts o f
K ir c h h o fr s c u r r e n
a re s im p yı t h
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t fie ld t h e o ry
ifie d a p p r o x im t io n o f a m o r e e x a c
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e q u a n s

be ıfo t o fu lı ia r w it h v e c t o r s , v e c t o r a g e
y fa m iı
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l
n e e d th e kn o w
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q ,

d iffe re n t ia ıe q u a t io n s

id e t ify t h e f ie ld v e c t o r s E , H D B R e co g n iz e
ll s u a t io n s ,
'
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v e c to rs a r p ro d u c t a n
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th e D e ı (V )o pe ra t io r o pe r a t in g o n

c u rl t io n s
"
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d "

p r o d u c t s , r e s u lt in g in d iv e r e g e n ce a n o p e ra

re ı
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"
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B a s ic a lly t h e fo u r e q u a t io n s a r e ca u se

a lw (fie ld s o u rc e s ) th e le ft h a n d s id e s a re th e
th e e q u a t io n s a re a ys s o u rc e s

co n se qu e n c e s , th e ds
fie ı
M a xw e lr s e qu a t io n s in s c r ib e s in f th e
it s e ı b a s ic la w s a n d th e o re m s o f P h y s ic s ,

"
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m p
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e q u a t io n s th e re a lw o rk o fM a xw e ı
l

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a a tn e s s o f M a x w e ı
l by
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i)A d d it io n o f tw o v e c to rs

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A B = B A

The do t p ro d u c t is distribut
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6 W hat a re c o m
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n a te s y s te m co n s id e r a v e c to r A e x t e n d in g fr o m o r ig in
is id e n t ifıe d b y t h r e T h is v e c to r
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x , y, a n z th e n a re

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7 U N ı
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U n it v e c to rs ( ý ) a re , , v e c to r s w it h u n it a m p lit u d e a n d th e y a re m e a n t to s h o w
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9 S ta te th e "
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p ro d u c t o o v e c to rs is it s e lf is it s e lf a v e c to r , it ca n o r c ro s s e

w it h a t h ir d p r o d u c t t o fo r m a t r ip le p ro du ct

S c a la r t r ip le p ro d u c t A È×Č

G e o m e t r ic a lly , A x Č is t h e v o lu m e o f th e p a ra e p ip e d g e
lle ı n e ra te d b y A ,
B ,
C

H e re I(i č . is t h e a re a o f th e b a se ,
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r - li x yy+żz

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ce v e c to r fr o m o r ig in 0 to ca

m a g n it u d e is

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11 W hy w e n e e d a n o r th o go n a lc o o r d in a t e s y s t e m

Co o r d in a te s y s te m id e
"
d d re s s f p o in t in spa ce T h is a d d re ss is n o t h in g
p ro v s a n a o

b u t th e c o o r d in a t e s o f a p o in t P in s p a ce su c h as P (x 1 , y l ı z l )o rp (P r 中1 z l )o r P (r l 0 1
￠l )
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lb e u se d by a n y o n e

ıfie ı t it ie s s u c h a s E T he po it io f
p o in t in
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1 W h a t is e le c tr o m a
g n e tic fie ld

W ha t a re th e u n iv e r s a l fu n d a m e n ta l fo rc e s Co m m en t o n th e m

W hy w e a r e n o t id
e n tify in g th e E M fo rc e n o rm a lly ?

\ h a t is ıı
fie ı
d"?

W ha t a re Ħu x lin e s ?

H o w E M fie ld is
ge n e ra te d

R e la te F R E Q U E N C Y
f, P E R IO D T E N E R
, G Y E , A N D W A V E LE N G T H À

W hy c ir c u it th e o ry fa ils in s pa ce

W ha t a re
"
a c tio n a t a d is ta n ce
"
& ı'
fie ld th e o r "
y

W r ite th e b a s ic re la tio n b e tw ee n fu n da m e n ta l c ir c u it p a ra m e te r s fie ld p a r a m e te r s

W n a t is a n D ï
e o p e r a to r

W n a ta re th e th re e ig n ific a
s n t o pe ra tio n o f D ıo p e
e r a to r

E x p la in g r a d ie n t o f a s c a la r d iv e rg e n ce o f a v e c to r a n
,
d C u rl o f a v e c to r

W na t th e g r a d ie n t e le v a tio n s ig n ifie s

W h a t is eł
e c tr ic flu x d e ı
e c tr ic fie ı
an d d e n s ity

W h a t d lire rg e n c e an d flo v e lo c ity

w s ig n ifie s

D e fin e d *v e r g e n ce a t a p o in t in spa ce

W n a t ls c u rl o p a V e c to r fie ł
d

D enn e M a t a p o in t In s w

C e m p e r* U e
ı b a s k d ￥fre ra n ce b e tw e e n c u rl a n d d iv e r g e n c e d e r lv a ü v e o pe ra tio n s

H o w to th e ı ie n
oM o f h lg h c u rl ı
n spac e.

E rqp lM DM *gm Th* w o

ce m ı3 E itp la ln r o k e 's
ıı T he o Æm .

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