Motion in A Plane-01

4 MOTION IN A
PLANE
SCALARS AND VECTORS (v) Unit vector : Vector which has unit magnitude. It represents
Scalars : The physical quantities which have only magnitude
direction only. For example take a vector B . Unit vector in
but no direction, are called scalar quantities.
For example - distance, speed, work, temperature, mass, etc. B
Scalars are added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by the direction of B is , which is denoted as B̂ . B̂ , is
|B |
ordinary laws of algebra. read as “B cap” or "B caret".
Vectors: For any quantity to be a vector, (vi) Orthogonal unit vector : A set of unit vectors, having the
(i) it must have magnitude.
directions of the positive x, y and z axes of three dimensional
(ii) it must have direction.
(iii) it must satisfy parallelogram law of vector addition. rectangular coordinate system are denoted by î, ˆj and kˆ .
For example – displacement, velocity, force, etc. They are called orthogonal unit vectors because angle
Electric current has magnitude as well as direction but between any of the two unit vectors is 90º.
still it is not treated as a vector quantity because it is added by Z
ordinary law of algebra.
k̂
Types of Vectors
(i) Like vectors : Vectors having same direction are called like
vectors. The magnitude may or may not be equal. ˆj
o Y
A î
B
A and B are like vectors. These are also called parallel X
vectors or collinear vectors.
The coordinate system which has shown in fig. is called
(ii) Equal vectors : Vectors having same magnitude and same
direction are called equal vectors. right handed coordinate system. Such a system derives its
name from the fact that right threaded screw rotated through
A 90º from OX to OY will advance in positive Z direction as
B shown in the figure.
Here A and B are equal vectors A B (vii) Null vector (zero vector) : A vector of zero magnitude is
Thus, equal vector is a special case of like vector. called a zero or null vector. Its direction is not defined. It is
(iii) Unlike vectors : Vectors having exactly opposite directions denoted by 0.
are called unlike vectors. The magnitude may or may not be Properties of Null or Zero Vector :
equal.
(a) The sum of a finite vector A and the zero vector is
A
B equal to the finite vector
A and B are unlike vectors. i.e., A 0 A
(iv) Negative vectors : Vectors having exactly opposite direction (b) The multiplication of a zero vector by a finite number n
and equal magnitudes are called negative vectors. is equal to the zero vector
A i.e., 0 n = 0
(c) The multiplication of a finite A by a zero is equal to
B zero vector
Here A and B are negative vectors, A B i.e., A 0 0
Thus negative vectors is a special case of unlike vectors.
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60 PHYSICS
(viii) Axial vector : Vector associated with rotation about an axis
Direction of R : Let the resultant R makes an angle with the
i.e., produce rotation effect is called axial vector. Examples
are angular velocity, angular momentum, torque etc. direction of A . Then from right angle triangle QNO,
(ix) Coplanar vectors : Vectors in the same plane are called QN QN B sin
coplanar vectors. tan
ON OP PN A B cos
(x) Position vectors and displacement vectors : The vector
drawn from the origin of the co-ordinate axes to the position (i) | R | is maximum, if cos = 1, = 0° (parallel vector)
of a particle is called position vector of the particle. If A (x1, A B
y1, z1) and B (x2, y2, z2) be the positions of the particle at
two different times of its motion w.r.t. the origin O, then
Rmax A2 B2 2AB = A + B
position vector of A and B are
Y (ii) | R | is minimum, if cos = –1, = 180° (opposite vector)
B A
Pa
A D
th
Rmin A 2 B2 2AB A B
of
isp
ve lace
pa
rA (iii) If the vectors A and B are orthogonal,

rti
c m
to
r ent
cl
e
B i.e., 90 o , R A2 B2
rB Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
O X
It states that if two vectors are represented in magnitude and
rA OA x1 î y1 ˆj z1 kˆ direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
rB OB x 2 î y2 ˆj z 2 kˆ . diagonal of the parallelogram.
The displacement vector is Let the two vectors A and B , inclined at angle are represented
AB = OB OA . by sides OP and OS of parallelogram OPQS, then resultant vector
(x 2 x 2 )iˆ (y 2 y1 )ˆj (z 2 z1 )kˆ R is represented by diagonal OQ of the parallelogram.
Laws of Vector Algebra S Q
1. A B B A (Commutative law of addition)
2. A (B C) (A B) C (Associative law of addition) R
B
3. mA Am
4. m ( nA ) (mn)A P
O
A
5. (m n)A mA nA B sin
R A2 B2 2 AB cos ; tan
6. m(A B) mA mB A B cos
ADDITION OF VECTORS If < 90° , (acute angle) R = A + B , R is called main
(major) diagonal of parallelogram
Triangle Law of Vector Addition
It states that if two vectors acting on a particle at the same time If > 90° , (obtuse angle) R = A + B , R is called minor
diagonal.
are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a
triangle taken in one order, their resultant vector is represented Polygon Law of Vector Addition
in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken If a number of non zero vectors are represented by the (n–1)
in opposite order. sides of an n-sided polygon then the resultant is given by the
closing side or the nth side of the polygon taken in opposite
Q
order. D D C
C
E
R B B
E
R B
O A P N O A
A
So, R A B C D E
Magnitude of R is given by R A2 B2 2 AB cos
or, OA AB BC CD DE OE
where is the angle between A and B .
MOTION IN APLANE 61
15. Magnitude of a vector is independent of co-ordinate axes
system.
1. Resultant of two unequal vectors cannot be zero. 16. Component of a vector perpendicular to itself is zero.
2. Resultant of three co-planar vectors may or may not be 17. (a) Resultant of two vectors is maximum when angle
zero. between the vectors is zero i.e., = 0°
3. Minimum no. of coplanar vectors for zero resultant is 2 (for Rmax = A + B
(b) Resultant of two vectors is minimum when
equal magnitude) and 3 (for unequal magnitude).
= 180°
4. Resultant of three non coplanar vectors cannot be zero. Rmin = A – B
Minimum number of non coplanar vectors whose sum can
be zero is four. (c) The magnitude of resultant of A and B can vary
between (A + B) and (A – B)
5. Polygon law should be used only for diagram purpose for
calculation of resultant vector (For addition of more than 2 SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
vectors) we use components of vector. We convert vector subtraction into vector addition.
Keep in Memory B
1. If A B , then A B 0 is a null vector..

2. Null vector or zero vector is defined as a vector whose A
–B 180° –
magnitude is zero and direction indeterminate. Null vector
differs from ordinary zero in the sense that ordinary zero is
not associated with direction. A B A ( B)
A If the angle between A and B is then the angle between
3. Â is called a unit vector. It is unitless and
|A|
A
dimensionless vector. Its magnitude is 1. It represents
direction only.
180
4. If A B , then | A | | B | and Â B̂ , where A ˆ and B ˆ are –B

°–
unit vectors of A and B respectively.

5. A vector can be divided or multiplied by a scalar. R
6. Vectors of the same kind can only be added or subtracted.
A and B is (180° – ).
It is not possible to add or subtract the vectors of different
kind. This rule is also valid for scalars.
|A B | A2 B2 2AB cos
7. Vectors of same as well as different kinds can be multiplied.
8. A vector can have any number of components. But it can sin(180 o ) sin
have only three rectangular components in space and two tan
A B cos (180o ) A B cos
rectangular components in a plane. Rectangular
components are mutually perpendicular. RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
9. The minimum number of unequal non-coplanar whose
vector sum is zero is 4. Rectangular Components of a Vector in Plane
Y
10. When A A x î A y ˆj A z kˆ
|A| A 2x A 2y A z2 , where | A | is modulus or

A y ˆj A y ˆj
A
magnitude of vector A .
11. î ˆj makes 45° with both X and Y-axes. It makes angle 90°
with Z-axis.
A x î X
12. î ˆj k̂ makes angle 54.74° with each of the X, Y and
Z-axes. The vector A may be written as
13. A B B A A Axiˆ Ay ˆj
14. If | A B | |A B | then angle between A and B is where A x î is the component of vector A in X-direction and
.
2 A y ĵ is the component of vector A in the Y-direction.
62 PHYSICS
Also Ax = A cos and Ay = A sin Solution :
A ( A cos ) î ( A sin ) ĵ Here OP 6 cos 60 î 6 sin 60 ĵ 3 î 5.2 ĵ `
A cos and A sin are the magnitudes of the components of PQ 4 î and QM 3 ˆj
A in X and Y-direction respectively.. OM OP PQ QM 7 î 8.2 ˆj
Example 3.
Also | A | Ax2 Ay2 The resultant of two forces F1 and F2 is P. If F2 is reversed,
Rectangular components of a vector in 3D : Three rectangular the resultant is Q. Show that P 2 Q 2 2( F12 F22 ) .
components along X, Y and Z direction are given by
A î , A ˆj, A k.
ˆ Therefore, F1
x y z
vector A may be written as
F2 P Q
A Ax î A y ˆj A z kˆ and A
F2
A 2x A 2y A 2z
If , and are the angles subtended by the rectangular
components of vector then F1
A Ay Az Solution :
cos = x , cos = and cos =
A A A Suppose be the angle between the forces F1 and F2 ,
Also, cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 =1 then P 2 F12 F22 2F1F2 cos ......(i)
CAUTION : Do not resolve the vector at its head. The vector
is always resolved at its tail. F1
B cos
B sin Q
P
F2 F2
B
B
B sin F1
B cos
Wrong Correct When the force F2 is reversed, then the magnitude of their
Example 1. resultant is
X and Y component of vector A are 4 and 6 m respectively. Q2 F12 F22 2 F1 F2 cos(180 )
The X and Y component of A + B are 10 m and 9 m = F12 F22 2F1F2 cos ......(ii)
respectively. Calculate the length of vector B and its angle
with respect to X-axis Adding equations (i) and (ii),
Solution : P2 Q2 2F12 2F22 2(F12 F22 )
A 4 î 6 ˆj and A B 10 î 9 ˆj Example 4.
Find the components of vector A = 2iˆ + 3jˆ along the
B (A B )–A (10î 9 ĵ) – ( 4 î 6 ˆj) 6 î 3 ĵ
directions of î + ˆj and î – ˆj .
length of B is | B | 6 2 32 3 5m Solution :
By 3 1 1 1 Here A 2î 3ˆj
Also tan tan
Bx 6 2 2
In order to find the component of A along the direction of
where is the angle which (A B) is making with î ĵ , let us find out the unit vector along î ĵ . If â is the
X-axis.
Example 2. unit vector along î ĵ , then
Find the resultant of vectors given in figure
î ˆj î ˆj
Y M â
| î ˆj | 2
3 cm
Hence, the magnitude of the component vector of A along
P 4 cm
Q î ĵ
6cm
î ĵ 1 5
60° = A.â (2î 3ˆj). (2 3)
X 2 2 2
O
MOTION IN APLANE 63
Therefore, component vector of A along î ˆj Solution :
F2
5 î ˆj 5 ˆ ˆ
ˆ ˆ
(A.a)a (i j) F2 250ˆj , F1 250iˆ
2 2 2 F1
Similarly, if b̂ is the unit vector along the direction of î ĵ , F2 F1 250ˆj 250iˆ ,
then magnitude of the component vector of A along î ĵ | F2 F1 | 2502 2502 250 2 N (N-W direction)
(î ĵ) (î ĵ) (2 3) 1 N

= ( A.b̂) (2î 3 ĵ). (2 î 3 ĵ).
| î ĵ | 2 2 2
Component vector of A along î ˆj 135°

W E
ˆ ˆ 1 iˆ ˆj 1 ˆ ˆ
(A.b)b (i j)
2 2 2 S
Example 5.
250
If 0 . 3 î 0 . 4 ĵ ck̂ is a unit vector, then find the value of c. tan 1 135
250
Solution : Example 9.
Unit vector is a vector of unit magnitude.
If a,b and c are unit vectors such that a +b + c = 0 , then
0 .3 2 0 .4 2 c2 1 0 . 09 0 .16 c2 1
find the angle between a and b .
c2 1 0 . 25 0 . 75 c 0 .75 Solution :
Example 6. Given : a b c 0 c (a b)
What is the vector joining the points (3, 1, 14) and
(–2, –1, –6) ? Also, | a | | b | | c | 1
Solution :
Let angle between a and b =
If P and Q be the points represented by the coordinates
(3, 1, 14) and (–2, –1, –6) respectively then,
1 12 12 2 1 1 cos
PQ = p.v. of Q – p.v. of P cos 1/ 2 120 2 /3
= ( 2 î ĵ 6 k̂ ) (3 î ĵ 14 k̂ ) 5 î 2 ĵ 20 k̂ PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
Scalar or Dot Product
and QP PQ 5iˆ 2jˆ 20kˆ
The scalar or dot product of two vectors A and B is a scalar,
Example 7.
Find the angle between two vectors of magnitude 12 and which is equal to the product of the magnitudes of A and B and
18 units, if their resultant is 24 units. cosine of the smaller angle between them.
Solution : i.e., A . B = A B cos
B
Magnitude of first vector (A) = 12; Magnitude of second
vector (B) = 18 and resultant of the given vectors (R) = 24
e.g. W F s;P F v
2 2 X
24 = A B 2AB cos B cos
A
Properties of Scalar or Dot Product:
24 = 2 2
(12) (18) 2 12 18 cos
1. iˆ . iˆ ˆj . ˆj kˆ . kˆ 1
or (24)2 = 144 + 324 + 432 cos or 432 cos = 108
108 iˆ . ˆj ˆj . kˆ kˆ . iˆ 0
or cos = = 0.25 or = 75°52
432 2. A . B = A (B cos ) = B (A cos )
Example 8.
The dot product of two vectors can be interpreted as the
Two forces F1 250N due east and F 2 250 N due north
th product of the magnitude of one vector and the magnitude
have their common initial point. Find the magnitude and of the component of the other vector along the direction of
the first vector.
direction of F 2 F1
64 PHYSICS
3. A. B B . A Dot product of two vectors is commutative. S R
2 k
4. A. A A
B
5. A.( B C ) A . B A .C Dot product is distributive.
P Q
6. A .B (A x î A y ˆj A z k).(B
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
x i B y j B z k) A
= (Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz)
| A B | A( B sin )
Vector or Cross Product = area of parallelogram PQRS
The vector product of two vectors is defined as a vector having
= 2 (area of PQR)
magnitude equal to the product of two vectors and sine of the
angle between them. Its direction is perpendicular to the plane A unit vector which is perpendicular to A as well as B is
containing the two vectors (direction of the vector is given by
right hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule. A B A B
|A B| AB sin
C A B = (AB sin n̂
The direction of (A B) perpendicular to the plane containing Keep in Memory
vectors A and B in the sense of advance of a right handed A x Bx A yBy A z Bz A.B

1. cos
screw rotated from A to B is through the smaller angle between A 2x A 2y A z2 B2x B2y Bz2 | A || B |
them.
A |A B| A B sin
2. tan =
A.B A B cos
A B C
B
3. | A B |2 | A.B |2 A 2 B2
e.g., v r; r F; L r p
4. | A B | | A – B | 2 | (B) (A ) |
Properties of Vector or Cross Product
i 5. If A B C 0 , then A B B C C A
iˆ iˆ ˆj ˆj kˆ kˆ 0 k
6. | A.B |2 | A B |2 A 2 B 2 cos 2
iˆ ˆj kˆ; ˆj kˆ iˆ; kˆ iˆ ˆj
A A 0 j 7. If | A B | A . B then angle between A and B is .

4
A B B A (not commutative) [ A B B A]
8. If A || B then A B 0
A (B C ) ( A B) ( A C ) (follows distributive law)
9. Division by a vector is not defined. Because, it is not
A B ( Ax iˆ Ay ˆj Az kˆ ) ( B x iˆ B y ˆj B z kˆ ) possible to divide by a direction.
î ˆj 10. The sum and product of vectors is independent of

kˆ
co-ordinate axes system.
Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz CONDITION OF ZERO RESULTANT VECTOR AND LAMI'S
THEOREM
= (Ay Bz – Az By) î + (Az Bx – Ax Bz) ĵ If the three vectors acting on a point object at the same time are
represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a
+ (Ax By – Ay Bx) k̂ triangle taken in order, then their resultant is zero and the three
The cross product of two vectors represents the area of the vectors are said to be in equilibrium.
parallelogram formed by them.
i.e. F1 F2 F3 0
MOTION IN APLANE 65
R ˆ s = 2cos 45º iˆ 2 sin 45º ˆj
s1 = 4j, 2
s3 = 2 cos 45º î 2 sin 45º ˆj

F3 F2
ˆ
s = s1 + s 2 + s3 = 4j+ 2 î 2 ˆj 2 î 2 ˆj
Displacement s (4 2 2)jˆ = (1.17)jˆ = (1.17)

P Q
F1 (northward)
And total distance covered = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7m
Lami's Theorem
It states that if three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, Example 12.
then each force is proportional to the sine of the angle between Prove that vectors A= iˆ + 2jˆ +3kˆ and B = 2iˆ ˆj are
the other two forces.
F2 perpendicular to each other.
F1 F2 F3 Solution :
sin sin sin
Here, A î 2 ĵ 3 k̂ and B 2 î ĵ
F1 F2 F3 F1
or, Two vectors are perpendicular to each other if, A.B 0
PQ QR PR
F3
Example 10. Now A.B = (î 2 ĵ 3 k̂ ) . (2 î ĵ) = 0
Calculate the area of a parallelogram formed from the
= 1 × 2 + 2 × (–1) + 3 × (0) = 2 – 2 + 0 = 0
vectors A î 2 ĵ 3k̂ and B 2î 3 j k̂ , as adjacent
Sin ce A.B 0 , therefore vectors A and B are
sides.
perpendicular to each other.
Solution :
The area of a parallelogram is given by | A B | Example 13.
Here,
Find the angle between the vectors A iˆ ˆj 2kˆ and
î ˆj kˆ
B iˆ 2 ˆj kˆ .
A B 1 2 3
Solution :
2 3 1
= î [(2 × 1) – (–3 × 3)] + ĵ [(3 × 2) – (1 × 1)] Here A î ĵ 2 k̂ , B î 2 ĵ k̂
+ k̂ [(1 × –3) – (2 × 2)] A.B

We know that A.B AB cos or cos
AB
= 11 î + 5 ĵ – 7 k̂
|A B| (11)2 (5)2 ( 7) 2 14 Now A 12 12 ( 2) 2 6,
B ( 1)2 22 ( 1)2 6
Example 11.
A particle suffers three displacements 4m in the northward, A.B (iˆ ˆj 2k).(
ˆ î 2ˆj k)
ˆ 1 2 3 3
2 m in the south-east and 1 m in the south-west directions.
What is the displacement of the particle and the distance 3 3 1
cos or 60
covered by it? 6 6 6 2
Solution : Example 14.
Taking a frame of reference with the x-axis in the eastward A particle is displaced from a point (3, – 4, 5) to another point
and the y-axis in the northward direction
(–2, 6, – 4) under a force 2 î 3 ĵ k̂ . Find the work done by
North (N) the force.
Y Solution :
F 2 î 3 ĵ k̂
West (W) X East (E) The displacement of the particle is
s = position vector of point (–2, 6, – 4) – position vector of
point (3, – 4, 5)
South (S) s = ( 2 î 6 ĵ 4 k̂ ) (3 î 4 ĵ 5 k̂ ) 5 î 10 ĵ 9 k̂
66 PHYSICS
work done by the force is
r x ˆj y
Average velocity v iˆ vxiˆ vy ˆj
W F .s (2 î 3 ĵ k̂ ).( 5 î 10 ĵ 9 k̂ ) t t t
W = (2) (–5) + (3) (10) + (–1) (–9) = 29 units. Y
r
Example 15. Instantaneous velocity vinst lim
t 0 t v ^
vy j
A force F 6iˆ xjˆ acting on a particle displaces it from the
The magnitude of v = vx2 v y 2 vx î
point A (3, 4) to the point B (1, 1). If the work done is 3 units,
O X
then find value of x.
Solution :
vy 1 vy
The direction of the velocity, tan tan
vx vx
d 2iˆ 3jˆ , F 6iˆ xjˆ
Acceleration
W F.d ; 3 = – 12 – 3x x = –5 The average acceleration in a x–y plane in time interval t is the
change in velocity divided by the time interval.
MOTION IN A PLANE OR MOTION IN TWO
DIMENSIONS a ax iˆ a y ˆj
The motion in which the movement of a body is restricted to a
The magnitude of a ax2 a y2
plane is called motion in a plane.
Example : A ball is thrown with some initial velocity (u) and v vx ˆ vy
Average acceleration a i ˆj
making angle with harizontal. t t t
The general approach to solve problem on this topic is to resolve Instantaneous acceleration
the motion into two mutually perpendicular co-ordinates. One
along X-axis and other along Y-axis. These two motions are v vx ˆ vy
ainst lim lim i lim ˆj
independent of each other and can be treated as two separate t 0 t t 0 t t 0 t
rectilinear motions. In two or three dimensions, the velocity and acceleration vectors
The velocity v and acceleration a can be resolved into its x and y may have any angle between 0°and 180° between them.
components. RELATIVE VELOCITY IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Y If two objects A and B moving with velocities VA and VB with
respect to some common frame of reference, then :
vy v (i) Relative velocity of A w.r.t B
u vx v AB v A vB
u sin P(x,y)
(ii) Relative velocity of B w.r.t. A
vBA vB vA
X
O u cos
Therefore, v AB v BA and vAB vBA
v v x î v y ˆj
PROJECTILE MOTION
a axi ay j
Projectile is the name given to a body thrown with some initial
x-component of motion y- component of motion velocity in any arbitrary direction and then allowed to move
vx = ux + axt vy = uy + ayt under the influence of gravity alone.
1 2 1 Examples : A football kicked by the player, a stone thrown from
x = ux t+ at y = uyt + a t2 the top of building, a bomb released from a plane.
2 x 2 y
The path followed by the projectile is called a trajectory.
vx2 – ux2 = 2 axx vy2 – uy2 = 2 ayy The projectile moves under the action of two velocities:
(1) A uniform velocity in the horizontal direction, which does
u x + vx uy vy
x= t y= t not change (if there is no air resistance)
2 2 (2) A uniformly changing velocity in the vertical direction due
to gravity.
Velocity The horizontal and vertical motions are independent of each other.
The ratio of the displacement and the corresponding time interval Types of Projectile:
is called the average velocity. 1. Oblique projectile : In this, the body is given an initial
velocity making an angle with the horizontal and it moves
v v x î v y ˆj
under the infuence of gravity along a parabolic path.
MOTION IN APLANE 67
2. Horizontal projectile : In this, the body is given an initial Case 2: If a particle is projected at an angle ( ) in upward direction
velocity directed along the horizontal and then it moves from the top of tower of height h with velocity u, then
under the influence of gravity along a parabolic path. uy = u sin
Motion along x-axis g
ay = – g
ux = u, ax = 0 o ux = u x ux = u cos
y
P(x,y) ax = 0
1
uy = 0
x = uxt + axt2 x vx = ux = u
2 1 2
h u sin .t gt and x = u cos .t
2
x = ut + 0 vy=gt v
x y
t= …… (1)
u +
Motion along y-axis u sin u
uy = 0, ay = g A
–
1 1 u cos
y = uyt + ayt2 0 + gt2
2 2 h
1
y = gt2 …… (2)
2
x B
g 2
From equations (1) and (2) we get y = x
2u 2 Case 3: If a body is projected at an angle ( ) from the top of tower
which is the equation of a parabola. in downward direction then
Velocity at any instant : uy = – u sin ux = u cos , ax
v v î v ˆj
x y 1 2
ay = g, h u sin .t gt and x = u cosq.t
v= u2 g2 t 2 2
If is the angle made by v with the horizontal, then

+ ucos
vy
gt
tan = = – u
vx u usin
Time of flight and horizontal range: h
If h is the distance of the ground from the point of projection, T
is the time taken to strike the ground and R is the horizontal range
of the projectile then
2h x
2h
T= and R u
g g Equation of Trajectory
Let the point from which the projectile is thrown into space is
taken as the origin, horizontal direction in the plane of motion is
Case 1: If the projectile is projected from the top of the tower of taken as the X-axis, the vertical direction is taken as the Y-axis,
height 'h', in horizontal direction, then the height of tower h, Let the projectile be thrown with a velocity u making an angle
range x and time of flight t are related as : with the X-axis.
1 2 Y
h gt and x vt
2
vy v
u vx
u P(x,y)
u sin
h X
1 vx O u cos
v The components of the initial velocity in the X-direction and Y-
vy direction are u cos and u sin respectively. Then at any instant
x of time t,
68 PHYSICS
Motion along x – axis Keep in Memory
ux = ucos ax = 0
1. The horizontal range of the projectile is same at two angles
1
x a x t2
ux t of projection for and (90° – ).
2
2. The height attained by the projectile above the ground is
x = (u cos ) t ...(1)
Motion along y–axis the largest when the angle of projection with the horizontal
uy = u sin , ay = –g is 90° (vertically upward projection). In such a case time of
flight is largest but the range is the smallest (zero).
1 2
y = uyt + at 3. If the velocity of projection is doubled. The maximum height
2 y
attained and the range become 4 times, but the time of flight
1 2 is doubled.
y = u sin t + gt ...(2)
2 4. When the horizontal range of the projectile is maximum, ( =
From equations (1) and (2) we get 45°), then the maximum height attained is ¼th of the range.
g 5. For a projectile fired from the ground, the maximum height is
y = x tan 2 2
x2 attained after covering a horizontal distance equal to half of
2u cos
which is the equation of a parabola. Hence the path followed by the range.
the projectile is parabolic. The velocity of the projectile is minimum but not zero at the
Velocity at any Point highest point, and is equal to u cos i.e. at the highest point
Let vy be the vertical velocity of projectile at time t. (at P) of the trajectory, the projectile has net velocity in the
And vx be the horizontal component of velocity at time t. horizontal direction (vertical component is zero). Horizontal
vy u sin gt (1) component of velocity also remains same as the component
of g in horizontal direction is zero i.e., no acceleration in
vx u cos (2) horizontal direction.
v vx2 v y2 Example 16.
A boat takes 2 hours to travel 8 km and back in still water
u 2 cos 2 u 2 sin 2 2gt u sin g2t2 lake. If the velocity of water is 4 km h–1, the time taken for
going upstream of 8 km and coming back is
(a) 2 hours
v u2 g2t2 2gt u sin
(b) 2 hours 40 minutes
and the instantaneous angle ( ) with horizontal is given by (c) 1 hour and 20 minutes
v y u sin gt gt (d) can't be estimated with given information
tan tan Solution : (b)
vx u cos u cos
Total distance travelled by boat in 2 hours = 8 + 8 = 16 km.
Time of Flight :
Therefore speed of boat in still water, vb = 16/2 = 8 km h–1.
The time of flight of the projectile is given by Effective velocity when boat moves upstream = vb – v
2u sin = 8 – 4 = 4 km h–1.
T 2t ,
g Therefore time taken to travel 8 km distance
where 't' is the time of ascent or descent. = 8/4 = 2h.
Maximum Height : Effective velocity when boat moves along the stream
Maximum height attained by the projectile is given by = vb + v = 8 + 4 = 12 km h –1.
The time taken to travel 8 km distance = 8/12 = 2/3h = 40 min.
u2 Total time taken = 2h + 40 min = 2hours 40 min.
H sin 2 .
2g Example 17.
In case of vertical motion, = 90º so maximum height attained A boat man can row a boat with a speed of 10 km/h in still
water. If the river flows at 5 km/h, the direction in which
u2 the boat man should row to reach a point on the other
H
2g bank directly opposite to the point from where he started
Horizontal Range : (width of the river is 2 km).
The horizontal range of the projectile is given by (a) is in a direction inclined at 120º to the direction of river
flow
u 2 sin 2 u2 (b) is in a direction inclined at 90º to the direction of
R and R max at = 45º river flow.
g g
(c) is 60º in the north-west direction
( maximum value of sin2 = 1) (d) is should row directly along the river flow
MOTION IN APLANE 69
Solution : (a) 2
2 u sin cos 2 u sin 2 2
Refer to fig., the boat man should go along OC in order to
cross the river straight (i.e. along OB). g 2g
Solving we get tan = 2 .....(3)
C B
Hence sin (2 / 5 ) and cos (1 / 5 )
2
2u 2 1 4u2
From eqn. (2) R
2km g 5 5 5g
b
Example 21.
O A A body is projected downwards at an angle of 30º to the
r horizontal with a velocity of 9.8 m/s from the top of a tower
CB 5 1 29.4 m high. How long will it take before striking the
r
sin sin 30º ; = 30º; ground?
OC b 10 2 Solution :
Boat man should go along in a direction inclined at The situation is shown in fig.
90º + 30º = 120º to the direction of river flow.
Example 18. 30°
–
A man swims at an angle = 120º to the direction of water u
flow with a speed vmw = 5km/hr relative to water. If the +
speed of water vw = 3km/hr, find the speed of the man.
Solution :
v mw = v m – v w
v m = v mw + v w
A B
vm = | v mw + v w| = v 2mw v 2w 2 v mw . v w cos
The time taken by the body is equal to the time taken by the
freely falling body from the height 29.4 m with initial velocity
vm = 52 32 2 (5) (3) cos120 º u sin . This is given by
vm = 25 9 15 = 19 m/sec. 9.8
u sin 4.9 m / s
Example 19. 2
A gun throws a shell with a muzzle speed of 98 m/sec. When 1
the elevation is 45º, the range is found to be 900 m. How Applying the formula, s = u t + g t2, we have
2
much is the range decreased by air resistance?
Solution : 1
29.4 = 4.9 t + (9.8) t2 or 4.9 t2 + 4.9 t – 29.4 = 0
Without air resistance, the expected range 2
u 2 sin 2 (98) 2 sin 90 (98) 2 (because s, u and g are all in downward direction)
R = 980 m t2 + t – 6 = 0or t = 2 or –3
g 9.8 9.8 Time taken to reach ground = 2 second
Decrease in range = 980 m – 900 m = 80 m
Example 20. Example 22.
A particle is projected with velocity u at an angle with Two boys stationed at A and B fire bullets simultaneously
the horizontal so that its horizontal range is twice the at a bird stationed at C. The bullets are fired from A and B
greatest height attained. The horizontal range is at angles of 53° and 37° with the vertical. Both the bullets
(a) u2/g (b) 2 u2/3 g fire the bird simultaneously. What is the value of vA if
2 vB = 60 units? (Given : tan 37° = 3/4)
(c) 4 u /5 g (d) None of these
Solution :
Solution : (c)
The vertical components must be equal.
Greatest height attained
u 2 sin 2
H …… (1)
2g
Horizontal range,
u 2 sin 2 2 u 2 sin cos
R …… (2)
g g
[ sin 2 = 2 sin cos ]
Given that R = 2 H
70 PHYSICS
vA cos 53° = vB cos 37° Condition for horizontal range R on the inclined plane to be
cos 37 maximum :
or vA = vB cos (90 37 ) u2
Since R [2sin( ) cos ]
g cos 2
60
or vA = 60 cot 37° = tan 37 [ vB = 60 units]
u2
[sin(2 ) sin ]
g cos 2
60 4
= = 80 units {2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B)+sin(A–B)}
3
R is maximum when sin (2 – ) is maximum
PROJECTILE ON AN INCLINED PLANE
Let a body is thrown from a plane OA inclined at an angle with u2
the horizontal, with a constant velocity u in a direction making an i.e., sin (2 – ) = 1 or R max [1 sin ]
angle with the horizontal. 4 2 g cos 2
The body returns back on the same plane OA. Hence the net
displacement of the particle in a direction normal to the plane OA R max (on horizontal plane)
or Rmax(on inclined plane)
is zero. 1 sin
u2
where Rmax (on horizontal plane) .
x 2g
Condition for time of flight T to be maximum :

A
) 2 u sin( )
in( T so T is max when sin ( – ) is maximum
y g s g cos
u g cos( )
2u
i.e., sin ( – ) = 1 or T
uy g 2 g cos
O B It means that if 1 is the angle for projectile for which T is maximum

and 2 is the angle for which R is maximum, then 1 = 2 2.
ux = u cos ( – ) along the incline, + x-axis) Example 23.
uy = u sin ( – ) along the incline, + y-axis) The slopes of wind screen of two cars are 1 = 30° and
ax = g sin along – x-axis, as retardation
2 = 15° respectively. At what ratio v1/v2 of the velocities
ay = g cos along – y-axis, as retardation of the cars will their drivers see the hailstorms bounced by
The time of flight of the projectile is given by windscreen of their cars in the vertical direction? Assume
1 2 hailstorms falling vertically.
s ut at
2 Solution :
1 v
or 0 u sin( )T g cos T 2 From the fig tan and 90 2 1
2 v1
where v is velocity of hail
u sin( )
T v
g cos( ) tan(90 2 1) cot 2 1
v1
If maximum height above the inclined plane is H,
u 2 sin 2 ( )
H v 1
1
2g
The horizontal range R of the projectile is given by –v1
u 2 sin( ) cos 1
OB = u cos t = R
g cos
v
The range of the projectile at the inclined plane is given by Similarly, cot 2 2
v2
OB u 2 sin( )cos v1 cot 2 2 cot 30
OA = 2
R 3.
cos g cos v2 cot 2 1 cot 60
MOTION IN APLANE 71
Example 24. Angular displacement : Change in angular position is called
A particle is projected up an inclined plane of inclination angular displacement (dq).
a to the horizontal. If the particle strikes the plane
horizontally then tan a = ... . Given angle of projection B DS
with the horizontal is b. A
dq
(a) 1/2 tanb (b) tanb q2
(c) 2 tanb (d) 3 tanb q1
Solution : (a) O
If the projectile hits the plane horizontally then
A
Angular velocity : Rate of change of angular displacement is called
angular velocity w
b dq
i.e., w =
a B dt
C
Relation between linear velocity (v) and angular velocity (w).
r r r
Tplane =
1
Thorizontal plane
v = w´r
2 In magnitude, v = r w
2u sin(b - a ) u sin b Angular acceleration : Rate of change of angular velocity is called
or = angular accelaeration.
g cos a g
2 sinb cos a –2 cosb sina = cosa sinb d w d 2q
i.e., a = =
tan b dt dt 2
or sinb cosa = 2 cosb sina or tan a =
2 Relation between linear acceleration and angular accelaration.
r ur r
Keep in Memory a = a´r
1. Equation of trajectory of an oblique projectile in terms of In magnitude, a = r a
range (R) is Centripetal acceleration : Acceleration acting on a body moving
in uniform circular motion is called centripetal acceleration. It
æ xö arises due to the change in the direction of the velocity vector.
y = x tan q - çè1 - ÷ø Magnitude of certipetal acceleration is
R
v2
2. There are two unique times at which the projectile is at the ac = = rw2
same height h(< H) and the sum of these two times. r
2p æ 1 ö
1 2 Q w= = 2 pu çè u = = frequency÷ø
Since, h = (u sin q)t - gt is a quadratic in time, so it has T T
2
\ ac = 4 p2 u2 r
two unique roots t1 and t2 (say) such that sum of roots
This acceleration is always directed radially towards the centre of
2u sin q 2h the circle.
(t1 + t2) is g and product (t1t2) is g .
Centripetal force: The force required to keep a body moving in
uniform circular motion is called centripetal force.
mv2
4u sin q
2 2
8h Fc = = mr w2
The time lapse (t1– t2) is - . r
g2 g It is always directed radially inwards.
Centrifugal force : Centrifugal force is a fictitious force which
UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION acts on a body in rotating (non-inertial frames) frame of reference.
Uniform Circular Motion mv2
An object moving in a circle with a constant speed is said to be Magnitude of the centrifugal force F = .
r
in uniform circular motion.Ex. Motion of the tip of the second This force is always directed radially outwards and is also called
hand of a clock. corolious force.
72 PHYSICS
Non-uniform Circular Motion : Solution :
An object moving in a circle with variable speed is said to be in Centripetal force is provided by component T sin q, therefore
non-uniform circular motion.
mn 2
If the angular velocity varies with time, the object has two T sin q = ;
accelerations possessed by it, centripetal acceleration (ac) and r
Tangential accelaration (aT) and both perpendicular to each other. and, T cos q = mg;
so,
aT v2 r O
a tan q = = ;
b
rg l2 - r 2
q l
é r ù
êQ tan q = ú
ac êë l 2 - r 2 úû
1/2
T cos q
é r 2g ù T
v = ê 2 2 1/2 ú q
ë (l - r ) û T sin q A
Net acceleration B r
1/2
é 0.09 ´ 10 ù
=ê 1/2 ú
a = ac 2 + aT 2 ë (0.25 - 0.09) û mg
= 1.5 m/s.
a = (r 2 w4 + r 2a 2 ) Example 26.
A cyclist is riding with a speed of 27 km/h. As he approaches
a circular turn on the road of radius 80 m, he applies
a = r w4 + a2 brakes and reduces his speed at the constant rate of 0.50
m/s every second. What is the magnitude and direction of
ac the net acceleration of the cyclist on the circular turn ?
and, tan b =
aT Solution :
5
Keep in Memory Speed, v = 27 km/h = 27 ´ ms -1 = 7.5ms -1
18
1. Angular displacement behaves like vector, when its v2
magnitude is very very small. It follows laws of vector centripetal acceleration, a c =
addition. r
2. Angular velocity and angular acceleration are axial vectors. (7.5) 2 -2
or a c = ms = 0.7ms -2
3. Centripetal acceleration always directed towards the centre 80
of the circular path and is always perpendicular to the
instantaneous velocity of the particle. v
4. Circular motion is uniform if aT = ra = 0, that is angular
velocity remains constant and radial acceleration
ac
P
v2
ac = = r w2 is constant. q
r a at
5. When aT or a is present, angular velocity varies with time
and net acceleration is
P is the point at which cyclist applies brakes. At this point,
a = a c2 + a T 2 tangential acceleration at, being negative, will act opposite
r
to v .
6. If aT = 0 or a = 0, no work is done in circular motion.
Total acceleration, a = a 2c + a t2
Example 25.
A sphere of mass 0.2 kg is attached to an inextensible string or, a = (0.7) 2 + (0.5) 2 ms -2 = 0.86ms -2
of length 0.5 m whose upper end is fixed to the ceiling. The a c 0.7
tan q = = = 1.4
sphere is made to describe a horizontal circle of radius a t 0.5
0.3 m. What will be the speed of the sphere? \ q = 54°28¢
MOTION IN APLANE 73
EXERCISE - 1
10. Given that A + B = R and A2 + B2 = R2. The angle between
1. It is found that A B A . This necessarily implies,
A and B is
(a) B = 0 (a) 0 (b) /4
(b) A, B are antiparallel (c) /2 (d)
(c) A, B are perpendicular 11. Given that A + B = R and A = B = R. What should be the
(d) A.B 0 angle between A and B ?
2. Which one of the following statements is true? (a) 0 (b) /3
(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a (c) 2 /3 (d)
process. 12. Let A = iA cos + jA sin be any vector. Another vector B,
(b) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take negative which is normal to A can be expressed as
values. (a) i B cos – j B sin (b) i B cos + j B sin
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from (c) i B sin – j B cos (d) i B sin + j B cos
one point to another in space. 13. Consider a vector F = 4 i – 3 j. Another vector that is
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers perpendicular to F is
with different orientations of the axes. (a) 4 i + 3 j (b) 6 i
3. The angular speed of a fly-wheel making 120 revolutions/ (c) 7 k (d) 3 i – 4 j
minute is 14. Forces of 4 N and 5 N are applied at origin along X-axis and
(a) rad/sec (b) 4 rad/sec Y-axis respectively. The resultant force will be
(c) 2 rad/sec (d) 4 2 rad/sec 5 4
(a) 1 (b) 1
4. Which of the following is not correct ? 41N, tan 41N, tan
4 5
(a) A B B A
5 4
(b) A B B A (c) 41N, tan 1
(d) 41N, tan 1
4 5
(c) A (B C ) A B A C 15. The vector sum of the forces of 10 N and 6 N can be
(a) 2 N (b) 8 N
(d) A ( B C ) ( A B ) C
(c) 18 N (d) 20 N
5. The greatest height to which a man can through a ball is h.
What is the greatest horizontal distance to which he can 16. A vector P1 is along the positive x-axis. If its vector product
throw the ball?
h with another vector P2 is zero then P2 could be
(a) 2h (b)
4 (a) 4 ĵ (b)
h 4î
(c) (d) None of these
2 (c) ( ĵ k̂ ) (d) (î ˆj)
6. If A and B are two vectors, then the correct statement is
(a) A + B = B + A (b) A – B = B – A 17. If | a b | | a b | then angle between a & b is
(c) A × B = B × A (d) None of these (a) 45º (b) 30º
7. Three vectors A, B and C satisfy the relation (c) 90º (d) 180º
A B = 0 and A C = 0. The vector A is parallel to
18. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors is 3
(a) B (b) C
(c) B C (d) B × C times the scalar product. The angle between vectors is
8. If n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of the vector A, then (a) (b)

4 6
A
(a) n̂ = (b) n̂ = A A
A (c) (d)
3 2
A
(c) n̂ = (d) nˆ = nˆ × A 19. The component of vector a 2iˆ 3jˆ along the vector
A
i + j is
9. Consider two vectors F1 2iˆ 5kˆ and F2 3jˆ 4kˆ . The 5
(a) (b) 10 2
magnitude of the scalar product of these vectors is 2
(a) 20 (b) 23
(c) 5 2 (d) 5
(c) 5 33 (d) 26
74 PHYSICS
25. At the highest point on the trajectory of a projectile, its
20. A force of (3iˆ + 4j)
ˆ N acts on a body and displaces it by
(a) potential energy is minimum
(3iˆ + 4j)
ˆ m. The work done by the force is (b) kinetic energy is maximum
(c) total energy is maximum
(a) 5 J (b) 30 J (d) kinetic energy is minimum.
(c) 25 J (d) 10 J 26. In the case of a projectile fired at an angle equally inclined
î ˆj kˆ and b to the horizontal and vertical with velocity u, the horizontal
21. If a 2iˆ ˆj 3kˆ , then the unit vector along
range is
a b is u2 u2
(a) (b)
g 2g
3i 4 k 3i 4 k
(a) (b)
5 5 u2 u2
(c) (d)
3g 4g
3i 4 k
(c) (d) None of these 27. The ratio of angular speeds of minutes hand and hour hand
5
of a watch is
22. A body is thrown with a velocity of 9.8 ms–1 making an (a) 1 : 12 (b) 6 : 1
angle of 30º with the horizontal. It will hit the ground after a (c) 12 : 1 (d) 1 : 6
time
28. A boat which has a speed of 5 km h –1 in still water crosses
(a) 3.0 s (b) 2.0 s a river of width 1 km along the shortest possible path in 15
(c) 1.5 s (d) 1 s minutes. The velocity of the river water is
23. In uniform circular motion, the velocity vector and
acceleration vector are (a) 1 km h –1 (b) 3 km h–1
(a) perpendicular to each other (c) 4 km h–1 (d) 1
41 km h
(b) same direction
29. If 0.5 i + 0.8 j + ck is a unit vector, then c is
(c) opposite direction
(d) not related to each other (a) ( 0.89) (b) 0.2
24. The time of flight of a projectile on an upward inclined plane
depends upon (c) 0.3 (d) (0.11)
(a) angle of inclination of the plane 30. A missile is fired for maximum range with an initial velocity
(b) angle of projection of 20 m/s. If g = 10 m/s2, the range of the missile is
(a) 40 m (b) 50 m
(c) the value of acceleration due to gravity
(c) 60 m (d) 20 m
(d) all of the above.
EXERCISE - 2
1. A projectile is projected with a kinetic energy E. Its range is R. 5. A projectile thrown with a speed v at an angle has a range
It will have the minimum kinetic energy, after covering a R on the surface of earth. For same v and , its range on the
horizontal distance equal to g Earth
(a) 0.25 R (b) 0.5 R surface of moon will be g moon
6
(c) 0.75 R (d) R (a) R/6 (b) R
2. The range of a projectile when launched at an angle of 15º (c) 6 R (d) 36 R
with the horizontal is 1.5 km. What is the range of the 6. If range is double the maximum height of a projectile, then is
projectile when launched at an angle of 45º to the horizontal (a) tan–1 4 (b) tan–1 1/4
(a) 1.5 km (b) 3.0 km (c) tan 1 –1 (d) tan–1 2
(c) 6.3 km (d) 0.75 km 7. A body is projected such that its KE at the top is 3/4th of its
3. A gun fires two bullets at 60º and 30º with horizontal. The initial KE. What is the angle of projectile with the horizontal?
bullets strike at some horizontal distance. The ratio of (a) 30º (b) 60º (c) 45º (d) 120º
maximum height for the two bullets is in the ratio 8. Three particles A, B and C are projected from the same point
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 with same initial speeds making angles 30º, 45º and 60º
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 1 respectively with the horizontal. Which of the following
4. Two balls are projected at an angle and (90º – ) to the statements is correct?
horizontal with the same speed. The ratio of their maximum (a) A, B and C have unequal ranges
vertical heights is (b) Ranges of A and C are equal and less than that of B
(a) 1 : 1 (b) tan : 1 (c) Ranges of A and C are equal and greater than that of B
(c) 1 : tan (d) tan 2 : 1 (d) A, B and C have equal ranges
MOTION IN APLANE 75
9. From a point on the ground at a distance 2 meters from the
1 3 1 4
foot of a vertical wall, a ball is thrown at an angle of 45º (a) sin (b) sin
which just clears the top of the wall and afterward strikes 4 3
the ground at a distance 4 m on the other side. The height of
the wall is 1 4 1 4
(c) cos (d) tan
3 3
2 3
(a) m (b) m
3 4 18. A body is projected horizontally from a point above the
ground and motion of the body is described by the equation
1 4 x = 2t, y = 5t2 where x, and y are horizontal and vertical
(c) m (d) m
3 3 coordinates in metre after time t. The initial velocity of the
10. The velocity of projection of a body is increased by 2%. body will be
Other factors remaining unchanged, what will be the
percentage change in the maximum height attained? (a) 29 m / s horizontal (b) 5 m/s horizontal
(a) 1% (b) 2 % (c) 2 m/s vertical (d) 2 m/s horizontal
(c) 4 % (d) 8 % 19. A projectile can have the same range for two angles of
projection. If h 1 and h2 are maximum heights when the
11. A ball is thrown from the ground with a velocity of 20 3
range in the two cases is R, then the relation between R, h1
m/s making an angle of 60º with the horizontal. The ball will and h2 is
be at a height of 40 m from the ground after a time t equal to
(g = 10 ms–2) (a) R 4 h1h 2 (b) R 2 h1h 2
(a) 2 sec (b) 3 sec (c) R h1h 2 (d) None of these

(c) 2 sec (d) 3 sec 20. A wheel rotates with constant acceleration of
12. Two particles of equal masses are revolving in circular paths 2.0 rod/s2, if the wheel starts from rest the number of
of radii r1 and r2 respectively with the same period. The revolutions it makes in the first ten seconds will be
ratio of their centripetal force is approximately
(a) 32 (b) 24
(a) r1/r2 (b) r2 / r1
(c) 16 (d) 8
(c) (r1/r2 )2 (d) (r2/r1)2 21. A projectile of mass m is fired with velocity u making angle
13. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two revolutions with the horizontal. Its angular momentum about the point
per second. The acceleration of the particle in meter per of projection when it hits the ground is given by
second2 is
(a) 2 (b) 8 2 2mu sin 2 cos 2mu 3 sin 2 cos
2 (a) (b)
(c) 4 (d) 2 2 g g
14. A bomb is released from a horizontal flying aeroplane. The
trajectory of bomb is mu sin 2 cos mu3 sin 2 cos
(a) a parabola (b) a straight line (c) (d)
2g 2g
(c) a circle (d) a hyperbola
22. A bucket, full of water is revolved in a vertical circle of
15. A bomb is dropped on an enemy post by an aeroplane flying
radius 2 m. What should be the maximum time-period of
horizontally with a velocity of 60 km h–1 and at a height of
revolution so that the water doesn’t fall out of the bucket?
490 m. At the time of dropping the bomb, how far the
(a) 1 sec (b) 2 sec
aeroplane should be from the enemy post so that the bomb
(c) 3 sec (d) 4 sec
may directly hit the target ?
23. A bomb is dropped from an aeroplane moving horizontally
400 500 at constant speed. If air resistance is taken into
(a) m (b) m
3 3 consideration, then the bomb
(a) falls on earth exactly below the aeroplane
1700 (b) falls on the earth exactly behind the aeroplane
(c) m (d) 498 m.
3 (c) falls on the earths ahead of the aeroplane
16. A projectile is thrown horizontally with a speed of (d) flies with the aeroplane
20 ms–1. If g is 10 ms–2, then the speed of the projectile 24. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, then the
after 5 second will be nearly magnitude of their difference is
(a) 0.5 ms–1 (b) 5 ms–1
–1 (a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 54 ms (d) 500 ms–1
17. A ball is projected at such an angle that the horizontal range 1
is three times the maximum height. The angle of projection (c) 5 (d)
2
of the ball is
76 PHYSICS
25. Out of the following sets of forces, the resultant of which
cannot be zero ?
32. The angles which the vector A 3iˆ 6jˆ 2kˆ makes with
(a) 10, 10, 10 (b) 10, 10, 20 the co-ordinate axes are :
(c) 10, 20, 20 (d) 10, 20, 40
26. Two vectors A and B lie in a plane, another vector C lies 1 3 1 4 1 1
(a) cos , cos , cos
outside this plane, then the resultant of these three vectors 7 7 7
i.e., A + B + C
(a) can be zero 3 6 2
(b) cos 1 , cos 1 , cos 1
(b) cannot be zero 7 7 7
(c) lies in the plane containing A + B
(d) lies in the plane containing A – B 1 4 1 5 1 3
(c) cos , cos , cos
27. If A = B + C and the magnitudes of A, B and C are 5, 4 and 3 7 7 7
units, the angle between A and C is
(d) None of these
(a) cos–1 (3/5) (b) cos–1 (4/5)
33. The resultant of two forces 3P and 2P is R. If the first force
(c) (d) sin–1 (3/4) is doubled then the resultant is also doubled. The angle
2 between the two forces is
28. A rectangular sheet of material has a width of 3 m and a (a) 60º (b) 120º
length of 4 m. Forces with magnitudes of 3 N and 4N.
(c) 70º (d) 180º
respectively, are applied parallel to two edges of the sheet,
as shown in the figure below. 34. Let C A B
4N 4m (a) | C | is always greater than | A |
F
3m (b) It is possible to have | C | | A | and | C | | B |
(c) C is always equal to A B

3N
(d) C is never equal to A B
35. At what angle must the two forces (x + y) and (x – y) act so
A third force F, is applied to the centre of the sheet, along a
line in the plane of the sheet, at an angle = tan 0.75 with that the resultant may be (x 2 y2 ) ?
respect to the horizontal direction. The sheet will be in
translational equilibrium when F has what value?
(a) F = 3 N (b) F = 4N
(a) cos 1[ (x 2 y2 ) / 2(x 2 y 2 )]
(c) F = 5 N (d) F = 7N
29. The linear velocity of a rotating body is given by : (b) cos 1[ 2(x 2 y 2 ) /(x 2 y 2 )]
v r (c) cos 1[ (x 2 y 2 ) /(x 2 y 2 )]

If î 2ˆj 2 k̂ and r 4 ĵ 3k̂ , then the magnitude of (d) cos 1[ (x 2 y 2 ) /(x 2 y 2 )]
v is
36. A force of – Fk̂ acts on O, the origin of the coordinate
(a) 29 units (b) 31 units system. The torque about the point (1, –1) is
(c) 37 units (d) 41 units
Z
30. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 18 N
and their resultant is 12 N which is perpendicular to the
smaller force. Then the magnitudes of the forces are
(a) 12 N, 6 N (b) 13 N, 5 N
(c) 10 N, 8 N (d) 16N, 2N. O
Y
31. For any two vectors A and B , if A . B | A B | , the
magnitude of C A B is X
(a) A + B (b) A2 B2 2 AB
(a) F(î ˆj) (b) F(î ĵ)
AB
(c) A2 B2 (d) A2 B (c) F(î ĵ) (d) F(î ˆj)
2
MOTION IN APLANE 77
37. A cannon on a level plane is aimed at an angle q above the 45. An aeroplane flying at a constant speed releases a bomb.
horizontal and a shell is fired with a muzzle velocity n0 towards As the bomb moves away from the aeroplane, it will
a vertical cliff a distance D away. Then the height from the (a) always be vertically below the aeroplane only if the
bottom at which the shell strikes the side walls of the cliff is aeroplane was flying horizontally
g D2 g D2 (b) always be vertically below the aeroplane only if the
(a) D sin q - (b) D cos q - aeroplane was flying at an angle of 45° to the horizontal
2 v 0 2 sin 2 q 2 v 0 2 cos 2 q
(c) always be vertically below the aeroplane
g D2 g D2 (d) gradually fall behind the aeroplane if the aeroplane was
(c) D tan q - (d) D tan q - flying horizontally.
2 v 0 2 cos2 q 2 v0 2 sin 2 q
46. Two bullets are fired horizontally, simultaneously and with
38. A body is projected at an angle of 30º to the horizontal with different velocities from the same place. Which bullet will
speed 30 m/s. What is the angle with the horizontal after 1.5 hit the ground earlier ?
seconds? Take g = 10 m/s2.
(a) It would depend upon the weights of the bullets.
(a) 0º (b) 30º
(c) 60º (d) 90º (b) The slower one.
39. A projectile is moving at 60 m/s at its highest point, where it (c) The faster one.
breaks into two equal parts due to an internal explosion. (d) Both will reach simultaneously.
One part moves vertically up at 50 m/s with respect to the
ground. The other part will move at a speed of 47. A cricket ball is hit with a velocity 25 m s -1 , 60° above the
(a) 110 m/s (b) 120 m/s horizontal. How far above the ground, ball passes over a
fielder 50 m from the bat (consider the ball is struck very
(c) 130 m/s (d) 10 61 m / s
close to the ground)?
40. A particle having a mass 0.5 kg is projected under gravity
with a speed of 98 m/sec at an angle of 60º. The magnitude Take 3 = 1.7 and g = 10 ms–2
of the change in momentum (in N-sec) of the particle after 10 (a) 6.8 m (b) 7 m
seconds is
(c) 5 m (d) 10 m
(a) 0.5 (b) 49
(c) 98 (d) 490 48. The equation of a projectile is
41. A large number of bullets are fired in all directions with the
gx 2
same speed v. What is the maximum area on the ground on y = 3x -
which these bullets will spread? 2
The angle of projection is given by
p v2 pv4
(a) (b)
1
g g2 (a) tan q = (b) tan q = 3
3
v2 p2 v 4
(c) p2 (d) p
g2 g2 (c) (d) zero.
2
42. A projectile thrown with velocity v making angle q with
vertical gains maximum height H in the time for which the 49. A body is thrown horizontally with a velocity 2gh from
projectile remains in air, the time period is
the top of a tower of height h. It strikes the level ground
(a) H cos q / g (b) 2 H cos q / g through the foot of the tower at a distance x from the tower.
The value of x is
(c) 4H / g (d) 8H / g
gh
43. A person aims a gun at a bird from a point at a horizontal (a) gh (b)
distance of 100 m. If the gun can impact a speed of 500 ms– 2
1 to the bullet. At what height above the bird must he aim
2gh
his gun in order to hit it? (g = 10 ms–2) (c) 2h (d)
3
(a) 10.4 cm (b) 20.35 cm
(c) 50 cm (d) 100 cms 50. A plane flying horizontally at a height of 1500 m with a
44. Three particles A, B and C are thrown from the top of a velocity of 200 ms–1 passes directly overhead on antiaircraft
tower with the same speed. A is thrown up, B is thrown gun. Then the angle with the horizontal at which the
down and C is horizontally. They hit the ground with speeds gun should be fired from the shell with a muzzle velocity of
vA, vB and vC respectively then, 400 ms–1 to hit the plane, is
(a) vA = vB = vC (b) vA = vB > vC (a) 90° (b) 60°
(c) vB > vC > vA (d) vA > vB = vC (c) 30° (d) 45°
78 PHYSICS
51. A projectile A is thrown at an angle of 30° to the horizontal (a) 2 mv (b) 3mv
from point P. At the same time, another projectile B is thrown
with velocity v2 upwards from the point Q vertically below mv
(c) mv (d)
v 3
the highest point. For B to collide with A, 2 should be
v1 57. A person sitting in the rear end of the compartment throws
Highest a ball towards the front end. The ball follows a parabolic
point path. The train is moving with velocity of 20 m/s. A person
standing outside on the ground also observes the ball. How
will the maximum heights (ym) attained and the ranges (R)
v1 seen by the thrower and the outside observer compare with
v2 each other?
A B
30° (a) Same ym different R (b) Same ym and R
P Q (c) Different ym same R (d) Different ym and R
58. A particle moves in a circle of radius 4 cm clockwise at
(a) 1 (b) 2
constant speed 2 cm/s. If x̂ and ŷ are unit acceleration
(c) 1 (d) 4 vectors along X and Y-axis respectively (in cm/s2), the
2 acceleration of the particle at the instant half way between P
52. The velocity of projection of oblique projectile is and Q is given by
(6î + 8ˆj) m s -1 . The horizontal range of the projectile is (a) -4(xˆ + y)
ˆ y
P
(a) 4.9 m (b) 9.6 m (b) 4(xˆ + y)
ˆ
(c) 19.6 m (d) 14 m
(c) -(xˆ + y)
ˆ / 2 O x
A gun is aimed at a horizontal target. It takes 1 s for the
Q
53.
2 (d) (xˆ - y)
ˆ /4
bullet to reach the target. The bullet hits the target x metre 59. A projectile is thrown in the upward direction making an
below the aim. Then, x is equal to
angle of 60° with the horizontal direction with a velocity of
9.8 9.8 147 ms–1. Then the time after which its inclination with the
(a) m (b) m
4 8 horizontal is 45°, is
(c) 9.8 m (d) 19.6 m. (a) 15 s (b) 10.98 s
54. The equation of trajectory of projectile is given by (c) 5.49 s (d) 2.745 s
60. A cyclist moving at a speed of 20 m/s takes a turn, if he
x gx 2
y= - , where x and y are in metre. doubles his speed then chance of overturn
3 20 (a) is doubled (b) is halved
The maximum range of the projectile is (c) becomes four times (d) becomes 1/4 times
8 4 61. A person swims in a river aiming to reach exactly on the
(a) m (b) m opposite point on the bank of a river. His speed of swimming
3 3
is 0.5 m/s at an angle of 120º with the direction of flow of
3 3 water. The speed of water is
(c) m (d) m
4 8 (a) 1.0 m/s (b) 0.5 m/s
55. A bullet is fired with a speed of 1500 m/s in order to hit a (c) 0.25 m/s (d) 0.43 m/s
target 100 m away. If g = 10 m/s2. The gun should be aimed 62. The position vector of a particle is
(a) 15 cm above the target r
r = (a cos wt )î + (a sin wt ) ĵ. The velocity of the particle is
(b) 10 cm above the target
(c) 2.2 cm above the target (a) directed towards the origin
(d) directly towards the target (b) directed away from the origin
56. A projectile of mass m is thrown with a velocity v making an (c) parallel to the position vector
angle 60° with the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, the (d) perpendicular to the position vector
change in momentum from the departure A to its arrival at B, 63. A ball whose kinetic energy is E is thrown at an angle of 45º
along the vertical direction is with horizontal. Its kinetic energy at highest point of flight
v will be
(a) E (b) E/2
E
(c) (d) O
60° 2
A B
MOTION IN APLANE 79
64. Two projectiles are fired from the same point with the same 72. A stone tied to the end of a string of 1 m long is whirled in
speed at angles of projection 60º and 30º respectively. a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the stone makes
Which one of the following is true? 22 revolution in 44 seconds, what is the magnitude and
(a) Their maximum height will be same direction of acceleration of the stone?
(b) Their range will be same (a) 2 m s–2 and direction along the radius towards the
(c) Their landing velocity will be same centre.
(d) Their time of flight will be same (b) 2 m s–2 and direction along the radius away from the
65. A body of 3kg. moves in X-Y plane under the action of force centre.
(c) 2 m s–2 and direction along the tangent to the circle.
given by 6t î 4 tĵ . Assuming that the body is at rest at time (d) 2/4 m s–2 and direction along the radius towards the
t = 0, the velocity of body at t = 3 sec is centre.
73. The circular motion of a particle with constant speed is
(a) 9î 6ˆj (b) 18î 6 ĵ
(a) periodic but not simple harmonic
(c) 18î 12ˆj (d) 12î 68 ĵ (b) simple harmonic but not periodic
66. From a 10 m high building a stone A is dropped, and (c) periodic and simple harmonic
simultaneously another identical stone B is thrown (d) neither periodic nor simple harmonic
horizontally with an initial speed of 5 ms–1. Which one of 74. Two stones are projected from the same point with same
the following statements is true? speed making angles 45° + and 45° – with the
(a) It is not possible to calculate which one of the two horizontal respectively. If 45 , then the horizontal
stones will reach the ground first ranges of the two stones are in the ratio of
(b) Both the stones (A and B) will reach the ground (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
simultaneously (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4
(c) A stone reaches the ground earlier than B 75. A projectile is fired at an angle of 45° with the horizontal.
(d) B stone reaches the ground earlier than A Elevation angle of the projectile at its highest point as seen
67. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector from the point of projection is
differences. In that case, the forces
(a) cannot be predicted 1
(a) 60° (b) tan 1
(b) are equal to each other 2
(c) are equal to each other in magnitude
3
(d) are not equal to each other in magnitude (c) tan 1 (d) 45°
2
20
68. A particle moves along a circle of radius m with 76. The velocity of a projectile at the initial point A is 2i 3 j
m/s. It’s velocity (in m/s) at point B is
constant tangential acceleration. It the velocity of particle
is 80 m/sec at end of second revolution after motion has
begun, the tangential acceleration is
(a) 40 m/sec2 (b) 40 m/sec2
(c) 640 m/sec 2 (d) 160 m/sec2
69. If | A B | 3A.B then the value of | A B | is
(a) (A 2 B 2 3AB)½ (b) (A 2 B2 AB)½ (a) (b)

2i 3 j 2i 3 j
½
AB (c) 2i 3 j (d) 2i 3 j
(c) A2 B2 (d) A + B
3 77. The coordinates of a moving particle at any time t are given
by x = a t2 and y = b t2. The speed of the particle is
70. If a vector 2 i 3 j 8 k is perpendicular to the vector
(a) 2 t (a + b) (b) 2t (a2 b2 )
4 j 4i k , then the value of is
(a) 1/2 (b) –1/2 (c) 2 t (a 2 b2 ) (d) (a 2 b 2 )
(c) 1 (d) –1 78. The vector sum of two forces is perpendicular to their vector
71. If the angle between the vectors A and B is , the value of differences. In that case, the forces
(a) cannot be predicted
the product ( B A ) A is equal to (b) are equal to each other
(a) BA2 sin (b) BA2 cos (c) are equal to each other in magnitude
2
(c) BA sin cos (d) Zero (d) are not equal to each other in magnitude
80 PHYSICS
79. A river 4.0 miles wide is flowing at the rate of 2 miles/ hr. 82. Statement -1 : r F and F r
The minimum time taken by a boat cross the river with
a speed v = 4 miles/ hr (in still water) is approximately Statement -2 : Cross product of vectors is commutative.
(a) 1 hr
83. Statement -1 : If dot product and cross product of A and
(b) 2 hr and 7 minutes
(c) 1 hr and 13 minutes B are zero, it implies that one of the vector A and B must
(d) 2 hr and 25 minutes be a null vector
80. A car is moving along a circular road at speed of Statement -2 : Null vector is a vector with zero magnitude.
20 m/s. The radius of the circular road is 10 m. If the speed is
84. Statement-1 Two stones are simultaneously projected from
increased at the rate of 30 m/s2, what is the resultant
level ground from same point with same speeds but different
acceleration ?
angles with horizontal. Both stones move in same vertical
(a) 10 m/s2 (b) 50 m/s2
2
plane. Then the two stones may collide in mid air.
(c) 250 m/s (d) 80 m/s2
81. A projectile is thrown in the upward direction making an Statement-2 : For two stones projected simultaneously from
angle of 60° with the horizontal direction with a velocity of same point with same speed at different angles with
147 m s–1. Then the time after which its inclination with the horizontal, their trajectories may intersect at some point.
horizontal is 45°, is 85. Statement-1 : K.E. of a moving body given by as2 where s is
(a) 15 s (b) 10.98 s the distance travelled in a circular path refers to a variable
(c) 5.49 s (d) 2.745 sz acceleration.
Directions for Qs. (82 to 86) : Each question contains Statement-2 : Acceleration varies with direction only in this
STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer case of circular motion.
(ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following- 86. Statement-1 : Centripetal and centrifugal forces cancel each
(a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true other.
(b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
Statement-2 : This is because they are always equal and
correct explanation for Statement-1
opposite.
(c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
MOTION IN APLANE 81
HINTS & SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE - 1 a.b
19. (a) Component of a along b
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) |b|
6. (a) In vector addition, the commutative law is obeyed
20. (c) Here , F (3iˆ 4ˆj)N
i.e., A B B A
Vector subtraction does not follow commutative law. d (3iˆ 4j)m
ˆ W F.d (9 16)J 25J
7. (d) Since A.C 0 A.B , it means that A is perpendicular 21. (a) a b 3iˆ 4kˆ
Required unit vector
to both C & B , hence A is parallel to (B C) or
a b 3iˆ 4kˆ 3iˆ 4kˆ
(C B ) . = .
|a b| 32 42 5
8. (a) The unit vector of any vector A is defined as
2 u sin
A 22. (d) Time of flight =
Â g
|A|
2 9.8 sin 30º 1
= 2 1 sec .
9. (a) F1 .F2 ( 2 î 5k̂ ).(3ˆj 4k̂ ) 20 9. 8 2
23. (a) In uniform circular motion speed is constant. So, no
R2 A 2 B2 R2 R2 tangential acceleration.
10. (c) cos 0
2AB 2A B v2
It has only radial acceleration a R [directed towards
/2 R
2
center]
11. (c) R [A 2 B2 2 AB cos ] and its velocity is always in tangential direction. So these
two are perpendicular to each other.
R2 R2 R2 2 R 2 cos
24. (d) 2u sin ( )
R 2 2 R 2 cos or cos 1 / 2 or 2 /3 T
g cos
12. (c) The dot product should be zero. 25 (d) Velocity and kinetic energy is minimum at the highest
13. (c) point.
14. (a) R 42 52 41N 1
K.E m v 2 cos 2
2
u2
26. (a) 45 , R =
g
5N R
2
27. (c) Angular speed of hour hand, 1
(12 60)
4N
5 5 2
The angle will be given by tan or tan 1 Angular speed of minute hand 2
4 4 60
15. (b) R max (10 6)
16N , R min (10 6) 4N 2 12 60 12
.
Values can be from 4N to 16N 1 60 1
16. (b) Vector product of parallel vectors is zero. 1km
28. (b) 1, 1
v 4 km h vb 5 km h
17. (c) |a b| |a b| |a b |2 |a b |2 1
h
4
| a |2 | b |2 2a . b | a |2 | b |2 2a . b
vw
18. (c) Here, | A B | 3 | A.B |
ABsin 3ABcos tan 3 v
vb
60
3
82 PHYSICS
vw vb 2 v2 25 16 9 3 km h 1
(u sin ) 2 u 2 sin 2
10. (c) We know that, y m H
2g 2g
29. (d)
( 0 .5 ) 2 ( 0 .8 ) 2 c2 1
H 2 u u
. Given 2%
( 0.89 c 2 ) (1) 2 1 H u u
c2 1 0 .89 0 .11 or c ( 0 . 11) H
2 2 4%
30. (a) For maximum range, the angle of projection, = 45°. H
u 2 sin 2 (20) 2 sin(2 45 ) 400 1 1 2
R= = = = 40 m. 11. (c) As, s u sin t gt
g 10 10 2
EXERCISE - 2 so 40
1
20 3 ( 3 / 2 ) t 10 t 2
1. (b) K.E. is minimum at the highest point. So, the horizontal 2
distance is half of the range R i.e., 0.5 R. or 5t2 – 30t + 40 = 0 or t2 – 6t + 8 = 0
or t = 2 or 4.
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 30 u2 u2 The minimum time t = 2s.
2. (b) R1 or 1.5 or 3
g g 2g g
2 2
u 2 sin 90 u2 12. (a) F1 mr1 ; F2 mr2
R2 3 km
g g 2
since period T is same, so is same, because T .
3. (b) The bullets are fired at the same initial speed
H u 2 sin 2 60º 2g sin 2 60º F1 r1
H 2g u 2 sin 2 30 º sin 2 30º
Hence
F2 r2
( 3 / 2) 2 3 1
(1/ 2) 2 1 13. (c) Here T sec the required centripetal acceleration
2
for moving in a circle is
H1 u 2 sin 2 / 2g
4. (d) tan 2
H2 u sin 2 (90º
2
) / 2g v2 (r )2 2
aC r r (2 / T) 2
5. (c) On earth, R = u2 sin 2 /g. r r
On moon, g' = g/6
R' = u2 sin 2 /g' = 6u2 sin2 /g = 6R. so a c 0.25 (2 / 0.5) 2 16 2
.25 4.0 2
u 2 2 sin cos u 2 sin 2 14. (a) A parabola

6. (d) 2 or tan = 2
g 2g 15. (b) Time taken for vertical direction motion
1 3 1 2h 2 490
7. (a) m(u cos )2 m u2 t 100 10 s
2 4 2 g 9.8
2 3 3 The same time is for horizontal direction.
or cos or cos cos 30 º .
4 2 5 500
x vt 60 10 m
2
u sin 60º 3 2 18 3
8. (c) R 30º (u / g)
g 2 16. (c) Even after 5 second, the horizontal velocity v x will be
u 2 sin 90 20 m s 1
. The vertical velocity v y is given by
R 45º u2 / g
g
2 2 2
vy 0 10 5 50 m s 1
u sin120º u cos 30º u
R 60 º ( 3 / 2)
g g g Now, v vx 2 v y2 20 2 50 2 54 ms 1
so R 30º R 60º R 45º or R A RC RB

u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2
2 2 gx 2 17. (d) Given 3
u u g 2g
9. (d) R or 6 ; y x tan
g g 2 u cos 2
2
1 4
tan
1 4 2 4 3
or h 2 tan 45 º 2
2 m
2 cos 45 º 6 3 3
MOTION IN APLANE 83
18. (d) The horizontal velocity of the projectile remains Also, p = m u.
constant throughout the journey.
Since the body is projected horizontally, the initial u 2 sin 2q
Hence, L = ´ mu sin(q)
velocity will be same as the horizontal velocity at any g
point.
dx 2mu3 sin 2 q cos q
Since, x = 2t , =2 =
dt g
\ Horizontal velocity = 2 m/s 22. (c) Let its angular velocity be w at all points (uniform
\ Initial velocity = 2 m/s motion). At the highest point weight of the body is
u 2 sin 2 q balanced by centrifugal force, so
19. (a) h1 =
2g g
mw2 r = mg Þ w =
r
u 2 sin 2 (90 - q) u 2 sin 2q
h2 = , R=
2g g 2p r 2 2p
T= = 2p = 2p =
Range R is same for angle q and (90° – q) w g 10 5
u 2 sin 2 q u 2 sin 2 (90 - q) 2 ´ 3.14
\ h1h 2 = ´ = = 3 sec .
2g 2g 2. 1
23. (b) If there is no resistance, bomb will drop at a place exactly
u 4 (sin 2 q) ´ sin 2 (90 - q)
= [Q sin(90 - q) = cos q] below the flying aeroplane. But when we take into
4g 2 account air resistance, bomb will face deceleration in
its velocity. So, it will fall on the earth exactly behind
u 4 (sin 2 q) ´ cos 2 q
= [Q sin 2q = 2sin q cos q] the aeroplane.
4g 2 24. (a)
25. (d) R2 = P2 + Q2 – PQ cos q
u 4 (sin q cos q)2 u 4 (sin 2q)2
= = (40)2 = (10)2 + (20)2 – 2 × 10 × 20 × cosq
4g 2 16g2 400 cos q = 500 – 1600 = – 1100
(u 2 sin 2q)2 R2 cos q = -

1100
=-
11
= = 400 4
which is not possible.
16g 2 16
In this way, the set of forces given in option (d) can not
or, R2 = 16 h1h2 or R = 4 h1h 2 be represented both in magnitude and direction by the
20. (c) For circular angular motion, the formula for angular sides of a triangle taken in the same order. Thus their
displacement q and angular acceleration a is resultant can not be zero.
26. (b)
1
q = w t + a t2 where w = initial velocity 27. (a) See fig. Clearly A is the resultant of B and C. Further B
2 is perpendicular to C
1
or q = 0 + 1 at 2 or q = ´ (2)(10)2
2 2
or q = 100 radian 4
2p radian are covered in 1 revolution 5
B 4
1 A
\ 1 radian is covered in revolution
2p
q
100
or 100 radian are covered in revolution C=3
2p
50 cos q = 3/5 or q = cos–1 (3/5)
\ Number of revolution = = 16 28. (c) A body is in translational equilibrium when the
3.14
r r components of all external forces cancel.
21. (b) L = R ´ p For the sheet : F cos q = 4 N, F sinq = 3 N. The magnitude
of F is found by adding the squares of the components:
u 2 sin 2q F2cos2 q+ F2 sin 2 q = F2 = 42 + 32 = 25 N2. Therefore F
Where R = range =
g = 5 N. The F vector points in the proper direction,
r r since tan q = 0.75 = 3/4.
The angle between R and p = q
84 PHYSICS
î ˆj A
kˆ
r
29. (a) v = 1 -2 2
-3
on
0 4
n
y
Ca
r 1 gx 2
y = x tan q -
v = î[6 - 8] + ˆj[0 + 3] + k̂[4 - 0] 2 u 2 cos 2 q
uur q
r
v = -2î + 3ˆj + 4k̂ Þ | v |= 29 units . O D B
P sin q Where y denotes the instantaneous height of particle

30. (b) Use tan a = when it travels an instantaneous horizontal distance x.
Q + P cos q
herex = D, u = vo
P sin q
Þ tan 90° = =¥ so y = D tan q - 1 gD 2
Q + P cos q 2 v 20 cos 2 q
\ Q + P cos q = 0 Þ P cos q = -Q.
38. (a) u x = 30cos30º = 30 3 / 2, , uy = 30 sin 30°,
R= P + Q + 2PQ cos q
2 2
v y = 30sin 30° - gt
R= P + Q - 2Q or R = P - Q = 12
2 2 2 2 2
v y = 30 sin 30 º- 10 ´ 1. 5 = 0
144 = (P + Q)(P - Q) or P - Q = 144/18 = 8. As vertical velocity = 0,
\ P = 13 N and Q = 5 N. Angle with horizontal a = 0º
r r r r It is a state, when a particle reach to a highest point of
31. (b) | A.B |=| A ´ B | Þ AB cos q = ABsin q
its path.
1 39. (c) From conservation of linear momentum,
Þ tanθ = 1 Þ cosθ =
2 r mr mr
mv = v1 + v2
r r 2 2
Now, | A + B |= A 2 + B2 + 2ABcos q
v1 = 50m/sec
1 de y
= A 2 + B2 + 2AB. 2 2 plo
2 = A + B + 2AB Ex
3iˆ + + bjˆ + 2kˆæ3 6 2 ö 120 m/s

32. (b) Â = = ç î + ˆj + kˆ ÷ . If a, b and g are q
9 + 36 + 4 è 7 7 7 ø
angles made by A with coordinate axes, then v2

50 m/s
3 6 2
cos a = , cos b = and cos g = . (here we take particle & earth as a system so in this
7 7 7 case external force is zero & linear momentum is
33. (b) Solve two equations : R2 = 9P2 + 4P2 + 12P2 cosq and conserved)
4R2 = 36P2 + 4P2 + 24P2 cosq. r
Where v is velocity of particle before explosion &
34. (b) r r
2 v1, v2 are velocity of its equal pieces.
æ x 2 + y 2 ö = (x + y)2 + (x - y)2 + 2(x + y)(x - y) cos q
here vr = 60iˆ (in x direction),
35. (a) ç ÷
è ø
Þ x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y2 + 2xy + x 2 + y2 - 2xy + 2(x 2 - y2 ) cos q r
v1 = 50ˆj (in y direction)
2(x 2 - y2 ).cos q = - (x 2 + y2 ) r r
or so v 2 = 120iˆ - 50ˆj or | v2 |= 130m / sec &
é -(x 2 + y2 ) ù [From conservation of linear momentum]
Þ q = cos -1 ê ú -50
tan q =
ëê 2(x - y ) ûú
2 2
120
ur r ur 40. (b) There is no change in horizontal velocity, hence no
36. (c) Torque t = r ´ F = (iˆ - ˆj) ´ (-Fk)
ˆ
change in momentum in horizontal direction. The
= F[- î ´ kˆ + ˆj ´ k]
ˆ = F(ˆj + î) = F(iˆ + ˆj) vertical velocity at t = 10sec is
v = 98 ´ sin 60 º - (9.8) ´ 10 = –13.13 m/sec
éSince kˆ ´ î = ˆj and ˆj ´ kˆ = iˆ ù
ë û so change in momentum in vertical direction is
37. (c) From the resultant path of the particle, when it is = (0.5 ´ 98 ´ 3 / 2) - [ -(0.5 ´ 13.13)]
projected at angle q with its velocity u is
= 42.434+6.56 = 48.997 » 49
MOTION IN APLANE 85
41. (b) Maximum possible horizontal range = v2/g
Maximum possible area of the circle Using v 2 u2 2as vA u2 2gh
2
u
v2 v4 v2
Here r
g g2 g O u vx
u
v 2 sin 2 (90 )
42. (d) Max. height = H .....(i)
2g h
Time of flight, T
2 v sin( 90 )
...(ii) vB vA u vX vc v 2x v2y
g
vC
For B, going down with velocity u
v
vB u2 2gh
Vertical
For C, horizontal velocity remains same, i.e. u. Vertical

velocity = 0 2gh = 2gh
The resultant v C = v 2x v 2y = u2 2gh .

Horizontal Hence v A v B v C
v cos 2H 45. (c) Since horizontal component of the velocity of the bomb
From (i), ,From (ii), will be the same as the velocity of the aeroplane,
g g
therefore horizontal displacements remain the same at
any instant of time.
2H 8H 46. (d) The initial velocity in the vertically downward direction
T=2
g g is zero and same height has to be covered.
43. (b) Let the gun be fired with velocity u from point O on the
1 gx 2
bird at B, making an angle with the horizontal direction. 47. (c) y x tan
Therefore the height of the aims of the person is at height 2 u 2 cos 2
BA (=h) above the bird. 10 50 50
y 50 tan 60 =5 m
A 2 25 25 cos 2 60
48. (b) Comparing the given equation with
h gx 2
u y x tan , we get
2u cos 2
2
O B tan 3
100 m
u 2 sin 2 49. (c) 2gh
Here, horizontal range = 100
g
5002 sin 2 h
or 100 or sin 2
10
100 10 1
2
sin14 x
(500) 250
uy = 0, sy = –h, ay = –g, ty = ?
7
or 2 = 14' or = 7' = radian 1 2
60 180 s ut at
2
arc AB
As, angle 1 2 2h
radius OB h gt t
or AB = × OB 2 g
7 x
= (100 100) cm 20.35 cm velocity =
60 180 t
44. (a) For A: It goes up with velocity u will it reaches its
maximum height (i.e. velocity becomes zero) and comes 2h
x 2gh 2h
back to O and attains velocity u. g
86 PHYSICS
50. (b) Horizontal distance covered should be same for the 55. (c) The bullet performs a horizontal journey of 100 cm with
time of collision. constant velocity of 1500 m/s. The bullet also performs
1 a vertical journey of h with zero initial velocity and
400 cos 200 or cos
or 60
2 downward acceleration g.
51. (c) This happen when vertical velocity of both are same. Distance
v 1 For horizontal journey, time (t)
v2 v1 sin30 or 2 Velocity
v1 2
100 1
tsec … (1)
52. (b) v 6 î 8ˆj 1500 15
The bullet performs vertical journey for this time.
1 2
For vertical journey, h ut gt
10 8 2
2
1 1
h 0 10
2 15
6
10 10 100
vx î v yˆj , we get or, h m cm
Comparing with v 2 15 15 2 15 15
1
vx 6ms and v y 8ms 1 or, h
20
cm 2.2cm
2 2 2 9
Also, v vx v y = 36 + 64 = 100
20
or v 10 m s 1 The gun should be aimed cm above the target.
9
8 6
sin and cos 56. (b)
10 10
PA= mv sin 60°
v
v 2 sin 2 2v 2 sin cos
R
g g
8 6 1 60° B
R 2 10 10 = 9.6 m A
60°
10 10 10
1 2
53. (b) x gt
2 PB= mvsin 60°
1 1 1 9.8
9.8 m As the figure drawn above shows that at points A and
2 2 2 8
54. (b) Comparing the given equation with the equation of B the vertical component of velocity is v sin 60° but
trajectory of a projectile, their directions are opposite.
Hence, change in momentum is given by :
gx 2
y x tan p mvsin 60 ( mv sin 60 ) 2mv sin 60
2u 2 cos 2
1 3
we get, tan 30 2mv
3mv
3 2
57. (a) The motion of the train will affect only the horizontal
20
and 2u 2 cos 2 20 u2 component of the velocity of the ball. Since, vertical
2cos 2 component is same for both observers, the ym will be
10 10 40 same, but R will be different.
2 2 3
cos 30 3 v2
58. (c) a = 1 cm/s. Centripetal acceleration is directed
2 r
towards the centre. Its magnitude = 1. Unit vector at
u2 40 4 the mid point on the path between P and Q is
Now, R max m
g 3 10 3 ˆ / 2.
(xˆ y)
MOTION IN APLANE 87
Now at highest point of flight, the vertical component
59. (c) v sin 45° of velocity is zero & only horizontal component is non
v
1
zero. So K.E. at highest point is E ' m(v cos 45º ) 2
45°
u sin 60° u 2
A v cos 45° =E /2
64. (b) Given, u1 = u2 = u, 1 = 60º, 2 = 30º
60° In Ist case, we know that range
O u cos 60° B u 2 sin 2(60 ) u 2 sin 120 u 2 sin( 90 30 )
R1
Velocity of projectile u = 147 ms–1 g g g
angle of projection = 60°
Let, the time taken by the projectile from O to A be t u 2 (cos 30 ) 3u 2
where direction = 45°. As horizontal component of g 2g
velocity remains constant during the projectile motion. In IInd case when 2 30 , then
v cos 45° = u cos 60°
u 2 sin 60 u2 3
1 1
147 R2 R1 = R2
v× 1 g 2g
147 ms v
2 2 2 (we get same value of ranges).
For Vertical motion, vy = uy – gt
6t 4t
v sin 45° = 45sin 60° – 9.8 t 65. (a) F = 6tiˆ + 4tjˆ or a x ,a y
3 3
147 1 3
147 9.8 t so u x = ot a x dt = t 2 (u x ) t=3 = 9m/sec
2 2 2
147 2t 2
9.8 t = ( 3 1) t = 5.49 s and u y = ot a y dt = (u y ) t 3 6 m / sec
2 3
60. (d) When a cyclist moves on a circular path, it experiences (because ux & uy = 0 at t = 0 sec)
a centrifugal force which is equal to mv2 / r. It tries to 1 2
overturn the cyclist in outward direction. If speed 66. (b) s gt , s and g are same for both the balls, so time
increases twice, the value of centrifugal force too 2
increases to 4 times its earlier value. Therefore the of fall ‘t’ will also be the same for both of them (s is
chance of overturning is 1/4 times. vertical height)
61. (c) Here v = 0.5 m/sec. u = ? 67. (c) P vector sum A B
u u 1 Q vector differences A B
so sin or u = 0.25 ms–1
v .5 2
Since P and Q are perpendicular
B u C direction P.Q 0
of flow
v (A B).(A B) 0 A2 = B2 A B
river 68. (b) Circumference of circle is 2 r = 40m
30º
Total distance travelled in two revolution is 80m. Initial
120º velocity u =0, final veloctiy v = 80 m/sec
A so from
v2 =u2+2as
62. (d) r (a cos t )î (a sin t )ˆj (80)2 = 02+2×80×a
a = 40m/sec2
d(r ) d
v {(a cos t )î (a sin t )ˆj} 69. (b) | A B | A B sin
dt dt
A.B A B cos
( a sin t )î (a cos t ) ĵ
| A B | 3 A.B
[( a sin t )î (a cos t )ˆj] AB sin = 3 AB cos or tan = 3
r .v 0 = 60º
velocity is perpendicular to the displacement.
| A B| A2 B2 2ABcos 60º
1 2E
63. (b) Since E mv 2 v
2 m
A2 B2 AB
88 PHYSICS
70. (b) For two vectors to be perpendicular to each other
Hence, VB = 2i 3j
A B =0
dr
( 2 i 3 j 8k ) · ( 4 j 4 i k )=0 77. (b) r = i a t2 + j b t2, v i2a t j2b t
dt
4 1
–8 + 12 + 8 = 0 or Magnitude of v (4 a 2 t 2 4 b2 t 2 )
8 2
71. (d) ( B A ) A C A = CA cos90º = 0. 2 t (a 2 b2 )

72. (a) ar = 2 R
78. (c) P vector sum A B
Q vector differences A B
Since P and Q are perpendicular
P.Q 0
22
2 22 A2 = B2
ar = (2 2)2R = 4 222R = 4
2
(1) v (A B).(A B) 0
44 44
A B
dv
at 0 79. (a) Note : According to the given question, no specific
dt
anet = ar = 2 ms–2 and direction along the radius direction of motion is given. Therefore minimum time
towards the centre. taken = 4/4 = 1hr, when boat move right across the
73. (a) In circular motion of a particle with constant speed, flow.
particle repeats its motion after a regular interval of 80. (b) In non-uniform circular motion,
time but does not oscillate about a fixed point. So, resultant acceleration, a = ac2 at2
motion of particle is periodic but not simple harmonic.
where ac = centripetal acceleration
at = tangential acceleration
Here,
v2 (20)2
ac = 40 m/s2
r 10
74. (a) Note that the given angles of projection add upto 90°. at = 30 m/s2 (given)
So, the ratio of horizontal ranges is 1 : 1.
a= ac2 at2
2 2 2
u sin 45 u
75. (b) H = ...(1)
2g 4g (40)2 (30)2 = 50 m/s2
81. (c) At the two points of the trajectory during projection,
u 2 sin 90 u2 the horizontal component of the velocity is the same.
R=
g g ucos 60° = vcos 45°
1 1 147
R u2 147 v m /s
...(2) 2 2 2
2 2g
Vertical component of u = u sin 60°
u2 147 3
H 4g 1 1 1 m=
tan = 2 tan 2
R/2 u 2 2 Vertical component of v = v sin 45°
2g 147 1 147
= m
2 2 2
u 147 147 3
H but vy = uy + ayt 9.8t
2 2
45°
R/2 R/2 147
9.8t = ( 3 1) t = 5.49s.
2
76. (b) At point B the direction of velocity component of the 82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (d) 86. (a)
projectile along Y - axis reverses.

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Motion in A Plane-01

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4 MOTION IN A

rA (iii) If the vectors A and B are orthogonal,

1. If A B , then A B 0 is a null vector..

4. If A B , then | A | | B | and Â B̂ , where A ˆ and B ˆ are –B

unit vectors of A and B respectively.

|A| A 2x A 2y A z2 , where | A | is modulus or

Similarly, if b̂ is the unit vector along the direction of î ĵ , F2 F1 250ˆj 250iˆ ,

(î ĵ) (î ĵ) (2 3) 1 N

Component vector of A along ˆi ˆj 135°

The direction of (A B) perpendicular to the plane containing Keep in Memory

vectors A and B in the sense of advance of a right handed A x Bx A yBy A z Bz A.B

A A 0 j 7. If | A B | A . B then angle between A and B is .

ˆi ˆj 10. The sum and product of vectors is independent of

s3 = 2 cos 45º ˆi 2 sin 45º ˆj

Displacement s (4 2 2)jˆ = (1.17)jˆ = (1.17)

+ k̂ [(1 × –3) – (2 × 2)] A.B

|A B| (11)2 (5)2 ( 7) 2 14 Now A 12 12 ( 2) 2 6,

If is the angle made by v with the horizontal, then

Condition for time of flight T to be maximum :

O B It means that if 1 is the angle for projectile for which T is maximum

The horizontal range R of the projectile is given by –v1

8. If n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of the vector A, then (a) (b)

(a) 2 sec (b) 3 sec (c) R h1h 2 (d) None of these

(c) C is always equal to A B

v r (c) cos 1[ (x 2 y 2 ) /(x 2 y 2 )]

(a) (A 2 B 2 3AB)½ (b) (A 2 B2 AB)½ (a) (b)

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

u 2 2 sin cos u 2 sin 2 14. (a) A parabola

so R 30º R 60º R 45º or R A RC RB

(u 2 sin 2q)2 R2 cos q = -

P sin q Where y denotes the instantaneous height of particle

3iˆ + + bjˆ + 2kˆæ3 6 2 ö 120 m/s

angles made by A with coordinate axes, then v2

For C, horizontal velocity remains same, i.e. u. Vertical

The resultant v C = v 2x v 2y = u2 2gh .

71. (d) ( B A ) A C A = CA cos90º = 0. 2 t (a 2 b2 )

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