Laws of Motion-01

5 LAWS OF MOTION
ARISTOTLE’S FALLACY
According to Aristotelian law an external force is required to keep Third law : To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
a body in motion. However an external force is required to For example – walking , swimming , a horse pulling a cart etc.
overcome the frictional forces in case of solids and viscous forces FAB = – FBA
in fluids which are always present in nature. Action and reaction act on different bodies and hence cannot
LINEAR MOMENTUM (p) balance each other. Action and reaction occur simultaneously.
Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained in Forces always occur in pairs.
the body. Momentum p mv EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
It is a vector quantity having the same direction as the direction A body is said to be in equilibrium when no net force acts on the
of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg ms–1. body.
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION i.e., F = 0
First law : A body continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform Then Fx 0, Fy 0 and Fz 0
motion, unless it is acted upon by some external force to change Stable equilibrium : If a body is slightly displaced from equilbrium
its state. position, it has the tendency to regain its original position, it is
Newton’s first law gives the qualitative definition of force according said to be in stable equilibrium.
to which force is that external cause which tends to change or
actually changes the state of rest or motion of a body. d 2u
In this case, P.E. is minimum. ve
Newton’s first law of motion is the same as law of inertia given by dr 2
Galileo.
Inertia is the inherent property of all bodies because of which So, the centre of gravity is lowest.
Unstable equilibrium : If a body, after being displaced from the
they cannot change their state of rest or of uniform motion unless
equilibrium position, moves in the direction of displacement, it is
acted upon by an external force.
said to be in unstable equilibrium.
Second law : The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the external force applied on it and the change d 2u
takes place in the direction of force applied. In this case, P.E. is maximum. ve
dr 2
dp mdv
i.e., F = = = ma So, the centre of gravity is highest.
dt dt Neutral equilibrium : If a body, after being slightly displaced
This is the equation of motion of constant mass system. For from the equilibrium position has no tendency to come back or to
variable mass system such as rocket propulsion move in the direction of displacement the equilibrium is known to
be neutral.
d ( mv )
F=
dt d 2u
In this case, P.E. is constant constant
m(dv ) dm dr 2
And, F = v
dt dt The centre of gravity remains at constant height.
The SI unit of force is newton. (One newton force is that much COMMON FORCES IN MECHANICS
force which produces an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass 1. Weight : It is the force with which the earth attracts a body
1 kg. and is called force of gravity, For a body of mass m, where
The CGS unit of force is dyne. (1N = 105 dyne) acceleration due to gravity is g, the weight
The gravitational unit of force is kg-wt (kg-f) or g-wt (g-f) W = mg
1 kg-wt (kg-f) = 9.8 N, 1 g-wt (g-f) = 980dyne
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90 PHYSICS
2. Tension : The force exerted by the ends of a loaded/stretched
string (or chain) is called tension. The tension has a sense
of pull at its ends. Case 3
N
Case 1 Case 2 mg sin mg cos
2T mg
T
2T
T Massless N = mg cos
T T pulley
T T
m1 m2 4. Spring force : If an object is connected by spring and spring
m1g m2g is stretched or compressed by a distance x, then restoring
force on the object F = – kx
Case 3 where k is a spring contact on force constant.
T T a 5. Frictional force : It is a force which opposes relative motion
T' T' T1
T between the surfaces in contact. f = N
T m
T1 – T = ma This will be discussed in detail in later section.
T
If m = 0, T1 = T 6. Pseudo force : If a body of mass m is placed in a non-inertial
i.e tension is same frame having aceleration a , then it experiences a Pseudo
The tension in a string remains the same throughout the string if force acting in a direction opposite to the direction of a .
(a) string is massless,
(b) pulley is massless or pulley is frictionless Fpseudo – ma
Case 4 : String having mass Negative sign shows that the pseudo force is always directed
in a direction opposite to the direction of the acceleration of
the frame.
y
Let the total mass of the string be M and length be L. Then mass a
Fpseudo
per unit length is
M m x
L
Let x be the distance of the string from the mass m. Then the mass z
M CONSTRAINT MOTION :
of the shaded portion of string is x When the motion of one body is dependent on the other body,
L
the relationship of displacements, velocities and accelerations of
If the string is at rest then the tension T has to balance the wt of
the two bodies are called constraint relationships.
shaded portion of string and weight of mass m.
Case 1 Pulley string system :
M
T m x g
L X
as x increases, the tension increases. Thus tension is non- F

uniform in a string having mass.
3. Normal force : It measures how strongly one body presses x Block
the other body in contact. It acts normal to the surface of
contact. Step 1 : Find the distance of the two bodies from fixed points.
Step 2 : The length of the string remain constant. (We use of
mg
Case 1 N = mg this condition)
N Therefore X + (X – x) = constant 2X – x = constant
Case 2 dX dx dX dx
2 – 0 2
a N – mg = ma dt dt dt dt
m mg N = m(g + a)
dX
2Vp vB Vp velocity of pulley
N dt
LAWS OF MOTION 91
dx When the observer is in non-inertial reference frame a
v B velocity of block pseudo force is applied on the body under observation.
dt
Again differentiating we get, 2ap = aB Free Body Diagram (FBD) :
dVp dvB Free body diagram of a mass is a separate diagram of that mass.
ap and a B All forces acting on the mass are sketched. A FBD is drawn to
dt dt
visualise the direct forces acting on a body.
ap = acceleration of pulley, aB = acceleration of block Case 1 : Masses M1 and M2 are tied to a string, which goes over
2
x2 a frictionless pulley
Case 2 Here h y constt. On differentiating w.r.t ‘t’
(a) If M2 > M1 and they move with acceleration a
h
T
1 2 a T
F M1
x a
[Negative sign with dy/dt shows that with increase in time, y M1g M2
decreases]
1 2x dx dy cos (v1 – v2) = 0
0 M2g
2 h2 x 2 dt dt
FBD of M1, FBD of M2
x T T
cos
h 2 x2
M1 a M2 a
Case 3 Wedge block system : Thin lines represents the condition
of wedge block at t = 0 and dotted lines at t = t
M1g M2g
c T M1g M1a M 2g T M 2a
ax where T is the tension in the string. It gives
ay ay M 2 M1 2M 1 M 2
a g and T g
M1 M 2 M1 M 2
B ax Ax A (b) If the pulley begins to move with acceleration f,
Ax
downwards
Ax = acceleration of wedge towards left M 2 M1 2 M1M 2
ax, ay = acceleration of block as shown a (g f ) and T (g f)
M1 M 2 M1 M 2
ay Case 2 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are connected with strings
From ABC , tan
ax Ax as shown in the figure and lie on a frictionless surface. They are
Frame of Reference : pulled with a force F attached to M1.
Reference frames are co-ordinate systems in which an event is T2 T2 T1 T 1
M3 M2 M1 F
described.
There are two types of reference frames The forces on M2 and M3 are as follows
(a) Inertial frame of reference: These are frames of reference
in which Newton’s laws hold good. These frames are at rest M 2 M3 M3
T1 F and T2 F;
with each other or which are moving with uniform speed M1 M 2 M 3 M1 M 2 M 3
with respect to each other.
All reference frames present on surface of Earth are F
Acceleration of the system is a
supposed to be inertial frame of reference. M1 M 2 M3
(b) Non – inertial frame of reference: Newton’s law do not
Case 3 : Two blocks of masses M1 and M2 are suspended
hold good in non-inertial reference frame.
All accelerated and rotatory reference frames are non – vertically from a rigid support with the help of strings as shown
inertial frame of reference. Earth is a non-intertial frame. in the figure. The mass M2 is pulled down with a force F.
92 PHYSICS
T1 y
R=N T x
T1
M1 g M1
T2 M1g cos
T2 M1g sin M1g
M2g
M2 FBD of M2
M2M1 g
F T
M1 M2 (1+sin ) T a
The tension between the masses M1 and M2 will be
M2g
T2 = F + M2g
Tension between the support and the mass M1 will be
(ii) When the mass M 1 moves downwards with
T1 = F + (M1 + M2)g
Case 4 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to a string which acceleration a.
passes over a pulley attached to the edge of a horizontal table. Equation of motion for M1 and M2,
The mass M1 lies on the frictionless surface of the table. M1g sin – T = M1a ...(1)
T T – M2g = M2a ...(2)
M1 Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get,
a M1 sin M2 M 2 M1 g
T a g; T
M1 M 2 M1 M 2 (1 sin )
M2 (a) If (M2/M1 = sin ) then the system does not accelerate.
M2 g (b) Changing position of masses, does not affect the
tension. Also, the acceleration of the system remains
Let the tension in the string be T and the acceleration of the unchanged.
system be a. Then
T = M1a ...(1) (c) If M1 = M2 = M (say), then
M2g – T = M2a ...(2) 2 2
Adding eqns. (1) and (2), we get g Mg
a cos sin ;T cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
M2 M1 M 2
a g and T g Case 6 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
M1 M 2 M1 M 2
string over a pulley attached to the top of a double inclined
Case 5 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
string, which passes over a frictionless pulley at the top of the plane of angle of inclination and .
inclined plane of inclination . Let the tension in the string be T. Let M2 move downwards with acceleration a and the tension in
the string be T then
M1 M1 M2
M2
M1g sin M1g cos
M1g
M2g
FBD of M1 a
T
(i) When the mass M1 moves upwards with acceleration a.
M1
From the FBD of M1 and M2,
T – M1g sin = M1a ...(1)
n M1gcos
M2g – T = M2a ...(2) gsi M1g
Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get,
M1
M 2 M1 sin Equation of motion for M1

a g T – M1g sin = M1a
M1 M 2
or T = M1g sin + M1a ...(1)
FBD of mass M1
LAWS OF MOTION 93
FBD of M2 By work-energy theorem loss in P.E. = gain in K.E.
T a
M 1
2
mgh mv 2 v 2gh
2
M
M2gcos gsi
M2g
2
n Also, from the figure, h = sin . v 2gh 2g sin
Equation of motion for M2 (a) Acceleration down the plane is g sin .
M2g sin – T = M2a (b) Its velocity at the bottom of the inclined plane will be
or T = M2g sin – M2a ...(2) 2 gh 2 g sin
Using eqn. (1) and (2) we get,
(c) Time taken to reach the bottom will be
M1g sin + M1a = M2g sin – M2a
1/ 2 1/ 2
Solving we get, 2 2h 1 1 2h
t
M 2 sin M1 sin g M 1M 2 g g sin g sin 2 g
1/ 2 sin g
a and T [sin sin ] sin
M1 M 2 M1 M 2 2h
Case 7 : A person/monkey climbing a rope (d) If angles of inclination are 1 and 2 for two inclined planes
T ½
t1 sin 2
Keeping the length constant then
a t2 sin 1
Case 9 : Weight of a man in a lift :
a
(i) When lift is accelerated upward : In this case the man also
Mg moves in upward direction with an acceleration a .
(a) A person of mass M climbs up a rope with acceleration a.
The tension in the rope will be M(g+a).
T – Mg = Ma T = M(g + a)
(b) If the person climbs down along the rope with acceleration a a
a, the tension in the rope will be M(g–a).
mg
T N
Then from Newton’ second law
N – mg = ma or N = m(g + a)
a a
or Wapp = m(g + a) Wo (1 a / g ) (as W = mg)
Mg Where Wapp is apparent weight of the man in the lift, Wo is
Mg – T = Ma T = M(g – a) the real weight, N is the reaction of lift on the man. It is clear
(c) When the person climbs up or down with uniform speed, that N = Wapp
tension in the string will be Mg. When the lift moves upward and if we measure the weight
Case 8 : A body starting from rest moves along a smooth inclined of the man by any means (such as spring balance) then we
plane of length l, height h and having angle of inclination . observe more weight (i.e., Wapp) than the real weight (Wo)
Wapp >Wo
(ii) When lift is accelerated downward : In this case from
l Newton’s second law
h FBD of body
a
N=R
mg
N
mg cos mg – N = ma
mg sin
mg or N = m(g – a) = Wo(1– a/g)
(where N=R is normal reaction applied by plane on the body or W'app= Wo(1– a/g) Wo mg
of mass m) If we measure the weight of man by spring balance, we
For downward motion, along the inclined plane, observe deficiency because Wapp< Wo.
mg sin ma a g sin
94 PHYSICS
(iii)When lift is at rest or moving with constant velocity : From From figure, d = R d ;
Newton’s second law N –mg = 0 or N = mg Mass of the element,
In this case spring balance gives the true weight of the man. m m
dm = d ; or dm = .R d
Case 10 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are placed on a smooth
surface in contact with each other as shown in the figure. Force responsible for acceleration, dF = (dm)g sin ;
A force F pushes them as shown in the figure and the three
masses move with acceleration a, m mgR
dF = Rd (g sin ) sin d
M3
M2 Net force on the chain can be obtained by integrating the
M1 above relation between 0 to , we have
F2
F1 F
F2 F1 mg R mg R mg R
F sin d ( cos ) [1 cos ]
0 0
a
M1 mg R
F – F1 = m1a ...(i) 1 cos ;
F1 F R
M2
F2 F1 F1 – F2 = m2a ...(ii) F gR
Acceleration, a 1 cos .
M3 m R
F2 F2 = M3 a ...(iii) Example 2.
A block slides down a smooth inclined plane to the ground
F
Adding eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii) we get, a when released at the top, in time t second. Another block is
M1 M2 M3 dropped vertically from the same point, in the absence of
M 3F the inclined plane and reaches the ground in t/2 second.
(M 2 M 3 )F
F2 and F1 Then find the angle of inclination of the plane with the
M1 M 2 M 3 M1 M 2 M 3 vertical.
Solution :
Keep in Memory If is the angle which the inclined plane makes with the
vertical direction, then the acceleration of the block sliding
1. When a man jumps with load on his head, the apparent down the plane of length will be g cos .
weight of the load and the man is zero.
2. (i) If a person sitting in a train moving with uniform A
velocity throws a coin vertically up, then coin will fall
back in his hand.
(ii) If the train is uniformly accelerated, the coin will fall h
behind him.
(iii) If the train is retarded uniformly, then the coin will fall
in front of him.
C B
Example 1.
A chain of length is placed on a smooth spherical surface 1 2
Using the formula, s ut at , we have s = , u = 0, t = t
of radius R with one of its ends fixed at the top of the 2
sphere. What will be the acceleration a of each element of and a = g cos .
the chain when its upper end is released? It is assumed that
1 1
R so g cos t 2
0 t (g cos )t 2 ...(i)
the length of chain . 2 2
2 Taking vertical downward motion of the block, we get
Solution :
1 1 2
Let m be the mass of the chain of length . Consider an h 0 g ( t / 2) 2 gt / 4 ...(ii)
element of length d of the chain at an angle with vertical, 2 2
Dividing eqn. (ii) by (i), we get
h 1
[ cos h/ ]
dl 4 cos
d 1 1
1
or cos ; or cos 2 ; or cos
R 4 cos 4 2
or = 60º
LAWS OF MOTION 95
Example 3. Example 6.
A large mass M and a small mass Two masses each equal to m are lying on X-axis at (–a, 0)
m hang at the two ends of a string and (+ a, 0) respectively as shown in fig. They are connected
that passes through a smooth by a light string. A force F is applied at the origin and along
tube as shown in fig. The mass m the Y-axis. As a result, the masses move towards each other.
moves around a circular path in a l
What is the acceleration of each mass? Assume the
horizontal plane. The length of the r m instantaneous position of the masses as (– x, 0) and (x, 0)
string from mass m to the top of
respectively
the tube is l, and is the angle the
string makes with the vertical. F
What should be the frequency ( )
T
of rotation of mass m so that mass
M remains stationary? M
Solution : (–a, 0) (a, 0)
Tension in the string T = Mg. –X X
m O m
Centripetal force on the body = mr 2 =mr ( 2 )2. This is Solution :
provided by the component of tension acting horizontally
i.e. T sin ( = Mg sin ). F
1 Mg
mr ( 2 )2 = Mg sin = Mgr/l. or A
2 ml
Example 4. T T
A string of negligible mass going over a clamped pulley of B C
mass m supports a block of mass M as shown in fig. The
(–x, 0) O (x, 0)
force on the pulley by the clamp is given by
(a) 2 Mg From figure F = 2 T cos or T = F/(2 cos )
m
The force responsible for motion of masses on X-axis is T
(b) 2 mg sin
F
(c) [ (M m)2 m2 ] g ma T sin sin
2 cos
F F OB F x
(d) [ (M m)2 M2 ] g M tan
2 2 OA 2 (a 2
x2)
Solution : (c)
Force on the pulley by the clamp = resultant of F x
T = (M + m)g and mg acting along horizontal and vertical so, a
respectively 2m (a 2
x2)
F [(M m)g]2 (mg)2 [ (M m)2 m2 ]g Example 7.
A block of mass M is pulled along horizontal frictionless
Example 5.
surface by a rope of mass m. Force P is applied at one end of
The masses of 10 kg and 20 kg respectively are connected
by a massless spring in fig. A force of 200 newton acts on the rope. Find the force which the rope exerts on the block.
20 kg mass. At the instant shown, the 10 kg mass has Solution :
acceleration 12 m/sec2. What is the acceleration of 20 kg mass? The situation is shown in fig
T O
20 kg M P
10 kg
200 newton m
Let a be the common acceleration of the system. Here
Solution : T = M a for block
Force on 10 kg mass = 10 × 12 = 120 N P – T = m a for rope
The mass of 10 kg will pull the mass of 20 kg in the backward
P
direction with a force of 120 N. P – M a = m a or P = a (M + m) or a
( M m)
Net force on mass 20 kg = 200 – 120 = 80 N
MP
force 80 N T
Its acceleration a 4 m / s2 (M m)
mass 20 kg
96 PHYSICS
Example 8. where p1 , p 2 ...............p n are individual linear momentum of first,
In the system shown below, friction and mass of the pulley second and nth particle respectively.
are negligible. Find the acceleration of m 2 if If this rigid body is isolated i.e., no external force is applied on it,
m1 = 300 g, m2 = 500 g and F = 1.50 N
then Ptotal constant (from Newton’s second law).
Further we know that internal forces (such as intermolecular forces
etc.) also act inside the body, but these can only change individual
linear momentum of the particles (i.e., p1, p2.........), but their total
momentum Ptotal remains constant.
Solution : Gun Firing a Bullet
When the pulley moves a distance d, m1 will move a distance If a gun of mass M fires a bullet of mass m with velocity v. Then
2d. Hence m1 will have twice as large an acceleration as m2 from law of conservation of momentum, as initially bullet & gun
has. are at rest position i.e., initial momentum is zero, so final momentum
For mass m1, T1 = m1 (2a) ...(1) (gun + bullet) must also be zero.
For mass m2, F – T2 = m2(a) ...(2) Since on firing, the bullet moves with velocity v b in forward
T2 direction, then from Newton’s third law, the gun moves in backward
Putting T1 in eqn. (1) gives T2 = 4m1a
2 direction v g . So,
Initial momentum = final momentum
0 mvb MVg
mvb
Momentum Momentum Vg
of bullet of gun M
(–ve sign shows that the vel. of gun will have the opposite
Substituting value of T2 in equation (2), direction to that of bullet)
F = 4m1a + m2a = (4m1 + m2)a IMPULSE
According to Newton’s second law the rate of change of
F 1.50 momentum of a particle is equal to the total external force applied
Hence a 0.88 m / s 2
4m1 m 2 4(0.3) 0.5 on it (particle) i.e.,
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM dP

Fext ...(i)
A system is said to be isolated, when no external force acts on it. dt
For such isolated system, the linear momentum ( P mv ) is tf
or dP Fext .dt or P Pf Pi Fext .dt ...(ii)
constant i.e., conserved. ti
The linear momentum is defined as
Where Pi is momentum of the particle at initial time ti and when
P mv .....(1)
where v is the velocity of the body, whose mass is m. The direction we apply some external force Fext its final momentum is Pf at
of P is same as the direction of the velocity of the body. It is a time tf . The quantity Fext dt on R.H.S in equation (ii) is called the
vector quantity. From Newton’s second law, impulse.
d d We can write equation (ii) as
Fext . (mv) P .....(2)
dt dt tf
I Fext .dt P ...(iii)
i.e., time rate of change in momentum of the body is equal to total ti
external force applied on the body.
So, the impulse of the force Fext is equal to the change in
d
If Fext . 0 (P) 0 or P = constant .....(3) momentum of the particle. It is known as impulse momentum
dt theorem.
This is called law of conservation of momentum.
Now let us consider a rigid body consisting of a large number of Fext.
particles moving with different velocities, then total linear
momentum of the rigid body is equal to the summation of individual
linear momentum of all particles
n
impulse
i.e., pi p1 p2 p3 ..........p n
Area=
i 1
n
or Ptotal pi p1 p2 p3 .......... pn t
i 1 ti (a) tf
LAWS OF MOTION 97
Force vary with time and impulse is area under force versus Example 10.
time curve A hammer of mass M strikes a nail of mass m with velocity
of u m/s and drives it ‘s’ meters in to fixed block of wood.
Fext. Find the average resistance of wood to the penetration of
nail.
Area=Fext. t Solution :
Applying the law of conservation of momentum,
Fext.
. M
Fav m u = (M + m) v0 v0 u
m M
t
ti (b) tf There acceleration a can be obtained using the formula
(v2 = u2 + 2as).
Force constant with time i.e., Fext. constant with time (shown Here we have 0 – v02 = 2as or a = v02 /2s
by horizontal line) and it would give same impulse to particle 2
M u2
in time t = tf – ti as time varying force described. a
It is a vector quantity having a magnitude equal to the area under m M 2s
the force-time curve as shown in fig. (a). In this figure, it is assumed
that force varies with time and is non-zero in time interval t = tf– M2 u2
Resistance = (M + m) a
m M 2s
ti. Fig.(b) shows the time averaged force Fext. i.e., it is constant
in time interval t, then equation (iii) can be written as Example 11.
A ball of mass 0.5 kg is thrown towards a wall so that it
tf
I Fext. dt I Fext. t ...(iv) strikes the wall normally with a speed of 10 ms–1. If the ball
ti Fext. (t f ti )
bounces at right angles away from the wall with a speed of
The direction of impulsive vector I is same as the direction of 8ms–1, what impulse does the wall exert on the ball ?
change in momentum. Impulse I has same dimensions as that of Solution :
momentum i.e, [MLT–1] Approaching wall
Rocket propulsion (A case of system of variable mass ) : It is u = –10 ms–1
based on principle of conservation of linear momentum. 10
f
In rocket, the fuel burns and produces gases at high temperature.
These gases are ejected out of the rocket from nozzle at the 8 Leaving wall
backside of rocket and the ejecting gas exerts a forward force on v = +8 ms–1
the rocket which accelerates it.
Taking the direction of the impulse J as positive and using
dM J = mv – mu
Let the gas ejects at a rate r and at constant velocity u
dt 1 1
w.r.t. rocket then from the conservation of linear momentum we have J 8( 10) 9 N-s
2 2
dv ru ru Therefore the wall exerts an impulse of 9 N-s on the ball.
where M = M0 - rt and M0 is mass of rocket
dt M M 0 rt
Example 12.
M0 Two particles, each of mass m, collide head on when their
with fuel and solving this equation, we get v u log e speeds are 2u and u. If they stick together on impact, find
M 0 rt
their combined speed in terms of u.
where v = velocity of rocket w.r.t. ground. Solution :
Example 9. m m
Two skaters A and B approach each other at right angles. Before impact u
Skater A has a mass 30 kg and velocity 1 m/s and skater B 2u
has a mass 20 kg and velocity 2 m/s. They meet and cling
2m
together. Find the final velocity of the couple. After impact v
Solution : Using conservation of linear momentum (in the direction of
Applying principle of conservation of linear momentum, the velocity 2u) we have
p p12 p 22 ; ( m1 m 2 ) v ( m1 v1 ) 2 (m 2 v 2 ) 2 1
(m) (2u) – mu = 2m × V V u
2
2 2
30 20 v 30 1 20 2 50 The combined mass will travel at speed u/2.
(Note that the momentum of the second particle before impact
50 is negative because its sense is opposite to that specified
v 1 m/s
50 as positive.)
98 PHYSICS
FRICTION Fig.(c) (fs )max is equal to mkN. When the book is in motion,
When a body is in motion on a rough surface, or when an object
we call the retarding frictional force as the force of kinetic
moves through water (i.e., viscous medium), then velocity of the
friction fk.
body decreases constantly even if no external force is applied on
the body. This is due to friction. Since fk< (fs )max , so it is clear that, we require more force to
So “an opposing force which comes into existence, when two start motion than to maintain it against friction.
surfaces are in contact with each other and try to move relative to By experiment one can find that (fs )max and f k are
one another, is called friction”. proportional to normal force N acting on the book (by rough
Frictional force acts along the common surface between the two surface) and depends on the roughness of the two surfaces
bodies in such a direction so as to oppose the relative movement in contact.
of the two bodies. Note :
(a) The force of static friction fs between book and rough surface (i) The force of static friction between any two surfaces
is opposite to the applied external force Fext. The force of r
r in contact is opposite to Fext. and given by f s £ ms N
static friction fs = Fext .
and (fs )max = ms N (when the body just moves in the
R=N
right direction).
fs Book Fext. where N = W = weight of book and ms is called
coefficient of static friction, fs is called force of static
(a) friction and (fs )max is called limiting friction or
W maximum value of static friction.
r
(b) When Fext . exceeds the certain maximum value of static (ii) The force of kinetic friction is opposite to the direction
friction, the book starts accelerating and during motion of motion and is given by fk = mkN
Kinetic frictional force is present. where mk is coefficient of kinetic friction.
(iii) The value of mk and ms depends on the nature of
R=N Body just starts moving
surfaces and mk is always less then ms.
Book Friction on an inclined plane : Now we consider a book on an
fk Fext. inclined plane & it just moves or slips, then by definition
(f s) m
a x
(b) R=N
W
r ok
Bo
A graph Fext . versus | f | shown in figure. It is clear that fs, ,max
q mg cos q
(c)
q
> fk s in mg=W
mg q
|f|
( f s )max = m s R
(fs)max Now from figure, f s,max = mg sin q and R = mg cosq
Body is Body starts with
=msN at rest acceleration Þ ms= tanq or q = tan–1(ms)
where angle q is called the angle of friction or angle of repose
fk=mk N Some facts about friction :
(1) The force of kinetic friction is less than the force of static
O static kinetic friction and the force of rolling friction is less than force of
region region kinetic friction i.e.,
(c)
Fig.(a) shows a book on a horizontal rough surface. Now if fr < fk < fs or mrolling < mkinetic < mstatic
r hence it is easy to roll the drum in comparison to sliding it.
we apply external force Fext. , on the book, then the book
r (2) Frictional force does not oppose the motion in all cases,
will remain stationary if Fext. is not too large. If we increase infact in some cases the body moves due to it.
r
Fext. then frictional force f also increase up to (fs )max B
(called maximum force of static friction or limiting friction)
r A Fext
and (fs )max = msN. At any instant when Fext. is slightly
greater than (fs )max then the book moves and accelerates to In the figure, book B moves to the right due to friction
the right. between A and B. If book A is totally smooth (i.e., frictionless)
Fig.(b) when the book is in motion, the retarding frictional then book B does not move to the right. This is because of
no force applies on the book B in the right direction.
force become less than, (fs )max
LAWS OF MOTION 99
Laws of limiting friction : Figure shows three processes A, B and C by which we can reach
(i) The force of friction is independent of area of surfaces from an initial position to final position. If force is conservative,
in contact and relative velocity between them (if it is then work done is same in all the three processes i.e., independent
not too high). of the path followed between initial and final position.
(ii) The force of friction depends on the nature of material
of surfaces in contact (i.e., force of adhesion). If force is non conservative then work done from i to f is different
m depends upon n ature of the surface. It is in all three paths A,B and C.
independent of the normal reaction. Hence it is clear that work done in conservative force depends
(iii) The force of friction is directly proportional to normal
only on initial & final position irrespective of the path followed
reaction i.e., F µ N or F = mn.
While solving a problem having friction involved, follow between initial & final position. In case of non-conservative forces
the given methodology the work done depends on the path followed between initial and
final position.
If Fapp < fl
We can say also that there is no change in kinetic energy of the
Body does not move and
Fapp = frictional force body in complete round trip in case of conservative force. While
in case of non conservative forces, when a body return to its
Check If Fapp = fl initial position after completing the round trip, the kinetic energy
(a) Fapp Body is on the verge of movement of the body may be more or less than the kinetic energy with
(b) Limiting if the body is initially at rest which it starts.
friction (fl) Body moves with constant velocity Example 13.
Pushing force making an angle q to the horizontal is applied
on a block of weight W placed on a horizontal table. If the
angle of friction is f, then determine the magnitude of force
required to move the body.
Rolling Friction : Solution :
The name rolling friction is a misnomer. Rolling friction has nothing
The various forces acting on the block are shown in fig.
to do with rolling. Rolling friction occurs during rolling as well as
sliding operation.
N
f cosq
f q
Cause of rolling friction : When a body is kept on a surface of F
another body it causes a depression (an exaggerated view shown mg F sinq
in the figure). When the body moves, it has to overcome the
depression. This is the cause of rolling friction. Here,
Rolling friction will be zero only when both the bodies f
incontact are rigid. Rolling friction is very small as compared to m = tan f = ; or f = N tanf ...(i)
N
sliding friction. Work done by rolling friction is zero
The condition for the block just to move is
CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES
Fcosq = f = N tanf ...(ii)
If work done on a particle is zero in complete round trip, the force
and F sinq + W = N ...(iii)
is said to be conservative. The gravitational force, electrostatics
force, elastic force etc., are conservative forces. On the other From (ii) and (iii),
hand if the work done on a body is not zero during a complete F cosq = (W + F sinq ) tan f = W tanf + F sin q tanf ;
round trip, the force is said to be non-conservative. The frictional
or F cos q – F sinq sinf/cosf = W sinf/cosf
force, viscous force etc. are non-conservative forces.
Final or F (cosq cosf – sinq sinf) = W sinf ;
position or F cos (q + f) = W sinf or F = W sinf / cos (q + f)
A f
Example 14.
B
An object of weight W is resting on an inclined plane at an
C angle q to the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction is
i
Initial m. Find the horizontal force needed to just push the object
position up the plane.
100 PHYSICS
Solution : (loss in kinetic energy of the particle) = (gain in potential energy)
The situation is shown in fig. In conservative force system (such as gravity force) the
mechanical energy (i.e., kinetic energy + potential energy) must
be constant.
os
R Fc Total energy will be constant
F Now from eqns.(2) and (3), we get
B
in
Ws F sin vB B
f= R
W cos
mg R
W D
TB
D TA
Let F be the horizontal force needed to just push the object R
up the plane. From figure R = W cos + F sin
Now f = R = [W cos + F sin ] ...(1) A vA= vC
Further, F cos = W sin + f ...(2) A mg
F cos = W sin + [W cos + F sin ] m 2 m
TA TB 2 mg (VA VB2 ) 2 mg (4gR )
F cos – F sin = W sin + W cos R R
W (sin cos ) TA TB 6mg ...(5)

F or TA = TB + 6mg ...(6)
(cos sin )
So it is clear from eqn. (6) that tension in string at lowest point
CASES OF CIRCULAR MOTIONS of vertical circle is greater then the tension at highest point of
Motion in a Vertical Circle : vertical circle by 6mg.
Let us consider a particle of mass m attached to a string of length Condition to complete a vertical circle :
R let the particle be rotated about its centre O.
If we reduce the velocity vA in equation (2), then TA will be reduce
At t = 0 the particle start with velocity u from the point A (lowest
point of vertical circle) and at time t its position is P. Then the and at some critical velocity vc, TB will be zero, then put TB = 0
tension at point P is given by and vB = vC in equation (3) and we obtain
B vC vB gR ...(7)
In this condition the necessary centripetal force at point B is
provided by the weight of the particle [see again equation (3)]
then from equation (4), we get
O vP
T v 2A gR 4 gR vA 5 gR ...(8)
R P
then the tension at the point A will be
A u mg cos q m(5gR )
mg sin mg TA mg 6mg ...(9)
R
mv 2P mv2P Hence if we rotate a particle in a vertical circle and tension in
TP mg cos or TP mg cos ...(1) string at highest point is zero, then the tension at lowest point of
R R
So tension at point A (lowest point of vertical circle) is vertical circle is 6 times of the weight of the particle.
mv 2A
TA mg ( = 0º) ...(2)
R Some Facts of Vertical Motion :
and tension at point B (highest point of vertical circle) is (i) The body will complete the vertical circle if its velocity at
mv 2B
TB mg ( =180º) ...(3) lowest point is equal to or greater then 5gR
R
mv 2 (ii) The body will oscillate about the lowest point if its velocity
Where is centripetal force required for the particle to move
r at lowest point is less then 2 gR . This will happen when
in a vertical circle.
Now from law of conservation of energy the velocity at the halfway mark, i.e.
1 1 1
mv 2A mv 2B 2 mgR vD 0 mv 2A mgR
2 2 2
or, v 2A v 2B 4gR ...(4) (iii) The string become slack and fails to describe the circle
when its velocity at lowest point lies between
(change in kinetic energy of particle)
= (change in potential energy of particle) 2gR to 5gR
or
LAWS OF MOTION 101
Example 15. Negotiating a Curve :
A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end of a Case of cyclist
string of length 20 cm. By how much does the tension of the To safely negotiate a curve of radius r, a cyclist should bend at an
string at the lowest point exceed the tension at the topmost angle with the vertical.
point? N Ncos
Solution :
The tension T 1 at the topmost point is given by,
m v12
T1 mg
20 Nsin
Centrifugal force acting outward while weight acting
downward
m v 22
The tension T2 at the lowest point, T2 mg v2
20 Which is given by tan = . Angle is also called as angle of
rg
Centrifugal force and weight (both) acting downward
banking.
m v 2 2 m v12 2 2
T2 T1 2mg ; v1 v2 2 g h or
20 mv 2
N sin and N cos mg
v22 v1 2 2 g (40 ) 80 g r
Case of car on a levelled road
80 m g A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a rough level
T2 T1 2mg 6 mg
20 road when coefficient of sliding friction is related to the velocity
Example 16.
v2
A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string of as s .
length L = (10/3) m is whirling in a circular path of radius L in rg
a vertical plane. If the ratio of the maximum to the minimum Now consider a case when a vehicle is moving in a circle, the
tension in the string is 4 and g = 10 m/s2, then find the speed of
mv 2
the stone at the highest point of the circle. centrifugal force is whereas m is mass of vehicle, r = radius
r
Solution :
of circle and v is its velocity.
P
mv 2
VP r
L fs
O The frictional force is static since wheels are in rolling motion
T because point of contact with the surface is at rest
q
mg cos q mv 2
fs fs f max s mg
VO q r
Q
mg mv 2 v2
The tension T in the string is given by s mg or s rg
r
Case of banking of road (frictionless)
vQ2 vP 2
Tmax m g and Tmin m g A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a smooth
L L (frictionless) road, when the angle of banking of the road is
According to the given problem v2

given by tan .
rg
g ( v Q 2 / L) vQ 2
4 or vP2
2 g 4g 4
g ( v P / L) L L N
Vertical
vP 2 4gL vP 2
or g 4g 4
L L
L = (10/3) m and g = 10 m/s2 (given) mg
Solving we get vP = 10 m/s. Horizontal
102 PHYSICS
When the banked surface is smooth, the force acting will be gravity Now in the case of minimum velocity with which body could move
and normal force only. in a circular motion, the direction of friction will be opposite to
that one in maximum velocity case.
N
fs
mv2
r N
mg mv 2
r
Balancing forces mg
N cos mg ...(1)
mv 2
N sin ...(2) 2 tan
r and vmin rg
1 tan
v2
tan ...(3) Keep in Memory
rg
Case of banking of road (with friction) 1. Whenever a particle is moving on the circular path then
The maximum velocity with which a vehicle can safely negotiate there must be some external force which will provide the
a curve of radius r on a rough inclined road is given by necessary centripetal acceleration to the particle.
For examples :
rg ( tan )
v2 = ; where is the coefficient of friction of the (i) Motion of satellite around a planet : Here the centripetal
1 tan force is provided by the gravitational force.
rough surface on which the vehicle is moving, and is the angle
of inclined road with the horizontal.
Suppose a vehicle is moving in a circle of radius r on a rough V
inclined road whose coefficient of friction is and angle of
M GMm mv 2 Satellite
banking is . i.e. 2 (m)
r r (M) Planet
N
N
mv 2 mv 2 (ii) Motion of electron around the nucleus : Here the

r r
required centripetal force is provided by the
Coulombian force
fs mg fs mg
1 (ze)(e) mv2
i.e.
Let velocity of object (vehicle) be V. 4 o r2 r
mv2
If we apply pseudo force on body, centrifugal force is
r
when v is max. and friction force will be acting down the slope.
mv2 Nucleus
Balancing the force horizontally, f s cos N sin ...(1) Electron
r r
(Ze) (e)
Balancing the force vertically,
N cos f s sin mg ...(2)
when v = maximum, f = fmax = fs = N ...(3)
From eqn. (2), (iii) Motion of a body in horizontal and vertical circle:
N cos N sin mg N (cos sin ) mg Here the centripetal force is provided by the tension.
Horizontal circle
mg
or N
cos sin V
2 2
mv mg cos mg sin mv
From eqns.(1) and (3), T (m)
r cos sin r
T
mv 2 mg ( tan ) 2 ( tan )
vmax rg
r 1 tan 1 tan
LAWS OF MOTION 103
Vertical circle (d) The vertical depth h of P below A is independent of the
length of the string since from eqn. (1) and (4)
mv A 2
At point A, TA ; h mg
r VB T mg T but T m 2
B h
V m g g
mg 2
Therefore m h 2
TB h
mv B 2 A
which is independent of .
At point B, TB mg
r T
Example 17.
mg
TC A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant
V
mv C 2 C mg C radius r such that its centripetal acceleration ac is varying
And at point C, TC mg with time t as ac = k2rt2, where k is a constant. Determine the
r
power delivered to the particle by the forces acting on it.
CONICAL PENDULUM Solution :
Consider an inextensible string of length which is fixed at Here tangential acceleration also exists which requires power.
one end, A. At the other end is attached a particle P of mass Given that centripetal acceleration
m describing a circle with constant angular velocity in a ac = k2rt2 also, ac = v2/r ;
horizontal plane. v2/r = k2rt2 or v2 = k2r2t2 or v = k r t ;
dv
A Tangential acceleration, a kr
dt
Now, force F = ma = m k r ;
h Tsin So, power, P = F v = m k r × k r t = m k2 r2 t.
P O
r 2
Example 18.
P O The string of a pendulum is horizontal. The mass of the bob
r
is m. Now the string is released. What is the tension in the
string in the lowest position?
mg Vertical section Horizontal Plane Solution :
O
As P rotates, the string AP traces out the surface of a cone.

Consequently the system is known as a conical pendulum.
Vertically, T cos mg ... (1) T
Horizontally, Tsin mr 2 ... (2) v
In triangle AOP, r sin ... (3)
mg
and h cos ... (4) Let v be the velocity of the bob at the lowest position. In
Several interesting facts can be deduced from these this position, The P.E. of bob is converted into K.E. Hence,
equations :
1
(a) It is impossible for the string to be horizontal. mg m v 2 or v 2 2 g ...(1)
2
mg If T be the tension in the string, then
This is seen from eqn. (1) in which cos cannot be
T
m v2
zero. Hence cannot be 90°. T mg ...(2)
(b) The tension is always greater than mg.
This also follows from eqn. (1) as cos < 1 ( is acute but From eqns. (1) and (2).
not zero). Hence, T > mg T – m g = 2 m g or T = 3 m g
(c) The tension can be calculated without knowing the
inclination of the string since, from eqn. (2) and (3)
2
T sin m sin T m 2
104 PHYSICS
EXERCISE - 1
1. A rectangular block is placed on a rough horizontal surface 9. A particle of mass m is moving with velocity v1, it is given
in two different ways as shown, then an impulse such that the velocity becomes v2 . Then
magnitude of impulse is equal to
r r r r
(a) m( v2 - v1 ) (b) m( v1 - v 2 )
F
F r r r r
(c) m ´ (v 2 - v1 ) (d) 0.5m(v 2 - v1 )
10. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 20 kg for 10 seconds.
(a) (b) Change in its momentum is
(a) friction will be more in case (a) (a) 5 kg m/s (b) 100 kg m/s
(b) friction will be more in case (b) (c) 200 kg m/s (d) 1000 kg m/s
(c) friction will be equal in both the cases 11. A mass is hanging on a spring balance which is kept in a lift.
(d) friction depends on the relations among its dimensions. The lift ascends. The spring balance will show in its readings
(a) an increase
2. Centripetal force :
(b) a decrease
(a) can change speed of the body.
(c) no change
(b) is always perpendicular to direction of motion
(d) a change depending on its velocity
(c) is constant for uniform circular motion.
12. A 4000 kg lift is accelerating upwards. The tension in the
(d) all of these
3. When a horse pulls a cart, the horse moves down to supporting cable is 48000 N. If g = 10m s -2 then the
(a) horse on the cart. acceleration of the lift is
(b) cart on the horse. -2 -2
(a) 1 m s (b) 2 m s
(c) horse on the earth. -2
(d) earth on the horse. (c) 4 m s -2 (d) 6 m s
4. The force of action and reaction 13. A 0.1 kg block suspended from a massless string is moved
(a) must be of same nature first vertically up with an acceleration of 5 ms -2 and then
(b) must be of different nature
(c) may be of different nature moved vertically down with an acceleration of 5 ms -2 . If
(d) may not have equal magnitude T1 and T2 are the respective tensions in the two cases,
5. A body is moving with uniform velocity, then then
(a) no force must be acting on the body.
(b) exactly two forces must be acting on the body (a) T2 > T1
(c) body is not acted upon by a single force. (b) T1 - T2 = 1 N, if g = 10 ms -2
(d) the number of forces acting on the body must be even.
6. The direction of impulse is (c) T1 - T2 = 1kg f
(a) same as that of the net force
(b) opposite to that of the net force (d) T1 - T2 = 9.8N, if g = 9.8 ms-2
(c) same as that of the final velocity 14. The coefficient of friction between two surfaces is 0.2. The
(d) same as that of the initial velocity angle of friction is
7. A monkey is climbing up a rope, then the tension in the rope (a) sin -1 (0.2) (b) cos -1 (0.2)
(a) must be equal to the force applied by the monkey on
the rope (c) tan -1 (0.1) (d) cot -1 (5)
(b) must be less than the force applied by the monkey on r
the rope. 15. A force F = 8î - 6 ĵ - 10k̂ newton produces an acceleration
(c) must be greater than the force applied by the monkey of 1 ms–2 in a body. The mass of the body is
on the rope.
(a) 10 kg (b) 10 2 kg
(d) may be equal to, less than or greater the force applied
by the monkey on the rope. (c) 10 3 kg (d) 200 kg
8. A body of mass 4 kg moving on a horizontal surface with an 16. A rider on a horse back falls forward when the horse
initial velocity of 6 ms–1 comes to rest after 3 seconds. If suddenly stops. This is due to
one wants to keep the body moving on the same surface (a) inertia of horse
with the velocity of 6 ms–1, the force required is (b) inertia of rider
(a) Zero (b) 4 N (c) large weight of the horse
(c) 8 N (d) 16 N (d) losing of the balance
LAWS OF MOTION 105
17. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically upwards. What is the (a) 49 kg s–1 (b) 147 kg s–1
rate at which the momentum of the ball changes? (c) 98 kg s –1 (d) 196 kg s–1
(a) Zero (b) mg 22. -1
The minimum velocity (in ms ) with which a car driver must
(c) Infinity (d) Data is not sufficient. traverse a flat curve of radius 150 m and coefficient of friction
18. A body of mass 1 kg moving with a uniform velocity of 0.6 to avoid skidding is
(a) 60 (b) 30
1 ms 1 . If the value of g is 5 ms 2 , then the force acting on
(c) 15 (d) 25
the frictionless horizontal surface on which the body is 23. In an explosion, a body breaks up into two pieces of unequal
moving is masses. In this
(a) 5 N (b) 1 N (a) both parts will have numerically equal momentum
(c) 0 N (d) 10N (b) lighter part will have more momentum
19. A weight W rests on a rough horizontal plane. If the angle (c) heavier part will have more momentum
of friction be , the least force that will move the body (d) both parts will have equal kinetic energy
along the plane will be 24. A body of mass 1.0 kg is falling with an acceleration of 10 m/
(a) W cos (b) W cot sec2. Its apparent weight will be (g = 10 m/sec2)
(c) W tan (d) W sin (a) 1.0 kg wt (b) 2.0 kg wt
20. A trailer of mass 1000 kg is towed by means of a rope (c) 0.5 kg wt (d) zero
attached to a car moving at a steady speed along a level 25. A player caught a cricket ball of mass 150 g moving at a rate
road. The tension in the rope is 400 N. The car starts to of 20 m/s. If the catching process is completed in 0.1s, the
accelerate steadily. If the tension in the rope is now 1650 N, force of the blow exerted by the ball on the hand of the
with what acceleration is the trailer moving ? player is equal to
(a) 1.75 ms–2 (b) 0.75 ms–2 (a) 150 N (b) 3 N
(c) 2.5 ms –2 (d) 1.25 ms–2 (c) 30 N (d) 300 N
21. A rocket of mass 5000 kg is to be projected vertically upward. 26. A body of mass M hits normally a rigid wall with velocity V
The gases are exhausted vertically downwards with velocity and bounces back with the same velocity. The impulse
1000 ms–2 with respect to the rocket. What is the minimum experienced by the body is
rate of burning the fuel so as to just lift the rocket upwards (a) MV (b) 1.5 MV
against gravitational attraction ? (c) 2 MV (d) zero
EXERCISE - 2
1. An object of mass 10 kg moves at a constant speed of (a) 3 m (b) 4 m
10 ms–1. A constant force, that acts for 4 sec on the object, (c) 4.5 m (d) 6 m
gives it a speed of 2 ms–1 in opposite direction. The force 4. A player stops a football weighting 0.5 kg which comes
flying towards him with a velocity of 10m/s. If the impact
acting on the object is lasts for 1/50th sec. and the ball bounces back with a velocity
(a) –3 N (b) –30 N of 15 m/s, then the average force involved is
(c) 3 N (d) 30 N (a) 250 N (b) 1250 N
(c) 500 N (d) 625 N
2. A solid sphere of 2 kg is suspended from a horizontal beam 5. A car travelling at a speed of 30 km/h is brought to a halt in
by two supporting wires as shown in fig. Tension in each 4 m by applying brakes. If the same car is travelling at 60 km/h,
wire is approximately (g = 10 ms–2) it can be brought to halt with the same braking power in
(a) 8 m (b) 16 m
(a) 30 N (c) 24 m (d) 32 m
30º 30º
6. A uniform rope of length L resting on a frictionless horizontal
T T surface is pulled at one end by a force F. What is the tension
(b) 20 N
in the rope at a distance from the end where the force is
applied.
(c) 10 N
(a) F (b) F (1 + /L)
(c) F/2 (d) F (1 – /L)
(d) 5 N mg
7. A machine gun has a mass 5 kg. It fires 50 gram bullets at the
3. A toy gun consists of a spring and a rubber dart of mass 16 rate of 30 bullets per minute at a speed of 400 ms–1. What
g. When compressed by 4 cm and released, it projects the force is required to keep the gun in position?
dart to a height of 2 m. If compressed by 6 cm, the height (a) 10 N (b) 5 N
(c) 15 N (d) 30 N
achieved is
106 PHYSICS
8. A force time graph for the motion of a body is shown in Fig. 12. The elevator shown in fig. is descending with an acceleration
Change in linear momentum between 0 and 8s is of 2 m/s2. The mass of the block A = 0.5 kg. The force exerted
by the block A on block B is
F (N)
(a) 2 N
1
(b) 4 N 2 m/s
2
0 x
2 4 6 7 8
t (s)
(c) 6 N A
2
(d) 8 N B
(a) zero (b) 4 N-s 13. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 1 kg are placed on a smooth
(c) 8 Ns (d) None of these horizontal table in contact with each other. A horizontal force
9. Fig. shows a uniform rod of length 30 cm having a mass of of 3 newton is applied on the first so that the block moves
3.0 kg. The strings shown in the figure are pulled by constant with a constant acceleration. The force between the blocks
forces of 20 N and 32 N. All the surfaces are smooth and the would be
strings and pulleys are light. The force exerted by 20 cm part (a) 3 newton (b) 2 newton
of the rod on the 10 cm part is (c) 1 newton (d) zero
10 14. A cart of mass M has a block of mass m attached to it as
cm 20 cm
shown in fig. The coefficient of friction between the block
and the cart is . What is the minimum acceleration of the
20 N 32 N cart so that the block m does not fall?
(a) 20 N (b) 24 N (a) g

(c) 32 N (d) 52 N
(b) g/ M m
10. A constant force F = m2g/2 is applied on the block of mass
m1 as shown in fig. The string and the pulley are light and (c) /g
the surface of the table is smooth. The acceleration of m1 is
m1 (d) M g/m
F 15. A rocket has a mass of 100 kg. Ninety percent of this is fuel. It
ejects fuel vapors at the rate of 1 kg/sec with a velocity of 500
m/sec relative to the rocket. It is supposed that the rocket is
m2 outside the gravitational field. The initial upthrust on the
rocket when it just starts moving upwards is
m2g
(a) towards right (a) zero (b) 500 newton
2 (m1 m 2 )
(c) 1000 newton (d) 2000 newton
m 2g 16. A particle of mass m moving eastward with a speed v collides
(b) towards left
2 (m1 m 2 ) with another particle of the same mass moving northward
with the same speed v. The two particles coalesce on
m 2g collision. The new particle of mass 2m will move in the north-
(c) towards right
2 (m 2 m1 ) external direction with a velocity :
m 2g (a) v/2 (b) 2v
(d) towards left
2 (m 2 m1 ) (c) v / 2 (d) None of these
11. Consider the system shown in fig. The pulley and the string 17. A spring is compressed between two toy carts of mass m1
are light and all the surfaces are frictionless. The tension in and m2. When the toy carts are released, the springs exert
the string is (take g = 10 m/s2) equal and opposite average forces for the same time on
each toy cart. If v1 and v2 are the velocities of the toy carts
1 kg and there is no friction between the toy carts and the ground,
then :
1 kg
(a) v1/v2 = m1/m2 (b) v1/v2 = m2/m1
(a) 0 N (b) 1 N
(c) v1/v2 = –m2/m1 (d) v1/v2 = –m1/m2
(c) 2 N (d) 5 N
LAWS OF MOTION 107
18. A man weighing 80 kg is standing on a trolley weighing 320 25. Two blocks are connected over a massless pulley as shown in
kg. The trolley is resting on frictionless horizontal rails. If fig. The mass of block A is 10 kg and the coefficient of kinetic
the man starts walking on the trolley along the rails at a friction is 0.2. Block A slides down the incline at constant speed.
speed of one metre per second, then after 4 seconds, his The mass of block B in kg is:
displacement relative to the ground will be :
(a) 5 metres (b) 4.8 metres
(c) 3.2 metres (d) 3.0 metres
A
19. Starting from rest, a body slides down a 45º inclined plane in
twice the time it takes to slide down the same distance in the B
30º
absence of friction. The coefficient of friction between the
body and the inclined plane is: (a) 3.5 (b) 3.3
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.25 (c) 3.0 (d) 2.5
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.80 26. Two trolleys of mass m and 3m are connected by a spring.
20. A ball of mass 0.5 kg moving with a velocity of 2 m/sec They were compressed and released at once, they move off
strikes a wall normally and bounces back with the same in opposite direction and come to rest after covering a
speed. If the time of contact between the ball and the wall is distance S1, S2 respectively. Assuming the coefficient of
one millisecond, the average force exerted by the wall on friction to be uniform, ratio of distances S1 : S2 is :
the ball is : (a) 1 : 9 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 9 : 1
(a) 2000 newton (b) 1000 newton
27. A particle of mass 10 kg is moving in a straight line. If its
(c) 5000 newton (d) 125 newton displacement, x with time t is given by x = (t3 – 2t – 10) m,
21. The mass of the lift is 100 kg which is hanging on the string. then the force acting on it at the end of 4 seconds is
The tension in the string, when the lift is moving with (a) 24 N (b) 240 N
constant velocity, is (g = 9.8 m/sec2) (c) 300 N (d) 1200 N
(a) 100 newton (b) 980 newton 28. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m
(c) 1000 newton (d) None of these such that F2 and F3 are mutually perpendicular, then the
22. In the question , the tension in the strings, when the lift is particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed
accelerating up with an acceleration 1 m/sec2, is then the acceleration of the particle is
(a) 100 newton (b) 980 newton (a) F1/m (b) F2F3/mF1
(c) 1080 newton (d) 880 newton (c) (F2 – F3)/m (d) F2/m
23. A block of mass 5 kg resting on a horizontal surface is 29. One end of massless rope, which passes over a massless
connected by a cord, passing over a light frictionless pulley and frictionless pulley P is tied to a hook C while the
to a hanging block of mass 5 kg. The coefficient of kinetic other end is free. Maximum tension that the rope can
friction between the block and the surface is 0.5. Tension in bear is 360 N. With what value of maximum safe
the cord is : (g = 9.8 m/sec2) acceleration (in ms –2 ) can a man of 60 kg moves
downwards on the rope? [Take g = 10 ms–2]
A
5 kg P
5 kg B
(a) 16 (b) 6
(a) 49 N (b) Zero
(c) 4 (d) 8
(c) 36.75 N (d) 2.45 N
30. Two mass m and 2m are attached with each other by a rope
24. A 40 kg slab rests on frictionless floor as shown in fig. A 10
passing over a frictionless and massless pulley. If the pulley
kg block rests on the top of the slab. The static coefficient
is accelerated upwards with an acceleration ‘a’, what is the
of friction between the block and slab is 0.60 while the kinetic
value of T?
friction is 0.40. The 10 kg block is acted upon by a horizontal
force of 100 N. If g = 9.8 m/s2, the resulting acceleration of g a g a
the slab will be: (a) (b)
3 3
100 N 4 m (g a ) m (g a )
(c) (d)
3 3
31. A uniform chain of length 2 m is kept on a table such that a
length of 60 cm hangs freely from the edge of the table. The
40 kg total mass of the chain is 4 kg. What is the work done in
No friction
pulling the entire chain on the table ?
(a) 0.98 m/s2 (b) 1.47 m/s2 (a) 12 J (b) 3.6 J
(c) 1.52 m/s2 (d) 6.1 m/s2 (c) 7.2 J (d) 1200 J
108 PHYSICS
32. A small block is shot into each of the four tracks as shown 38. A force F is used to raise a 4-kg mass M from the ground to
below. Each of the tracks rises to the same height. The a height of 5 m.
speed with which the block enters the track is the same in all
cases. At the highest point of the track, the normal reaction
is maximum in
60°
(a) (b)
v v
F
M
What is the work done by the force F? (Note : sin 60° = 0.87;
(c) (d) v cos 60° = 0.50. Ignore friction and the weights of the pulleys)
v
(a) 50 J (b) 100 J
33. A particle starts sliding down a frictionless inclined plane. (c) 174 J (d) 200 J
39. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing. The exhaust speed
If Sn is the distance traveled by it from time t = n – 1 sec to
is 800 m/s. To give an initial upward acceleration of 20 m/s2,
t = n sec, the ratio Sn/Sn+1 is
the amount of gas ejected per second to supply the needed
2n 1 2n 1 thrust will be (Take g = 10 m/s2)
(a) (b)
2n 1 2n (a) 127.5 kg/s (b) 137.5 kg/s
(c) 155.5 kg/s (d) 187.5 kg/s
2n 2n 1 40. A bullet is fired from a gun. The force on the bullet is given
(c) (d)
2n 1 2n 1 by F = 600 – 2 × 105 t
34. A block is kept on a inclined plane of inclination of length . Where, F is in newtons and t in seconds. The force on the
The velocity of particle at the bottom of inclined is (the bullet becomes zero as soon as it leaves the barrel. What is
coefficient of friction is ) the average impulse imparted to the bullet?
(a) 1.8 N-s (b) Zero
(a) [2g ( cos sin )]1 / 2 (b) 2g (sin cos )
(c) 9 N-s (d) 0.9 N-s
(c) 2g (sin cos ) (d) 2g (cos sin ) 41. A rifle man, who together with his rifle has a mass of 100 kg,
stands on a smooth surface and fires 10 shots horizontally.
35. Blocks A and B of masses 15 kg and 10 kg, respectively, are
connected by a light cable passing over a frictionless pulley Each bullet has a mass 10 g and a muzzle velocity of 800 ms –
1. The velocity which the rifle man attains after firing 10
as shown below. Approximately what is the acceleration
experienced by the system? shots is
1 1
(a) 2.0 m/s2 (a) 8 ms (b) 0.8 ms
(b) 3.3 m/s2 (c) 0.08 ms 1 (d) – 0.8 ms 1

42. A block of mass 4 kg rests on an inclined plane. The
(c) 4.9 m/s2 inclination to the plane is gradually increased. It is found
B that when the inclination is 3 in 5, the block just begins to
(d) 9.8 m/s2 A slidedown the plane. The coefficient of friction between the
36. A 50 kg ice skater, initially at rest, throws a 0.15 kg snowball block and the plane is
with a speed of 35 m/s. What is the approximate recoil speed (a) 0.4 (b) 0.6
of the skater? (c) 0.8 (d) 0.75.
(a) 0.10 m/s (b) 0.20 m/s 43. A bird is in a wire cage which is hanging from a spring
(c) 0.70 m/s (d) 1.4 m/s balance . In the first case, the bird sits in the cage and in the
37. Block A is moving with acceleration A along a frictionless second case, the bird flies about inside the cage. The reading
horizontal surface. When a second block, B is placed on top in the spring balance is
of Block A the acceleration of the combined blocks drops to
(a) more in the first case
1/5 the original value. What is the ratio of the mass of A to
the mass of B? (b) less in first case
(a) 5 : 1 (b) 1 : 4 (c) unchanged
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 2 : 1 (d) zero in second case.
LAWS OF MOTION 109
44. A body of mass 2 kg is placed on a horizontal surface 50. A triangular block of mass M with angles 30°, 60°, and 90°
having kinetic friction 0.4 and static friction 0.5. If the force rests with its 30°–90° side on a horizontal table. A cubical
applied on the body is 2.5 N, then the frictional force acting block of mass m rests on the 60°–30° side. The acceleration
on the body will be [g = 10 ms–2] which M must have relative to the table to keep m stationary
(a) 8 N (b) 10 N relative to the triangular block assuming frictionless contact is
(c) 20 N (d) 2.5 N (a) g (b) g
45. A bag of sand of mass m is suspended by a rope. A bullet of 2
g g
mass m is fired at it with a velocity v and gets embedded (c) (d)
20 3 5
into it. The velocity of the bag finally is 51. A block of mass m on a rough horizontal surface is acted
upon by two forces as shown in figure. For equilibrium of
v 20v block the coefficient of friction between block and surface is
(a) 21 (b)
20 21 F2
v v
(c) (d)
20 21 F1 m
46. For the arrangement shown in the Figure the tension in the
string is [Given : tan 1 (0.8) 39 ] F1 F2 sin F1 cos F2
(a) (b) mg F sin
mg F2 cos 2
F1 F2 cos F1 sin F2
(c) mg F sin (d)
m = 1 kg 2 mg F2 cos
52. In the figure a smooth pulley of negligible weight is
= 0.8
suspended by a spring balance. Weight of 1 kg f and
39° 5 kg f are attached to the opposite ends of a string passing
(a) 6 N (b) 6.4 N over the pulley and move with acceleration because of
(c) 0.4 N (d) zero. gravity, During their motion, the spring balance reads a
weight of
47. A 1 kg block and a 0.5 kg block move together on a horizontal
frictionless surface . Each block exerts a force of 6 N on the (a) 6 kg f
other. The block move with a uniform acceleration of
(b) less then 6 kg f
a
F 1 kg 0.5 kg
(c) more than 6 kg f
2 2
(a) 3 ms (b) 6 ms
(d) may be more or less then 6 kg f 1 kg
(c) 9 ms 2 (d) 12 ms 2
5 kg
48. A body of mass 32 kg is suspended by a spring balance
from the roof of a vertically operating lift and going 53. A particle moves so that its acceleration is always twice its
downward from rest. At the instant the lift has covered 20 m velocity. If its initial velocity is 0.1 ms–1, its velocity after it
and 50 m, the spring balance showed 30 kg and 36 kg has gone 0.1 m is
respectively. Then the velocity of the lift is (a) 0.3 ms–1 (b) 0.7 ms–1
(a) decreasing at 20 m, and increasing at 50 m (c) 1.2 ms–1 (d) 3.6 ms–1
54. An object is resting at the bottom of two strings which are
(b) increasing at 20m and decreasing at 50 m
inclined at an angle of 120° with each other. Each string can
(c) continuously decreasing at a steady rate throughout withstand a tension of 20N. The maximum weight of the
the journey object that can be supported without breaking the string is
(d) constantly increasing at constant rate throughout the (a) 5 N (b) 10 N
journey. (c) 20 N (d) 40 N
49. An object at rest in space suddenly explodes into three 55. On a smooth plane surface (figure) two block A and B are
parts of same mass. The momentum of the two parts are accelerated up by applying a force 15 N on A. If mass of B is
twice that of A, the force on B is
2pî and pĵ . The momentum of the third part (a) 30 N (b) 15 N
(c) 10 N (d) 5 N
(a) will have a magnitude p 3
(b) will have a magnitude p 5 15 N A B

(c) will have a magnitude p
(d) will have a magnitude 2p.
110 PHYSICS
56. A 10 kg stone is suspended with a rope of breaking strength 61. The coefficient of friction between the rubber tyres and the
30 kg-wt. The minimum time in which the stone can be raised road way is 0.25. The maximum speed with which a car can
through a height 10 m starting from rest is (Take be driven round a curve of radius 20 m without skidding is
g 10 N / kg) (g = 9.8 m/s2)
(a) 0.5 s (b) 1.0 s (a) 5 m/s (b) 7 m/s
(c) (c) 10 m/s (d) 14 m/s
2/3 s (d) 2 s
62. A bucket tied at the end of a 1.6 m long string is whirled in a
1
57. A ball of mass 0.4 kg thrown up in air with velocity 30 ms vertical circle with constant speed. What should be the
reaches the highest point in 2.5 second . The air resistance minimum speed so that the water from the bucket does not
encountered by the ball during upward motion is spill when the bucket is at the highest position?
(a) 0.88 N (b) 8800N (a) 4 m/sec (b) 6.25 m/sec
(c) 300 dyne (d) 300 N.
58. A plate of mass M is placed on a horizontal of frictionless (c) 16 m/sec (d) None of the above
surface (see figure), and a body of mass m is placed on this 63. A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle of
plate. The coefficient of dynamic friction between this body radius 4 meter and the water just does not fall down. The
and the plate is . If a force 2 mg is applied to the body time period of revolution will be
of mass m along the horizontal, the acceleration of the plate (a) 1 sec (b) 10 sec
will be (c) 8 sec (d) 4 sec
m 64. A circular road of radius r in which maximum velocity is v,
2 mg
has angle of banking
M
v2 1 rg
(a) tan 1 (b) tan
(a)
m
g (b) m rg v2
g
M ( M m)
2 m 1 v 1 rg
(c) 2 m (d) (c) tan (d) tan
g g. v
M ( M m) rg
59. In the system shown in figure, the pulley is smooth and 65. A small sphere is attached to a cord and rotates in a vertical
massless, the string has a total mass 5g, and the two circle about a point O. If the average speed of the sphere is
suspended blocks have masses 25 g and 15 g. The system increased, the cord is most likely to break at the orientation
is released from state 0 and is studied upto stage ' 0 when the mass is at
During the process, the acceleration of block A will be
A
m
g
(a) constant at C D
9 O
l l'
g A
(b) constant at 25 g B
4 B
(c) increasing by factor of 3 15 g (a) bottom point B (b) the point C
(d) increasing by factor of 2 (c) the point D (d) top point A
60. A horizontal force F is applied on back of mass m placed on 66. A person with his hand in his pocket is skating on ice at the
a rough inclined plane of inclination . The normal reaction rate of 10m/s and describes a circle of radius 50 m. What is
N is his inclination to vertical : (g = 10 m/sec2)
(a) tan–1(½) (b) tan–1 (1/5)
–1
(c) tan (3/5) (d) tan –1(1/10)
67. When the road is dry and the coefficient of the friction is ,
F the maximum speed of a car in a circular path is 10 ms–1. If
the road becomes wet and ' , what is the maximum

2
speed permitted?
(a) 5 ms–1 (b) 10 ms–1
(a) mg cos (b) mg sin
(c) 10 2 ms 1 (d) 5 2 ms 1
(c) mg cos Fcos (d) mg cos F sin
LAWS OF MOTION 111
68. Two pulley arrangements of figure given are identical. The (a) 1050 N (b) 1450 N
mass of the rope is negligible. In fig (a), the mass m is lifted (c) 1050 N (d) 1250 N
by attaching a mass 2m to the other end of the rope. In fig 73. An open topped rail road car of mass M has an initial velocity
(b), m is lifted up by pulling the other end of the rope with a v0 along a straight horizontal frictionless track. It suddenly
constant downward force F = 2mg. The acceleration of m in starts raising at time t = 0. The rain drops fall vertically with
the two cases are respectively velocity u and add a mass m kg/sec of water. The velocity of
car after t second will be (assuming that it is not completely
filled with water)
u mv0
(a) v0 m (b)
M M mt
Mv 0 ut mut
(c) (d) v 0
M ut M ut
m 2m m F = 2 mg 74. A ball mass m falls vertically to the ground from a height h1
and rebounds to a height h 2. The change in momentum of
(a) (b)
the ball of striking the ground is
(a) 3g, g (b) g / 3 , g (a) m 2g(h1 h 2 ) (b) n 2g(m1 m 2 )
(c) g / 3 , 2g (d) g, g / 3
(c) mg(h1 h 2 ) (d) m( 2gh1 2gh 2 )
69. The linear momentum p of a body moving in one dimension
varies with time according to the equating P = a + bt2 where 75. In the given figure, the pulley is assumed massless and
a and b are positive constants. The net force acting on the frictionless. If the friction force on the object of mass m is f,
body is then its acceleration in terms of the force F will be equal to
(a) proportional to t 2
(b) a constant
(c) proportional to t
(d) inversely proportional to t F
m
70. Three blocks of masses m1, m2 and m3 are connected by
massless strings, as shown, on a frictionless table. They are
pulled with a force T3 = 40 N. If m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 6 kg and m3 F
(a) (F f ) / m (b) f /m
= 4kg, the tension T2 will be 2
T1 T2 T3 (c) F/m (d) None of these
M1 M2 M3 76. A smooth block is released at rest on a 45° incline and then
slides a distance ‘d’. The time taken to slide is ‘n’ times as
(a) 20 N (b) 40 N much to slide on rough incline than on a smooth incline.
(c) 10 N (d) 32 N The coefficient of friction is
71. A ball of mass 400 gm is dropped from a height of 5 m. A boy
on the ground hits the ball vertically upwards with a bat 1 1
(a) k = 1 2
(b) k =1
with an average force of 100 newton so that it attains a n n2
vertical height of 20 m. The time for which the ball remains in
contact with the bat is (g = 10 m/s2) 1 1
(c) s = 1 (d) s =1
(a) 0.12 s (b) 0.08 s n 2
n2
(c) 0.04 s (d) 12 s
72. Block A of weight 100 kg rests on a block B and is tied with 77. The upper half of an inclined plane with inclination is
horizontal str ing to the wall at C. Block B is of perfectly smooth while the lower half is rough. A body
200 kg. The coefficient of friction between A and B is 0.25 starting from rest at the top will again come to rest at the
1 bottom if the coefficient of friction for the lower half is given
and that between B and surface is . The horizontal force F by
3
(a) 2 cos (b) 2 sin
necessary to move the block B should be (g = 10 m/s2)
(c) tan (d) 2 tan
78. A particle of mass 0.3 kg subject to a force F = – kx with k =
A 15 N/m . What will be its initial acceleration if it is released
C from a point 20 cm away from the origin ?
B F (a) 15 m/s2 (b) 3 m/s2
(c) 10 m/s 2 (d) 5 m/s2
112 PHYSICS
79. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined surface with angle 85. A conveyor belt is moving at a constant speed of 2m/s. A box
of inclination ‘ a ’ . The incline is given an acceleration ‘a’ to is gently dropped on it. The coefficient of friction between
keep the block stationary. Then a is equal to them is µ = 0.5. The distance that the box will move relative to
belt before coming to rest on it taking g = 10 ms–2, is
(a) 1.2 m (b) 0.6 m (c) zero (d) 0.4 m
86. A person of mass 60 kg is inside a lift of mass 940 kg and
presses the button on control panel. The lift starts moving
upwards with an acceleration 1.0 m/s2. If g = 10 ms–2, the
tension in the supporting cable is
a (a) 8600 N (b) 9680 N
(c) 11000 N (d) 1200 N
87. The upper half of an inclined plane of inclination q is
(a) g cosec a (b) g / tan a perfectly smooth while lower half is rough. A block
(c) g tan a (d) g starting from rest at the top of the plane will again come to
80. Consider a car moving on a straight road with a speed of 100 rest at the bottom, if the coefficient of friction between the
m/s . The distance at which car can be stopped is [µk = 0.5] block and lower half of the plane is given by
(a) 1000 m (b) 800 m 2
(a) m = (b) m = 2 tan q
(c) 400 m (d) 100 m tan q
81. A round uniform body of radius R, mass M and moment of 1
(c) m = tan q (d) m =
inertia I rolls down (without slipping) an inclined plane tan q
making an angle q with the horizontal. Then its acceleration 88. Three blocks with masses m, 2 m and 3 m are connected
is by strings as shown in the figure. After an upward force F
is applied on block m, the masses move upward at
(a) g sin q (b) g sin q constant speed v. What is the net force on the block of
1, MR / I
2
1 ∗ I / MR 2 mass 2m?
(g is the acceleration due to gravity)
g sin q g sin q
(c) (d) (a) 2 mg
1 ∗ MR 2 / I 1, I / MR 2
(b) 3 mg
82. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of
(c) 6 mg
inclination q. The whole system is accelerated horizontally
so that the block does not slip on the wedge. The force (d) zero
exerted by the wedge on the block (g is acceleration due to
gravity) will be 89. An explosion breaks a rock into three parts in a horizontal
(a) mg/cos q (b) mg cos q plane. Two of them go off at right angles to each other.
(c) mg sin q (d) mg The first part of mass 1 kg moves with a speed of 12 ms –1
83. The coefficient of static friction, ms, between block A of and the second part of mass 2 kg moves with speed 8 ms –1.
mass 2 kg and the table as shown in the figure is 0.2. What If the third part flies off with speed 4 ms–1 then its mass is
would be the maximum mass value of block B so that the (a) 5 kg (b) 7 kg
two blocks do not move? The string and the pulley are (c) 17 kg (d) 3 kg
assumed to be smooth and massless. (g = 10 m/s2) 90. Two particles of masses m and M (M > m ) are connected by
a cord that passes over a massless, frictionless pulley. The
2 kg tension T in the string and the acceleration a of the particles
A
is
B
(a) T = 2mM g ; a = Mm g
(M - m) (M + m)
(a) 0.4 kg (b) 2.0 kg 2mM æ M-m ö
(b) T= g; a = ç g
è (M + m) ø÷
(c) 4.0 kg (d) 0.2 kg
(M + m)
84. A body under the action of a force
r æ m-M ö æ Mm ö
F = 6 ˆi – 8 ˆj+10 k,
ˆ acquires an acceleration of 1 m/s2. The (c) T=ç ÷ g;a = ç g
è (M + m) ø è (M + m) ø÷
mass of this body must be
(a) 10 kg (b) 20 kg æ mM ö æ 2Mm ö
T=ç g;a = ç g
è (M + m) ø÷ è (M + m) ø÷
(d)
(c) 10 2 kg (d) 2 10 kg
LAWS OF MOTION 113
91. A bullet of mass m is fired from a gun of mass M. The Directions for Qs. (94 to 96) : Each question contains
recoiling gun compresses a spring of force constant k by a STATEMENT-1 and STATEMENT-2. Choose the correct answer
distance d. Then the velocity of the bullet is (ONLY ONE option is correct ) from the following-
(a) Statement -1 is false, Statement-2 is true
d (b) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is a
(a) kd M / m (b) km
M correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement -2 is not
d kM
(c) kM (d) d a correct explanation for Statement-1
m m (d) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is false
92. A spring of force constant k is cut into two pieces whose 94. Statement -1 : The work done in bringing a body down from
lengths are in the ratio 1 : 2. What is the force constant of the top to the base along a frictionless incline plane is the
the longer piece ? same as the work done in bringing it down the vartical side.
Statement -2 : The gravitational force on the body along
k 3k the inclined plane is the same as that along the vertical side.
(a) (b) 95. Statement -1 : On a rainy day, it is difficult to drive a car or
2 2
bus at high speed.
(c) 2 k (d) 3k Statement -2 : The value of coefficient of friction is lowered
93. A motor cycle is going on an over bridge of due to wetting of the surface.
radius R. The driver maintains a constant speed. As the 96. Statement -1 : The two bodies of masses M and m (M > m)
motor cycle is ascending on the overbridge, the normal force are allowed to fall from the same height if the air resistance
on it for each be the same then both the bodies will reach the
earth simultaneously.
(a) increases (b) decreases Statement -2 : For same air resistance, acceleration of both
(c) remains the same (d) fluctuates erratically the bodies will be same.
114 PHYSICS
HINTS & SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE - 1 dm mg 5000 9.8 49 kg s 1
21. (a) =
1. (c) 2. (b) dt vr 1000
3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 22. (b) The condition to avoid skidding, v = rg
6. (a) 7. (a)
= 0.6 150 10 = 30 m/s.
v u 0 6 23. (a) If m1, m2 are masses and u1, u2 are velocity then by
8. (c) Acceleration, a 2 ms 2 conservation of momentum m 1 u1 + m2 u2 = 0 or
t 3
Force = m×a = 4×2 = 8 N | m1u1 | | m2 u 2 |
9. (a) Impulse = change in momentum = m v 2 m v1 24. (d) Apparent weight when mass is falling down is given
10. (b) Change in momentum = F × t by W ' m(g a)
= 10 × 10 = 100 Ns or 100 kg. m/s W ' 1 (10 10) 0
11. (a) Let acceleration of lift a and
m( v u ) 0.15(0 20)
let reaction at spring balance = R 25. (c) F 30 N
t 0. 1
R 26. (c) Impulse experienced by the body
= change in momentum = MV – (–MV) = 2MV.
EXERCISE - 2
1. (b) Here u = 10 ms–1, v = –2 ms–1,
t = 4 s, a = ?
mg
Using a v u 2 10
3 m / s2
Applying Newton’s law t 4
R – mg = ma R mg a Force, F = ma = 10×(–3) = –30 N
thus net weight increases, 2. (b) 2 T cos 60º = mg
So reading of spring balance increases. or T = mg = 2×10 = 20 N.
12. (b) T m(g a ) 3. (c) If k is the spring factor, then P.E. of the spring
48000 4000(10 a ) 1 2
compressed by distance x kx will equal to gain
2
2
a = 2 ms 1 2
in P.E. of the dart ( = mgh) i.e. kx mgh
13. (b) T1 m(g a ) = 0.1(10 5) 1.5N 2
1
k ( 4 ) 2 16 g 200 ....(i)
T2 m (g a ) 0.1(10 5) 0.5N 2
1
T1 T2 (1.5 0.5) N 1N and k (6) 2 16 g h ...(ii)
2
1
14. (d) Angle of friction = tan µ On solving, (i) and (ii), we get h = 450 cm = 4.5 m.
4. (d) Here m = 0.5 kg ; u = – 10 m/s ;
82 ( 6)2 ( 10)2 t = 1/50 s ; v = + 15 ms–1
15. (b) m = 10 2kg Force = m (v– u)/t = 0.5 (10 + 15) × 50 = 625 N
1
5. (b) As, (1/2)m v2 = Fs
16. (b) Inertia is resistance to change.
1 1
17. (b) The time rate of change of momentum is force. So m (30) 2 F 4 and m (60 ) 2 F s
2 2
18. (a) Weight of body = m g = 5 N
s/4 = (60)2 / (30)2 = 4 or s = 4 × 4 = 16 m.
19. (c) f W 6. (d) Let n be the mass per unit length of rope. Therefore,
mass of rope = nL.
f W tan [ tan ] Acceleration in the rope due to force F will be
20. (d) Here, the force of friction is 400N. a = F/nL.
Fnet = (1650 400) 1250N Mass of rope of length (L – ) will be n (L – ).
Therefore, tension in the rope of length (L – ), is equal
1250 2 to pulling force on it
a= 1.25ms
1000 = n (L – ) a = n (L – ) × F/nL = F (1 – /L)
LAWS OF MOTION 115
14. (b) See fig.
change in momentum
7. (a) Force required N
time taken
(50 10 3 30) 400 (5 0) ma
= 10 N N
60
8. (a) Change in momentum = Force × time = Area which the mg
force-time curve encloses with time axis.
20cm If a = acceleration of the cart, then N = ma
9. (b) 10cm
20N(F1) F F 32N(F2) N = mg or ma = mg or a = g/
l1 l2 m
15. (b) Initial thrust on the rocket = v rel
L t
It is clear F2 > F1, so rod moves in right direction with = 500 × 1 = 500 N
an acceleration a, whereas a is given by m
where = rate of ejection of fuel.
(F2–F1)= mL×a................(i) t
where m is mass of rod per unit length. 16. (c) p1 = mv northwards, p2 = mv eastwards
Now consider the motion of length l1 from first end, N
then v
m
F– F1 = ml1a..................(ii)
W E
Dividing eq (ii) by (i), we get
v
F F1 l1 l m
or F (F2 F1 ) 1 F1 S
F2 F1 L L
Let p = momentum after collision. Then,
here l1 = 10 cm., L = 30 cm., F1 = 20 N, F2 = 32N
so F = 24 N p p1 p 2 or p (mv) 2 (mv) 2
10. (a) Let a be the acceleration of mass m2 in the downward v
direction. Then 2 mv mv 2 or v m/sec
2
T – m2 (g/2) = m1 a ....(i) 17. (c) Applying law of conservation of linear momentum
and m2 g – T = m2 a ....(ii)
m1 v2 v m2
Adding eqs. (1) and (2), we get m1v1 + m2v2 = 0, or 1
(m1 + m2) a = m2g – m2 (g/2) = m2 g/2 m2 v1 v2 m1
m2 g 18. (c) Displacement of the man on the trolley = 1 × 4 = 4m
a Now applying conservation of linear momentum
2 (m 1 m 2 )
11. (d) See fig. 1
80 × 1 + 400 v = 0 or v m/sec.
5
T
The distance travelled by the trolley
T
1 kg
= – 0.2 × 4 = –0.8 m.
T (In opposite direction to the man.)
1 kg Thus, the relative displacement of the man with the
ground = (4 – 0.8) = 3.2 m.
From figure, 1 g – T = 1 a ...(i) 19. (c) In presence of friction a = (g sin – g cos )
and T = 1 a ....(ii) Time taken to slide down the plane
From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1g – 1a = 1a or 2a = g 2s 2s
t1
a = (g/2) = (10/2) = 5 m/s2 a g (sin cos )
So, T = ma = 1 × 5 = 5 N
12. (b) R = mg – ma = 0.5 × 10 – 0.5 × 2 = 5 – 1 = 4 N 2s
In absence of friction t 2
13. (c) See fig. Let F be the force between the blocks and a their g sin
common acceleration. Then for 2 kg block,
Given : t 1 2t 2
3N 2 kg 2s 2s 4
1 kg t12 = 4t 22 or
F F g (sin cos ) g sin
3–F=2a ...(1) sin = 4 sin – 4 cos

for 1 kg block, F = 1 × a = a ....(2) 3 3
tan 0.75 (since
3 – F = 2 F or 3 F = 3 or F = 1 newton 4 4
116 PHYSICS
mv mv 2mv 2 0 .5 2 v1
20. (a) F = 2 × 103 N 26. (d) mv1 + 3mv2 = 0 or 3
t t 3 v2
10
21. (b) T = m (g + a) = 100 (9.8 + 0) = 980 N 1
Now mv 12 F. S1 . mg . S1
22. (c) T = m(g+a) = 100(9.8+1) = 1080N 2
23. (c) For block A, T – N = 5a and N = 5g 1
(3m ) v 22 F. S 2 . 3mg . S 2
N 2
S1 v12 9
or
A a S2 v 22 1
T
5 kg 27. (b) m = 10 kg, x = (t3 – 2t – 10) m
N 2
a dx d x
T 3t 2 2 a 6t
dt dt 2
5 kg B At the end of 4 seconds, a = 6 × 4 = 24 m/s 2
5 kg
F = ma = 10 × 24 = 240 N
28. (a) F3
for block B, 5g – T = 5a
T = 36.75N, a = 2.45 m/sec2 F2
24. (a) Force on the slab (m = 40 kg) = reaction of frictional m
F1
force on the upper block
The formula for force is given by F1 = ma
100 N F1
10 kg
× 10 × g Acceleration of the particle a ,
k m
40 kg because F1 is equal to the vector sum of F2 & F3.
29. (c)
40a = k × 10 × g or a = 0.98 m/sec2
P
25. (b) Considering the equilibrium of B
–mBg + T = mBa C T
Since the block A slides down with constant speed.
a
a = 0. mg
Therefore T = mBg
Considering the equilibrium of A, we get mg T ma
10a = 10g sin 30º – T – N 60 10 360
a
where N = 10g cos 30° 60
a 4 ms 2
N a 30. (c) The equations of motion are
T 2 mg – T = 2ma
N T a T– mg = ma T = 4ma & a = g/3 so T = 4mg/3
0º A If pulley is accelerated upwards with an accleration a,
si n3
10 g B then tension in string is
10g co s30º
4m
T (g a )
m Bg 3
10g
4
31. (b) Mass of over hanging chain m’ (0.6) kg
2
10 Let at the surface PE = 0
10 a g T 10 g cos 30 º
2 C.M. of hanging part = 0.3 m below the table
but a = 0, T = mBg 4
Ui m gx 0.6 10 0.30
2
0 .2 3
0 5g m B g × 10 ×g U m 'gx 3.6J = Work done in putting the entire
2 chain on the table
mB = 3.268 3.3 kg
LAWS OF MOTION 117
mv ' 2 or mskater v skater msnowball v snowball 0
32. (a) At the highest point of the track, N mg
r v skater m snowball vsnowball / m skater
(0.15kg)(35m / s)
0.10m / s
(50kg)
mg
The negative sign indicates that the momenta of the
N skater and the snowball are in opposite directions.
where r is the radius of curvature at that point and v is 37. (b) Apply Newton’s second law
the speed of the block at that point. FA = FAB, therefore :
mA aA = (mA + mB)aAB and aAB = aA / 5
mv ' 2
Now N mg Therefore : mA aA = (mA + mB)aA/5 which reduces to
r
4 mA = mB or 1 : 4
N will be maximum when r is minimum (v is the same for 38. (d) Work is the product of force and distance. The easiest
all cases). Of the given tracks, (a) has the smallest radius way to calculate the work in this pulley problem is to
of curvature at the highest point. multiply the net force or the weight mg by the distance
a it is raised: 4 kg x 10 m/s2 x 5 m = 200 J.
33. (a) Sn (2n 1)
2 39. (d) Given : Mass of rocket (m) = 5000 Kg
Exhaust speed (v) = 800 m/s
a Acceleration of rocket (a) = 20 m/s2
Sn 1 (2n 1)
2 Gravitational acceleration (g) = 10 m/s2
We know that upward force
Sn 2n 1
F = m (g + a) = 5000 (10 +20)
S n 1 2n 1 = 5000 × 30 = 150000 N.
34. (b) From the F.B.D. We also know that amount of gas ejected
N = mg cos dm F 150000
F = ma = mg sin – N 187.5 kg / s
dt v 800
a g (sin cos )
40. (d) Given F = 600 – 2 105 t
N N The force is zero at time t, given by
0 600 – 2 105 t
mg sin m g cos 600
xmg t 3 10 – 3 seconds
2 105
t 3 10 –3
Now using, v 2 u2 2as Impulse Fdt (600 – 2 105 t) dt
0 0
or, v 2 2 g (sin cos )
3 10 –3
( = length of incline) 2 105 t 2
600t –
2
or, v = 2g (sin cos ) 0
35. (a) Two external forces, FA and FB, act on the system and
move in opposite direction. Let’s arbitrarily assume that 600 3 10 –3 – 105 (3 10 –3 ) 2
the downward direction is positive and that FA provides 1.8 – 0.9 0.9Ns
downward motion while FB provides upward motion. 41. (b) According to law of conservation of momentum,
FA = (+15 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 147 N
and FB = (–10 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = – 98 N 10
100v 10 800
Ftotal = FA + FB = 147 N + (–98 N) = 49 N 1000
The total mass that must be set in motion is ie, v = 0.8 ms–1.
15 kg + 10 kg = 25kg 3
42. (d) sin
Since Ftotal m total a , a = Ftotal / mtotal 5
= 49 N / 25 kg 2 m/s2 5
36. (a) Momentum is always conserved. Since the skater and 3
snowball are initially at rest, the initial momentum is
zero. Therefore, the final momentum after the toss must 4
also be zero. 3 3
tan tan 0.75
4 4
Pskater Psnowball 0
118 PHYSICS
43. (a) Based on Newton’s third law of motion. Also f F1 F2 sin … (ii)
44. (d) Limiting friction = 0.5 2 10 10N From (i) and (ii)
The applied force is less than force of friction, therefore
[mg F2 cos ] = F1 + F2 sin
the force of friction is equal to the applied force.
45. (d) Applying law of conservation of momentum F1 F2 sin
Momentum of bullet = Momentum of sand-bullet mg F2 cos
system
52. (b) Reading of spring balance
m m 21
v m V mV 4m1m 2 4 5 1 10
20 20 20 2T = kgf
m1 m 2 6 3
46. (d) Here tan 0.8
53. (a) a = 2v (given)
where is angle of repose
dv
tan 1 (0.8) 39 v 2v
ds
The given angle of inclination is equal to the angle of
or dv 2 ds
repose. So the 1 kg block has no tendency to move.
v
mg sin force of friction
dv 2[s]0.1
0 0.2
T=0
0.1
47. (d) For 0.5 kg block, 6 = 0.5 a
48. (b) While moving down, when the lift is accelerating the v 0.1 0.2
weight will be less and when the lift is decelerating the
v 0.3ms 1
weight will be more.
54. (c) If W is the maximum weight, then
49. (b) Total momentum = 2p î pˆj W = 2T cos 60°
Magnitude of total momentum or W = T = 20N
15 5
= ( 2 p) 2 p2 5p 2 5p 55. (c) The acceleration of both the blocks =
3x x
This must be equal to the momentum of the third part.
5
Force on B 2x 10 N
° x
30
50. (c) cos 56. (b) The maximum acceleration that can be given is a
ma 30g 10g 10a
30° 60°
°
30 ma (pseudo force) a 2g 20ms 2
sin
mg M a 1 2
We know that s ut at
30° 90° 2
2s 2 10
ma cos 30 mg sin 30 t =1s
a 20
g 57. (a) Let the air resistance be F. Then
a
3 mg F ma F m[a g]
51. (a) Here, on resolving force F2 and applying the concept
30
of equilibrium Here a 12ms 2
2. 5
F2cos 58. (a) The frictional force acting on M is µmg
F2sin mg
Acceleration =
F1 m M
59. (c) Considering the two masses and the rope a system,
f then
N
mg Initial net force = 25 (15 5) g 5g
N mg F2 cos , and f = µN Final net force = 25 5 15 g 15 g
f [mg F2 cos ] … (i) (acceleration)final = 3 (acceleration)initial
LAWS OF MOTION 119
60. (d) 66. (b) Since surface (ice) is frictionless, so the centripetal
force required for skating will be provided by inclination
s of boy with the vertical and that angle is given as
co
F
N
v2
F tan where v is speed of skating & r is radius
F sin rg
sin mg cos of circle in which he moves.

mg mg
67. (d) v max gr
68. (b) Let a and a' be the accelerations in both cases
From figure N mg cos F sin respectively. Then for fig (a),
61. (b) mg m v 2 / r or v gr
or v ( 0 .25 9 .8 20 ) 7 m /s
62. (a) Since water does not fall down, therefore the velocity
of revolution should be just sufficient to provide
centripetal acceleration at the top of vertical circle. So, a
T T a
v (g r ) {10 (1.6)} (16) = 4 m/sec.
63. (d) The speed at the highest point must be v rg

mg 2mg
Now v r r 2 /T
(a)
2 r r
r(2 / T ) rg or T 2
rg g T – mg = ma … (1)
and 2mg – T 2ma … (2)
4
T 2 4 sec Adding (1) and (2), we get
9.8
mg 3ma
64. (a) From figure,
mv2 g
N sin = ....... (i) a
r 3
N cos = mg ...... (ii) For fig (b),
Dividing, we get
v2 1 v2
tan = or = tan
rg rg
65. (a) In the case of a body describing a vertical circle,
A
aT T a
O D F = 2mg
C
T mg
(b)
B Mg cos
Mg sin Mg T ' mg ma ' … (3)
m 2 m 2 and 2mg T ' 0 … (4)

T mg cos T mg cos
l l Solving (3) and (4)
Tension is maximum when cos = +1 and velocity is a' g
maximum
Both conditions are satisfied at = 0º (i.e. at lowest g
a and a ' g
point B) 3
120 PHYSICS
73. (b) The rain drops falling vertically with velocity u do not
69. (c) Linear momentum, P a bt 2 affect the momentum along the horizontal track. A
dP vector has no component in a perpendicular direction
2bt (on differentiation) Rain drops add to the mass of the car
dt
Mass added in t sec = (mt) kg
dP Momentum is conserved along horizontal track.
Rate of change of momentum, t Initial mass of car = M
dt
Initial velocity of car = v0
dP Final velocity of (car + water) = v
By 2nd law of motion, F Mass of (car + water) after time t = (M + mt)
dt
final momentum = initial momentum
F t (M mt)v Mv0
70. (d) For equilibrium of all 3 masses,
T3 = (m1 + m2 + m3)a or Mv 0
v
T3 (M mt)
a 74. (d) Let v1 = velocity when height of free fall is h 1
m1 m2 m3
v2 = velocity when height of free rise is h2
For equilibrium of m1 & m2
v12 u2 2gh1 for free fall
T2 (m1 m 2 ).a
or
(m1 m 2 )T3 For free rise after impact on ground
or, T2
m1 m 2 m3 0 v22 2gh 2 or v 22 2gh 2
Given m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 6 kg, m3 = 4 kg, T3 = 40 N Initial momentum = mv1
Final momentum = mv2
(10 6).40 Change in momentum = m(v1 – v2)
T2 32N
10 6 4
m( 2gh 2 gh 2 )
71. (a) Velocity of ball after dropping it from a height of
75. (b) T = tension is the string
5m Applied force F = 2T
T = F/2 … (i)
10 m/sec 20 m/sec
T
(using v2 = u2 + 2gh) T T F
v2 = 0 + 2 × 10 × 5 v = 10 m/s f m
Velocity gained by ball by force exerted by bat

For block of mass m, force of friction due to surface f.
0 = u2 – 2gh For sliding the block
u2 = 2 × 10 × 20 or u = 20 m/s T – f = force on the block = mass × acceleration
Change in momentum = m(u + v)
T f
= 0.4 (20 + 10) = 12 kg m/s or acceleration of block . Put T from (i)
m
P P
F or t F
t F f
Acceleration 2
12 m
t 0.12sec
100 g sin g cos
76. (b)
72. (d) F1 = Force of friction between B and A
d
n
1m1g g si d
= 0.25 × 100 × g = 25 g newton 45 45
F2 = Force of friction between (A + B) and surface smooth rough
2 m2 g 2 (mass of A and B) g
When surface is When surface is
smooth rough
1 300
(100 200)g g 100g newton 1 1
3 3 d= (g sin )t 12 , d = (g sin g cos ) t 22
2 2
F F1 F2
2d 2d
= 25 g + 100 g = 25g = 125 × 10 N t1 , t2
g sin g sin g cos
F = 1250 N
LAWS OF MOTION 121
According to question, t 2 nt1 81. (b) This is a standard formula and should be memorized.
g sin
2d 2d a
n = I
g sin g sin g cos 1
MR 2
, applicable here, is coefficient of kinetic friction as 82. (a) N = m a sin + mg cos ......(1)
the block moves over the inclined plane. also m g sin = m a cos ......(2)
1 1 from (2) a = g tan
n= cos 45 sin 45 m
ac
1 k 2 sin 2 os
N mg mg cos ,
cos N
2 1 1 ma
n or 1 k =
1 k n2 or N
mg
co s
mg m
cos cos g
1 ma mg sin
or k 1 83. (a) mBg = s mAg { mAg = s mAg}
2
n mB = s mA
77. (d) Acceleration of block while sliding down upper half = or mB = 0.2 × 2 = 0.4 kg
g sin ; 84. (c) F = 6 ˆi – 8 ˆj+10 k,
ˆ
retardation of block while sliding down lower half = –
|F| 36 64 100 10 2 N F Fx2 Fy2 Fz2
(g sin g cos )
For the block to come to rest at the bottom, acceleration a = 1 ms–2
in I half = retardation in II half. F = ma
g sin (g sin g cos ) 0 2
m 10 2 kg
1
2 tan 85. (d) Frictional force on the box f = mg
Alternative method : According to work-energy Acceleration in the box
theorem, W = K = 0 a = g = 5 ms–2
(Since initial and final speeds are zero) v2 = u2 + 2as
Work done by friction + Work done by gravity 0 = 22 + 2 × (5) s
=0 2
s=– w.r.t. belt
5
i.e., (µ mg cos ) mg sin 0 distance = 0.4 m
2
µ 86. (c) a=1
or cos sin or µ 2 tan
2
78. (c) Mass (m) = 0.3 kg F = m.a = – 15 x
15 150 m = 1000 kg
a=– x x 50 x
0.3 3
a = – 50 × 0.2 = 10 m / s 2
79. (c) From free body diagram, Total mass = (60 + 940) kg = 1000 kg
Let T be the tension in the supporting cable, then
ma
g cos T – 1000g = 1000 × 1
N
T = 1000 × 11 = 11000 N
a 87. (b)
a a
mg cos
+ ma sin mg mg sin
For block to remain stationary, S/2 h
oot S/2 sin
mg sin ma cos a = g tan Sm
S/2 h
80. (a) v2 u2 2as or 02 u 2 2( k g) s Ro
ug S/2 sin
1
100 2 2 10 s
2 For upper half of inclined plane
s = 1000 m v2 = u2 + 2a S/2 = 2 (g sin ) S/2 = gS sin
122 PHYSICS
For lower half of inclined plane 91. (c) Let velocity of bullet be v. If velocity of gun is V, then
0 = u2 + 2 g (sin – cos ) S/2 mv + MV = 0
– gS sin = gS ( sin – cos ) mv
V=
2 sin = cos M
2 sin As spring compresses by d, so
= = 2 tan 1 2 1
cos kd MV 2
2 2
2
88. (d) 1 2 1 mv
or kd M
F T T' 2 2 M
m v
d
mg v= kM
m
mg m 2m 3m 92. (b) Here, l2 = 2l1
2m
T T' T" 1
2mg As for a spring, force constant k
mg 2mg 3mg l
3m
1 1 1
k1 , k2 ,k
l1 l2 l1 l2
6 mg
k1 l1 l2 k2 l1 l2
and
From figure k l1 k l2
F = 6 mg,
As speed is constant, acceleration a = 0 l2 l1
or k1 k 1 and k2 k 1
6 mg = 6ma = 0, F = 6 mg l1 l2
T = 5 mg , T = 3 mg
T =0 k1 k [1 2] 3k [using (i)]
Fnet on block of mass 2 m 1 3
= T – T' – 2 mg = 0 k2 k 1 k [using (i)]
2 2
ALTERNATE :
v = constant mV 2
so, a = 0, Hence, Fnet = ma = 0 93. (a) R = mg cos –
r
89. (a) y
R
V
2 kg m2 car
8 m/sec Presultant mg cos
mg
12 m/sec
m1 Over bridge
c x O
/se 1 kg When decreases, cos increases i.e. R increases
4m
3 94. (d) Work done in moving an object against gravitational
m force depends only on the initial and final position of
the object, not upon the path taken. But gravitational
force on the body along the inclined plane is not same
Presultant = 122 162
as that along the vertical and it varies with angle of
= 144 256 = 20 inclination.
m3v3 = 20 (momentum of third part) 95. (b) On a rainy day, the roads are wet. Wetting of roads
lowers the coefficient of friction between the types
20 and the road. Therefore, grip on a road of car reduces
or, m3 = = 5 kg
4 and thus chances of skidding increases.
90. (b) Mg – T = Ma 96. (a) The force acting on the body of mass M are its weight
T – mg = ma Mg acting vertically downward and air resistance F
acting vertically upward.
On solving, we get
F
(M m)g Acceration of the body , a g
a= T T M
M m m Now M > m, therefore, the body with larger mass will
M
2Mmg have great acceleration and it will reach the ground
and T = mg mg first.
M m

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Laws of Motion-01

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5 LAWS OF MOTION

as x increases, the tension increases. Thus tension is non- F

M 2 M1 sin Equation of motion for M1

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM dP

W (sin cos ) TA TB 6mg ...(5)

According to the given problem v2

mv 2 mv 2 (ii) Motion of electron around the nucleus : Here the

As P rotates, the string AP traces out the surface of a cone.

(a) 20 N (b) 24 N (a) g

(b) 3.3 m/s2 (c) 0.08 ms 1 (d) – 0.8 ms 1

(b) will have a magnitude p 5 15 N A B

the road becomes wet and ' , what is the maximum

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

3–F=2a ...(1) sin = 4 sin – 4 cos

N mg F2 cos , and f = µN Final net force = 25 5 15 g 15 g

f [mg F2 cos ] … (i) (acceleration)final = 3 (acceleration)initial

sin mg cos of circle in which he moves.

63. (d) The speed at the highest point must be v rg

m 2 m 2 and 2mg T ' 0 … (4)

Velocity gained by ball by force exerted by bat

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