NATO:
THE NEXT
WAR IN EUROPE By Bruce Maxwell
The following article is written by the game's designer. The
first pari of (he article provides a brief description oj Ihe game
itself. The second parI describes the individual scenarios and oj-
fers detailed slfolegiesfor oplimum play. The {hird part provides
some genera! lips 011 how 10 use various game jeotllres (0 their
best advantage. Thejinal part ojlhearticleconrains a completely
new scenario.
If the Warsaw Pact decided to invade Central Europe IOrnar-
row, would NATO smash the invaders on the border, defend
doggedly all the way to the Rhine, or collapse like a house of
cards? What level of surprise would the Warsaw Pact have to
achieve in order to guarantee success? What level of readiness
would NATO need in order to guarantee deterrence? Are there
any guarantees of anything in such a situation? NATO, TheNexl
War In Europe, is asimulation designed to provide players with a
model for answering just these kinds of questions. It is also
designed 10 provide players with an action packed game that can
be played to a conclusion in a single setting, something very rare
for games of its scope.
GAME DESCRIPTION
NATO is a strategic level simulation of a NATO/Warsaw Pact
conflict in Central Europe. The map covers Europe from
Bclgium to Poland and from Austria to Denmark. Each hex
covers fifteen miles of terrain, and each game-turn covers two
days of real time. Ground units are represented primarily at the
divisional level. though a fair number of independent NATO
brigades are included. Air units are represented abstractly
through the use of Tactical and Operational Air Attack Points.
The game allows players a great deal of flexibility in moving
their troops. Troops may be moved using two different forms of
road movement, rail movement, and by air, helicopter, and naval
transport.
Combat is executed through a conventional odds system,
though with special modifiers for the allocation of Offensive
Support (which doubles the supported units) and for Chemical
Strikes (which provide a variable column shift). Air Attack
Points attack enemy ground units independent of friendly
ground units, and may also be used 10 counter enemy movement
capabilities and blunt enemy offensives.
Every effort was made to keep the individual rules modules as
simple and clean as possible, while including a separate rules
module on each salient aspect of modern warfare. Thus the game
has few complex mechanics, but a great deal of breadth. Special
rules cover such areas as airborne, airmobile, and amphibious
operations, air defense, chemical and nuclear warfare, NATO
border troops, the West Berlin garrison, national surrender,
refugees, Warsaw Pact militia, and V.S. Reforger rein-
forcements.
There are three scenarios included with the game: the Strategic
Surprise, Tactical Surprise, and Extended Buildup scenarios.
Each scenario starts with units in their peacetime positions. Play
begins with a pre-war game-turn during which the players can
maneuver their units in preparation for war. Play then proceeds
through the first two weeks of the war, or through the first
month, depending on how long a game the players desire.
STRATEGIC SURPRISE SCENARIO
The Strategic Surprise Scenario examines the consequences of
a Warsaw Pact surprise attack, launched directly from barracks
positions. In this scenario, NATO is caught absolutely flatfooted
and must run like hell in order to avoid complete destruction in
the opening rounds of the war.
Warsaw Pac! Opening Strofegy. During the pre-war game-
turn, the Warsaw Pact player is limited tomovingOllly his units in
East Germany, and then only via tactical road movement. He
should make the most of this turn to concentrate his various ar-
mies along their natural axes of advance.
The 20th Guards Army should be kept around Berlin 10 take
the city on the first turn of war. The 2nd Guards Tank Army
should be concentrated along the border just across from
Lubeck. The 3rd Shock Army should be concentrated in the
salicnt JUSt north of Madgeburg. The 1st GuardsTank Army and
the 8th Guards Army should be concentrated along Ihe border
between Kassel and Wurzburg.
Duringtheopeningturnsofthewar, the 2nd GuardsTank Ar-
my should be used as a northern pincer, and the 3rd Shock Army
as a southern pincer to surround Hamburg. Once this has been
accomplished, bOlh of these armies should drive across the Weser
and head towards the Ruhr. The 1st Guards Tank Army should
be given the objective of taking Kassel and then driving Nor-
thwest to the clear terrain behind the Weser. Once there, it should
wheel West again and also drive forthe Ruhr. The8th GuardsAr-
my should be used to support the 1st Guards Tank Army by
shouldering some of the initial offensive action around Kassel,
and then providing nank security against a U.S. counterattack
from the south. In the far South, the Olomouc and Boleslav ar-
mies should drive towards Numberg, and then wheel South to
seize the belt of cities from Munich to Vim.
The Warsaw Pact has overwhelming conventional superiority
in this scenario, a superiority which is made almost absolute ifhe
uses chemical warfare. Therefore he should not be worried
especially about destroying NATO units. Rather, his objective
should be to advance his forward units as far as possible, as fast as
possible, without regard for his nanks. The key to victory is a suc-
cessful drive into the Ruhr city complex.
In line with the emphasis on high speed advance, the Warsaw
Pact player should make maximum use of his air power to inter-
dict NATO ground units, since these units start the scenario scat-
tered all over the map. A deliberate interdiction strategy can pre-
vent the NATO player from ever assembling enough units at the
front to form a line. Therefore resist the temptation to pound
targets along the front: pin them in the rear instead.
The adroit use of airborne and amphibious troops is an essen-
tial to success in this scenario. On the first turn of war, the War-

saw Pact player should drop at' least one regiment of airborne
troops on each of the U.S. Reforger sites along the French
border. This action will eliminate most of the U.S. rein-
forcements. The Warsaw Pact player should use his one available
Helicopter Transport Point to drop an airmobile unit behind the
West German division defending Kassel, thus setting up a Flank
Attack against this unit in conjunction with the 1st Guards Tank
Army.
The Warsaw Pact player lacks sufficient troop to be able to
afford 0 send a whole army up into Denmark. He should
therefore attempt to take Denmark entirely through the use of hi
specialist troops. On the second turn of war, the Warsaw Pact
player hould allocate every single point of air, helicopter, and
amphibious tr'ansport to placing airborne, airmobile, and am-
phibious units adjacent to Danish city hexes (note that these units
cannot be placed directly into these hexes since enemy city hexes
can only be entered via tactical road movement). As Denmark's
territorial reinforcements do not arrive until the NATO player-
turn of game-turn four, this action gives the Warsaw Pact player
two more player-turns to seize the number of cities required to
force Denmark to surrender.
NATO Opening Strategy. The NATO player is denied any op-
portunity to move during the pre-war turn. He must therefore
watch pas ivelyas his front line units are blown to pieces during
the fir t turn of war. Once the NATO player does get to move, his
urvival requires that he hould avoid battle anywhere ea t of the
We er, in the orth, and anywhere outh of Wurzburg, in the
South, for as long a possible. Disregarding Hamburg, which i a
lost cause the NATO player has quite a bit of ground to give on
both of his flanks before he loses a major city. He should give up
this ground, keeping his forces intact and trading space for the
time to bring up reinforcements. Only when the NATO player is
forced back across the Weser, in the North, and into the city belt
from Munich to Ulm, in the South, hould NATO tand and
fight.
A prime NATO tactic in this delaying phase is to move two
steps worth of units (i.e. a force which exerts a Zone of Delay)
next to the lead units of an oppo ing army, while retreating aU
other friendly unit out of range of that army's next move. The
sacrifice force pins the whole army down for an entire turn at a
co t that would certainly be exacted anyway were that army free
to advance unhindered. In addition, the NATO player should not
waste his air power trying to knock steps out of his opponent.
Rather, he should u e it for road interdiction mission against
large enemy stacks. In this manner the NATO player can buy a
great deal of time.
Weapons of the NATO Alliance
M60A 1 Mobile Battle Tank
ARMAMENT:
1 . 105·MM MAIN GUN
1 . 7.62·MM COAXIAL MACHINE GUN
1· .50·MACHINEGUN IN COMMANDER'S CUPOLA
VICTORY INSIDER 3
While running like hell on the flank, the ATO player should
concentrate as much as possible in the center. Hi prime objective
is the defense of the Ruhr, and hence it is in the center that he
must hold as firmly as possible. Forces should be stripped from
each of the flanks and sent to the center, and the center should
receive the lion' shareofreinforcements. In this way, the NATO
player may be able to prevent the Warsaw Pact from actually
penetrating into the Ruhr without losing his entire army in
piecemeal battles.
One of the biggest decisions that the NATO player must make
is whether to defend Denmark or not. If the Warsaw Pact player
plays properly, Denmark should be a lost cause. However, if the
Warsaw Pact player is outrageou Iy unlucky, or fail to pres
Denmark sufficiently hard, the ATO player would be well ad-
vised to try to hold the country. This can be atlempted by sending
the West German 6th Panzergrenadier Division up the neck of
Schleswig-Holstein to hold Flensburg and by whi king two West
German Luftland airborne brigades into Denmark at the first op-
portunity to hold Danish cities against Warsaw Pact airborne and
amphibious attack. Properly managed, such a move can force the
Warsaw pact to divert the entire 2nd Guards Tank Army up into
Denmark and away from the crucial drive on the Ruhr.
TACTICAL SURPRISE SCENARIO
The Tactical Surprise Scenario examines a situation in which
ATO detects a Warsaw Pact invasion buildup and mobilize 48
hours before it is actually launched. This warning time allows
ATO frontline units to form up along the border and greatly
enhances the urvivabilityof ATO' air force. Concomitantly,
however, the increased scale of the buildup undertaken by the
Warsaw Pact provides for a much more powerful opening blow
and a quicker stream of Pact reinforcements.
Warsaw Pac I Opening Strategy. During the pre-war game-
turn, the War aw Pact player may move all of his onmap units
and enter all of his Poli h and Czech Category I reinforcement
using all available means of tran port. The Warsaw Pact player is
therefore able to concentrate hi forces almost anywhere he
wishes along the border. It would be presumptuous to sugge t
that there is a single optimum strategy when so many different
axes of advance can be pursued. evertheless, the Warsaw pact
player faces two basic choices. One choice is to mass aU of his
forces along the East German border for a knockout blow across
the orth German Plains. Thi strategy requires that the bulk of
the forces in Czechoslovakia and Poland be channelled or-
thwards, leaving only a thin screen of troops along the Czech
border.
RECOGNITION FEATURES:
(1) WEDGE·SHAPED TURRET
(2) BORE EVACUATOR TWO-THIRDS DOWN
FROM MUZZLE
(3) SIX ROADWHEELS WITH SUPPORT
ROLLERS
4 VICTORY INSIDER
Alternatively, the War aw Pact player can adopt a broad
front strategy aimed at pressing NATO all along the line. In this
case, the beSI approach is to support four major thrusts: 1) North
of Hamburg, and thence into Denmark, 2) through Kassel, and
thence towards the Ruhr, 3) through Wurzburg, effectively split-
ting NATO in two, and 4) towards Munich, and the city belt
behind il.
The North German Plain strategy aims at the outright destruc-
tion of the NATO forces in Northern Germany during the fir t
three turns of war before they can be effectively reinforced by
U.S. troops from the South. If it succeed, the Warsaw Pact
player should be very close to the Rullr by the end of two weeks.
The broad front strategy, on the other hand, aims at exacting a
high rate of attrition all along NATO's line, with the expectation
that as NATO' line thins towards the end of the game, the War-
saw Pact player should be able to break through in several dif-
ferent places and eize a large number of minor cities all along the
fronl.
My experience to date indicates that the broad front strategy is
generally more effective. Firstly, it forces NATO to defend
everywhere. This means that NATO is less able to concentrate at
a pecific time and place for a seriou counterattack. Secondly,
because the Warsaw Pact player is in a position 10 trike
anywhere along the line, albeit with less concentrated firepower
he can take advantage of local opportunities wherever they arise.
Today's local opportunily is often tomorrow's major
break Ih rough.
Thirdly, the North German Plain strategy relies very heavily
on keeping ATO off balance through a process of continuous
breakthrough. If the Warsaw Pact player ever runs out of team
for even one turn, NATO can form up a line of oLid Corp (two
divi ion stacks) in the orth, using rail movement to transfer
units from the South. Once this occurs, the Warsaw pact player
will find it very hard to regain his momentum. Finally, the Warsaw
Pact player i especially vulnerable 10 NATO's superior airpower
when advancing across the naked plains of orthern Germany.
Whole armies can be battered to pieces on these plajns. Taken
together, I recommend that the Warsaw Pact player develop a
number of di fferent thrusts in his original pre-war deployment,
and try to keep NATO guessing as to which is the main thru 1.
Whichever strategy the Warsaw Pact player adopt, he should
deploy all of his armies in Ea t Germany along the border during
the pre-war game-turn, leaving West Berlin to be taken by
whatever Polish units cannot be moved forward for lack of rail
Weapons of the Warsaw Pact
T·SS Main Battle Tank
ARMAMENT:
1 ·100·MM MAIN GUN
1· 7.62·MM COAXIAL MACHINE GUN
capacity.
Since NATO cities are considerably harder to come by in this
scenario than in the Strategic Surprise scenario, it is essential that
the Warsaw Pact player pick up Denmark. Once again, if this can
be accomplished solely by airborne, airmobile, and amphibious
troops the Warsaw Pact player will be in a much better position
than ifhe has to send a whole army up the neck of Denmark. The
key to achieving this end i a little technique called the "Danish
GambiL"
The Danish Gambit is played as follow . On the first turn of
war, the Warsaw Pact player uses every avajlable transport point
to land airborne, airmobiJe, and amphibious unit adjacent to
Copenhagen. He must manage his landings so that Copenhagen
is entirely surrounded by Pact units and sea hexes, and therefore
vulnerable to a Flank Attack. He allocate both of his Opera-
tional Air Attack Points to attacking the Danish Sjaelland Divi-
sion in Copenhagen itself, hoping to knock a step out of it. He
then launche a ground attack with his adjacent speciali t units,
preferably supported by a chemical strike.
Two times out of three, this strategy will knock Denmark out
of the war immediately. Once Copenhagen is taken, the Warsaw
Pact units on the island are back in supply (convenient if the
Marine HQ sank in the assault), and all of the specialist troops are
then available for further operations on the mainland.
NATO Opening Strategy. During the pre-war game-turn, the
ATO player may move only his non-french units in West Ger-
many, and then only by tactical road movement. Nevertheless,
this movement is sufficient to place a considerable number of
ATO units up along the border. The key strategy is not to de-
fend too far Forward. The ATO player should deploy his troops
so that they form a continuous line exactly three hexes from the
border. This deployment means that all Pact mechanized infan-
try divisions will be unable to move more than one hex into West
Germany on the First tum of war, and that only Pact tank divi-
ions will be able to attack NATO units on that turn.
These consequence stem from the fact that the West German
border hexes act like NATO Zones of Delay on the fir tturn of
war. A Pact mechanized infantry division has a Movement
Allowance of Four, and like all units must pay one extra Move-
ment Point to enter or leave an enemy Zone hex. Thus a Pact
mechanized infantry division along the border at the start of the
first turn of war would have to pay two Movement Point for the
first West German hex entered, and two for the second hex West
German entered. If the second hex entered is also in a ATO
RECOGNITION FEATURES:
(1) FIVE ROADWHEELS; GAP BETWEEN NO.1 AND NO.2 ROAD·
WHEELS; NO SUPPORT ROLLERS
(2) DOME·SHAPED TURRET
(3) EVACUATOR AT END OF MUZZLE
(4) FLAT ENGINE DECK

Zone, the mechanized infantry division lacks the extra point re-
quired to enter it. This strategy allows NATO to defend as far for-
ward as possible without gening clobbered at the outset.
A second very important NATO stralegy is to defend Den-
mark as heavily as possible. He must use air ferry during his pre-
war game-turn to move twO West German Luftland brigades into
Copenhagen, Ihus thwarting an easy Warsaw Pact campaign
against Ihe capital.
A minor but crucial point is Ihat the NATO player must be
very careful 10 garrison his Reforger Sites during his pre-war
game-tum. A failure to garrison these sites before the reforger
units appear will allow the Warsaw Pact player to innict heavy
losses on NATO for the cost of a couple of airborne regiments.
The NATO player will find that his opponent will inevitably
outflank Hamburg from either the North or the South,
necessitating an abandonment of Schleswig-Holstein and a
retirement to the Weser_ Ho.....ever, the following strategy can
cause the Warsaw Pact player a good deal of grief. The NATO
player should leave IWO NATO divisions behind, one in each of
the city hexes of Hamburg. Preferably, these divisions should be
Wesl German, since West German units can use Hamburg as a
source of combat supply.
Back to back, these two divisions are invulnerable to flank at-
lack. Furthermore, since they occupy keycity hexes, they are\"ery
hard to dig out. The Warsaw Pact player is faced with Ihe alter-
natives of either spending one or two whole turns doing nothing
but attacking Hamburg, or bypassing the city and leaving two
powerful West German divisions in his rear_This gambit is
generally .....ell worth the eventual loss of the West German units.
Once the first lurn of war has passed, NATO should defend as
far forward as the silualion allows. The belt of rough terrain run-
ning from Hannover to Wurzburg forms an ideal defensive posi-
tion, and the NATO player should attempt 10 hold onto it for as
long as possible. This will orten mean absorbing an extra step loss
in order to avoid retreating. The most critical piece of terrain for
NATO is the Weser river. Once the Warsaw PacI has breached
this river, NATO tends 10 collapse fairly quickly.
Perhaps the most difficult decision to make in Ihis scenario is
whether 10 launch a counteroffensive. By "counteroffensive", I
refer 10 a full-blown NATO counteratlack backed by Ihe lone
NATO Offensive Support Marker. This action can totally
unhinge Ihe Warsaw Pact player's plan of action if timed corre<:t-
ly. On the other hand, the concentration required for the
counterattack can easily leave other parts of the line falally
weakened. Inevitably, this decision depends upon local cir-
cumstances, and cannot be answered in the general case.
However, having been burned by many of my own counterat-
lacks, let me offer IwO pieces of advice.
The first is that if the NATO player wishes to counterattack,
he should ruthlessly avoid using his air power 10 amite Warsaw
Pact anacks on his own unils. Instead, he should use his air
points to weaken the point that he intends to counterattack, and
to interdict adjacent Warsaw Pact stacks which might otherwise
be able 10 plug the hole he intends to create. The seeond is that he
not counterattack anywhere near one of his opponent's main
axes of advance. This strategy may do his opponent a lot of
damage, but it won't secure a breaklhrough.
Instead, the NATO player should attack somewhere where his
opponent's line is very thin, make a breakthrough, and then head
straight for one of his cities. This strategy will force his opponent
to divert reinforcementS piecemeal to a sector where he can'l
generate any real mass. The net effect on his own offensives will
be much greater than a frontal assault.
In testing, we found that a counteraltack into Czechoslovakia
or back up the Hof Gap (towards Karl Marx Sladl) was frequent-
ly the mosl effeclive approach, especially since NATO generally
has good striking p()'A'er on Ihis front even before reinforcement.
The NATO pla)'er should be particularly alen to Ihe possibili-
ty of suddenly railing a large striking force to a weak spot in the
Warsaw Pact line. NATO's interior lines of communication can
be exploited in this fashion to generate instant counteroffensives
against points which the Warsaw Pact player cannot possibly
VICTORY INSIDER 5
reinforce for one or twO game-turns. Good planning. rail move-
ment. and deliberately applied air power are the ingredients for a
successful counterattack.
EXTENDED BUILDUP SCENARIO
The Extended Buildup Scenario examines a situation in which
both sides have prepared for war for some time before hostilities
aClUally commence. NATO is nOt at all surprised by the timing of
the attack. Both sides are ready to pour reinforcements and
reserves into Ihe fray, and the total amount of ready firepower is
staggering. The level of destruction in this scenario far outstrips
either oflhe other two scenarios. On the other hand, Ihe high unit
density makes for much stronger lines, and hence a greater ability
to absorb punishment wilhout breaking. Play in this scenario
generally falls into two phases. In the firsl phase. each side
pounds Ihe olher in a brutal war ofattrition. In the second phase,
whichever side has losl the war of attrition suffers a major
breakthrough, and the game enters a more mobile state.
Warsaw Pact OfWning Strolegy. The Warsaw PaCI player
faces a much smaller range of options in this scenario than he
does in either of the other two scenarios. largely bttause NATO
will be able to defend wilh whole Corps-sized Slacks regardless of
where the Warsaw Pact player chooses 10 atlack. Generally
speaking, the Warsaw Pact player'S best axis of anack is across
the North ~rman Plain betw«n Hannover and Hamburg. The
reason for this is the simple fact that this axis contains most ofthe
NATO cities near the border, and hence it is the only axis where a
modest advance will harvest a fair number of Viclory Points.
Elsewhere, the Warsaw Pact player would have 10 achieve a ma-
jor breakthrough in order 10 garner any Victory Points.
A second, and somewhat riskier strategy, is 10 make the main
push between Kassel and Hannover. A breakthrough across the
Weser in the early stages of the game will yield lruly wonderful
results in that il will oUlflank NATO's defenses around Bremen
and hence collapse NATO's entire Northern defense. On the
other hand, the defensive lurn lerrain in this sector is excellent. If
the breakthrough docs not materialize early on, Ihe Warsaw Pact
player will quickly SlOP dead in his tracks.
Regardless of where the Warsaw Pacl player chooses 10 make
his main effort, he should be extremely careful to place all of his
resources squarely behind this effort, and nowhere else. The
Warsaw Pact player cannot hope 10 break NATO except by in-
flicting a very high rate of attrition along a very narrow front.
This strategy requires meal grinder tactics utilizing at least three
armies shoulder to shoulder, each with Offensive Support and
backed by all of the air power available (and chemicals too, if us-
ed). The fourth Offensive SuppOrt Marker should be used to
maintain a secondary front as a diversion, or 10 meel the in-
evitable NATO counterattack when it materializes.
The Warsaw Pact player must always be careful to station a
second echelon army immediately behind his breakthrough sec-
tor, ready to take over when a forward army gets depleted, or to
exploit a breakthrough if one is achieved.
The Warsaw Pact player gelS a reinforcement army each
game-turn for the first four turnsof war (Category II divisions ar-
riving from the Western Military Districts of the Soviet Union).
These armies are small and weak, and Ihus poor candidates for
Offensive Support. Therefore, they should not be used in the
breakthrough sector. They are quite useful, however, for shoring
up weak sections of the line, providing flank security, or counter-
ing NATO counteroffensives.
One of the most difficult decisions facing the Warsaw Pact
player is whether to goafler Denmark or not. Denmark is so heavi-
ly defended at the slart of the scenario that il is fairly proof
againsl an auack by purely airborne, airmobile, and amphibious
troops. To take the country, the Warsaw Pact player will ha\'e to
allocale at least one, and possibly two armies, which will be mer-
cilessly ex~ to superior NATO airpower all of the way upthe
neck of Denmark. Further, these armies will be sorely missed
when the Warsaw Pact reaches Ihe Weser:. On Ihe olher hand, Ihe
six Victory Points Ihat come with Danish surrender look very at-
9~
6 VICTORY INSIDER
1809 DESIGNER'S NOTES
By Kevin Zucker
The 1809 Campaign is known for its culminating battle of
Wagram. one of the costliest victories of Napoleon up to that
time. In addition [0 that victory was a defeat at Essling and one
victory that slipped away. Both of the laller were firsts for
Napoleon, and proved that he was no longer the unconquerable
victor of Austerlitz. His Spanish campaign of 1808 had been in-
conclusive, and his very next campaign in Russia was way
beyond his abilities. He was, in short. already tottering on the
edge of a decline.
He did manage to win the 1809 campaign. but it took three
months of negotiations afterwards to clinch the spoils. In addi-
tion. the ncar success of the Austrians raised hopes throughout
Germany. For public opinion, this was a pivotal year of the tur-
ning against Napoleon, and it may be that no victory could have
prevented that turning except one which led to a withdrawl of
French troops quartered in Germany, Wagram was nOl a great
victory, but it was beller than Borodino, Luetzen and Dresden
in that it did lead to a cessation of hostilities. Because of its
fame, players will probably seek out the Wagram scenario in
/lJ()9. but I urge them 10 consider the Campaign scenario.
Administration in 1809
If the rules to the game could be compared 10 a machine, Ihe
Administrative Points (APs) would be the "governor," a small
part which controls the activity of all the olher parts. If com-
pared to a Jiving being, Ihe APs would represent the heart. It is
extremely important then thai the levels of APs available to the
players nOI be arbitrarily chosen, but based as closely as possible
011 the effects we see in history.
The Administrative Points perform twO functions. First,
their expenditure is required 10 order a force's movement. Se-
cond, having fewer accumulated APs resullS in higher March
Attrition. If the Accumulated AP level is low, nOI only will
forces be required to move under an Initiative die roll (the alter-
nalive 10 having an AP expended for their movement), but the
marches they make will be shorter since amition can be kepi in
bounds only by limiting march distances. This regulating effect
is not a rigid limit; players will al times have to move withoul
regard to amition effects in order to bring the enemy 10 battle
or complete a telling maneuver.
Players have the freedom to expend large amounts of APs to
keep all their forces in motion, but after several turns of this,
their APs will begin to run out and aUrition will become a
serious problem. At Ihis point, a halt will have 10 be called so
that APs can be accumulaled. Here, the player who has hoarded
APs will be able 10 hound an exhausted army, though it is likely
that to some extent a player will be forced 10 match the level of
APs expended by his more prolific opponent.
How, then, were the available levels of APs determined'?
Obviously Ihere is nothing in the historical records we can refer
to which is analogous to APs. They are not a stalic thing,like an
army staff or a quantity of wagons, foodstuffs or money. They
represent a dynamic - a question of how wdl all those com-
ponents of the Administration were put to use. They are sort of
an overall Army Effectiveness rating. The personality of the
Commander-in-Chief would have a lot to do with this, bUI the
contribution of his Chief of Staff would be equally important.
Lack of resources would be a facior. Ultimately, it is much
easier to determine Ihe effects that these imaginary APs had in
Ihe actual campaign on attrition and tempo. For this purpose,
we needed to determine the historical aurition, which required a
complele idea of all the troops coming into the theatre.
Attrition in 1809
Including the reinforcements which appear on or before 5-6
May. the French Army begins the campaign with 189,000 men.
Losses during the Abensberg-Eckmuehl phase were IO,())(), plus
Ihe 3.000 men of the 65th Rgl. caplured at Regensburg. There
were lhen 176,000 with the army on the morning of 24th April
(Table I). At the battles of Neumarkt and Ebelsberg, 3,700 men
were lost. That leaves 172,300 nominalJy still with the colors.
We know that on about the 16th of May, the French Army
numbered 167,000 men in its infantry and cavalry formations.
We can conclude, Ihen, that March Attrilion exceeded
replacements by 5,300 men in the period up 10 the 161h of May.
We know too that French replacements in the same period were
12,600. so that March Attrition should have been 17,900. Con·
sidering the rapid pace of operations, thaI is a rather low figure.
From 19th April to 16th May is fourteen game-turns. At the
end of the period, the largest forces. those most susceptible to
attrition, were Davoul's with 18,000, Massena's with 26,000,
and OudinOl'S and Vandamme's with 12,000 each. (Lefebvre's
corps .....as actually operating as three separate columns against
the Tyrolese insurgents). Massena's units were down 7,000 from
their initial slrength of 33,000. If we assume that Massena's
combat losses were equal to the replacements he received. his
march attrition could be estimated as 7.000 men, or two-fifths
of the army's IOtal march attrition in the period.
Davout's force as composed on 19-2OI:h April was also
reduced by 7,000 men in the period. However, his III Corps
took Ihe brunt of the Austrian offensive at the oUlSet of the
campaign, so its combat losses were probably greater than the
replacements received by aboul 2.000, making its total march
attrition for the period 5,000 men. The remaining 5,900 men
lost 10 march attrition were spread out among Gudinot, Van-
damme and the other French leaders.
Knowing what levels of attrilion arc desired, it was simple 10
work backwards 10 the number of APs the French needed 10
begin the campaign. Massena's loss should be I SP when mar-
ching 5 movement points, on an average die roll of 3 or 4, after
his strength falls to 30 or below. For Davout, who has a Bonus
Point, attrition losses would average Y2 $P under the same con-
ditions, assuming these long marches were made only in good
weather. Massena would be able to make seven such marches in
the fourteen game-turns of Ihe period, and Davout ten, without
likely exceeding historical attrilion rates. To achieve these attri·
tion rates, the French need to be on the "22-43 APs Ac-
cumulated" column on the Attrilion Table. In order to allow
Ihe French to remain on this column throughoUi the period, and
slill move along at a historical clip, I put them near the high
end, with 37 APs.
Our working figure for Attrition still lacks historical
documentation; we need to proe«d further into the campaign
to check its accuracy (.see again Table I). Our figure for French
losses at Aspem-Essling is 20,000. If this figure is combined
with the previous combat loss figures, the tOlal is 33,700; in-
cluding casualties from Ihe 65th Rgl., (captured) would make il
35,000. Of that 101al, the proportion of wounded can be
estimated as 70', or 24,500. The actual number of men in
hospitals on the 1st June was 46,400 (from among Ihe forma-
lions we are concerned with), which means approximately
22,000 were hospitalized due 10 non-combal attrition between
the start of the campaign and the 1st of June. This is in line wilh
our attrition figure of 17,900 up through 16th May.
 VICTORY INSIDER 7

• • • • Consider the following example from Petre's history:

While the French were making their rapid march down the
Danube, the main force of Austrians under Charles was haslen-
ing across the mountain pass at Cham and into Bohemia. They
paused for one day at Budweis, and then recommenced their
march on Vienna (see Table 2). In game terms, this march cost
29 APs and 36 Strength Points to Attrition, after adjusting the
March Phasing to minimize attrition.
Following this 236-mile march, these five forces continued
to lose an average of 760 men per corps per turn through May
19th. On the Attrition Table, this would require no more than
four to six APs Accumulated, with marches of two or three
MPs. And that is where the Aspern-Essling Scenario begins.
The Real Administration
This is how the AP levels were determined, but what factors
are involved in the Army Administration, the actual stuff
represented by the APs? There are twO broad categories:
General Staff, including troop movements and intelligence; and
Support Services such as commissary, paymaster and medical.
For the Administration to perform effectively, these elements
would have to be in good working order.
Rating the General Staff
What is the basis for quantifying the efficiency of the army
staff? A convenient measure is the amount of time it takes to
deliver orders and communications. That is, what use does the
staff make of its time?
Here we see Napoleon's best advantage. The time it took for
an order of his to be drafted, delivered, executed, and reported
back to him was done on a 24-hour schedule, while the
Austrians rarely found their orders carried out in less than 24
hours.
"Pire', despatched by Davout at 7 PM on the 21st, covered the
37 miles of dangerous, crowded road which separated him from
the Emperor in 7 hours, and was shown into Napoleon's
quarters at 2 AM." With the detours required on his way, his
average speed was 5.3 m.p.h.
Davout had fought the Austrians until dusk, after 6 PM.
Pire' was an important field commander who was sent because
Napoleon refused to heed Davout's written despatches. Davout
had already sent no less than six reports to Napoleon through
thai day, but Pire's arrival hal f-hour report on the battle chang-
ed the entire picture, and every decision concerning the next
24·hour's operations was made between 2:30 and 4 A~l - the
last moment when marching orders for the qawn could be sent.
Of the seven orders drafted, one allached Wrede to
Bessieres, one concerned defensive positions at Ingolstadl; and
one 10 Bessieres described the other orders, since Napoleon felt
confident with Bessieres' initiative.
One cannot find a lot of wasted time in the staff process,
from Pire's hurried ride (commencing minutes after the baltle's
end) to the despatch of the next morning's orders - unless it be
with Napoleon's stubbornness in sticking to his preconceptions.
But by operating ncar peak efficiency, Napoleon and his staff
were able to issue only four "movement commands."
On the same morning, the Austrian Archduke Charles
issued his movement orders at 8 AM - four hours after
Napoleon's - for an auac!; on Davout to commence between
noon and I PM. With at least four hours' headstart, the 35,000
troops of Davout were able to escape a blow by 74,000
Austrians. The Austrian orders were changed to meet the
French counter, bUI were issued so late that 32,000 men were
unable 10 engage the French during the decisive battle thaI day.
These Austrian orders were stymied due to quicker French staff-
work. The Austrians were forced to react to a jail accompri,
their own initiative was lost, and lhe successive waves of orders

TABLE 1: FRENCH ARMY STRENGTH LEDGER TABLE 2

CHARl.ES'S MARCH FROM CHAM TO BVDWEtS: 28 APRIL - 5 MAY
As of 19 April 189,000 Duration: 4 turns
Losses at Abensberg-Eckmuc:hl -10,000 Average March: 25 miles per turn on Primary Road
65th Rgl. captured at Ratisbon -3,000 Phase Breakdown: 4 March Phases & I Reaction March
As of 24 April 176,000 March Distance per Phase: 5 MPs.
Losses at Neumarkt & Ebelsbg. -3,700 Number of'Forces: 5
As of early May 172,300 Composition of Forces (Strength): 1(28), 1I/IR(20/12), 111(13),
March attrition: 19 Apr. ~ 16 May -17,900 lV(15), Klenau (8).
TOlal replacements: 23 Apr. - 16 May 12,600 APs Accumulated: 14-21
Asof 16 May 167,000 APs Expended: 12
Losses al Aspern.Ess!ing -20,000 Weather: Mud
As of23 May 147,000 Allrition Result: 1(11), II/IR (inc. Chas. *
10), III (marched
Reinforcements (Eugene's Army of Italy, two turns longer, 4), IV(3), Klenau (2).
Marmont's XI, Grenier & Grouchy) 37,000
Replacements: 21 May - 27 June 54,000 CHARLES' MARCH FROM BUDWEIS TO VtENNA: 7 ~ 15 MAY
March attrilion: 17 May - I July -30,000 Marches:
Asof4July, 1809 208,000 Budweis - Weitra (March 5, Reaction 2) . 8 May
Weitra - Zwetll (March 4) - 10 May
Zwelll - Neupoella (Extended March 9) - II May
Neupoella - Mold (Reaction 4) - 12 May
Mold - Wetzdorf (March 5) - J3 May
Wetzdorf - Goellersdf (March 5)· 15 May
APs Accumulated: 22-43
APs Expended: 17
Weather: Mud
Strengths: 1(17), II/IR(22), 111(9), IV(12), Klenau (6).
Resulting Attrition: 1(4), 1I/IR(5), 111(2), IV(3), Klenau (I).
Total Allrltion 28 Apr. - 15 May: 1(15), IIIlR(15), 111(6), IV(6),
Klenau (3).
Adjusted 10 Play: 1(12), IIIIR(12), 111(5), IV(4), Klenau (3):
Total is 36.
Replacements and Ldw.: 1(8), II/lR(7), III(26), IV(l2), Klenau
(5).
cancelled each other out.
The Support Services: The Commissary
Feeding the !TOOpS meant supplying 28 oz. of bread, 4 oz. of
rice, plus meat and wine 10 each soldier every day. The quantity
of the ration varied. Odier, writing after the wars, gave liz litre
as the wine ration. Rice and bean rations of one ounce were can·
sidered a minimum by Napoleon. An order of 14 May 1809
specified sustinence:
Independent of lheir bread ralion of 24 ounces, soldiers wiff
receive:
- at breakfast. soup and 1116 pint eau-de-vie.
- 01 dinner, soup. six ounces a/meal, beans and a demi-pol
beer or wine.
. 01 supper, beans and a demi-pot beer or wine.
The ralion comprises 24 ounces 0/ bread, 4 ounces soup, 6
ounces meal, 2 ounces rice or 4 ounces beans, 1/16 pinl eau-de-
vie, 1 pin! beer or I bottle 0/ wine, every day.
To provide these vast quantities required billeting on the
population or else local purchases at inflated prices, thousands
of wagons and river barges, and independent drivers and teams.
Each shipment was organized by an agent of transport detailed
from Headquarters. Further, forage was seized locally by the
troops themselves, receipted for and paid after the war.
Odier says a division of cleven thousand men would
theoretically be assigned 51 caissons. If each carried 1.2 tons,
there would be 12 lbs. of capacity per man. Exactly ¥j are
devoted 10 food, 30 of those to bread. The cost of one month's
rations for eleven thousand men is calculated as 81,438 francs.
(These are 1809 prices, derived by reducing Odier's figures by
58'.) The cost of feeding the French army of 200,000 in 1809
would have been 1,480,700 francs per month.
Odier also estimates that transport of a year's provisions for
a corps of 40,600 men would cost 504,000 francs, or 210,000
francs per month for the army of 1809. These figures are of
course theoretical, and the French Army could not have
transported its full ration requirements even if that had been the
intention. Almost everything except bread was gotten locally,
and even bread was transported from central bakeries within the
theatre.
8 VICTORY INSIDER
The Treasury
Napoleon brought 20 million francs into Germany at the
start of the 1809 campaign, an amount considered adequate for
three months. A further fourteen million francs of the Austrian
treasury were captured on the occupation of Vienna, but this
sum was probably nOI even employed for war purposes. Further
forced contributions were levied on the Austrians in 1809,
which went towards the army's payroll. The pay owed the army
for the period May to August alone amounted 10 33 million
francs.
The June and July wages were the first to be paid nOt by the
French treasury, but entirely from contributions from the oc-
cupied territory. For the purpose of collecting these contribu-
tions, the "circles" of Korneuburg, Krems, Znaiem, Bruenn,
and Pressburg were organized. Funds taken from Vienna were
also employed as wages. In the two months prior to July 12th,
the French had drawn nearly ten million florins (31 million
francs) from the city, and demanded enormous requisitions of
supplies. On 15 July, Count DaTU was ordered to initiate the
collection of these contributions in the amount of 100 million in
paper, with which to pay without delay, the army for June, July
and August. This order was repeated on 7th September.
An indemnity of 200 million francs had been imposed on the
Austrian provinces after mid-July. By 30th September,
however, only 50 million francs had been received. The Treaty
of Pressburg, signed on the 14th of October, stipulated a
balance of 85 million francs, to make a reduced total indemnity
of 135 million francs. These cash payments were a primary war
aim: to make the war pay for itself. Probably, even after deduc-
ting the costs of feeding and billeting the troops, paying their
salaries, and purchasing all their equipment. the French made a
profit of about 70 million francs on this campaign, though it's
doubtful they ever collected the whole amount.
The cost of the campaign over a three month period can be
broken down ever further. The cost of provisions for one man
could be about 30 francs. or six million total for an army of
200,000. Forage for each horse: 50 francs or 2.5 million for
50,000 horses. Salary for each soldier. around 42 francs, or 8.4
million. Hospital costs, 8.7 francs, 1.7 million total. Transport
of provisions: 3.1 francs per man; 630,000 in all. Other costs
would total 10.5 francs per man for 2.1 million, and 35.5 francs
per horse for 1.7 million. The tOlal cost: 23 million francs.
 VICTORY INSIDER 9

Weapons of the Warsaw Pact

T·62 Main Baftle Tank
ARMAMENT: RECOGNITION FEATURES:
1 -115-MM MAIN GUN (1) SMOOTH, ROUND, PEAR-SHAPED TURRET

1 . 7.62-MM COAXIAL MACHINE GUN (2) LONG GUN WITH EVACUATOR ONE-THIRD DOWN

FROM MUZZLE

1 . 12.7-MM AA MACHINEGUN (3) FLAT ENGINE DECK

(4) FIVE ROADWHEElS; LARGE GAPS BETWEEN NOS. 4

AND 5 ROADWHEELS; NO SUPPORT ROLLERS

~5 out to be remarkably effective.

tractive when so very few other NATO cities are within easy
reach. If the Warsaw Pact player uses chemical warfare, he
should probably spare an army or two against Denmark. If he
does nOl use chemical warfare, however, NATO's airpower will
generally rule out thi move.
Since Denmark i too well defended to succumb to specialist
assault, and since NATO' reforger sites will also be defended
the Warsaw Pact player must come up with an innovative use for
his specialist troops. The marine units can generally be used along
the Danish neck to support a landward advance. They are
especially useful for creating a Flank Attack against Kiel or
Flensburg. The airborne and airmobile troops should also be us-
ed for Flank Attacks, or used en mass to isolate a whole sector of
NATO's line from reinforcement.
NATO Opening Strategy. During the pre-war game-turn, the
NATO player may move all of his unit outside France by any
mean available. NATO can thu form a very solid line all along
the border. Since the Victory Conditions do not require the War-
saw Pact player to take very many cities, the NATO player should
defend as far forward as possible and trade units for space
ruthlessly.
This is the one scenario in which NATO may be able to defend
east of the Weser. If the Warsaw Pact player does not use
chemical warfare, the NATO player should make every effort to
hold onto Hamburg. This will require a tenacious defense of the
orest trip connecting Hamburg and Hannover. The other
critical piece of terrain is the Weser river between Mir.den and
Kassel. This sector offers excellent defensive terrain, and a tub-
born defense here can bleed the Warsaw Pact white in fruitless
frontal assau.lts. The 10 s of th.is line, however, will seriously
unhinge operations farther North.
The best part about this scenario is NATO s sub tantial
capacity for generating a counteroffensive. ATO has the troops
and the airpower to make a serious dent in the Warsaw Pact line.
Because the mechanics of the NATO Offensive Marker allow the
NATO player to put only one nationality at a time on the offen-
sive, the best choice is the West Germans, whose troops are most
abundant. The greatest concentration of West Germans is in the
West German I Corps stationed in the North. These two facts en-
courage the following NATO strategy, which, in testing, turned
During the pre-war game-tum the ATO player should shift
the three West German divisions of the lIT Corps as far North as
possible, ending the Brili h I Corps to the South to fill the gap.
This move places e en or eight West German divisions between
Hannover and Hamburg. This area is precisely where the main
War aw Pact axis of attack can be expected to fall. However,
during the first and second turns of war, the only major Warsaw
Pact army that can attack into this sector is the Soviet 3rd Guards
Shock Army. Later it will be reinforced by three or four follow on
armie , but at the tart it must operate alone. This is precisely
when it is most vulnerable.
A careful examination of the terrain in this area will reveal
that the 3rd Guards Shock Army is cut off from the 2nd Guards
Tank Army to the North by Hamburg and the Elbe. It is cut off
from the 1st Guard Tank Army to the South by Hannover and
the Harz mountains. If the NATO player hits the 3rd Guards
Shock Army on game-turn three with the entire weight of the
reinforced West German I Corps, using the Offensive Support
Marker he receives on that turn, he can decimate it in two quick
turns. The terrain prevents the War aw Pact player from im-
mediately reinforcing the stricken army, and a ATO success
here totaUy unhinges the 2nd Guards Tank Army to the North.
CarefuUy played, thi counterattack can knock the Warsaw Pack
player back across the bnrder before he knows what hit him.
Success, however, can be a player's worst enemy. The key to
using this strategy effectively is knowing when to withdraw again.
The 3rd Guards Shock Army can be reinforced by two Polish ar-
mie and by two Soviet Category II armies two turns after the in-
itial West German counteroffensive. If the ATO player fails to
pull back when these forces arrive, he risks getting completely
enveloped. Furthermore, the succes of the counteroffen ive is
very likely to prompt the Warsaw pact player to initiate chemical
warfare, if he has not done so already. Once the West Germans
have wiped out the 3rd Shock Army, they should be withdrawn
into defensive position immediately.
No doubt, there are a great many other innovative approaches
for a NATO counteroffensive. However, wherever the NATO
player chooses to counterattack, he should be careful that he has
not seriously stripped his line in other sectors. The Warsaw Pact
player till packs an enormous punch, and a poorly conceived
10 VICTORY INSIDER
counterattack is the surest way for NATO to lose this scenario.
Neither side has much margin for error when the Victory Condi-
tions are so tight.
GENERAL POINTS OF PLAY
Air Power. Most players naturally tend to use their air power
to knock holes in opposing units. This is frequently not the best
use of air power. The NATO player should be very conscious of
using road interdiction against large Warsaw Pact stacks,
especially during the opening turns of war. The cumulative ef-
fects of such delaying actions can sometimes make an enormous
difference in the course of play. Similarly, the Warsaw Pact
player can make very effective use of road interdiction to block
ATO reinforcements from entering a breakthrough sector.
To maximize the combat effects of his air power, the NATO
player should seek to defend in positions surrounded by adjacent
clear terrain hexes. These positions allow his air power to exact a
high penaJty from attacking Warsaw Pact units. It is especially
important that the NATO player sets up such kill zones in front of
the larger Warsaw Pact armies and then hits them for several
turns in a row. In this fashion, these armie can be worn down
enough to ruin the extra leverage that they derive when given Of-
fensive Support.
Airborne and airmobile units. From the War aw Pact'
perspective, these units are best used against Denmark and the
U.S. Reforger sites. evertheless, both players should be ex-
tremely alert to any opportunities to use these troops to generate
Flank Attacks by dropping behind oppo ing units. In this role,
they can be incredible force multiplier .
HQ Units. Beside their obvious role in providing logistical
support to friendly units, HQ's should be used religiously to sit
just behind friendly frontline stacks in order to guard their rear
from enemy airmobile descents. Since HQ units cannot be struck
Weapons of the NATO Alliance
XM1 Mobile Battle Tank
ARMAMENT:
1 . 105·MM MAIN GUN
1 ·7.62·MM COAXIAL MACHINE GUN
1 . 7.62·MM MACHINEGUN AT LOADER'S HATCH
1· .50·MACHINEGUN AT COMMANDER'S CUPOLA
by enemy air power (by virtue of the large number of men theyac-
tually represent and their high dispersion), they are excellent rear
area security units and should be used as such.
The only counter to thi tactic occurs when the Warsaw Pact
player employs chemical warfare. He may then drop airmobile
units adjacent to a "rearguard" HQ, strike it with chemical, and
attack it using the airmobile units at descent odds. Jf the H Q unit
is displaced or destroyed, the airmobile unit can advance into its
hex and then generate a Flank Attack against the NATO stack
which the HQ unit wa protecting. This airmobile/gas combina-
tion can be especially devastating against a NATO HQ carrying
the ATO Offensive Support Marker.
Low Quality Troops. The NATO player gets a great many low
quality brigades as reinforcements. He hould alway keep at
least one of these units in each frontline stack. This way, when he
wishes to sacrifice a unit rather than retreat, hecan sacrifice a unit
with a low combat value.
SCENARIO DESIGN
Since the game provides the players with the starting po itions
of all of the units stationed on the map, and since it also provides
three separate reinforcements schedules keyed to different
mobilization assumptions, the player have in their hand the
basic building block required to design their own scenarios. The
basic variables that can render dozens of different situations are
the nations involved, the timing of each side's mObilization, the
political conditions leading to activation, and the victory condi-
tions that each side is striving to meet. The combinations are vir-
tually endless.
In the next issue of the Victory Insider, we will pUblish
a new scenario for NATO by Bruce Maxwell. Look for
Scenario 4: The War of Nerves!
RECOGNITION FEATURES:
(1) SEVEN PAIRS OF
ROADWHEELS
(2) SIDE SKIRTS
(3) LONG FRONT SLOPE
(4) LOW, FLAT-TOPPED,
SLOPING·SIDED TURRET
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