LECTURE NOTES

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Prepared by: John Joseph D. Zarate

What is Science?
 Science comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge’. It refers to
a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge
about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation or
both.

Question #1: Which of the following nature of science refers to the validity of
scientific claims is settled by referring to observations of phenomena?
A. The world is understandable
B. Science demands evidence
C. Scientific Ideas are open to change
D. Science is a complex social activity

Answer: B

Natures of Science
A. The World is Understandable
 Science presumes that the things and events in the universe occur in
consistent patterns that are comprehensible through careful,
systematic study. Scientists believe that through the use of the
intellect, and with the aid of instruments that extend the senses,
people can discover patterns in all of nature.

B. Science Explains and Predicts

 Scientists strive to make sense of observations of phenomena by
constructing explanations that are consistent with currently accepted
scientific principles. Such explanations or theories may be either broad
or restricted, but they must be logically sound and incorporate a
significant body of scientifically valid observations.
 The credibility of scientific theories often comes from their ability to
show relationships among phenomena that previously seemed
unrelated. For example, the theory of moving continents, has grown in
credibility as it has shown relationships among diverse phenomena
such as earthquakes, volcanoes, the match between types of fossils on
different continents, the shapes of continents, and the contours of the
ocean floors.

C. Science Demands Evidence

 The validity of scientific claims is settled by referring to observations of
phenomena. Hence, scientists concentrate on getting accurate data.
Such evidence is obtained by observations and measurements taken in
situations that range from natural settings to completely contrived
ones.
Question #2: Which nature of science explains why scientists are always testing
and revising their ideas, and as new observations are made?
A. Scientific ideas are open to change
B. Science is a complex social activity
C. Credibility of scientific theories
D. Scientific work involves everyone

Answer: A

D. Scientific Ideas are Open to Change

 Science is more of a process than a set body of knowledge. Scientists
are always testing and revising their ideas, and as new observations
are made, existing ideas may be challenged.

E. Science is a Complex Social Activity

 Scientific work involves many individuals doing many different kinds of
work and goes on to some degree in all nations of the world. Men and
women of all ethnic and national backgrounds participate in science
and its applications.

F. Science Cannot Provide Complete Answers to All Questions

 There are many matters that cannot usefully be examined in a
scientific way. There are, for instance, beliefs that --- by their very
nature --- cannot be proved or disproved (such as the existence of
supernatural powers and beings, or the true purposes of life).

What is Technology?
 Technology, the word often attached side by side with science comes from
the Greek word techne, meaning ‘art, skill or cunning of hand’. Technology
involves the development and use of materials, tools, and approaches for
solving human problems and helping to fulfill human needs and desires.

Science, Technology and Society

Science, technology and society are closely linked, especially through
scientific inquiry, technological problem solving, and communication. Science
frequently utilizes and requires tools and processes developed by technology, and
conversely, technology often employs principles, laws, theories, and processes
developed by means of science. The society as we know it today has been affected
in many ways by science and technology.

Science, Technology and Society:

 combines previously independent and older disciplines, such as the history of
science, philosophy of science, and sociology of science.
 shows that many schools today do not really prepare students to respond
critically, reflectively, and proactively to the challenges posed by science and
technology in the modern world.
Question #3: Which of does not belong to the 10 ethical dilemmas in science for
2020 as coined by Dr. Jessica Baron?
A. Deep Fakes
B. Predatory Journals
C. Project Nightingale
D. Student software

Answer: D

Top 10 Ethical Dilemmas in Science for 2020

Dr. Jessica Baron, in collaboration with the John J. Reilly Center for Science,
Technology and Values at the University of Notre Dame, has released the annual list
of emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology for 2020.
Read full article using this link: https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/558920-Top-
10-Ethical-Dilemmas-in-Science-for-2020/

1. The Pseudoscience of Skincare

2. AI and Gamification in Hiring
3. Predatory Journals
4. The HARPA Safehome Proposal
5. Class Dojo and Classroom Surveillance
6. Grinch Bots
7. Project Nightingale
8. Student Tracking Software
9. The Corruption of Tech Ethics
10.Deep fakes

Question #4: All but one is the driving concerns for Science and Technology
development?
A. Conservation of environment
B. Peace and humanitarian behavior
C. Engineering and architecture
D. Observation and measurement

Answer: B

Driving Concerns for Science and Technology Development

1. Transportation
2. Communication
3. Food production, agriculture and industry
4. Military and Defense
5. Conservation of life, medicine, and health
6. Engineering and architecture
7. Power and energy
8. Observation and measurement
9. Aesthetics
 The rise of ancient civilizations such as Sumerians, Babylonians, Egyptians,
Greeks, Romans, and Chinese paved the way for advances in science and
technology. Their contributions not only allowed these ancient civilizations to
flourish, but also paved the way for the developments of many other science and
technology innovations.

Question #5: The first writing system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols developed by the Sumerians?
A. Cuneiform
B. Hieroglyphics
C. Papyrus
D. Shadoof

Answer: A

Sumerian Civilization

Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia and is

considered the oldest civilization in the world. The ancient civilization of the
Sumerians were the people of southern “Mesopotamia” whose civilization flourished
between c. 4100-1750 BCE.
The Sumerians lived in “Sumer” which was not a political entity but rather a
region of city-states each with its own king. Sumer was in the southern counterpart
to the northern region of “Akkad” whose people gave the Sumer the same meaning
“Land of the civilized kings”. The Sumerians gave them a name too. which was “The
land of the black-headed people” Their contributions include the following:

1. CUNEIFORM. The first writing system that utilizes word pictures and
triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and
then left to dry.

2. FIRST TRUE CITY. Uruk City is first true city on the world. The Sumerians
were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river which they
mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks.

3. THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR. Also called the mountain of God, it served
as the scared place of their chief god where only their priest were allowed to
enter.

4. IRRIGATION and DIKES. Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to

bring water to farmlands and at the same time control of flooding of the
rivers. Through the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-
long farming and harvesting, which increased their food production.

5. SAILBOATS. These were used to carry large quantities of products and

were able to cover large distances.
 6. WHEEL. The first wheels were not made for transportation but farm work
and food processes. Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less
time.

7. PLOW. It is used to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. Farmers
could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce
food without taking so much effort and time

8. ROADS. It made the flow of traffic become faster and more organized.
They made the roads with the same technology they used in making the sun-
baked bricks that they laid down on the ground

9. JEWELRY. They are ones who made their own jewelries using gold, silver
and gems.

10.BRONZE TOOLS. Sumerians tools are made by bronze to make weapons

much stronger.

Question #6: Which civilization created the world’s first map?

A. Sumerian Civilization
B. Babylonian Civilization
C. Egyptian Civilization
D. Greek Civilization

Answer: B

Babylonian Civilization

The Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Babylonia was a state in ancient Mesopotamia. Known for their engineering and
architecture, one of their major contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon,
one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, made by King Nebuchadnezzar II for
Queen Amytis. Among their contributions include:

1. FIRST MAP. An ancient Babylonian cartographer created the world’s first

map on a clay tablet in 2300 BC. The map covers a small region of Babylonia
during the Akkadian Empire.

2. ASTROLOGY AND HOROSCOPY. In ancient Babylon, it was thought that

the celestial bodies had divine powers which directed people’s lives.
Constellations were used to determine the weather, climate, and the seasons,
and to help people decide which crops should be sown when. Ancient
Babylonian astronomists closely studied the sun and the moon cycles in order
to predict this. The concept of the horoscope was introduced by the
Babylonians as they believed in the divinity of the celestial bodies. They
mapped the position of astronomical bodies so that they could foretell their
daily lives and those of their kings.
Question #7: Which civilization invented the wig?
A. Egyptian Civilization
B. Greek Civilization
C. Roman Civilization
D. Aztec Civilization

Answer: A

Egyptian Civilization

The Egyptian civilization is located in North Africa. It was the preeminent

civilization in the Mediterranean world. It occurred as a series of stable kingdoms,
separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Period.
The ancient Egyptians excelled at the sciences and had knowledge in various
fields, from astronomy to medicine to mathematics. Many of their most famous
inventions were based upon the scientific principles they discovered. They had a
variety of medicines and cures for both humans and animals, along with much
knowledge of anatomy. During the Stone Age, early doctors used very primitive
forms of herbal medicine.
Math and numbers were used to record business transactions, and the
ancient Egyptians even developed a decimal system.

Among their many contributions include the following:

1. PAPYRUS. Papyrus is the precursor of paper. It is made from the papyrus

plant (Cyperus papyrus) that grew abundantly along Nile River in Egypt.

2. INK. By combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different

colors, it was used to record history, culture, and codified laws.

3. HIEROGLYPHICS. It is a system of writing using symbols (logographic

system), believed by Egyptians to be provided to them by gods.

4. CALENDAR. The ancient Egyptian calendar was originally invented based on

the 12-month lunar cycle. The Egyptians devised the solar calendar by
recording the yearly reappearance of Sirius (the Dog Star) in the eastern sky.

5. COSMETICS. These were used for both health and aesthetic reasons.
Egyptians wore Kohl, eye cosmetic created by mixing soot or malachite with
mineral galena to cure diseases. Egyptians believed that a person wearing
make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.

6. WIGS. They were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic
purposes. They were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
Egyptians from the harmful rays from the sun.
 7. SIMPLE MACHINES. The ramp and the lever were a couple of the most
famous construction inventions that the ancient Egyptians developed, and the
principles that guide them are still widely used in construction today.

8. CLOCK. Ancient Egyptians were also one of the first groups of people to
divide days into equal parts through the use of timekeeping devices. In
order to tell the time, Egyptians invented two types of clocks, obelisks and
water clocks or clepsydra (utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from
one vessel to the other.

9. SHADOOF. It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water for the

purpose of irrigating land.

Question #8: What do you call the invention of Alexandria which is the precursor
of steam engine?
A. Antikythera mechanism
B. Aeolipile
C. Turbine
D. Dynamo

Answer: B

Greek Civilization

Greece is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe. It is known as the

birthplace of western philosophy. The Greeks made major contributions in
mathematics like ideas about basic geometry and the concept of mathematical proof
from ancient Greek mathematicians.
In science they made some of the first astronomical models trying to describe
the planetary movement- the earth axis, and the heliocentric system- a model that
places the sun at the center of the solar system.
Their heliocentric model helps us understand the world outside our planet,
furthermore their discoveries many scientists have discovered more than one galaxy.
Among their contributions are the following:

1. ALARM CLOCK. They made used of water or small stones or sand that
dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have
utilized an alarm to signal the start of his lecture.

2. WATER MILL. It was commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of

grains which was necessary form of food processing. Because milling was
made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of rice, cereals,
flours became common.

3. ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM. Retrieved from Antikythera, Greece, it is

similar to mantel clock, with a round face and rotating hands. The movement
 of knobs allowed it to display celestial time. It was believed that it was used
to predict astronomical positions and eclipses.

4. AEOLIPILE. Also known as the Hero's engine, named after Hero of

Alexandria who demonstrated it. It is the precursor of the steam engine. It
is steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container it has is
heated.
Question #9: Which civilization was perceived to be the strongest political and
social entity in the west and was considered to be the cradle of politics and
governance?
A. Aztec Civilization
B. Chinese Civilization
C. Greek Civilization
D. Roman Civilization

Answer: D

Roman Civilization

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social
entity in the west and was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. It
was large and other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation
and codified laws. Among their contributions were the following:

1. NEWSPAPER. First called gazettes, they were made before the invention of
paper. They were engraved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly
displayed.

2. BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX. According to sources, Julius Cesar started the

tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were
able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. Earlier covers were made of
wax but were later on replaced by animal skin, which made them stronger
and long-lasting.

3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE. This was considered a continuation of Greek

architecture. Probably the biggest innovation that Roman architecture
brought with it was the widespread use of concrete.

4. ROMAN NUMERALS. Romans devised their own number system specifically

to address the need for standard counting method.

5. SURGICAL TOOLS. Romans pioneered in precision instruments that gave

birth to many modern-day surgical tools.

6. WAR WEAPONS. They had weapons like the ballista (catapult) and the
scorpion (long range crossbow), which were brilliantly engineered to bring
down the toughest of enemies.
Question #10: Which civilization created a form of agricultural farming in which
the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals?
A. Chichen
B. Quipu
C. Chinampa
D. Canoe

Answer: C

Mayan Civilization

A Mesoamerican civilization, this civilization lasted for about 2 000 years. The
Mayan civilization included southeastern Mexico and northern Central America. They
were known for the following:
1. understanding of astronomy (predicting eclipses, using astronomy in
agriculture, calendar systems)
2. engineering and architecture (building of cities, hydraulic systems, religious
structures, such as Chichen Itza in Mexico)
3. agriculture
4. arts (looms for weaving, paints made from mica, Mayan hieroglyphics)
5. mathematics (number system based on the number 20, and concept of zero
and positional value)

Inca Civilization

A Mesoamerican civilization, it included modern-day Peru, followed by a large

portion of western South America. They were known for the following:
1. stone-paved roads
2. stone buildings strong against disasters
3. irrigation system
4. 12-month calendar for religious and agricultural purposes
5. first suspension bridge
6. quipu, system of knotted ropes to keep records
7. textiles

Aztec Civilization
A Mesoamerican civilization located in central Mexico, the Aztec civilization
has the following contributions:
1. mandatory education
2. chocolates (which was used as currency)
3. antispasmodic medication
4. chinampa, a form of agricultural farming in which the land was divided into
rectangular areas and surrounded by canals
5. calendar system
6. canoe
Question #11: This was created by Chinese alchemist and was aimed to achieve
immortality?
A. Hupio
B. Quipu
C. Qilchi
D. Huoyao

Answer: D

Chinese Civilization

Considered the oldest civilization in Asia, it was known as the Middle Kingdom
and located on the far east of Asia. Among its contributions are as follows:

1. PAPER AND PAPER MONEY. Paper was invented by the Chinese as well as
many interesting uses for paper like paper money and playing cards. The first
paper was invented in the 2nd century BC and the manufacture later
perfected around 105 AD. Paper money was an offshoot of the invention of
block printing, this replaced the use of jewels and precious stones as
currency.

2. PRINTING. Wood block printing was invented in AD 868 and then moveable
type around 200 years later.

3. SILK. Naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who
developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper
and clothing.

4. WHEELBARROW. The wheelbarrow is taken for granted today, but in the

time of the Han Dynasty, the wheelbarrow was an amazing invention that
changed the lives of many farmers.

5. TEA PRODUCTION. It was believed that the first tea was drunk by a
Chinese Emperor. Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese
inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips.

6. COMPASS. The Chinese invented the magnetic compass to help determine

the correct direction. They used this in city planning at first, but it became
very important to map makers and for the navigation of ships.

7. GREAT WALL OF CHINA. The largest and most extensive infrastructure

that the nation built, it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and
control the borders of China. It was made with stone, brick, wood, earth and
other materials.
 8. GUNPOWDER. Known as huoyao ("fire potion"), it was developed originally
by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality. Gun powder is also
used in fireworks during important celebrations in China.

9. OTHER TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS. These include traditional

medicine, iron plow, wheelbarrow, propeller, bridges, seismological detector,
dry dock facility, and advances in astronomy, mathematics, logic, and
philosophy.

Question #12: He was considered as the founder of mathematical analysis?

A. Ayurveda
B. Siddhanta Shiromani
C. Madhava
D. Mohenjodaro

Answer: C

Indian Civilization

The ancient Indian civilization were known for the following:

1. metallurgical works, especially iron

2. medicine (exemplified by Ayurveda, who developed a system of traditional
medicine still practiced today, and the text Susruta Samhita, which described
medical procedures)
3. astronomy (theories on the configuration of the universe, spherical Earth,
360-day year with 12 months, and the text Siddhanta Shiromani, which
contained astronomical topics)
4. mathematics (development of the Mohenjodaro ruler, and mathematicians
such as Aryabhata, (who introduced trigonometric functions, tables, and
techniques, and algebra algorithms), Brahmagupta (who explained the use of
zero and a system of numbers), and Madhava (considered the founder of
mathematical analysis)

Middle East Civilizations

Middle Eastern countries are predominantly occupied by Muslims. In contrast

with the Greeks, they focused on science experiments rather than though
experiments. Among their contributions are:

1. beginnings of the scientific method

2. concept of algorithm and algebra (from Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi)
3. refinement of the numeral system of Indians and introduction of decimal
point notation
4. founding of chemistry (where some consider Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the
Father of Chemistry)
5. experimental medicine and clinical trials, contagious nature of infectious
disease, and clinical pharmacology (from Ibn Sina)
African Civilizations

Some contributions of African civilizations include the following:

1. calendars (solar, lunar, stellar, and combinations of these)
2. metallurgy
3. mathematics (proof of which is the Lebombo Bone which may be a
mathematical tool)

Question #13: Who studied beriberi in infants in the Philippines during Spanish
era?
A. Manuel Guerrero
B. Anaclento del Rosario
C. Abelardo Aguilar
D. Rolando dela Cruz

Answer: A

Question #14: Who invented Erythromycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces

erythreus?
A. Aisa Mejano
B. Anaclento del Rosario
C. Abelardo Aguilar
D. Rolando dela Cruz

Answer: C

Filipino Scientists

Quinto (2019), lists some of our many Filipino scientists, inventors, and
innovators, along with their contributions to society. These include:
1. Manuel Guerrero. Studied beriberi in infants in the Philippines during
Spanish era.
2. Leon Ma Guerrero. First licensed pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of
the most eminent botanists in the country in his time.
3. Anaclento del Rosario. Leading chemist in the Philippines during the
Spanish era, regarded as the "Father of Philippine Science and Laboratory",
and invented the formula for producing a pure kind of alcohol from tuba in a
nipa palm.
4. Abelardo Aguilar. Invented Erythromycin, an antibiotic from Streptomyces
erythreus.
5. Aisa Mijeno. Invention of Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp (SALt lamp),
an environment friendly light source that runs on saltwater. It is safer as it
poses no risk of fire and emit no toxic gases and it benefits those from far-
flung barrios.
6. Rolando dela Cruz. Invented a local mole remover from extracts of cashew
nuts.
7. Maria Orosa. Invented the banana ketchup.
 8. Fe del Mundo. Invention of medical incubator from indigenous and cheap
materials which did not runon electricity by placing a native laundry basket
inside a bigger one abd inserting hot water bottles between the baskets to
provide warmth and makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. She was the
first Asian woman who admitted into Harvard Medical School. Other
breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to Del Mundo include her
works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet
(includes banana and rice) for curing diarrhea.

Question #15: Which revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology
and astronomy making it a truly significant intellectual revolution?
A. Galilean Revolution
B. Ptolemic Revolution
C. Copernican Revolution
D. Brahe’s Revolution

Answer: C

The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened through the

contributions of the following intellectual persons.
1. Tycho Brahe’s careful observation of the star, Cassiopeia. He developed a
compromise between the heliocentric and geocentric models of the universe.
2. Johannes Kepler’s said that all planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at
the center
3. Galileo Galilie’s developed his own telescope and observed Venus
4. Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

Heliocentrism was eventually accepted by people and marks the birth of

modern astronomy which resulted in the transformation of society’s thoughts and
beliefs. The Copernican Revolution marked a turning point in the study of cosmology
and astronomy making it a truly significant intellectual revolution.

Question #16: Natural selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where
fitness refers to what?
A. Survive and reproduce
B. Multiply and evolve
C. Reproduce and evolve
D. Survive and evolve

Answer: A

Natural selection is often described as survival of the fittest, where fitness

refers to the ability to survive and reproduce. This theory of evolution has two main
points: (1) all life on Earth is connected and related to each other and (2) this
diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were
driven by natural selection.
Question #17: Which science includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise,
practices, and representations derived from traditional knowledge and practices that
guide human societies in their numerable interactions with the natural milieu?
A. Natural Science
B. Applied Science
C. Information Science
D. Indigenous Science

Answer: D

Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing, comparing,

classifying, measuring, problem-solving, inferring, communicating and predicting.
Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values such as the following:
1. The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the creator.
2. The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth”. It is the origin of their identity as
people.
3. All living and non-living things are interconnected and interdependent with
each other.
4. Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and other natural
resources.
5. Nature is a friend to human beings – it needs respect and proper care.
According to Johnston (2000), indigenous beliefs also develop desirable
values that are relevant or consistent to scientific attitudes, such as motivating,
cooperating, practical, and reflective attitudes.
Question #18: Which of the following are the pillars of the Philippine Development
Plan?
i. Malasakit
ii. Pagbabago
iii. Patuloy na Pag-unlad
iv. Pagsibol

A. i, ii, and iii

B. ii, iii and iv
C. i, iii and iv
D. i, ii and iv
Answer: A

The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 (PDP) is a massive undertaking

in improving the country’s infrastructure, increasing energy access, lowering costs
for citizens, keeping up with economic growth, and staying within the bounds of
global agreements for climate change and sustainable growth. It was approved by
the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board and President
Rodrigo Duterte on February 20th, 2017. The impact will be manifested in the
following outcomes:
1. The Philippines will be an upper middle-income country by 2022.
2. Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a lower poverty incidence in
rural areas – from 30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022.
3. The Philippines will have a high level of human development by 2022.
4. The unemployment rate will decline from 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent in 2022.
5. There will be greater trust in government and in society.
Individuals and communities will be more resilient.
Filipinos will have greater drive for innovation.
The pillars of the said program are
1. Malasakit: refers to the goal to regain people’s trust in public institutions
and each other. These strategies aim to promote awareness of anti-corruption
measures, invigorate the public sector, increased access to legal aid, and
promoting culture sensitive governance.
2. Pagbabago: aimed at reducing inequality by increasing opportunities for
growth and transformation. The popularized term has been ‘inclusive growth’.
Universal social protection, basic education, and other social services will be
improved upon while also raising the country’s status in the global market for
more opportunities.
3. Patuloy na Pag-unlad: focuses on economic growth. The Philippines have
seen massive growth in the past decade or so through their change from an
agricultural economy to industry and manufacturing focused powerhouse. The
 Philippines plan to focus on continued growth of their technology, R&D, and
innovation sectors.
Philippine Congress has also created laws that serve as legal framework for
science and technology. Some other areas that the country is looking forwards
related to science and technology include:
1. Use of alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness
4. Fighting climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8. Infrastructure development
Question #19: Who among the top Ten Outstanding Filipino Scientists was known
for the phytochemical work for the development of lagundi as part of the National
Integrated Research Program on Medicinal Plants?
A. Fabian Millar Dayrit
B. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
C. Josefino Cacas Comiso
D. William Padolina
Answer: A
Ten Outstanding Filipino Scientists

ENRIQUE MAPUA OSTREA JOSE BEJAR CRUZ JR. CAESAR A. SALOMA

JR.
He is a neonatologist who has
significantly impacted science
and technology in the
Philippines for his contributions
to the field of pediatrics,
neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
and neonatal drug addiction,
including his pioneering work
on the detection of fetal
exposure to drugs, tobacco,
alcohol and environmental
toxicants, by analysis of
meconium, a newborn’s first
He has made major He is an internationally
contributions to the theory and renowned physicist recognized
practice of automatic control. for his contributions to
His work in the 1970s and photonics and signal
1980s on the control of leader- processing that were
follower systems is still accomplished with colleagues
considered one of the major and students at the National
contributions of the half-century Institute of Physics. He led the
in the theory of hierarchical development of a method to
control systems. He was also generate high-contrast images
elected as officer of the famous of semiconductor sites via one
Institute of Electrical and photon optical beam-induced
Electronic Engineering. current imaging and confocal
stools. reflectance microscopy. The
project received a US patent
on June 26, 2007.

LILIAN FORMALEJO FABIAN MILLAR DAYRIT MARI-JO PANGANIBAN

PATENA RUIZ
She is known for discovering He is known for his She is known for being an
the seedless breed of lime and phytochemical work for the outstanding educator and
pomelo, and for doing research development of lagundi as part graph theorist.
on plant biotechnology. of the National Integrated
Research Program on
Medicinal Plants.

EDGARDO GOMEZ LOURDES JANSUY CRUZ JOSEFINO CACAS COMISO

He is a Professor Emeritus for She is a Filipino biochemist He was instrumental on a
marine biology at the University whose research has global project observing the
of the Philippines Marine planet for rapidly declining
Science Institute. He saw the
contributed to the perennial sea ice cover, and
need to protect the Philippines understanding of the produced a paper on the
archipelago’s vast marine biochemistry of toxic subject that has been cited
resources in particular that of peptides from the venom of over one thousand times. His
coral reefs. He also pioneered fish-hunting Conus marine work has revealed the
giant clam (Tridacna gigas) extraordinary rate at which
breeding stationed in Bolinao
snails. Her research shed Arctic ice is affected by global
and other protective areas for light on the effects of warming, at approximately
coastal communities of the conotoxins on the central three times the intensity of the
Philippines. nervous system and how it global average.
can cause muscular
paralysis, sleepiness, or
drowsiness, involuntary
motion and more.
 WILLIAM PADOLINA
He was a former president of
National Academy of Science
and Technology (NAST). He is
recognized for his significant
contributions in the field of
natural products chemistry,
coconut chemistry,
biotechnology and in
management of research and
development.
RAMON CABANOS BARBA
He is known for his invention of
flower induction of mango
trees. The impact and
importance of his discoveries,
along with his self-motivation to
help others, led him to change
how mangoes and other crops
are grown around the world,
thus improving the livelihood for
those who work in agriculture
industry.
ANGEL ALCALA
He contributed to the country’s
marine development and
concerns. He is known for his
fieldwork to build sanctuaries
and to promote biodiversity in
the aquatic ecosystems of the
Philippines.

GREGORY LIGOT RAFAEL DINEROS

TANGONAN GUERRERO III
He is known for his research in He was recognized because of
the field of communications his scientific and technical
technology. He has been contributions to the growth of
instrumental in developing Sex Reversal and Hatchery
applications of optoelectronics Techniques that help the
in radar, optical networking and commercial fabrication of high
analog systems. yielding market-size tilapia in
the Philippines and other
nations.

Science Education in the Philippines

In the field of science education, several science-related programs and
projects were created to develop scientific literacy. These include:
1. Special science classes
2. Special science elementary schools
3. Philippine Science High School System
4. STEM track of the K-12 educational system
5. PICARI project
6. Offering basic science courses in the General Education curriculum
Question #20: Martin Heidegger discussed the four causes and the concept of
poiesis. Which of the following is not part of the four causes?
A. Causa maternalis
B. Causa materialis
C. Causa finalis
D. Causa formalis
Answer: A
 Martin Heidegger, in his work The Question of Technology, aimed to
characterize technology and how humans relate to it. He argued the importance of
understanding the essence of technology because no matter what we do, we will
always be intertwined with technology.
In his work, he discussed what we mean of cause by using the concept of the
four causes: (1) causa materialis, the material by which something is made up of;
(2) causa formalis, the form of the material that makes it what it is; (3) causa finalis,
the purpose of the thing; and (4) causa efficiens, the one which caused for the thing
to be formed.

He used a silver chalice to illustrate the four causes: the chalice came about
because of the silver (causa materialis), the form of the chalice (causa formalis), and
because there is a need to use a silver chalice for some purpose, like religious
traditions (causa finalis). It is commonly thought that the silversmith, the one which
made the chalice is the causa efficiens.
These four causes are deemed to be responsible of bringing forth something.
This bringing forth is termed poiesis. Poeisis has two forms: bringing-forth through
an external influence or poeisis and bringing-forth that occurs naturally. Heidegger
characterized poiesis as a kind of unveiling, or a way of revealing. In Greek,
revealing is aletheia, which can be translated as “truth”.
Question #21: Which of the following is not a characteristic of human flourishing
according to Bandarlipe?
A. Human flourishing involves putting into action one’s capacities, capabilities,
and virtues.
B. Human flourishing depends on freedom of expression.
C. Human flourishing is sustained over time.
D. Human flourishing involves doing well in broad domains of human life.
Answer: B
According to Bandarlipe, et al. (2019), the following are some characteristics
of human flourishing:
1. All humans aim to flourish.
2. Human flourishing involves putting into action one’s capacities, capabilities,
and virtues.
3. Human flourishing depends on free will.
4. Human flourishing is sustained over time.
5. Human flourishing involves doing well in broad domains of human life.
Question #22: Which according to Aristotle is concerned with the "end of the
things we pursue in our actions," what he calls the "best good" for a human being?
A. Eudaemonia
 B. Nicomachean Ethics
C. Eudaemonian Ethics
D. Virtues of character
Answer: B
Aristotle’s work contains two works that mainly concern ethics: the
Nicomachean Ethics (which may refer to one of his sons named Nicomachus) and
the Eudemian Ethics (which may refer to one of his friends, Eudemus of Rhodes).
Some of the Books in the Eudemian Ethics are identical to that of the Nicomachean
Ethics, and it was thought Eudemian Ethics was written first before Nicomachean
Ethics. Nicomachean Ethics, however, is the more popular of these two Aristotelian
works.
The Nichomachean Ethics (abbreviated as NE or sometimes EN), is a work
that deals with “the nature of moral life and human happiness based on the unique
essence of human nature”. It is concerned with the "end of the things we pursue in
our actions," what he calls the "best good" for a human being.
Question #23: In the article of Mukherjee also identified some international
statutes, declarations, and decrees to ensure human rights are protected in the
pursuit of science and technology development. Which is incorrect?
A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) - 1948.
B. UNESCO Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers - 1979.
C. UNESCO Declaration on the Use of Scientific Knowledge -1999.
D. UNESCO Declaration for the Protection of Environment - 1956
Answer: D
In his article, Mukherjee also identified some international statutes,
declarations, and decrees to ensure human rights are protected in the pursuit of
science and technology development. Among these are the following:
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) - 1948. The United Nations
General Assembly proclaimed the UDHR as the standard of human rights on
December 10, 1948. The UDHR tells us that one’s worth is because of being
human at that human dignity is an ultimate core value of our existence.
2. UNESCO Recommendation on the Status of Scientific Researchers - 1979.
The UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers sets the
standards by which science should operate and asserts that for science to
progress, proper support should be given to it. This also emphasizes the
need to develop policies to ensure that developments are aimed towards to
betterment of society.
3. UNESCO Declaration on the Use of Scientific Knowledge -1999. This
document touches on several important issues that touches both humanity
and science and technology.
Question #24: What is the title of the work of Theodore Kaczynski, which
illustrates the dangers of these technologies?
A. Unabomber Manifesto
B. Manifesto Teknolohiya
C. Why the Future Does Not Need Us?
D. Doom-and-Gloom Technofuturists
Answer: A
In his article Why the Future Does Not Need Us? Joy expressed his concerns
on the emergence of new technologies, their consequences, and their possible
dangers. He said that because of the complexity of our systems and our attitude
towards science and technology that these problems may emerge. In particular, he
was concerned with three 21st century technologies: genetic engineering,
nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR) (these technologies will be discussed in more
detail as the course progresses). He recognized the appeal of the developments of
these new technologies and the promise that they bring humanity.
He cited the work of Theodore Kaczynski, entitled Unabomber Manifesto, to
illustrate the dangers of these technologies. In his work, he said that there are two
possibilities that could occur when intelligent machines that can eliminate human
effort in doing work: either we let these machines do decisions or we retain control.
Either way, the result would be the same: the ending of humanity and the loss of
the purpose of life.
However, some have shown some criticisms on Joy’s views. In the article
entitled A Response to Bill Joy and the Doom-and-Gloom Technofuturists by John
Seely Brown and Paul Duguid, they argued that although new technologies needed
to be contemplated thoroughly, technology and social systems shape each other and
that social systems have the capacity to direct these new technologies.

Question #25: Who proposed the theory of Information Age?

A. James R. Messenger
B. Nicolas George
C. Martin Thomas
D. Carlos Williams
Answer: A
Information age is the modern time in which information has become a
commodity that is transmitted freely, easily and quickly by using personal computer
networks. This period is also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age and the New
Media Age. It is the period that started in the last quarter of the 20th century.
According to James R. Messenger who proposed the theory of Information
age in 1982, “the Information age is true age based upon the interconnection of
computers via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on
both a real time and as needed basis.

Question #26: How long does a typical Filipino spend each day online?
A. 10 hours and 2 minutes
B. 8 hours and 30 minutes
C. 6 hours and 10 minutes
D. 7 hours and 15 minutes
Answer: A
Filipinos spend an average of 10 hours and 2 minutes each day online, the
highest in the world, according to recent data. The Philippines also tops social media
use for the fourth straight year. Vast amounts of personal information from the
Philippines, including photos of daily activities, are freely circulating the Web.
What has the country done to ensure privacy and data protection?
In 2012, the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 10173 or the Data Privacy
Act of 2012 (DPA) “to protect the fundamental human right to privacy of
communication while ensuring free flow of information to promote innovation and
growth [and] the [State’s] inherent obligation to ensure that personal information in
information and communications systems in government and in the private sector
are secured and protected”.
The DPA and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) apply to all acts
done or practices engaged in and outside of the Philippines if:
1. If the person, either an individual or an institution, involved in the processing
of personal data is located in the Philippines;
2. The act or practice involves personal data of a Philippine citizen or Philippine
resident;
3. The processing of personal data is done in the Philippines; or
4. The act, practice or processing of personal data is done by an entity with links
to the Philippines, subject to international law and comity.
“Personal data” refers to all types of personal information.
“Processing” is any operation/s performed upon personal data. These operations
include, but are not limited to the collection, recording, organization, storage,
updating or modification, retrieval, consultation, use, consolidation, blocking,
erasure, or destruction of data.

Question #27: Which is being referred to as the variety of life present in

ecosystem?
 A. Ecosystem
B. Biodiversity
C. Population
D. Community
Answer: B
According to Quinto and Nieva (2018), biodiversity is “the variety of life
present in ecosystem.” It is all the different kinds of life you will find in one area: the
variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make
up our natural world. It is everywhere and each member work together to sustain
and support life and ensure that balance is retained.
There are three different types of biodiversity: genetic, specific, and ecological
diversity:
1. Genetic diversity refers to the individual variations among organisms of the
same species, as well as variations between populations that due to local
condition adaptations. These variations among individuals are passed from
one generation to the next.
2. Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a particular region,
either in an ecosystem or the entire biosphere. This is affected by the
environmental conditions. Usually, this is used as a measure of how diverse a
certain ecosystem is, since species is the basic unit of biological classification.
The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines an endangered species as
one that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its
range.” Threatened species are those that are considered likely to become
endangered in the near future.
3. Ecological diversity refers to the varieties of ecosystems and the
interactions of these species. The variations of topographical and climactic
conditions contribute to ecological diversity.
Question #28: All but one is the major threats biodiversity identified by United
Nations’ Environment Programme?
A. habitat loss and destruction
B. alteration in ecosystem composition
C. pollution and contamination
D. over population
Answer: D
Major threats biodiversity identified by United Nations’ Environment
Programme are: habitat loss and destruction; alteration in ecosystem composition;
over-exploitation; pollution and contamination; and global climate change.
There is a need to enhance the implementation of regulations and worldwide
protocols. These include:
 1. Montreal Protocol. It is an international treaty designed to protect the
ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are
responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16th September 1987, and
entered into force on 1st January 1989.

2. Kyoto Protocol. It is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits
state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific
consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is
extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused
it. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997
and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are currently 192 parties
(Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective December 2012) to the
Protocol.

3. Cartagena Protocol. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on

Biological Diversity is an international agreement on biosafety as a
supplement to the Convention on Biological Diversity effective since 2003.
The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential
risks posed by genetically modified organisms resulting from modern
biotechnology. The Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003. As of
December 2019, the Protocol had 172 parties, which includes 168 United
Nations member states, the State of Palestine, Niue, the European Union, and
now Uzbekistan signed on October 25, 2019.

Question #29: What do you call the small circular DNA molecules that replicate
separately from the bacterial chromosome of the E. coli?
A. Vacuoles
B. Plasmids
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi bodies
Answer: B
Genetically Modified Organisms
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is one that has acquired by artificial
means (through recombinant DNA methods, gene modification, or transgenic
technology) one or more genes from another species or even from another variety
of the same species.
Most methods for cloning pieces of DNA in the laboratory share certain
general features. One common approach uses bacteria, most often Escherichia coli.
E. coli chromosome is a large circular molecule of DNA. In addition, E. coli and
many other bacteria have plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that replicate
separately from the bacterial chromosome. A plasmid has only a small number of
genes; these genes may be useful when the bacterium is in a particular environment
but may not be required for survival or reproduction under most conditions.
Roles of GMOs
I. Food and Agricultural products
1. Pest resistance (e.g., Bt corn, where corn has been modified with gene from
Bacillus thuringensis which is toxic to corn borers)
2. Virus resistance (e.g., rainbow papaya, where protein from papaya ringspot
virus was introduced to papaya)
3. Herbicide tolerance (e.g., Roundup Ready soybean, where the herbicide
glyphosphate was introduced to soybeans)
4. Fortification (e.g., Golden Rice, where beta-carotene was introduced to rice
which fortified it with vitamin A)
5. Cosmetic preservation (e.g., Arctic apple, where the apple does not brown
easily)
6. Increase growth rate (e.g., AquAdvantage salmon, where genes from ocean
pout was introduced to Pacific Chinook salmon to make them grow faster)
II. Non-Food crops and microorganisms
1. Flower production (e.g., Blue Rose, where 31,51-hydroxylase gene was
introduced)
2. Paper production (e.g., poplar trees, where genes that code for ferulic acid
was inserted to modify lignin structure)
3. Pharmaceutical production (e.g., periwinkle plant, where bacterial genes was
modified to enhance the production of vinblastine that is used for cancer
treatments such as Hodgkin’s lymphoma)
4. Bioremediation (e.g., Nicotiana glauca or shruc tobacco, where it was
modified with phytochelatin TaPCSI1 to help it accumulate high levels of zinc,
lead, cadmium, nickel, and boron and produce high biomass)
5. Enzyme and drug production (e.g., cyclomaltodextrin, which is used as a food
flavor enhancer that was produced by Bacillus modified by
Thermoanaerobacter)
6. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases (e.g., Humulin, genetically engineered
insulin for Type I diabetes patients developed by National Medical Center and
Genentech Biotechnology Company)
Benefits of GMOs
1. Higher efficiency in farming
2. Increase in harvest
3. Control in fertility
4. Increase in food processing
5. Improvement of characteristics
6. Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement
 7. Reduction in the use of fertilizers and pesticides
Potential Risks of GMOs
1. There are inadequate studies on the effects of GMOs to humans and the
environment
2. Genetic engineering promotes mutation with unknown long-term effects.
3. GMOs consumed by humans might cause or create allergic reactions, gene
mutations, antibiotic resistance, and change in the balance of microorganisms
in the digestive system.
4. GMOs might also have change in nutritive value of the food or might produce
toxins
5. There is a risk that the modified gene might be transferred from the GMO to
its wild relative or other organisms.
6. There is a risk of new pest or weed resistance. Alteration of agricultural
practices for GMOs might also cause this.
7. There is a risk that the modified gene may be transferred to viral and
bacterial genes, which may cause new diseases. Genetically-modified
bacteria and viruses might also be more resistant to treatment.
8. Introduction of GMOs to the environment might cause competition or
interference.
9. There is a potential that GMOs might become pests or post threats to the
environment.
10.There is a risk in interfering with natural biochemical processes.
11.There is a risk that the modified genes might persist after its harvest and
might cause negative effects.
12.There are ethical issues regarding GMOs, such as man “playing God” and
violation of nature.
13.Because GMOs are novel life forms, biotechnology companies patent their
processes and products which restrict their use, enabling them to sue farmers
whose field has been contaminated with these organisms, even by natural
processes.
14.There is worry of creating biases and giving much power to those who hold
genetic information (e.g., issues on the Human Genome Project)
Initiatives on Safety from GMOs
1. Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). Created by the Food and
Agricultural Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO), this is
an intergovernmental body that develops the International Food Code. For
GMOs, Codex developed the Codex Principles for the human risk analysis of
GM food products, such as pre-market assessments and effect evaluation.
2. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. This is an international environmental
treaty that regulates the transboundary movements of Living Modified
Organisms (LMOs). It requires exporters to seek consent from importers
before its first shipment of LMOs.
 3. International Trade Agreement on labeling of GM food and food
products. Exporters are required for GM food products to be labeled and
importers may accept or reject these products.
Question #30: What type of gene therapy alters the DNA of a gamete or fertilized
ovum. As a result, all cells of the individual have the change?
A. Germline gene therapy
B. Somatic gene therapy
C. Ex vivo gene therapy
D. In situ gene therapy
Answer: A
Gene therapy is a therapeutic technique that aims to transfer normal genes
into a patient’s cells. In theory, the normal genes will be transcribed and translated
into functional gene products, which, in turn, will bring about a normal phenotype.
Types of Gene Therapy
I. According to the way that healing genes are delivered and to which cells they
are sent
1. Germline gene therapy alters the DNA of a gamete or fertilized
ovum. As a result, all cells of the individual have the change. Germline
gene therapy is heritable—it passes to offspring.
2. Somatic gene therapy corrects only the cells that an illness affects.
It is non-heritable; a recipient does not pass the genetic correction to
offspring.

II. According to invasiveness

1. Ex vivo gene therapy is when cells are altered outside the body
and then infused.
2. In situ gene therapy is when the functional gene plus the DNA that
delivers it (the vector) are injected into a very localized and accessible
body part.
3. In vivo gene therapy is when the gene and vector are introduced
directly into the body.
Stem Cell Gene Therapy
Bodies grow and heal thanks to cells that retain the ability to divide,
generating both new cells like themselves and cells that go on to specialize. Stem
cells renew tissues so that as the body grows, or loses cells to apoptosis, injury, and
disease; other cells are produced that take their places.
Stem Cell Sources
1. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are not actually cells from an embryo, but are
created in a laboratory dish using certain cells from a region of a very early
 embryo called an inner cell mass (ICM). Some ICM cells, under certain
conditions, become pluripotent and can self-renew—they are stem cells. The
ICM cells used to derive ES cells can come from two sources: “leftover”
embryos from fertility clinics that would otherwise be destroyed, and from
nuclear transfer, in which a nucleus from a person’s somatic cell is transferred
to an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed.
2. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are somatic cells that are
“reprogrammed” to differentiate into any of several cell types. This change
may require a journey back through developmental time to an ES cell-like
state, then to specialize anew as a different, desired cell type. Or, cells can be
reprogrammed directly into another cell type. Deriving iPS cells does not
require the use of any cells from an embryo.

3. Adult or tissue-specific or somatic stem cells are found in the tissues of

fetuses, embryos and children, and not just in adult bodies. Adult stem cells
self-renew, but most are multipotent, giving rise to a few types of specialized
daughter cells. Many potentially valuable adult stem cells are routinely
discarded as medical waste.

Stem Cell Applications

1. Drug discovery and development. Stem cell cultures supply the human
cells that are affected in a particular disease, which may be difficult or
impossible to culture. Drugs are tested on these cells. Using stem cells in
drug development can minimize the need to experiment on animals and can
weed out drugs with adverse effects before they are tested on people.

2. Observation for the earliest signs of a disease. Diseases may begin long
before symptoms appear in a person. Researchers are now observing the
beginnings of hundreds of diseases—and discovering new ways to treat them.

3. Implants and transplants for treatments. This approach is not new—the

oldest such treatment, a bone marrow transplant, has been around for more
than half a century. Many other uses of adult stem cells, delivered as
implants, transplants, or simply infusions into the bloodstream, are being
tested.

4. Reprogramming proteins directly into the body to stimulate stem cells

in their natural niches. Once we understand the signals, we might not need
the cells. The applications of stem cells seem limited only by our imaginations.