GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

Novandri Kusuma Wardana, ST., S.Si., MT.

Member of International of Society Rock Mechanic (ISRM)
Geotechnical Engineering and Hydrogeology
PT. Geomine Bara Studio @NKW
PROFILE
Lulus Sarjana Teknik Pertambangan dan Sarjana Matematika bidang Geomekanika
Lulus Magister Pertambangan Bidang Geomekanika
Pengalaman di bidang drill and blast engineer serta geotechnical engineer di PT. Kaltim
Prima Coal
Melanjutkan bidang geotechnical engineering dengan
PT. GEOMINE BARA STUDIO
 Saat ini aktif di dalam Perhapi, IRMS, ASPINDO
 Anggota aktif ISRM – IRMS
 Geotechnical Engineer & Project Engineer
PT. GEOMINE BARA STUDIO

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1. Introductory of Geology and Geotechnics
2. Site Characterization

3. Stress in Underground Cavity 𝜎

4. Numerical Modelling in Underground Mine

5. Conclusion
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Introduction

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Stress is a philosophical concept – deformation
is the physical reality
(Burland, 1967)

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 Rock Engineering : A Geological Perspective
The corner – stone of any practical rock engineering is the geological data base upon which the
Rock strength
definition of rock type, structural discontinuities and properties of rock material.

Zarei, et al (2013) @NKW

 Early Exploration
Framework
Drilling
Exploration Drilling with
Geotechnical Data Collection
 Preliminary Geotechnical
Model
 Rock mass model
 Verification of Preliminary
Geotechnical Model
 Final PEA Geotechnical
Model
PEA Study
Geotechnical review of database
Geological Modelling
Geological Logging
Intrepretation
 Geological Model
 Structure Model (Fault
network/Fracture zone)
 Lithological Model
 Alteration Model
 Hydrogeological Model
Update Rock Properties
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 o The modern mining needs to provide stakeholder guarantee that the promised return
on investment will be realized, the company identifies hazard that can impact on
production, assess and provide the controls to manage the risk (Hamman, et al.,
2017)
o In order to optimize pit slope design and mine plan that incorporate to the certain
level of risk, Geotechnical Engineer should follow systematic design process ~ need a
reliable geotechnical data (Bar, et al., 2018)
o Physical and mechanical properties of rock data is most important information to

INTRODUCTORY perform an appropriate geotechnical analysis.

o Geotechnical Engineering are task to managed one of biggest risk in a mine
unpredicted and uncontrolled ground movement.
o Specific Aspect of Geology in Indonesia :
 Rock Formation
 External Factor
 Structural of Geology
 Distribution of stress and strain/insitu stress
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Site Characterization

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Characterization Key Point
Process The geomechanical characterization is intended

Designed to be a comprehensive and practical reference to

guide planning and execution of geotechnical
investigations, interpretation of the acquired
measurements to develop reliable geotechnical
design parameters, and identifying and
characterizing geotechnical hazards.
Our approach recommends characterizing
important design parameters to achieve a specific
level of reliability and adopted methods for
quantifying reliability based on available
measurements.

Field
Acquisition Data
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Core Interpretation

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Geological Data
Collection

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Discontinuities/joint

• Bidang Kekar di dalam massa batuan

dapat membantu mudahnya proses
penggalian namun belum tentu untuk
pemboran dan juga untuk penentuan
kestabilan struktur permukaan atau
bawah tanah.

• Keberadaan bidang Kekar dalam massa

batuan dapat membantu pencapaian
fragmentasi yang diinginkan.

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 Stress in
Underground Cavity

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Stress Distribution around cavity

sv

sh
B B

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Uniaxial Compressive
Strength Test (UCS)

NK Wardana, 2019
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 Insitu Stress & Induced
Stress

A knowledge of the magnitudes and directions of

these in situ and induced stresses is an essential
component of underground excavation design
since, in many cases, the strength of the rock is
exceeded and the resulting instability can have
serious consequences on the behaviour of the
excavations.

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 Panel and Drawpoint Instability

CAVE

UNDERCUT LEVEL

DRAW
BELL

MINOR
PILLAR

FLAC3D 2.00 Job Title: Tunnel excavated - undercut step 5 mined

DRAW
EXTRACTION LEVEL Step 17000 Model Perspective View Title:
POINT
18:41:01 Sun Aug 15 1999

Center: Rotation:

Abutment stress is the X: -2.653e-001

Y: 7.499e+001
Z: -2.996e-001
X: 0.296
Y: 0.000
Z: 359.966

concentration stress around the

Dist: 4.455e+002 Mag.: 2
Ang.: 22.500 Undercut level

cave due to disruption of natural

Plane Origin: Plane Orientation:
X: 0.000e+000 Dip: 90.000
Y: 2.500e+001 DD: 0.000

stress, this stress concentration

Z: 0.000e+000

Contour of SMin Extraction level

can reach 2-3 times the natural Plane: on
Gradient Calculation
-1.0727e+008 to -9.0000e+007

stress -9.0000e+007 to -8.0000e+007

-8.0000e+007 to -7.0000e+007
-7.0000e+007 to -6.0000e+007
-6.0000e+007 to -5.0000e+007
-5.0000e+007 to -4.0000e+007
-4.0000e+007 to -3.0000e+007
-3.0000e+007 to -2.0000e+007
-2.0000e+007 to -1.0000e+007
-1.0000e+007 to -2.1264e+006
Interval = 1.0e+007
Principal Stresses
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Plane: on
Compression
Rock Triaxial Testing

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 Geology Stress

Seismicity
Structure

 Objective
 Concept Model Earth Model
 Hazard Criteria
 Geotechnics Data
Block Model of targeting Earth Model data Structure corresponding of Rock
Interface, Wardana, NK., et al (2019) @NKW
Probability Density Function (PDF)

21
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Numerical Modelling

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Instability in Underground Activity
When an underground opening is excavated into a stressed rock mass, the
stresses in the vicinity of the new opening are re-distributed.

Weng, 2017

Wattimena, 2003
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 Numerical Modelling

Plastic zone

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(Roache, B & Vakili, A., 2018)

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 Velocity of Displacment, 𝜹

Ghosh and Ghose, (1998)

Chern, et al (1998)

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EXTENDED MATHEW’S STABILITY
GRAPH METHOD

(Mawdelsey et al., 2001) @NKW

 Weak & Soft Rocks Brittle & Hard Rocks
GSI < 30 GSI > 40

YES 𝜎𝑐𝑖 NO 𝜎1 YES

<2 < 0.15
𝜎𝑣 𝜎𝑐𝑖

𝜎𝑣 𝜎1

Stress Induces plastic Gravity – induced Stress – induced brittle

yielding Structurally controlled spalling usually found in
block movement blocky and massive rock
Martin, et al. (2003) masses
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 Conclusion
1. The geomechanical characterization is intended to be a comprehensive and practical reference
to guide planning of underground geotechnics;
2. The power of numerical modelling consists of analyzing stress state and displacement of complex
geometries of rock mass and structural features induced by underground excavations and mining
operations.
3. Instrumentation aims at monitoring the evolution of ground movement and alert geotech personnel of
sudden, significant movements of the ground.
4. Representative geotechnical design parameters for the mine design can then be allocated to
each of these domains

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“
PT. GEOMINE BARA Studio
Surface and Underground Mine

Novandri Kusuma Wardana

+6285647745538
novandri.kusuma@geomine-studio.com
www.geomine-studio.com @NKW