VIKALPAYA 2023Theory

ffoYsl
wosY rdYs$ wosY
ÿr" ld,h" ialkaOh" mßudj iy WIAK;ajh jeks rdYSka lsishï tallhla iuÕ ixLHdjlska
iïmq¾Kfhka úia;r l< yelsh' tfiaa úYd,;ajhlska muKla mq¾Kj úia;r l< yels rdYs wosY
rdYs f,i y÷kajuq'
ffoYsl rdYs w¾: oelaùu
úYd,;ajhla iy osYdjla iys; wdl,kh ms<sn| ;%sfldaK kshuhg wkql+, jk fN!;sl rdYs
ffoYsl rdYs f,i w¾: olajhs'

ffoYslh ye|skù
a u

úYd,;ajhla iy osYdjla iys; f¾Ld LKavhla ffoYslhla olajhs'

wka; ,CIHh

wdrïNl ,CIHh

ffoYsl ksrEmKh
ffoYsl ksrEmkh l< yels wdldr folls'

cHdñ;sl ksrEmkh
´kEu ffoYslhla tys osYdjg iudka;rj lsishï mßudKhlg w|sk ,o f¾Ld LKavhlska
ksrEmkh l< yelsh' tu f¾Ld LKavfha os. uÕska ffoYslfha úYd,;ajh o" f¾Ldj u; olajk B
ysi uÕska tu ffoYslfha osYdj o oelafõ' fuh ffoYslhl cHdñ;sl ksrEmKhhs'

ùcSh ksrEmkh
ffoYslh a jeks ;ks ùcSh ixfla;hlska olajkq ,efí' iuyr úg uqøs; fmd;a j, ffoYslh ;o
l¿ mdg a jeks ixfla; uÕska olajd we;'

ffoYslhl udmdxlh
ffoYslhl úYd,;ajh tys udmdxlh f,i ye|skafõ' a ffoYslfha udmdxlh a fyda a f,i o"

AB ffoYslfha udmdxlh AB fyda AB f,i o olajkq ,efí' ffoYslhl udmdxlh ieuúg u Ok

wosYhls'
ffoYsl foll iudk;dj
ffoYsl foll úYd,;aj iudk ù tlu osYdjg fõ kï tajd iudk ffoYsl folla hehs lshkq
,efí'
a iy b ffoYsl folla ms<sfj,ska AB iy CD f¾Ld LKav uÕska ksrEmKh jk úg a  b ùu
i|yd
i AB  CD
iiAB // CD
iiiAB iy CD tlu osYdj,g úh hq;=hs'

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
by; wjYH;d ;=k u iïmq¾K jk úg ffoYsl fol iudk fõ hehs w¾: oelafjk w;r th
a  b f,i ,súh yelsh'
^ñka tla lreKla fyda wiïmq¾K kï a  b fõ'&
wNsY+kH ffoYslh
úYd,;ajh Y=kH jq wNsu; osYdjla we;s ffoYslhlg wNsY=kH ffoYslh hehs lshkq ,efí' Y=kH
os.la iys; f¾Ld LKavhlska cHdñ;sl j ksrEmkh isÿ jk neúka tys osYdjla oelaúh fkdyelsh'
wNsY=kH foYslh wkkH hehs i,l=kq ,efí'
wNsY=kH ffoYslh wxlkh lsÍu i|yd bx.%Sis O wCIrh fhdod .efka' túg o  0 fõ'
tall ffoYslh
úYd,;ajh tall tlla jq ffoYslhlg tall ffoYslhla hehs lshkq ,efí'

ffoYsl folla w;r fldaKh

a iy b hkqfjka ffoYsl folla .ksuq' O hkqfjka ´kEu ,CIHhla f.k OA iy OB hkqfjka
ms<sfj,ska a iy b ffoYslj,g ;=,H ffoYsl folla .ksuq' OA iy OB osYd w;r l=vd fldaKh
a iy b w;r fldaKh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
ffoYsl wdl,kh
ffoYsl folla ;%sfldaK kshuhg wkql+,j tl;= lsÍu ffoYsl wdl,kh f,i ye|skafõ'
a iy b kï ffoYsl folla ms<sfj,ska ABC ;%sfldaKfha AB iy BC uÕska ksrEmKh fõ kï
a iy b ys ffoYsl ftlHh AC uÕska ksrEmkh fõ'
ffoYsl wdl,k ;%sfldaK kS;sh -Triangle law of Vector addition
C
AC= AB +BC

A B

fuu wdl,k kS;sh ´kEu ffoYsl .Kklg fhosh yelsh' fuhg ffoYsl wdl,kh ms<sn| nyq -
wi% kshuh hehs lshkq ,efí' fuf,i ffoYsl wdl,kh ms<sn| ;%sfldaK kS;sh kej; kej;
fhfoSfuka wmg ´kEu ffoYsl .Kkl ftlHh fiúh yelsh'

iudka;rdi% kshuh
iuyr wjia:dj, ffoYsl wdl,kh i|yd iudka;rdi% kshuh fhdod .kq ,efí' tys os oS we;s
ffoYsl folla noaO mdo hq.,hla jk mßos iudka;rdi%hla ks¾udKh l< úg tu ffoYsl fol
yuq jk ,CIH yryd w|skq ,nk úl¾Kfhka tu ffoYsl fofla ftlHh ,nd foa'
m%;sj¾;H ffoYslh fyj;a iDK ffoYslh
´kEu ffoYslhla a ÿka úg  a ys w¾:h

a ys udmdxlhu we;s tfy;a wNs ÈYdj m%;súreoaO jk ffoYslh  a u`.ska oelafõ'

AB ys iDK ffoYslh BA u`.ska oelafõ' BA   AB

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
ffoYsl jHdl,kh ^wvq lsÍu&
ffoYslhlska ffoYslhla wvq lsÍu hkq ffoYslhg RK ffoYslhla tl;= lsÍu fõ' tkï
a  b  a   b f,i w¾: oelaúh yelsh'

0  

ffoYslhl wosY .=Kdlrh ^ffoYslhla wosYhlska .=K lsÍu&

 hkq wosYhla o a hkq ffoYslhlao jk úg  a hkq wosYfha iy ffoYslfha .=Ks;h fõ'
fuys oS  i|yd wjia:d ;=kla .ek wm wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h'
tkï   0 ,   0 iy   0 hk wjia:djka ;=kh'

i    0 wjia:dj
fuys oS a hkq ys a úYd,;ajh fuka  .=Khl úYd,;ajfhka hq;a a ys osYdjg u jq ffoYslhls'
ii    0 wjia:dj
fuysoS  a hkq wNsY=kH ffoYslh f,i w¾: olajuq'
tkï  a  o fõ'
iii    0 wjia:dj
fuys oS  a hkq a ys úYd,;ajh fuka  .=Khla úYd,;ajfhka hq;a a ys osYdjg m%;súreoaO osYdj
iys; ffoYslhls'

ffoYsl wdl,kfha .=K

1 ffoYsl wdl,kh i|yd kHdfoaYH kHdh

a iy b hkq ´kEu ffoYsl folla kï a  b  b  a fõ'

2  ffoYsl wdl,kh ms<n

s | ix>gk kHdh
a ,b iy c ´kEu ffoYsl ;=kla kï a  b  c  a  b  c  fõ'
3 ffoYsl wdl,kh ms<ns | ú>gk kHdhka
(i) a iy b ffoYsl o  ksh;hla o kï  a  b   a  b fõ'
(ii)    a   a   a fõ ' fuys  ,  wÈYfõ'

´kEu wNsY+kH fkdjka ffoYslhla oS a we;s úg Tiafia tall ffoYslh i`oyd iQ;%h
a ffoYslfha ÈYdj Tiafia tall ffoYslh u kï
a
u ;jo a  a u f,i o ,súh yelsh'
a

a  a ys udmdxlh  ^ a ys osYdjg jq tall ffoYslh& f,i oelaúh yelsh'

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory

a  k b kï a // b nj woyia fõ¡

AB  k CD kï AB // CD nj woyia fõ¡

AB  k AC kï A, B , C tal f¾Çh nj woyia fõ¡

fuys k hkq wosYhla fõ¡

a // b kï a  k b f,i ,súh yel¡

AB // CD kï AB  k CD f,i ,súh yel¡
A, B , C tal f¾Çh kï AB  k AC f,i ,súh yel¡

a yd b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla úg

 a   b  0 jkafka kï   0 "   0 fõ'
a yd b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla úg
1 a  2 b   1 a   2 b jkafka kï ix.=Kl iudk fõ'
tkï 1   1 "  2   2 fõ'

msysgqï ffoYslh
O kï wp, ,CIHla uq, ,CIHh f,i f;dard .;a úg A kï ´kEu ,CIHhl msysáu ffoYslh
u.ska oelaúh yelsh túg fuu ffoYslh O g wkqnoaOj A ys msysgï
q ffoYslh f,i y÷kajkq
,efí'

ffoYsl úfNaokh-oaúudk ffoYsl

P  x , y  o , x yd y ÈYd j,g tall ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska i , j kï

OP  xi  y j

OP  x 2  y 2

xi  y j
OP ys ÈYdjg tall ffoYslh u kï u  fõ'
x2  y2
fuys§ ffoYslh tlsfklg ,ïn ixrpl ffoYsl follska m%ldY lrhs'

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
ffoYsl foll wosY .=Ks;h' ^;s;a .=Ks;h&

a iy b hkq ´kEu ksYaY+kH ffoYsl folla o tajdfha osYd w;r fldaKh  ( 0     ) kï o

a.b  a b cos  uÕska a iy b ffoYsl foflys wosY .=K; s h w¾: oelafõ'

ffoYsl foll wosY .=K;

s h a.b uÕska wxlkh lrkq ,efí'
a iy b hkq ffoYsl rdYs folla jqj;a wosY .=K;
s h hkq wosY rdYshla nj by; w¾: oelaùu
mßCId lr ne,sfuka fmks hkq we;' tkï ffoYsl foll wosY .=K; s h woSYhls'

wosY .=Ks;fha úfYaI ,laIK

ffoYsl foll woSY .=Ks;h kHdfoaY kHdh ms<smoS'
a.b  b.a fõ'

wosY .=Ks;h i|yd ú>gk kHdh'

a.b  c   a.b  a.c

wÈY .=Ks;fha cHdñ;sl újrKh

u hkq tall ffoYslhla úg u .a hkq u u; a ys m%,ïn m%lafIamkh fõ'

a.b hkq a j;djla a u; b ys m%,ïn m%lafIamkh fõ'

ffoYsl foll l;sr .=Ks;h

a yd b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla úg

'
a  b  a b sin  n

fuys  hkq ffoYsl fol w;r fldaKhhs'

n hkq a yd b wvx.= ;,hg ,ïnl"
a isg b olajd iqr;a bial=remmamqjla N%uKh lsÍfïoS tys yssi .uka lrk osYdjg msysgk tAll
ffoYslhls¡

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
uQ,sl iajrEmfha .eg¿
1. cHdñ;sl rEm weiqrska ir, lrkak
(i) AB  BC  CD
(ii) RS  ST  TU  UR

2. ABCD p;=ri%fha AB  DC fõ' ABCD hkq iudka;rdi%hla nj fmkajkak'

3. ffoYsl l%u muKlau fhdod .ksñka ;%sfldaKhla ioyd uOH ,laIH m%fïh idOkh lrkak'
4. ABCDEF iúê ivdi%hls' AB  a o BC  b o fõ' b;sß mdo j,ska ksrEmkh jk ffoYsl
a yd b weiqfrka fidhkak'

5. ABCDEFGH iúê wIagdi%hls' AB  a o BC  b o fõ' b;sß mdo j,ska ksrEmkh jk

ffoYsl a yd b weiqfrka fidhkak'

6. ABCDEF iúê ivdi%hls' AB  AC  AD  AE  AF  3 AD nj fmkajkak'

7. ´kEu ;%sfldaKhl uOHia: j,g iudko iudka;ro mdo iys; ;%sfldaKhla mj;sk nj
ffoYsl u.ska fmkajkak'
8. ABC hkq ;%sfldaKhls' BC ,CA, AB mdo 3 : 2 wkqmd;hg fnok ,lAIHhka ms<sfj,ska
D, E , F fjhs' AD , BE iy CF f¾Ld j,g iudk iudka;r mdo iys; ;%sfldaKhla mj;sk
nj ffoYsl l%u u.ska fmkajkak'
9.  a ffoYslh w¾: olajkak' fuys  wÈYhls'
10. a ffoYslh w¾: olajkak'

11. ffoYsl wdl,kh kHdfoaYH kHhg tl. fõ' tkï a  b  b  a nj fmkajkak'

12. ffoYsl wdl,kh ix>gk kHdhg tl. fõ' tkï a  b  c  a  b  c  nj fmkajkak'
13.  OK wÈYhla kï  a  b   a   b nj fmkajkak'

14.  ,  OK wÈYhka kï    a   a   a nj fmkajkak'

15. 1a  a nj fmkajkak'

16. ABC hkq ;%sfldaKhls' flakaølh G fõ' GA  GB  GC  o nj fmkajkak'

17. ABC hkq ;%sfldaKhls' O hkq ;%sfldaKh ;=, jQ ´kEu ,laIHhla fõ' D, E , F hkq
BC , CA, AB mdo j, uOH ,laIHfõ' OD  OE  OF  OA  OB  OC nj fmkajkak'
18. (i) a iy b ´kEu ffoYsl folls' a  b  a  b nj fmkajkak'
(ii) a  b  c  a  b  c nj wfmdaykh lrkak'
(iii) b  a  b  a njo wfmdaykh lrkak'

19. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï

q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ'
AB  b  a nj fmkajkak' PQR ´kEu ;%sfldaKhls' PQ iy PR f¾Ldj, uOH ,CIHhka
L , M fjhs' LM  // QR nj ffoYsl u.ska fmkajkak'

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
20. P , Q, R , S hkq wjldYhka jQ ,CIHhka 4 ls' PR , QS f¾Ldj, uOH ,CIHhka U ,V fõ'
PQ  PS  RQ  RS  4UV nj fmkajkak'
21. a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla kï  a   b  o jkafka     0 úg
nj fmkajkak'
22. a " b iy c hkq ksYaY+kH ú;, ffoYsl ;=kla kï  a   b   c  o jkafka
      0 úg nj fmkajkak'
ksYaY=kH wiudka;r ffoYsl foll ix.=Kl iudk lsÍfuka m%;sM,hka ,nd .ekSu'
23. a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla kï  a   b  o jkafka     0 úg
nj fmkajkak' ta khska a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla úg
1 a  1b  2 a  2 b jkafka kï 1  2 iy 1  2 nj fmkajkak'
24. a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla kï  a   b  o jkafka     0 úg
nj fmkajkak' ffoYsl l%u muKlau fhdod .ksñka iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K iuÉfÊokh jk
nj fmkajkak'
25. a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla kï  a   b  o jkafka     0 úg
nj fmkajkak' ffoYsl l%u muKlau fhdod .ksñka ;%sfldaKhl uOHia: fÊokh jk
wkqmd;h ,nd .kak'
26. ABCD iudka;rdi%hls' BC mdofha uOH ,laIHh E fõ' BD úl¾Kh yd AE f¾Ldj
fPaokh jk wkqmd; ffoYsl l%u fhdod .ksñka ,nd .kak'
27. ABCD iudka;rdi%hls' CD mdofha uOH ,laIHh E fõ' BC mdoh 1: 2 wkqmd;hg fnok
,lAIHh F fõ' AF iy BE f¾Ld L ys§ fPaokh fõ' AL : LF iy BL : LE wkqmd;
ffoYsl l%u fhdod .ksñka ,nd .kak'
28. a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla kï  a   b  o jkafka     0 úg
nj fmkajkak' OACB iudka;rdi%hls' AC mdofha uOH ,laIHh D o AB úl¾Kfha yd
OD f¾Ldfõ fPaok ,laIHh E o fõ' OA  a " OB  b kï a yd b u.ska OD m%ldY lr
1
AE  AB nj fmkajkak'
3
msysgqï ffoYsl wdY%s; .eg`M
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a , b , 4a  b , a  3b fõ' a iy b
29. A, B, C , D ,CIH j, msysgï
weiqfrka AC , DB , BC , AD ffoYsl ,nd .kak'

30. O, A, B yd C hkq OA  3a " OB  4b iy OC  8b  3a jkfia jk ,laIHhka y;rls'

A, B iy C talf¾Çh nj fmkajkak'
31. a  b,3a  5b yd 5a  9b hkq wp, O uQ, ,CIHhla wkqnoaOfhka ms<sfj,ska A, B yd
q ffoYsl hehs .ksuq' fuys a yd b hkq iudka;r fkdjk ffoYsl
C ,CIH ;=kl msysgï
folla fjhs' A, B yd C ,CIH tal f¾Çh nj fmkajd B ,CIHfhka AC fnfok
wkqmd;h fidhkak'
32. O, A, B yd C hkq OA  4 a " OB  2b iy OC  5b  6 a jkfia jk ,laIHhka y;rls'
A, B iy C ,laIHhka talf¾Çh nj ,nd .kak'
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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
33. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B , C j, msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a " b yd c fõ'       0
yd  a   b   c  0 jk f,i  ,  , ksYaY+kH wÈY mj;S kï yd tkï A, B iy C
talf¾Çh nj fmkajkak'
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska OA  a  b , OB  3a   b ,
34. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B , C ys msysgï
OC  2a  2b fõ' A, B , C talf¾Çh kï  fidhkak' a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r
ffoYsl folls'
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska OA  a  3b , OB  2a  4b ,
35. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B , C ys msysgï
OC  k a  b fõ' A, B , C talf¾Çh kï k fidhkak' C ,CIHfhka AB fnfok
wkqmd;ho fidhkak'
36. a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH wiudka;r ffoYsl folla kï  a   b  O jkafka     0 úg
3
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a  b
nj fmkajkak' O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B , C ys msysgï a  b
2
2a  2b fõ' A, B , C talf¾Çh kï  fidhkak'

37. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï

q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ' AB ys
ab
uOH ,CIHh C kï OC  nj fmkajkak'
2
38. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ' AB f¾Ldj
a  2b
2 : 1 wkqmd;hg fnok ,laIHh C kï OC  nj fmkajkak'
3
39. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ' AB f¾Ldj
2a  3b
3 : 2 wkqmd;hg fnok ,laIHh C kï OC  nj fmkajkak'
5
40. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ' AB f¾Ldj
 a  b
 :  wkqmd;hg wNHka;rj fnok ,laIHh C kï OC  nj fmkajkak'
 
41. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ' AB f¾Ldj
 a  b
 :  wkqmd;hg wNHka;rj fnok ,laIHh C kï OC  nj fmkajkak' O uQ,h
 
wkqnoaOfhka ABC ;%sfldaKhl A, B , C YS¾I j, msysgï
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a " b yd c fõ'
 abc
ABC ;%sfldaKfha flakaølfha msysgqï ffoYslh   nj fmkajkak'
 3 
42. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,CIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b fõ' AB f¾Ldj
 a  b
 :  wkqmd;hg wNHka;rj fnok ,laIHh C kï OC  nj fmkajkak' O uQ,h
 
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a " b yd c fõ'       0 yd
wkqnoaOfhka A, B , C j, msysgï
 a   b   c  0 jk f,I  ,  , ksYaY+kH wÈY mj;S kï A, B iy C talf¾Çh nj
fmkajkak'
Ravindra Bandara 20
 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
oaúudk ffoYsl wdY%s; .eg`M
43. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka P  3,5 o Q  2,1 o fjhs' i , j weiqfrka OP " OQ " OP  OQ iy

PQ ffoYsl ,nd .kak'

44. A  2,3 iy B   1,5 kï
(i) i iy j weiqßka A , B ys msysgï
q ffoYsl ,nd .kak'

(ii) AB ,nd .kak'

(iii) AB ,nd .kak'

(iv) AB ÈYdjg jk tall ffoYslh ,nd .kak'

(v) AB ÈYdjg jk udmdxlh 2023 jk ffoYslh ,nd .kak'
(vi) tys Ox yd Oy wCIH Tiafia ixrpl ffoYslh ,nd .kak'

45. a  i  2 j " b  4 j iy c  3i  j kï a  b  c fidhkak' a  b  c  Tiafia jQ tall

ffoYslho fidhkak'

46. A  3,3 iy B   1,6 kï

(i) i iy j weiqßka A , B ys msysgï
q ffoYsl ,nd .kak'

(ii) AB ,nd .kak'

(iii) AB ,nd .kak'

(iv) AB ÈYdjg jk tall ffoYslh ,nd .kak'

(v) úYd,;ajh 50 N jk AB ÈYdjg jk n,h ffoYsl wdldrfhka ,nd .kak'

47. OA  4i  3 j " OB  6 i  6 j iy OC  j jk fia A, B iy C ,CIH ;=kla msysghs' O hkq

uQ,hhs' AB " BC iy CA fidhkak' tu.ska ABC iuoaúmdo ;%sfldaKhla nj fmkajkak'

48. OA  i  2 j " OB  3i  j iy OC  i  5 j kï AB iy CA fidhkak' tkhska A, B iy

C talf¾Çh njo fmkajkak'

49. OA  i  j " OB  3i  5 j iy OC  5i  9 j fjhs' A, B yd C ,CIH tal f¾Çh nj fmkajd

B ,CIHfhka AC fnfok wkqmd;h fidhkak'

q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska i  j
50. O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B ,C ys msysgï
3
2
 
i  k j 2 i  2 j fõ' k
wosYhls' A, B ,C talf¾Çh kï k fidhkak'

51. a  2i  3 j " b  i  5 j iy c  a  2b kï
(i) c Tiafia tall ffoYslh m%ldY lrkak'
(ii) A iy B ,CIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a iy b jk úg AB f¾Ldfõ uOH
,CIHh R kï" R ,CIHfha msysgï q ffoYslh i iy j u.ska fidhkak'

Ravindra Bandara 21
 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
52. P iy Q ,CIH foll LKavdxl  2,1 iy 3,1 fõ' O hkq uQ,hhs' i iy j u.ska P iy

Q ys msysgï
q ffoYsl jk OP iy OQ fidhkak' my; oelafjk ffoYsl j, udmdxl ,nd

.kak' OP ,OQ , PQ, OP  OQ 
53. O wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk n, 5la P  8i  3 j Q  7i  2 j R  3i  8 j , P  17i  2 j iy
S  9i  9 j f,i oS we;' n, iïm%hqla;h jk F ,nd .kak' n, iïm%hqla;fha úYd,;ajh yd
ÈYdj ,nd .kak'
54. wxY=jla u; l%shd lrk n, 4 la P  2i  3 j Q  4i  7 j R  5i  4 j iy S  i  j f,i oS
we;' n, iïm%hqla;h jk F ,nd .kak' fuu n, moaO;shg  i   j hk w;sf¾l n,h tla
l, úg wxY+j iu;=,s; fõ kï  iy  fidhkak'
wÈY .=Ks;h iïnkaO .eg`M
55. wÈY .+K; s h kHdfoaYH kHdhg tl. fõ' tkï a.b  b.a nj
s h w¾: olajkak' wÈY .+K;
fmkajkak'
56. u hkq tall ffoYslhla kï a.u cHdñ;slj újrKh lrkak'

57. a.b cHdñ;slj újrKh lrkak'

s h ú>gk kHdhg tl. fõ' tkï a.b  c   a.b  a.c nj fmkajkak'

58. wÈY .+K;

59. a ,b iy c ksYaY+kH ffoYsl ;+kla kï a.bc  b.ca jk úg a iy c ffoYsl iudka;r

jk nj fmkajkak'
60. a  i  2 j iy b  2i  3 j fõ' a.b ,nd .kak'

61. a  i  j iy b  3i  4 j fõ' a.b ,nd .kak'

62. a   i   j iy b   i   j fõ' a.b ,nd .kak'

63. a  2i  3 j o b  3i   j o fjhs'
(i) a iy b ,ïnl úg
(ii) a iy b iudka;r úg
 fidhkak'
64. a  2i  4 j iy b  4i  3 j fõ' a.b ,nd .kak' tkhska a iy b w;r fldaKh ,nd .kak'

65. a  4i  4 j iy b  5i  2 j fõ' a.b ,nd .kak' tkhska a iy b w;r fldaKh ,nd .kak'

66. a  2i  j iy b  i  2 j fõ' a iy b w;r fldaKh ,nd .kak'

67. a  3, b  2 iy a  b  4 kï a.b ,nd .kak' a  b o ,nd .kak'

s h fhdod .ksñka a  b  a  b kï a iy b
68. a yd b hkq ´kEu ffoYsl folls' wÈY .+K;
w;r fldaKh fidhkak'

Ravindra Bandara 22
 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
wÈY .=Ks;fhka cHdñ;sl-;%sfldaKñ;sl m%fïhhka idOkh
69. wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka mhs;.ria m%fïh idOkh lrkak'
70. wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka frdïnihl úl¾K Rcq fldaKl
s nj idOkh lrkak'
71. wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka fldihska m%fïh idOkh lrkak'
72. wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka ;%sfldaKhl WÉphka ix.dó nj idOkh lrkak'
73. wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka ;%sfldaKhl ,ïN iuÉfÉol ix.dó nj idOkh lrkak'
74. ABCD hkq p;+ia;,hl YS¾I fõ' AB odrh CD odrhg ,ïn fõ' AC odrh BD odrhg
,ïn fõ' AD odrh BC odrhg ,ïn nj wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka fmkajkak'
75. wÈY .+K;
s h fhdod .ksñka w¾O j#;a;hl fldaKh Rcq fldaKhla nj idOkh lrkak'
s h fhdod .ksñka cos  A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B nj idOkh lrkak'
76. wÈY .+K;

s h fhdod .ksñka cos 2  cos 2   sin2 

77. wÈY .+K; nj idOkh lrkak'
ffoYsl .=Ks;h iïnkaO .eg`M

78. ffoYsl .+K;

s h w¾: olajkak' ffoYsl .+K;
s h kHdfoaYH kHdhg tl. fkdjk nj tkï
a  b  b  a nj fmkajkak'

79. a  2i  3 j iy b  i  2 j fõ' a  b ,nd .kak'

80. a  2i  j iy b  3i  2 j fõ' a  b ,nd .kak'

81. Oxy ;,fha F  2i  3 j u.ska ksrEmkh jk n,hla A ,CIHhla yryd Oxy ;,fha l%shd

lrhs' fuu n,h B ,CIHh jgd we;slrk ffoYsl >Q¾Kh fidhkak' fuys OA  i  j
yd OB  2i  3 j fõ'
wÈY .=Ks;h iïnkaO w;sf¾l .eg`M
82. F  2i  3 j n,hl fhÿï ,laIHh s  5i  3 j úia:dmkhla isÿ jQfha kï n,fhka flreKq
ld¾hh fidhkak'

83. a iy b ksYaY+kH ffoYsl fofla a.b wÈSY .+K;

s h w¾: olajkak
(a) my; i|yka tla tla wjia:dfõ § a ;a b ;a w;r fldaKh fidhkak'
(i) a.a  b  0 yd b  2 a (ii) a  b  a  b
(b) ABCD hkq p;+ia;,hl YS¾I fõ' AD g BC ,ïn kï o BD g CA ,ïn kïo CD g
AB ,ïn nj fmkajkak'

84. OA  a iy OB  b kï OABC iudka;rdi%fhys OC , a yd b u.ska fidhkak'

i. a  b  a  b kï a yd b w;r fldaKh fidhkak'
ii. a  b  a  b kï a yd b w;r fldaKh fidhkak'

Ravindra Bandara 23
 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
85. wNsY+kH fkdjk a , b yd c ffoYsl ;=kla w;r my; oelafjk iïnkaO;d mj;S' a  5b yd
c  2a
i. a yd b w;r fldaKh
ii. b yd c w;r fldaKh
iii. a yd c w;r fldaKh
  1
86. a yd b hkq tall ffoYsl folls' a yd b w;r fldaKh  kï sin   a  b nj
2 2
fmkajkak'
87. a yd b hkq wNsY+kH fkdjk ffoYsl folls' a  b u.ska a yd b w;r fldaKh

iuÉfÊo lrhs kï a yd b w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj l=ulao

88. (a) a iy b hkq ksYaY+kH ffoYsl fofla a.b wÈY .+Ks;h w¾: olajkak'
my; i|yka tajd msysgj
q kak'
(i) a.b  a.b  a.b
(ii) a iy b ,ïn kï a.b  0

(iii) e hkq tall ffoYslhla kï e.b cHdñ;sl f,i újrKh lrkak'

(iv) a ,b iy c hk ´kEu ffoYsl ;=kla i|yd a.b  c   a.b  a.c nj fmkajkak'

(b) ABC hkq ;%sfldaKhls' wÈY .=K; s h ms<sn| .+K Ndú; lr ;%sfldaKfha A, B , C hk
YS¾Ij, isg ms<sfj<ska BC , CA, AB iïuqL mdoj,g we§ AL, BM , CN ,ïn tal,CIH jk
nj fmkajkak'

wdo¾Y m%YaK m;%j, iy miq.sh úNd. .eg¿

89. ffoYsl foll ;s;a^wÈY& .+K;
s h jk w¾: olajkak'
a yd b hkq a  b yd a  b ys ;s;a .+K;
s h Y+kH jk" ksY+kH ffoYsl folla hehs .ksuq'
a yd b ffoYsl úYd,;ajfhka iudk nj fmkajkak' iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K tlsfklg
,ïn kï th frdïnihla jk nj ffoYsl l%u fhdod .ksñka idOkh lrkak'
2011 A/L M/P -partB
90. a yd b ffoYsl foll ;s;a .+K;
s h jk a.b w¾: olajkak'
a,b, c yd d ´kEu ffoYsl y;rla i|yd a  b.c  d  a.c  b.c  a.d  b.d hehs
 a  2a.b  b
2 2 2 2
Wml,amkh lrñka ab nj fmkajkak' a  b i|yd wkqrEm
2 2
m%ldYkhla ,shd olajkk' a  b  a - b kï a.b  0 nj fmkajkak' tkhska
iudka;rdi%hl úl¾K iudk kï th iDcqfldaKdi%hla nj fmkajkak'
2011 A/L -partB
91. 2p  5q,7p- q yd p  3q hkq wp, O uQ, ,CIHhla wkqnoaOfhka ms<sfj,ska A, B yd
q ffoYsl hehs .ksuq' fuys p yd q hkq iudka;r fkdjk ffoYsl
C ,CIH ;=kl msysgï
folla fjhs' A, B yd C ,CIH tal f¾Çh nj fmkajd C ,CIHfhka AB fnfok
wkqmd;h fidhkak'
2011 A/L -partA
Ravindra Bandara 24
 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
92. a  i  3 j fõ' fuys i yd j g iqmqreÿ w¾: § we;' b hkq úYd,;ajh 3 iys;

ffoYslhls' a yd b ffoYsl w;r fldaKh kï" b hkak xi  y j wdldrfhka
3
fidhkak' fuys x 0  yd y hkq ks¾Kh l, hq;= ksh; fõ'
2012 A/L –partA
93. A yd B hkq O ,laIHhla iu. tal f¾Çh fkdjk m%Nskak ,laIH folla hehs .ksuq' O
,laIHh wkqnoaOfhka A yd B ,laIHj, msysgï
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska a yd b hehs .ksuq' D
hkq BD  2DA jk mßos AB u; msysá ,laIHh kï" O ,laIHh wkqnoaOfhka D ,laIHfha
q ffoYslh 2a  b  nj fmkajkak
1
msysgï
3
BC  k ak  1 yd O , D yd C ,laIH tal f¾Çh kï k ys w.h yd OD : DC wkqmd;h
fidhkak' a yd b weiqfrka AC m%ldY lrkak ;jo" AC g iudka;rj O ,laIH Tiafia hk
f¾Ldjg E ysoS AB yuqfõ kï 6 DE  AB nj fmkajkak
2012 A/L –partB
94. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka O wp, uQ,hlg wkqnoaOfhka A yd B ,CIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl
ms<sfj,ska i yd i  j hehs .ksuq' C hkq A yryd OB g iudka;r ir, f¾Ldj u; jQ
,CIHhla hehso .ksuq'
OC  1   i   j nj fmkajkak' fuys λ hkq ;d;aúl ixLHdjla fjhs' OB g BC ,ïn
jk mßÈ  ys w.h fidhkak'
2013 A/L –partA
95. OABC hkq p;=rY%hla hehso" D yd E hkq ms<sfj<ska OB yd AC úl¾Kj, uOH ,CIH
hehs o .ksuq' ;j o DE ys uOH ,CIHh F hehs .ksuq' O wkqnoaOfhka A, B yd C

q ffoYsl ms<sfj<ska a ,b yd c hehs .ksñka" OF  a  b  c  nj

1
,CIHj, msysgï
4
fmkajkak' P yd Q hkq ms<sfj<ska OA yd BC me;sj, uOH ,CIH hehs .ksuq' P , F
yd Q ,CIH talf¾Çh nj fmkajd PF : FQ wkqmd;h fidhkak'
2013 A/L –partB
96. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka i  2 j yd 3i  3 j hkq O wp, uQ,hlg wkqnoaOfhka ms<sfj<ska A yd B
,laIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl hehs .ksuq' C hkq OABC iudka;%rdi%hla jk mßÈ jQ ,laIHh
4
hehso .ksuq' OC  2i  j nj fmkajkak' AÔC   hehs .ksuq' OA.OC ie,lSfuka cos  
5
nj fmkajkak' 2014 A/L –partA
1
97. ABCD hkq DC  AB jk mßos jQ ;%mSishula hehs .uq' ;j o AB  p yd AD  q hehs o
2
1
.ksuq' BE  BC jk mßos BC u; E ,laIHh msysghs' AE yd BD j, fPaok ,laIHh jk
3
F u.ska BF   BD hkak imqrd,hs' fuys  0    1 ksh;hls' AE  p  q nj yd
5 1
6 3
AF  1    p   q nj fmkajkak'
ta khska  ys w.h fidhkak' 2014 A/L –partB

Ravindra Bandara 25
 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
98. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka" O uQ,hla wkqnoaOfhka A yd B ,laIH foll msysgqï ffoYsl
ms<sfj,ska  i   j yd  i   j fõ' fuys  yd  hkq 0     jk mßÈ jQ ;d;a;aúl ixLHd
fõ' AÔB iDcq fldaKhla nj fmkajkak' AB f¾Ld LKavfhys uOH ,laIHh C hehs

.ksuq' OC ffoYslfha úYd,;ajh 2 kï yd th i tall ffoYslh iu`. l fldaKhla
6
idohs kï"  yd  ys w.hka fidhkak'
2015A/L –partA
99. xy  ;,fha O uQ,h wkqnoaOfhka A, B yd C ,laIHj, msysgï
q ffoYsl iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka"
1
ms<sfj,ska i  j ,2i  3 j yd 4i  2 j fõ' BP 
BC jk mßÈ BC u; msysá P ,laIHfha msysgï
q
3
ffoYslh fidhkak' ABCD ;%mSishul D YS¾Ih .kq ,nkafka BC mdoh AD g iudka;r jk
11 1
mßÈ o PD , AC g ,ïn jk mßÈ o fõ' D ys msysgï
q ffoYslh i  j nj fmkajkak'
3 3
2015A/L –partB
100. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka yd hehs .ksuq fuys
fõ
yd
weiqßka yd fidhkak
yd w;r fldaKh yd w;r fldaKhg iudk kï nj
fmkajkak
2016A/L –partA
101. uQ,hla wkqnoaOfhka yd ,laIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sj,ska yd fõ fuys
yd tal f¾Çh fkdfõ hkq ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ jk mßÈ msysá ,laIHh o hkq ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
jk mßÈ msysá ,laIHh o hehs .ksuq yd weiqßka ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ yd ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ m%ldY lr
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nj fmkajkak yd ms<sj,ska yd u;
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ y ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ jk mßÈ msysá ,laIHh hehs .ksuq fuys fõ
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ nj fmkajkak
2016A/L –partB
102. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka yd hkq ms<sfj,ska wp, uQ,hlg wkqnoaOfhka yd
,laIH foll msysgï q ffoYsl hehs .ksuq' fuys ksh;hls' wÈY .=‚;h Ndú;fhka"
̂ nj fmkajkak'
hkq iDcqfldaKdi%hla jk mßÈ jQ ,laIH hehs .ksuq' ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ffoYslh wlaIh Èf.a
msysghskï" ys w.h fidhkak'
2017A/L –partA
103. yd iuÕ tal f¾Çh fkdjk wp, uQ,hla wkqnoaOfhka yd m%Nskak ,laIH foll
msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska yd fõ' wkqnoaOfhka ,laIHhl msysgï q ffoYslh
hehs .ksuq' fuys fõ'
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ yd ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ffoYsl yd λ weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'
ta khska " ,laIHh f¾Ld LKavh u; msysgk nj;a nj;a fmkajkak'
oeka f¾Ldj fldaKh iuÉfþokh lrkafka hehs is;uq' nj
fmkajd ta khska " fidhkak'
2017A/L –partB

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 VIKALPAYA 2023Theory
104. ;%sfldaKfha hehs o hkq ys uOH ,laIHh hehs o hkq ys uOH ,laIHh
hehs o .ksuq' ,laIHh u; msysgd we;af;a jk mßÈ h'
wkqnoaOfhka yd ys msysgqï ffoYsl ms<sfj<ska yd fõ' ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ yd ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ffoYsl
yd weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'
yd tal f¾Çh nj wfmdaykh lr" wkqmd;h fidhkak'
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ wÈY .=‚;h yd weiqfrka fidhd kï ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ hkak ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ g
,ïN nj fmkajkak'
2018A/L –partB

105. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka yd hkq wp, uQ,hlg wkqnoaOfhka ms<sfj,ska yd ,laIH


q ffoYsl hehs .ksuq' hkq OĈA 
foll msysgï jk mßÈ OB ir, f¾Ldj u; msysá
2
,laIHh hehs .ksuq' ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ffoYslh i iy j weiqfrka fidhkak'
2018A/L –partA

106. hkq iudka;rdi%hla hehso hkq u; jk mßÈ jQ ,laIH hehs o

.ksuq' wkqnoaOfhka yd ,laIHj, msysgï q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska yd fõ¦ fuys
fõ' ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ yd ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ffoYsl" yd weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak '
oeka, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ hkak ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ g ,ïn fõ hehs .ksuq' nj fmkajd
yd ̂ kï" ys w.h fidhkak'
2019A/L –partB
107. iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka" wp, uQ,hlg wkqnoaOfhka yd ,laIH foll msysgïq ffoYsl
ms<sfj,ska yd hehs .ksuq' ̂ ̂ yd jk mßÈ
jQ yd m%yskak ,laIH foflys msysgï
q ffoYsl fidhkak'
2019A/L –partA

108. α > 0 yd iqmqreÿ wxlkfhka" O wp, uQ,hlg wkqnoaOfhka A yd B ,laIH foll msysgï q
ffoYsl ms<sfj<ska i + αj yd αi - 2j hehs .ksuq' C hkq AC : CB = 1 : 2 jk mßÈ AB u; jQ
,laIHh hehs o .ksuq' AB g OC ,ïn hehs § we;' ys w.h fidhkak'
2020A/L –partA

109. a yd b hkq tall ffoYsl folla hehs .ksuq' O uQ,hla wkqnoaOfhka A, B yd C ,laIH ;=kl
q ffoYsl ms<sfj,ska 12a, 18b yd 10a + 3b fõ' a yd b weiqfrka ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ yd ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ m%ldY
msysgï
lrkak' A, B, yd C tal f¾Çh nj wfmdaykh lr" AC : CB fidhkak'
OC = √ nj § we;' Â B = nj fmkajkak'
2020A/L –partB

Ravindra Bandara 27