TATYASAHEB INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

WARANANAGAR, Dist. Kolhapur 416113[M.S.]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report entitled

“ SOIL STABILIZATION USING RICE HUSK ASH ”
is bonafide work of Miss Chougale Mayuri Maruti Roll no: 03 in partial
fulfillment of the required for the their year (second semester) of civil
engineering as laid down by Shivaji University, Kolhapur during
academic year 2018-2019. He has carried out work under my supervision
and guidance.

Date: 30/03/2019
Place: Warananagar

Prof. A.B.Patil Prof. L.B. Patkure

(Guide) (H.O.D. Civil Dept.)

Dr. S.V. Anekar (Principal)

 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank respected Mr. A.B.Patil sir for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to
present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as I went
through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-
necessary stuffs.
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more
organized and soil stabilization using rice husk ash till the end.
Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS
WORD. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least, I would thank the Almighty for giving me strength to
complete my report on time.
 PREFACE

I have made this report file on the topic Soil stabilization using Rice Husk Ash . I
have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the
report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.
My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a
successful note. I express my science gratitude to Prof. A.B.Patil sir who assisting me
throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement,
confidence and most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.
 ABSTRACT

In today scenario, lack of stable ground for development of infrastructures is very

common. In view of this, construction of buildings on unsuitable ground is
unavoidable and making a suitable ground before constructions is real
challenging issue for Geotechnical Engineers. To overcome the difficulties
experienced with problematic soil in geotechnical applications on one side and
safe disposal of solid wastes on the other side, an attempt is made in this
investigation to explore the possibilities of utilizing solid wastes to improve the
engineering behavior of problematic soil. In this, in this present investigaselected
to study the effects of same on the index and engineering characteristics of
problematic tion the type of solid waste namely Rice Husk Ash for stabilization is
soil. The rice husk ash is mixed with soil in various proportions like 5%, 10%,
20%, 30 %, 40%,
CONENT

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3 : MATERIALS
3.1 NATURAL SOIL
3.2 RICE HUSK

CHAPTER 4 ; SAMPLE PREPARATION

CHAPTER 5 : EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

5.1 INDEX PROPERTIES TESTS
5.2 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES TESTS

CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

6.1 EFFECT OF RHA ON INDEX PROPERTIES
6.2 EFFECT OF RHA ON LIQUID LIMIT
6.3 EFFECT OF RHA ON SHRINKAGE LIMIT
6.4 EFFECT OF RHA ON FREE SWELL INDEX
6.5 EFFECT OF RHA ON CBR VALUES

CHAPTER 7 : CONCLUSION

CHAPTER 8 : REFERENCES
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
Disposal of solid waste on the land fill can be minimized if the waste is having desirable
properties such that they can be utilized for various geotechnical application viz. land reclamation,
construction of embankment etc. There are several methods used for improving geotechnical
properties of problematic soils that includes densification (such as shallow compaction, dynamic
deep compaction, pre-loading), drainage, inclusions (such as geosynthetics and stone columns), and
stabilizations. Chemical stabilization of the problematic soils is especially significant in concerning
with the treatment of soft fine-grained, expansive soils, and collapsible loess deposits. Soil
stabilization is the process which is used to improve the engineering properties of the soil and thus
making it more stable. Soil stabilization is required when the soil available for construction is not
suitable for the intended purpose. It includes compaction, preconsolidation, drainage and many
other such processes. For instance, fly ash is solid waste from thermal power plant which is used for
various civil engineering applications like manufacturing of cement and bricks and other
geotechnical construction works. In present investigation the type of solid waste namely RICE
HUSK ASH (RHA) is selected to study the effects of the index and engineering characteristics of
problematic soil. In order to utilize the rice husk ash for the improvement of problematic clay a
detailed program has been formulated and index, compaction, shear strength and CBR tests have
been conducted on problematic clay and alluvial soil with increasing 10% ,20%, 30% ,50% and 80
% of solid wastes.

Rice-husk-ash(RHA), one of the new additions to the list of earth material stabilizers, is
produced from burning the rice husk - the surrounding of the paddy rice. This rice-husk, a byproduct
of the rice milling process, is rich in silica about 85 per cent to 95 per cent by weight (Ou, Xi &
Corotis, 2006). During the milling of the paddy rice, about 75 per cent is received as rice, broken rice,
and bran. Twenty-two (22) per cent is received as rice-husk. According to Bronzeok Ltd (2003), rice-
husk-ash is a general term describing all types of ash produced from burning rice husk. This rice-husk
according to Singhania (2004) contains about 75 per cent organic volatile matter, leaving 25 per cent
to be converted into ash during the burning process. It is usually higher in ash than other biomass
fuels – close to 20 per cent. Rice-husk-ash (RHA) is 82–95 per cent silica, highly porous and
lightweight, with a very high external surface area (Oliver, 2007) Its absorbent and insulation
properties are useful to many industrial applications, (Bronzeoak Ltd, 2003). It is these qualities of the
RHA that have made it handy to experiment in the stabilization of earth materials for earth building
construction.
 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

Stabilization is one of the economical methods of treating the Black cotton soil to make them suitable
for construction. Generally stabilizers can be divided into three groups: (a) traditional stabilizers
(cement, bitumen etc.), (b) waste products stabilizers (fly ash, phosphor-gypsum, etc.) and (c) chemical
stabilizers (potassium compounds, polymer, ammonium chlorides etc.). Generally the rate of
development of strength is higher in chemicals as compared to other two group of stabilizers. Some of
the research work conducted by earlier researchers on the above has been described below

Review on stabilization using Rice Husk

Rice husks are the covering shells produced during de-husking operation of paddy. It is considered
as a waste material and generally disposed by burning. RHA composed of mainly silica and the
quality of RHA depend upon the burning process. RHA is considered as a pozzolanic material due
to its high silica content.
Rajan and Subramanyam (1982) made a laboratory study to know the effect of stabilization of
expansive soil using RHA and lime on shear strength and consolidation characteristics. It was
observed that RHA contributes to the strength development as a pozzolanic material when used as
additive along with lime and cement. Rice husk stabilized showed low strength under soaked
conditions. The RHA, lime combination also decreased the compression index of stabilized soil.
Chandrasekhar et al. (2001) presented the results of laboratory and field investigations to
understand the characteristics of expansive soil with stabilizing agents like sodium silicate and
calcium chloride in comparison with RHA-lime stabilization. The RHA-lime stabilization resulted
in maximum improvement in strength compared to other treatments. Calcium chloride treated road
stretch showed maximum decrease in ground heave compared to lime, sodium silicate and RHA
stabilized stretches whereas lime treated stretch showed maximum decrease in shrinkage, when
additives are used individually. When additives are used in combination, Calcium chloride – sodium
silicate treated stretched showed maximum reduction in heave compared to RHA– lime and calcium
chloride-RHA stabilized stretches whereas highest reduction in shrinkage is observed in RHA- lime
stabilized stretch.
Ramakrishna and Pradeep Kumar (2006) had studied combined effect of rice husk ash (RHA)
and cement on engineering properties of black cotton soil. RHA up to 15% in steps of 5% and
cement up to 12% in steps of 4% were added. RHA and cement reduced the plasticity of the
expansive soil. The dry density of soil increased marginally with increase in OMC after 4% cement
addition. MDD of soil decreased and OMC increased with the increase in the proportion of RHA-
cement mixes. The UCS of Black cotton soil increased linearly with cement content up to 8% and at
12%, strength rate reduced. The soaked CBR of the soil was found to be increased with cement and
RHA addition. Similar trends to that of UCS were observed with the increase in CBR rate. At 8%
cement content, CBR value of soil was 48.57% and with combination of RHA at 5%, 10% and
15%, the values were
54.68%, 60.56% and 56.62%, respectively.
Sharma et al. (2008) had studied the engineering behavior of a remolded expansive clay blended
with lime, calcium chloride and Rice-husk ash. The amount of RHA, lime and calcium chloride
were varied from 0 to 16%, 0 to 5% and 0 to 2% respectively by dry weight of soil. The effect of
additives on UCS & CBR was found. The stress–strain behavior of expansive clay improved upon
the addition of up to 5% lime or 1% calcium chloride. A maximum improvement in failure stress of
225 & 328% was observed at 4% lime & 1% calcium chloride. A RHA content of 12% was found
to be the optimum with regard to both UCS & CBR in the presence of either lime or calcium
chloride. An optimum content of 4% in the case of lime and 1% in the case of calcium chloride was
observed even in clay – RHA mixes.
Dr. Robert M. Brooks (2009) presented the combined effect of stabilization with flyash and rice
husk ash on expansive soil to use it as a construction material. It was observed that when the rice
husk ash content was increased from 0 to 12%, UCS value increased from 660 to 1300 kPa.
Further fly ash increases, there is decrement in UCS value. 25% is the optimum content of flyash.
Conversely, at any given fly ash content, increase in RHA content up to 12% increases UCS value.
Further increase in content of RHA decreases UCS, indicating that 12% is the optimum content for
RHA.CBR got improved from 1.5to 10, when the RHA content was increased from 0 to 12%. RHA
contain about 90% silicon dioxide. Due to reaction of this high amount of silicon dioxide and
calcium, pozzolonic materials are generated. The pozzolonic materials increases the strength of the
clay-flyash mixture.
Praveen Patel and Dr. H.K. Mahiyar (2014) experimentally investigated the effect of stabilization
on Black Cotton soil using rice husk ash, lime and fly ash. They noticed that on adding lime, liquid
limit and plastic limit decreases whereas on adding fly ash and rice husk, both increases. CBR value
increases as the content of rice husk and fly ash increases. The optimum content of fly ash and rice
husk is 20%. The optimum content of lime limited to 8%. UCS value increases as the percentage of
lime, fly ash and rice husk increases. On designing road treated with above percentages of various
admixtures, 60% decrease in thickness of sub base layer and 40.7% decrease in DBM.
Meghna Sharma (2014) investigated the effect of rice husk ash and cement mixtures on
geotechnical properties of cohesive soil. She observed that with increase in RHA content, maximum
dry density of soil stabilized with RHA- cement decreases and optimum moisture content increases.
Up to 10 % RHA content, the UCS value and split tensile strength for a cured sample of 7 days
increases and after that it does not contribute much towards strength.
Manjunath K. R. and Rohit L (2015) presented the effect of stone dust on strength characteristics
of Black Cotton soil stabilized with rice husk. The optimum content of rice husk found to be 10%.
On increasing percentage of stone dust on soil stabilized with rice husk, plasticity reduces
considerably, OMC decreases and dry density increases.
CHAPTER 3 : MATERIAL
1. Natural Soil
The natural soil sample 1 (clay soil) was collected from a site in Kodambakam area
at 1.5m depth from the ground level by making open trench. Soil Sample 2 (alluvial soil)
was collected from a site in Thungachatram nearby Chennai at 1.5m depth from the ground
level by making open trench. The soil samples thus collected were labeled properly and
stored in laboratory. The collected soil then air dried at room temperature and there after
soil lumps will be powered and sieved through 425micron sieve before the same are used
for laboratory tests. The physical properties of natural soils were identified and classified.

2 Rice Husk
The rice husk ash was collected from Kamakshi rice mills Chennai, Tamil Nadu. In
the form of ash which is a solid wasted which is disposed in the empty barren land as a
solid waste. Rice Husk Ash is byproduct material produced from the process of
manufacturing puffed rice, contains large amount of iron oxide and silicate. It has higher
density, stay in the top layer and then transported to a water basin with a low temperature
for solidification. The end product is a solid, hard material that goes to the crusher for
further processing. Annually 60,000 tons of rice husks are produced in India. It is
chemically stable and its physical properties are similar to that of natural sand. The high
angularity and friction angle (up to 530) of rice husk contribute to excellent stability and
load bearing capacity. With specific gravities ranging from 2.8 to 3.8, rice husk aggregates
are decidedly heavier than conventional granular material. Rice husk aggregate tend to free
drying and are not frost susceptible. The constituents of Rice Hush Ash are listed in Table
1. Table 1. Composition of Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

Constituent Composition
(%)
SiO2
Al2O3 67.3 4.9
Fe2O3 0.95
CaO 1.36
MgO 1.81
Loss On Ignition 17.78
(LOI)
CHAPTER 4 : SAMPLE PREPERATION

The sample for testing was prepared as per the requirement of the tests. The pulverized soil
sample was first sieved through the required sieve for a particular test. The required
quantum soil was weighed out for the test. The material to be added to the soil was also
sieved through the required sieve, for the particular test and then the required quantum was
weighed out on the weight basis as per the percentage to be added to the soil for test. The
soil and the material were then mixed together in dry conditions thoroughly before testing.
The mixed sample was then used for performing the various tests.
CHAPTER 5 : EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

To study the effect of Rice Husk Ash on soil, the various proportions like 5%, 10%, 20%,
30%, 40%, 50% and 80% were mixed with natural soil. And laboratory tests were
conducted to study the index and engineering properties.

5.1 Index properties tests:

The various index properties test like Specific gravity, Liquid limit test, Plastic limit test,
Free swell index and Standard proctor compaction tests were conducted on natural soil and
soil with various proportions like 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 80% of Rice Husk
Ash.

5.2 Engineering Properties tests:

The various Engineering properties test like Direct Shear test and California Bearing Ratio
tests were conducted on natural soil and soil with various proportions like 5%, 10%, 20%,
30%, 40%, 50% and 80% of Rice Husk Ash.

CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 The liquid and shrinkage limit, free swell index, compaction characteristics, shear
strength parameters and CBR values were determined for clay soils and alluvial soils
increasing the percentage of rice husk ash. The results are analyzed and discussed below.

6.1 Effect of RHA on Index properties:

Understanding of plasticity soils of fine grain soils are playing vital role not only for soil
classification and also they are very much useful to predict engineering property like Shear
strength, permeability and compressibility and also swell ability of clay through empirical
relationship. The liquid limit and plastic limit are governed by both physical and physio-
chemical mechanisms. In montmorillonide mineral enriched clays, the plasticity behavior is
governed by physio-chemical mechanism and whereas for kaolinite mineral enriched clays,
it the physical force governing the same. Further in the presence of coarser fraction the
plasticity characteristic of clay are significantly influenced and the operating mechanism
may be physical are physio-chemical, which essentially depends on the percentage of
coarser fractions in clays.

6.2Effect of Rice Husk Ash on Liquid Limit:

Liquid limit is referred as generalized state parameter which has been given greater
attention compared to plastic limit. The liquid limit is largely influenced by type and
amount of clay content, and also literature shows that ion concentration ionic valency also
largely influences the liquid limit of clay soil Figure 1. Shows the variation of liquid limit
soil with increasing percentage of RHA .The liquid limit values are tabulated in Table 2. It
can be seen that at any percentage the liquid limit continuously decreases for RHA. Liquid
limit reduces from 57% to 30.5% for soil +80% RHA for alluvial soil and reduces from
60% to 26.5% for soil +80% RHA for clay soil
In general reduction in the liquid limit is the indicative of reduction in the compressibility
and swelling characteristics. From the change in liquid limit it may be inferred that there is
an overall Improvement in the behavior of problematic clay and alluvial soil on the addition
of RHA.

Table 2. Effect of RHA on Liquid Limit behavior

DESCRIPTION ALLUVIAL SOIL CLAY SOIL (%)
(%)
Soil alone 54.00 57.00
 Soil + 5% 51.25 54.80
Soil + 10% 48.50 51.30
Soil + 20% 44.30 48.20
Soil + 30% 43.00 47.50
Soil + 40% 38.54 44.00
Soil + 50% 36.00 37.50

Figure 1. Effect of RHA on liquid limit behavior of Natural soil

6.3 Effect of RHA on Shrinkage Limit;

Shrinkage limit is one of the important index properties, which will give an idea
about the shrinkage and swell potential. In general the clayey soil which shrinks more will
have high shrinkage and swelling potential and such soils have low shrinkage limit,
provided if there is no influence of soil structure. The addition of sand sized particles to
shrink. Figure 2 shows the variation in shrinkage limit on addition to soil. The values are
tabulated in table 3. Shrinkage limit increased from 12% to a maximum of 24% for
soil+80% RHA for alluvial soil and from 12% to 24% for soil+80% RHA clay soil, the
increase of shrinkage limit is 2 times higher than that of soil alone at soil +80% RHA. The
increase of shrinkage limit for soil with the addition of RHA only indicate that shrinkage
and swelling potential of expansive clay, reduce with percentage of RHA which is an
improvement over the existing properties of clays and alluvial soil, At any percentage of
RHA clay soil compared to soil + alluvial soil. This may be due to the fact that alluvial soil
is inert granular particle where clay soil is having calcium oxide varying between 36 and
39%. Presence of divalent ca2+ might have induced the suppression of double layer, in turn
resulted in flocculated structure. Generally, soil with flocculated structure results in low
plasticity characteristics and high shear strength .hence increase may be mainly due to the
physic- chemical interaction between the soil particles and RHA.

Table 3. Effect of RHA on Shrinkage Limit Behavior

DESCRIPTIO ALLUVIAL SOIL CLAY SOIL

N (%) (%)
Soil alone 12.00 14.32

Soil + 5% 12.72 13.50

Soil + 10% 13.71 15.20
Soil + 20% 15.29 15.89
Soil + 30% 16.20 17.10
Soil + 40% 18.50 19.56
Soil + 50% 21.20 22.50
Soil + 80% 23.71 24.19

Figure 2. Effect of RHA on Shrinkage limit behavior of Natural soil

 6.4. Effect of RHA on free swell index:

Free swell index (FSI) is an indicative swelling nature of expansive clays. Figure 3
shows the variation of FSI with increasing % of solid wastes. The values of FSI are
tabulated in Table 4. The free swell index decreases from 59% to 19% for soil + 80%
copper slag and from 59 to 14% for soil + 80% of RHA. The reduction and free swell index
is varying from 67 to 76%. The reduction in FSI indicates that the addition of RHA particle
reduces the swelling nature of the soil. Earlier, Dayakare T. Al(2004)have shown a
reduction in FSI varied from 70% to 80% when solid waste like quarry dust and marble
powder are used in problematic soil. At any percentage, the reduction in RHA is high in
alluvial soil and clay soil. The reason is mainly attributed to the presence of the free
CAO in RHA which react clay properties because of physiochemical interactions. In the
case of CS, because of the replacement of swelling by non-clay CS, the swelling decreases.
The variation FSI in the case of soil CS is due to the physical forces generated between the
particles.

Free swell test

Table 4 Effect of RHA on Free Swell Index

DESCRIPTION ALLUVIAL SOIL CLAY SOIL

(%) (%)
Soil alone 59.00 60.00
Soil + 5% 56.25 48.50
Soil + 10% 50.00 27.27
Soil + 20% 45.26 25.20
Soil + 30% 42.86 22.72
Soil + 40% 37.93 20.83
 Soil + 50% 32.74 18.18
Soil + 80% 19.23 13.63

Figure 3. Effect of RHA on Free Swell Index behavior of Natural soil

6.5. Effect of Solid Waste on Compaction Characteristics:

In order to study the waste of solid waste on the compaction characteristics of

alluvial and clay soil standard Procter compaction on test was conducted on soil with
increasing percentage of RHA by weight basis. The results were obtained for soil with 0,
10, 20, 30, 50 and 80% of RHA along with clay and alluvial soil and listed in Table 5 and
variations are shown in Figure 4 and 5.
Table 5 Effect of RHA for Natural soil on OMC and γd,max

ALLUVIAL CLAY SOIL

SOIL
DESCRIPTION
OMC γd,max OMC γd,max
(%) (kN/m3) (%) (kN/m3)
Soil alone 17.80 16.39 17.80 16.39
Soil + 10% 16.60 18.25 17.40 17.20
Soil + 20% 16.40 18.75 16.30 17.70
Soil + 30% 16.00 19.38 15.80 17.98
Soil + 50% 14.00 20.25 14.20 18.32
Soil + 80% 13.25 20.95 13.70 19.47
 Figure 4. Effect of RHA on Optimum Moisture content (%) of Natural soil

Figure 5. Effect of RHA on Maximum dry density γd,max (kN/m3) of Natural soil
6.6. Effect of RHA on CBR Values:

The thickness of the flexible pavement is a primary function of strength of sub grades in
other words its CBR values. From the compaction tests, it is clear that, γd,max of soil keeps
increasing consistently with % of RHA for Alluvial soil and Clay soil and OMC decreasing
with the same which imply that the strength of such soil also would be relatively
increasing. CBR tests for both soaked and unsoaked conditions were conducted for soil
with 0, 10,20,30,50 and 80% of RHA. Figure 8 & 9 show that the comparison of RHA on
CBR values. The unsoaked and soaked CBR value for RHA mixed with Alluvial soil is
slightly high when compare to RHA mixed with Clay soil. In graph, up to 30% there is not
much difference in unsoaked and soaked CBR values, beyond 30% the difference seems
clearly. The unsoaked CBR value for soil mixed with 80% RHA for alluvial soil is 12 and
Clay soil is9 respectively. And the soaked CBR value for soil mixed with 80% RHA for
alluvial soil is 6.4 and Clay soil is 4.35.

CBR Test Apparatus

 Sample for CBR Test

Table 7 Effect of RHA for Natural soil on CBR values

ALLUVIAL SOIL CLAY SOIL

DESCRIPTIO SOAKED SOAKED
UNSOAKED UNSOAKED
N CBR CBR
CBR CBR
VALUE VALUE
VALUE VALUE
Soil alone 3.27 2.42 3.60 2.80
Soil + 10% 6.27 2.58 6.01 2.58
Soil + 20% 6.69 2.67 6.47 2.70
Soil + 30% 7.30 3.40 6.73 3.28
Soil + 50% 8.80 4.22 7.50 3.58

Figure 4. Effect of RHA on Unsoaked CBR values of Natural soil

Figure 5. Effect of RHA on Soaked CBR values of Natural soil
CHAPTER 7 : CONCLUSION

From the results of this study, the following conclusions can be downed:
i. The soft soil is identified to be clay of high plasticity (CH) according to IS Soil
Classification System. It has very low CBR-value (1.46) and Unconfined compressive
stress (70 KN/m2). The soil is required to be stabilized before doing any construction
work.
ii. Treatment with RHA and a small percentage of cement shows a general decrease in the
MDD and increase in OMC with increase in the RHA content. iii. There is also an
improvement in the unsoaked CBR (106% at 10% RHA content) compared with the
CBR of the natural soil.
iv. A similar trend is obtained for UCS. The UCS value is at its peak at 10% RHA (90.6%
improved).
v. For maximum improvement in strength, soil stabilization using 10% RHA content with
6% cement is recommended as optimum amount for practical purposes.
CHAPTER 8 : REFERENCES

[1] F O Okafor and U N Okonkwo (2009), Effects of rice husk ash on some geotechnical
properties of laterite soil, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies,
15, pp. 67-74.
[2] E B Oyetola and M Abdullah (2006), The use of rice husk ash in low-cost sandcrete
block production, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 8, pp. 58-
70.
[3] Ali F Haji, A Adnan and Chew K C (1992), Geotechnical properties of a chemically
stabilized soil from Malaysia with rice husk ash as an additive, Journal of Geotechnical
and Geological Engineering, 10, No. 2, pp. 117-134.
[4] E A Basha, R Hashim, H B Mahmud and A S Muntohar (2005), Stabilization of residual
soil with rice husk ash and cement, Construction and Building Material, 19, Issue 6, P
448-453.
[5] R M Brooks (2009), Soil stabilization with fly ash and rice husk ash, International
Journal of Research and Reviews on Applied Science, 1, Issue 3, pp. 209-217.
[6] A Hossain and M Khandaker (2011), Stabilized soils in incorporating combinations of
rice husk ash and cement kiln dust, Journal Of Materials In Civil Engineering,
10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000310.
[7] J N Jhaand and K S Gill (2006), Effect of rice husk ash on lime stabilization, Journal of
The Institution Of Engineers (India), 87, Issue 28, pp. 33-39.
IS 2720 ( Part1 – 5, 7, 10,16), Indian Standard Methods of Tests for Soils