Female Feminists Versus Male Feminists

The English Research Express ISSN: 2321-1164 (Online); 2347-2642 (Print)
IJELL-International Journal of English Language and Literature

Peer Reviewed (Refereed) International Journal run by Dr. JK Research Foundation, Chennai, India
Volume: 1st & Issue:4th (October - December 2013’) PP: 374-386 Date: 29-12-2013
FEMALE FEMINISTS VERSUS MALE FEMINISTS
By: Dr. Bishun kumar

Author’s Particulars:
Dr. Bishun kumar,
Assistant Professor,
Department of English,
BBDNITM,
B.B.D. University,
Faizabad Road,
Lucknow,
Utter Pradesh,
India.
E-Mail: gbishunkumar@yahoo.co.in
Mobile: 0091 9454970144
Author’s Introduction:
Dr. Bishun Kumar is serving as Assistant Professor in the Department of English,

Babu Banarsi Das National Institute of Technology & Management, a constituent college of
Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow. He got his PGDTE from The English and
Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad (Lucknow Campus), U-SET, UGC- NET and
Ph. D. in English from University of Lucknow, Lucknow. He has taught English Language,
Professional Communication and English Literature to UG, PG, and Ph. D. students. He has
got published twelve research papers and thirty papers presentations in National and
International Conferences to his credit. He has also edited two anthologies entitled Major
Voices in New Literatures in English and Mahesh Dattani: Themes, Techniques and
374
Issues which are in press. He has been supervising two Ph. D. scholars enrolled in the
department of English Babu Banarsi Das University, Lucknow. His areas of research interest
Page
are Feminism, Post-Colonialism, Diaspora New Humanities and cultural studies.
Available in on line at www.journalsindia.com

Copyright @ 2013 Dr. JK Research Foundation, Chennai, India. All rights reserved.
Abstract: and sub-ordination, their confinement
T
he idea of viewing feminism in within the four walls, their dependency on
two everlasting contradictory
streams created by male and men, exploitation of their virginity and
female feminists is rather
absurd and may appear to be patriarchal dominance on them. It also
prima facie illogical. It is a
motivates, excels and empowers women to
fault line that seems making a crack in the crystal
clear concept of feminism. But I apologize for some resist and revolt against their exploitation,
exceptions, as my observations are basically
inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication to fight for their rights rather beg, to
of the Rights of Woman, a foundational text
marked by a female’s observations on women and receive education, to understand to break
men. She finds differences in perceptions of women
of male and female feminists, be they education, the cob-web and nexus and to break
rights, freedom from patriarchal dominance or
economic independence. A comparative study of
through the cultural stereo-types, the roles
the works of Tennyson, Rousseau, Hardy, Pope, assigned to them by men and to become a
Aristotle, Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Raja
Rao and Manohar Malgonkar so called the male ‘New Woman’ or ‘Newly Born Woman’
feminists and the works of Mary Wollstonecraft,
Simone de Beauvoir, Helene Cixous, Elaine and attain a personality to sustain in this
Showalter, Virginia Woolf, Attia Husain, Shashi
Deshpande, Mamta Kalia, Toni Morrison, Tahmina world independent of men. Both men and
Durrani, Begum Rukaiyat Sakhwat Husain and
Kate Millet produces an evidence of the difference
women have made effort to emancipate
in perceptions of women by male and female women from patriarchal clutches, to
feminists. The present paper aims at finding out
men’s motive, their politics of subordination and educate them to groom their own
imperialization, and the megalomaniac nature of
passion. Though the work requires an entire personality and career and to enlighten
thesis, this paper limits me to present my views
briefly. them to understand the politics of stereo-
Key Words: Patriarchal Dominance, typed roles assigned by men to them.

exploitation, Caliban Complex, girling,
cultural conditioning.
Gaps between Male and Female
perceptions of Feminism:
Introduction:
B
ut no one can ignore the
T
he idea of dividing
gap between male’s and
feminism into male and
female’s perceptions of
female seems absurd.
women. Both male and
One may think it an
female feminists seem to be bound to run
attempt at dissociating the associating
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parallel to the same direction yet in a state

males and females, for feminism is
of impossible unity or collision. Both fight
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feminism and feminist is feminist; there is

for the emancipation of women from
no question of male or female. Feminism
traditional shackles; but male feminists
is a movement against suppression and
think to emancipate them from oppression
oppression of women, their subjugation

and suppression while female feminists them while female feminists want to create
want to emancipate themselves from the their own world. Both male and female
clutches of patriarchy also. Male feminists feminists make every effort to educate
do not condemn men as an entire race but women but male feminists educate them to
the demon in man while female feminists train her to be a pleasant companion for
condemn men as an entire race. Male her husband and to be an intelligent
feminists patronize and glorify women to mother of his children while female
condition them according to false myths-- feminists educate women to enlighten
myths exercising man as savior of woman them to understand the politics of man, to
while female feminists are growing fight for their rights which are their dues
blasphemous about all myths whether and to become economically independent
social or religious. Male feminists believe person. The male feminists are worried
that the development of women could be about how to subordinate and manipulate
possible only when man transformed women while female feminists leave no
himself into a Prospero while female ground untouched to escape each and
feminists believe that it is mere a every tactics of men. The gap in their
coincidence and women's development is a perceptions becomes much more obvious
matter of Caliban Complex. Male when female feminists challenge the fact
feminists believe in dependence syndrome how men can write about women; how
and think that women always need support they can experience women's desires,
of a man since they are born with inbuilt feelings, emotions, menstruation, itching,
feminine weakness while female feminists pregnancy, labour pain, etc which women
challenge that they do not need any help want to write about. Professor S. Z. H.
from men and their weakness is not inborn Abidi too, in his keynote address, agrees
but because of process of the ‘girling’, that, ‘man can not truly pen down the
‘gender stereo-typing’ and ‘male experiences of women’ (on 14th of
constructed myths’. Male feminists appear February, 2009).
to be beauty-addict--tempted towards
Evidences of These Gaps:
376
women's beauty that they unconsciously

join the Devil’s party and therefore, they he movement ‘feminism’
T
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themselves become a textual seducer while does not seem one as a

female feminists appear determined in whole, rather two
their goal; male feminists want to socialize streams running parallel

in the same direction with fluctuating but Wollstonecraft is even dissatisfied with
permanent gap. I apologize to those of Hester Piozzi and Madame de Stael as
sentimental writers. Mary Wollstonecraft unthinking supporters of Samuel Johnson
is the first woman to closely observe this and Rousseau- clear victims of the
gap. The universally acknowledged fact is conditioning of women by patriarchy and
that Rousseau (the male) first of all set out finds that she has few role models left to
the plan for the education of women which recommend. According to her, only two
is an indication of their position in the women, Catherine Macaulay and Mrs.
society. But Wollstonecraft senses Chapone, are the precursors on the theme
Rousseau's motive in educating women. of women’s education whom she can
She, to express his motive, cites the feature with dignity. The depressed
following extract: condition of women then was marked by
an enfeebling education, no career, no
For my part, I would have a
economic independence and no sense of a
young English woman
support-network with women achievers.
cultivate her agreeable talents
in order to lease her future
Unlike Rousseau's views on
husband with as much care
education, Wollstonecraft suggests women
and assiduity as a young
to get education which must include their
Circassian cultivates hers, to
rights too. The following extract expresses
fit her for the harem of a
her desire:
Circassian bashaw.
I earnestly wish to point out
(Wollstonecraft, 95) in what true dignity and
happiness consists, I wish to
In other words, middle and upper-
persuade women to
middle class women aspire at the most for
endeavour to acquire
an education that would prepare them for a
strength, both of mind and
companionate marriage. This was a
body......(and ) to show that
marriage in which the wife, as Rousseau
377
elegance is inferior to virtue,

suggests, was trained to be a pleasant
that the first object of
companion for her prospective husband
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laudable ambition is to obtain

just as in the Middle East women were
a character as a human being
trained to be the members of a harem to
please the pasha (bashaw) or ruler.

regardless of the distinction subjugate women, even

of sex - - - . though you firmly believe
(Wollstonecraft, 5) that you are acting in the
manner best calculated to
The freedom of expression and the promote their happiness.
freedom of articulation are other major (Wollstonecraft, 11)
features of feminism. The spirit of
Her ‘Vindication’ is designed to
liberation had already been strengthened
appeal to men to be rationally persuaded to
by the French Revolution which had, as its
grant women the rights which are their due
stated ideals, liberty, equality and
and not in ‘small change’ in form of alms.
fraternity. Even Wordsworth too was
Moreover, she strongly opposes the
highly influenced by the ideals of the
reading of sentimental novels by the
French Revolution. The first stanza of his
females; she rather encourages them to
“Prelude” is an evidence of his enthusiasm
read something better. Wollstonecraft
for the spirit of liberation whether of male
quotes some statements derogating and
or of female that he associates with the
reducing women’s personality. For
overthrow of the old order in France (the
example, Milton says, ‘Women’s highest
Monarchy, the Roman Catholic Church
praise is to obey unargued’; Pope too says,
and the Aristocracy).He is very clear that
‘Every woman is at heart a rake’; and
the spirit of revolution and the spirit of
Swift calls her, ‘A passion for a scarlet
reason go hand in hand. Though the man
coat’.
who himself was longing for his own
liberty of spirit and right to judge his own Both men and women talk of the
happiness, ironically subjugates women. In freedom of women but men talk of the
the following passage Mary freedom from patriarchal dominance while
Wollstonecraft underlines this politics of women talk of freedom of expression and
the man; of articulation of their inner desires and
When men contend for their pains. Men talk of women's liberation
378
freedom and (demand) to be from confinement while women long for

allowed to judge for the liberation from both the confinement
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themselves respecting their and the stereotyped roles assigned to them

own happiness, it - - - (is) by men. Men on the name of religion wish
inconsistent and unjust to to condition women according to male

oriented society while women deny all faulty cultural conditioning and deluding
these set social norms which degrade them education and male’s betrayal of her
and struggle to create their own world, emotions dooms the life of female
their own religion which could consider Shakespeare. Simone de Beauvoir too in
their happiness and their character as well. her the monumental book The Second Sex
Tennyson (the male) in “The Princess” attacks on gender stereo-typing and
talks of the ‘higher education and rights of advocates that ‘Sex is natural while gender
women’ but at the same time he is a construct’.
marginalizes them and assigns stereotyped
roles to them with a view to confining Almost all men deal with women
them within the four walls. The following more or less in the Tennysonian style and
lines of the poem are an evidence of then assess them as feeble and inferior
women’s degradation by him; beings. R. K Narayan’s Savitri in The
Dark Room, a character created by a male,
Man for the field and woman
leaves her husband’s house for having
for the hearth,
been fed up with the patriarchal
Man for the sword and for the
dominance but she remains economically
needle she;
dependent on him only. It is her
Man with the head and
dependence syndrome that pulls her back
woman with the heart,
and makes her surrender before her
Man to command and woman
husband while Shashi Deshpande (a
to obey,
female writer) does not give this weakness
All else confusion.
to her women (characters). Sarita, a
(“The Princes”)
woman character, in her novel, The Dark
Holds No Terrors, leaves her husband’s
The story of enfeebling women
(Manohar’s) house for his intolerable
begins with the gender stereotyping.
tortures but she doesn’t come back and
Virginia Woolf attacks all Tennysonian
surrender to her husband, for Deshpande
gender stereo-typing in her episode
379
provides her character with true education

concerning “Judith Shakespeare”. Her
and makes her ( Savitri) an economically
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extract is evidence that both male and

independent being by training her to be an
female Shakespeares (the generic
expert doctor.
metaphors for men and women) were born
with same potential and intellect but the

Women characters in men’s (the male) also. In the novel The Big
writing, though, deny the traditional norms Heart, Anand's woman character, Janki,
of the society, adopt modernity and breaks through all the traditional norms of
liberate themselves from patriarchal society, and comes to Ananta to live with
clutches , this could only be possible with him as his mistress. She successfully
the help and support of other men defends herself from the vicious circle of
however, modernized and humane in the wantons who wish to turn her into a
thought and attitude while women whore and to become a commodity of
characters of women's writing does not physical pleasure for them. In this novel
seek support or help of men. They look Anand goes one step ahead that Janki does
male-phobic. For instance, Mulk Raj not demand marital status from Ananta
Anand's character, Maya, in the novel, The like Maya but she is nothing without
Village denies the ancient culture, revolts Ananta, the male. She learns everything
against the norms of her Kshatriya family from Ananta and after his death, spiritual
and resists mother's process of ‘girling’. guide and mentor Puran Singh (the male)
Maya's love for Lal Singh (Lalu) attacks fuses enthusiam in her. Even the novel The
the stereotype roles assigned to women Old Woman and the Cow which is written
through wrong acculturation. Anand from the gynocentric angle bears the stamp
emboldens Maya enough to stand against of the male treatment of feminism. Gauri,
the terror of her father but he retains her the heroine of the novel, is hit back by her
feminine weakness by making her husband Panchi. However, she learns
economically and socially dependent on nursing and becomes economically
her lover Lal Singh. She demands marital independent, not by her own but with the
status from Lalu, for she thinks without help of colonel Mahindra again the male.
social sanction of her relation with her Mulk Raj Anand conditions Gauri in such
lover she cannot live the life of dignity. a way that even after becoming
Maya's runaway marriage though earns her economically self dependent, she longs for
modernity by transforming herself into a the same male (her husband) who had
380
‘new woman’ but female feminst feel it tortured her and made her condition
revolt against ancient norms for social life pathetic and miserable; she ultimately
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and accept modernity rather than act as a returns to him yet the novelist praises her
feminist activist and modernity is and rewards her of the dignity of ‘a chaste
embraced not only by Maya but Lal Singh Indian woman’. It seems that male

feminists want to prove that women's Causes of the Fall of Women:

upliftment, empowerment and happy-go-
W
ollstonecraft observes
life depend on males only—however, the
that the education
males of humane nature and not the
provided by men to
wanton rogues.
women is faulty. That is
But, for the female feminists, the why women, instead of thinking and
prize ‘chastity’ is a process of women’s fighting for their rights and economic
imprisonment and curtailing their freedom independence, have a desire for a naughty,
that brings them within the range of handsome-looking, loving and
patriarchal clutches. They treat women economically rich husband. She says;
characters adversely to that of males’.
Men look for beauty and the
Shashi Deshpande's woman character
simper of good humored
Sarita in her novel The Dark Holds No
docility; women are
Terrors raises herself as a promising
captivated by easy manners; a
doctor without help or support of any
gentleman like man seldom
male. She does not suffer from androgyny
fails to please, and their
and therefore, doesn't hit back her husband
thirsty ears eagerly drink the
but she does not long for her husband like
insinuating nothings of
male writers’ women characters. Attia
politeness, whilst, they turn
Husain entirely ignores man’s intervention
from the unintelligible
in pleasures of woman. Her character,
sounds of the charmer reason,
Laila, in Sunlight on a Broken Column,
charm he never so wisely
marries Ameer whom she loved and defies
the wishes of her family about her (Wollstonecraft, 12).
marriage. Like Laila, her character,r
Afro-American female feminist,
Nandi, a servant gir,l too is a projection of
Toni Morrison, does not accept the male’s
Attia’s own ideology. Nandi says, “A
perception of woman as ‘a home maker’
man’s love is not different from an
381
and his love for her. She trains her

animal’s (Sunlight on a Broken Column. p-
characters not to be trapped by man’s
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170) however, she shows courage to live

malicious intent that he calls love. Jadine,
her own life. She lives with Laila and
in her novel, Tar Baby, is first impressed
remains unscathed even when she became
by Son’s Africanness and natural
pregnant through extra-marital sex.

simplicity about which Wollstonecraft had a line , . . . while the children

already warned women. With him she sees scooped walnut up off the
the potential of making herself. His ground and handed them to
unsophisticated manners and straight her.
forward behavior attract Jadine towards
. . . he knew that any moment
him. However, soon she realizes Son’s
she might talk back or,
politics and the motif. Jadine wants an
worse, press her dreams . . .
escape from a world of body-love that
then who would mind the pie
cannot see the "me" within her. The fact
table in the basement of the
that she discovers is that Son is not only
church?
deceptive, but can be dangerous also, is
soon anticipated. This same person looks (Tar Baby. p-119-20)
at Jadine while sleeping and plans to hatch
The passage clearly reflects Son's
a conspiracy to "manipulate" her "dreams"
patriarchal dreams, the dreams of an ideal
so that he could get into them. It is
home where his woman is not a career
interesting to note that his dreams are in no
maker but a home maker, mother of his
way different from the one that sees a
children and a preserver of his concept of
woman as a homemaker only;
womanhood. Interestingly, Jadine’s
. . . he had thought hard education and her lucrative career are only
during those times in order to fear factors for him, the fear of losing the
manipulate her dreams, to patriarchal hold on her. Son not only
insert his own dreams into disallows them in his dream but also tries
her so she would . . . dream various tactics to get rid of them. Clearly
steadily the dreams he his dreams are not innocent, but
wanted her to have about domineering. Even Sula in Morrison’s
yellow houses with white novel, Sula(1973), flees from the body
doors which women opened love to form another identity for herself.
and shouted ‘come on in’,
382
The works of Tahmina Durrani,

‘you honey, you’! And the fat
Attia Husain and Kamala Das present the
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black ladies in white dresses

male as a seducer rather than as a man
minding the pie table in the
having human relation with woman.
basement of the church and
Taslima Nasrin is yet another ruthless
white wet sheets flapping on

critic of the males. Love also has been towards their beauty and therefore,
treated differently by both the male and the unconsciously become a textual seducer of
female writers. Men love women for their the women (characters) created by them.
physical satiety and her beauty while No female writer has described the beauty
women get emotionally attached with men of the female body as Mulk Raj Anand
for their decency and robust nature. In does in his novel Untouchable, in his
short, man is megalomaniac in nature. This description of the beauty of the
is evidenced in Anand's novel Confession untouchable girl, Sohini.The following
of a Lover. Krishna, the hero of the novel passage is an indication of his temptation
(the autobiographical self of Anand for Sohini;
himself), loves Yasmin intensely and plans
She had a sylph like form,
to elope with her but when Noor's wife
not thin but full bodied
congratulates him on 'becoming a potential
within the limits of graceful
father', his courage fails him. On
frame, well rounded on the
revelation of Yasmin's pregnancy he
hips, , with an arched narrow
himself reveals his megalomaniac nature.
waist from which descended
I had the corroding doubt that the folds of her trousers and
I really wanted the pleasure above which were her full
of physical love. Perhaps round, globular breasts,
awful thought, I still loved jerking slightly, for lack of a
myself and my pleasures bodice, under her transparent
more than I love Yasmin. I muslin shirt.
was a megalomaniac. I
(Untouchable. p -22)
wanted the experience of
making love but did not want Thomas Hardy has also
the burden of her theoretically criticized women's
suppression and oppression by men but he
(Confession of a Lover. p-
too is actually a textual seducer. The way
383
344)
he treats Tess in the novel Tess of the
In the treatment of the beauty of D'Urbervilles, indicates that he sided with
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women both male and female writers Angel Clare and Alec without actually
attain polarity. Male feminists are sick of knowing it. No woman writer can treat
beauty of women. They are tempted women characters in this way. Emma

Tenant’s Tess is a reaction against Hardy’s No Terrors by presenting her parents’

(male’s) treatment of women, and portrays treatment of Sarita, the heroine of the
Tess from a woman’s point of view. In novel and her (Sarita's) brother Dhruv.
Hardy’s point of view, fate is responsible This gender disparity comes on the surface
for the tragedy of Tess. While Emma when Dhruv is drowned in a canal because
Tenant wants to say perhaps that he of his own naughtiness but the entire
(Hardy) himself wished her to suffer. She blame of his death was put on Sarita by her
advocates that it is man’s treatment that is own parents. Furthermore, she was thrown
responsible for the tragedy of Tess and not away from her own house by marrying her
the fate. off with an unmatched, orthodox man
Manohar, a man of sadistic tendency.
Male feminists criticize man's
devilish behavior with women. He too is The Mahabharata, a great Indian
against the oppression and suppression of epic, is a stark picture of women's false
women but at the same time he inspires glorification. Draupadi is treated as a
gender-consciousness with faulty commodity, an insensate thing. She is
acculturation and false glorification of distributed among the five Pandvas like
women. He glorifies her for her decency, pieces of sweets. In the name of ‘religion
innocence and submissiveness and of obedience’ she is forced to accept
condemns her for her questioning spirit, polyandry which is a greatest blot on the
her zeal for revolt, and boldness. These personality of women. But the entire
features, he teaches her, from very Mahabharata (written by a male) that
childhood through the process of girling claims for the respect of women,
and boying. He differentiates between the emotionally betrays them. The text is
subjects of learning for girls and boys. culturally and mythically conditioned so
Virginia Woolf, in her revolutionary that no one raises a question on personality
critical essay, “Judith Shakespeare”, of women. Mahashweta Debi presents a
focuses on a true picture of the process of parody of the Mahabharata in form of
girling and boying by creating female Dopadi. Her treatment of woman character
384
Shakespeare to compare with the like Dopadi Majhen bears the stamp of
female writing. Devi’s Dopadi too is a
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renowned dramatist, male Shakespeare.

victim of polyandry but without cultural
Shashi Deshpande has also raised
and religious conditioning like that of
gender issues in her novel The Dark Holds
Dropadi in the Mahabharata. Dopadi, a

character created by the female feminist, Ravana’s sister, Suparnakha, Sugreev's

raises feminist issues. wife, Tara and Sita's care-taker Trijta in
Ashok Vatika. Arney has observed these
The Ramayana, a great religious
women as victims of missing identity and
epic of Hindus, glorifies Sita's devotion,
as marginalized by the male constructed
her sacrifices and especially her fire ordeal
religion.
to prove her chastity and successfully wins
the sympathy of audience for both Sita and Findings:
Ram. Sita has to sacrifice her life in the
ale feminists’
way that the mother earth herself devours
her. But there is no consideration of Sita’s
sufferings which she undergoes during
separation from her husband Rama, while
M concept of feminism
seems more of a
drama, a show-off
and politics to re-imperialize by deluding
staying in the Ashok Vatika, and while
the mission and vision of the female
staying at Valmiki's cottage etc. According
feminists. The implicit politics becomes
to male feminists, Sita becomes a role
apparent when we observe closely the
model, an archetype of an ideal woman
difference between their ‘saying’ and
and an ideal wife. But female feminists
'doing'. Male writers, in theory, favour
question the treatment of Sita in the
upliftment and emancipation of women but
Ramayana and smell the politics of male
in practice (in real life), they themselves
feminists. Smita Arney, one of the
exploit them. Thomas Hardy sympathizes
contemporary female feminists, has
with women in theory but in real life he
attacked Sita's treatment in the Ramayana.
himself has been a woman hunter, a
Sita's fire ordeal infuses sufficient
seducer. America, from where the feminist
enthusiasm in her that she re-thinks the
movement launches, also reflects the
Ramayana and deconstructs it by re-
duality of its character in freedom of
writing it from Sita's angle in the form of a
women. Barack Obama, the president of
graphic novel entitled Sita's Ramayana.
America supports women's freedom in
Arney's Sita’s Ramayana is a critique of
385
theory but in practice he has engaged a

male's perception of women and their false
security around his daughters so that no
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glorification. her Sita defies the fire ordeal,

boy could go to them for dating.
the only test of her chastity. Apart from
Sita, Arney has also focused on other
women figuring in the Ramayana such as

Conclusion:  ---- The Village (1939). The Old

Woman and the Cow (1960).
F
inally, one can reach to
Reprinted as Gauri. New Delhi:
the conclusion that unless
Arnold Heinemann, 1984.
and until human society
 Arney, Smita. Sita’s Ramayana.
will attain a gendered
Dainik Jagran. Dated.
identity, both men and women will stand
 Cixous, Helene. The Newly Born
in binaries. The prominence should be
Woman. London.I B Tauris
given to one’s identity as a person than as
Publishers, 1985.
a man or a woman. To overcome this gap,
 Cowasjee, Saros. So Many
opportunities should be availed equally to
Freedoms: A Study of Mulk Raj
the both as person than as gender. The
Anand. Delhi: OUP, 1947.
division of labour should be on the basis of
one’s interest and innate talents rather than  de Beauvoir, Simone, The Second
on the basis of gender. The education Sex (1949). London: Four Squire
should focus on developing the rational Books, 1961.
thinking than to internalize the age old  Deshpande, Shashi. The Dark Holds
traditions and stereotypical roles. Myths No Terrors. New Delhi: Vikas
perpetuating the gendered identity of Publishing House,
human race should be textualized and 1980.
reconstructed. A political discourse always  Keynote address in National Seminar
invites an opposition while a humanist on ‘Feminism’ held on 14th of
discourse brings both of them in happy February, 2009 in
union. Mahila Vidyalaya P G College,

Lucknow.
References:
 Showalter, Elaine. Towards Feminist
 Anand, Mulk Raj. Untouchable
Poetics. M. Jacob’s Women
(1935). New Delhi: Arnold
Writing about Women (1979), pp-
Heinemann, 1984.
25-33; 34-6.
386
 --- New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann,

 Warnock, Mary. “Introduction” to A
1984.
Vindication of the Rights of
Page
 ---- The Big Heart (1945). New Woman and ‘The Subjection of
Revised ed. New Delhi: Arnold Women”. London: J. M. Den and
Heinemann, 1980. Sons, 1985.


Female Feminists Versus Male Feminists

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Female Feminists Versus Male Feminists

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The English Research Express ISSN: 2321-1164 (Online); 2347-2642 (Print)

IJELL-International Journal of English Language and Literature

FEMALE FEMINISTS VERSUS MALE FEMINISTS

By: Dr. Bishun kumar

Dr. Bishun Kumar is serving as Assistant Professor in the Department of English,

are Feminism, Post-Colonialism, Diaspora New Humanities and cultural studies.

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Abstract: and sub-ordination, their confinement

Key Words: Patriarchal Dominance, typed roles assigned by men to them.

parallel to the same direction yet in a state

feminism and feminist is feminist; there is

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women's beauty that they unconsciously

themselves become a textual seducer while does not seem one as a

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elegance is inferior to virtue,

laudable ambition is to obtain

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regardless of the distinction subjugate women, even

freedom and (demand) to be from confinement while women long for

themselves respecting their and the stereotyped roles assigned to them

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provides her character with true education

extract is evidence that both male and

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feminists want to prove that women's Causes of the Fall of Women:

and his love for her. She trains her

170) however, she shows courage to live

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simplicity about which Wollstonecraft had a line , . . . while the children

The works of Tahmina Durrani,

black ladies in white dresses

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Tenant’s Tess is a reaction against Hardy’s No Terrors by presenting her parents’

renowned dramatist, male Shakespeare.

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character created by the female feminist, Ravana’s sister, Suparnakha, Sugreev's

theory but in practice he has engaged a

glorification. her Sita defies the fire ordeal,

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Conclusion:  ---- The Village (1939). The Old

should focus on developing the rational Books, 1961.

traditions and stereotypical roles. Myths No Terrors. New Delhi: Vikas

perpetuating the gendered identity of Publishing House,

human race should be textualized and 1980.

reconstructed. A political discourse always  Keynote address in National Seminar

invites an opposition while a humanist on ‘Feminism’ held on 14th of

discourse brings both of them in happy February, 2009 in

union. Mahila Vidyalaya P G College,

 --- New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann,

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