North south university

Course title: Introduction to public Health (PBH-101.3)

Assignment on Malaria, Dengue fever, Zika and Chinkungunya

Submitted to:
Dr Shaikh Abdus Salam
North south university
Submitted by:
Arafat Alam Safin
ID NO:2111253630
North South University

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 MALARIA
Malaria is a illness spread by mosquitos that affects
humans and other animals. Malaria indicated by
symptoms such as fever, exhaustion, vomiting, and
headaches. It can cause yellow skin, convulsions, coma,
or death in extreme cases. After being bitten by an
infected mosquito, symptoms generally appear ten to
fifteen days later.

Agent: Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, and that are single-celled protozoa
parasites. Plasmodium falciparum, the leading cause of severe clinical malaria and premature
death, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malaria are the four species that
infect people through the bloodstream.

Source: Malaria is spread through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito carrying the
parasite. Only Anopheles mosquitoes are able to transfer malaria, and they must have been
infected by a blood meal from an infected human. If the mosquito has the plasmodium
parasite, it will infect the blood from some of the most recent meal. The tainted blood will be
passed on to the next person it bites, causing Malaria to develop. The chimp strain has been
genetically related to all human malaria parasite strains throughout the world, indicating that
mosquitos may have transferred the disease to humans.

Mode of transmission: Malaria is transmitted to humans by mosquitos of the Anopheles

genus. A female mosquito becomes infected with gametocytes, the sexual stages of the
malaria parasite, when she feeds on the blood of an infected human.
Malaria is spread through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito carrying the parasite.
Malaria can only be carried by Anopheles mosquitos, and they must have been infected by a
previous blood meal from an infected human. When an infected individual is bitten by a
mosquito, a small quantity of blood is sucked in, which contains microscopic malaria
parasites. A week later, when the mosquito takes its second blood meal. These parasites
combine with the saliva of the bug and are transmitted to the person who is bitten. Malaria
can be transferred through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or the shared use of
blood-contaminated needles or syringes because the malaria parasite is present in an
infected person's red blood cells. Malaria can be transmitted from a pregnant mother to her
unborn child before or after delivery

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 DENGUE FEVER

Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito of the Aedes
species. Dengue fever affects over half of the world's population, or approximately 4 billion
people. Dengue fever is a common cause of sickness in high-risk settings.

Agent: Female Aedes Aegypti mosquito.

Source: Dengue virus is a flavivirus with a spherical enclosed virion containing single-
stranded, positive sense RNA surrounded by an icosahedral nucleo capsid with a diameter of
40-50 nm. It's the most common virus spread by mosquitos. Break bone fever is another name
for it. Nonhuman primates can be infected by the dengue virus.

Mode of transmission: Dengue viruses are transmitted to humans by mosquito bites from
infected Aedes species (Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus). Mosquitoes that carry the Zika and
Chikungunya viruses are the same one. Mosquitoes deposit their eggs in containers that store
water, such as buckets, bowls, animal dishes, flower pots, and vases, near standing water.
These mosquitoes love to bite people and may be found both indoors and outdoors in close
proximity to humans. When mosquitoes bite a person who has been infected with the virus,
they get infected. Infected mosquitos can then transmit the virus to others by biting them. A
dengue-infected pregnant mother can spread the virus to her fetus throughout pregnancy or
shortly after birth. There has only been one recorded case of dengue transmission through
breast milk to date. Breastfeeding women are urged to do so because of the benefits it provides.

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 ZIKA

Mosquito bites are the most common way for the Zika virus to transmit to people, especially
in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. The majority of persons who are infected with
the Zika virus show no signs or symptoms. Mild fever, rash, and muscular soreness have
been reported in some persons.

Agent: The Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family
and the genus Flavivirus. It is mostly spread to humans through the bite of an infected
Aedes mosquito. Aedes aegypti appears to be not the sole Zika virus agent. The Asian tiger
mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is also a Zika virus agent.

Source: The Zika virus is a Flaviviridae virus that was first discovered in a wild monkey in
Uganda's Zika Forest in 1947. Although serological evidence implies the human Zika virus
existed before to 1947, active infection was first recorded in 1954 during a Nigerian jaundice
outbreak. A tiny equatorial belt spanning from Africa to Asia has been discovered. Between
2007 and 2016, the virus spread eastward over the Pacific Ocean to the Americas, causing the
Zika virus epidemic of 2015–2016.

Mode of transmission: The Zika virus is spread to humans mostly through mosquito bites
from infected Aedes species. Although mosquito bites are the most prevalent mode of Zika
transmission, the virus has been identified in sperm, and incidences of sexual transmission
have been reported. The existing information is now being reviewed in order to better
understand the public health consequences of Zika virus transmission through sexual contact.
The mosquitoes that carry the dengue and chikungunya viruses are the same ones.

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 Chikungunya

Chikungunya is a mosquitos that is remarkably similar to dengue fever. Aedes aegypti and
Aedes albopictus are the mosquitos that disseminate it, that was originally identified in 1952
after an epidemic in southern Tanzania. When mosquitoes bite on an infected individual, they
pick up the virus. The virus passes through the mosquito's system and into its salivary glands.
When a mosquito feeds on a human, it infects him shortly after.

Agent: Mosquito bites, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are the most
common vector of the Chikungunya virus.

Source: Chikungunya is spread via mosquito bites, with Aedes aegypti being the most
prevalent vector, while the virus has lately been linked to a variety of other species, including
Aedes albopictus. In 1953, it was found in Tanzania. The virus in consideration is an RNA
virus.It's also known as an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus, because the mosquito is an
arthropod).

Mode of transmission: People get infected with the Chikungunya virus through mosquito
bites. Mosquitoes become infected by feeding on someone who has previously been
infected with the virus. Infected mosquitos can then transmit the virus to others by biting
them.Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are the most common carriers of the
Chikungunya virus. The mosquitoes that spread the dengue virus are the same ones. They
bite at all hours of the day and night.
The Chikungunya virus is only typically passed from mother to baby at the time of birth.
No infants have been confirmed to have been infected with the chikungunya virus as a
result of nursing. Mothers are advised to breastfeed even in regions where the chikungunya
virus is widespread because of the benefits of doing so.

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Why Dengue fever is a major public health
problem in Bangladesh this year, 2021?
Dengue is one of the most epidemics all over the world. The worst victim country of this
problem is Bangladesh. A significant increase in dengue cases is putting a burden on
Bangladesh's already-fragile healthcare system, which is also being pummeled by the
country's escalating coronavirus problem.From a newspaper story, we can see how important
the dengue epidemic is in Bangladesh:
From June until Friday, 1,920 persons were diagnosed with the mosquito-borne disease,
representing a 600 percent increase in cases over June's 272 cases.Since January of this year,
a total of 19,694 dengue patients have been hospitalized to various hospitals around the
country. According to the DGHS, 18,735 of them have returned home after recovering.On
September 7, the greatest number of dengue patients hospitalized in a single day this year was
343.In September, the country had the most dengue cases of the year, with 7,841 cases and 22
fatalities. According to the DGHS data, there was a pause last year when 1,405 people were
diagnosed across the country, with seven of them dying.However, this year's issue is
worsened by the fact that COVID-19 and dengue fever have similar symptoms, making
diagnosis more challenging.Furthermore, the majority of hospital beds and intensive care
units (ICUs) have been taken up by coronavirus patients, making it difficult for patients with
severe dengue to be admitted to a facility. We can observe how dengue has an impact on our
public health. This problem can be overcome if the government takes the appropriate steps
and ensures treatment. Aside from that, individuals should be aware of the dangers.

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 the life cycle of malaria parasites
Humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes both generate the malaria parasite. Because of the
parasite's size and genetic complexity, each infection exposes the human immune system to
hundreds of antigens (proteins).
Even when in the human host, the parasite goes through numerous life stages, presenting
various antigens at different phases of its life cycle. It's been difficult to figure out which of
these may be a good target for vaccine development. Furthermore, the parasite has devised a
number of tactics to deceive, conceal, and misdirect the human immune system.

1 Malaria infection begins when a female Anopheles mosquito bites a person, releasing
Plasmodium parasites in the form of sporozoites into the bloodstream.
2 he sporozoites pass quickly into the human liver.
3 Over the following 7 to 10 days, the sporozoites grow asexually in the liver
cells, generating no symptoms.
4 The parasites, which are released from the liver cells in vesicles, travel via the heart and
into the lungs, where they lodge inside lung capillaries, in an animal model. The vesicles
gradually dissolve, allowing the merozoites to go to the blood stage of development.
5 Merozoites infiltrate red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the circulation and grow until the cells
explode. After that, they infiltrate additional erythrocytes. Each time parasites break loose
and enter blood cells, the cycle repeats, generating fever.

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6 Some infected blood cells break the asexual multiplication cycle. Instead of reproducing,
the merozoites in these cells mature into gametocytes, which circulate in the bloodstream as
sexual forms of the parasite.
7 When a mosquito bites an infected person, the gametocytes are ingested, and
the gametocytes grow into mature sex cells known as gametes.
8 Fertilized female gametes convert into active moving ookinetes that burrow through the
mosquito's midgut wall and form oocysts on the exterior surface.
9 Thousands of active sporozoites form inside the oocyst. When the oocyst explodes,
sporozoites are released into the bodily cavity and proceed to the mosquito's salivary glands.
10 When a mosquito bites another person, the human infection cycle starts
again and again and again.