4 Mark

Q1. Write short note on Booth's Algorithm.

Q2. Draw a full adder circuit and write truth table.

Q3. Discuss Ripple Carry Adder and carry look ahead adder.

Ripple Carry Adder:-

 Ripple (propagate) Carry Adder is a combinational logic circuit. It is used for the purpose of
adding two n-bit binary numbers. It is also known as n-bit parallel adder.
 It consists of full adders connected in a chain where the output carry from each full adder is
connected to the carry input of the next higher order full adder in the chain.
 A n bit parallel adder requires n full adders to perform the operation.

Carry Look Ahead Adder:-

 A carry look-ahead adder (CLA) is an electronic adder used for binary addition. Due to the quick
additions performed, it is also known as a fast adder.
  The CLA logic uses the concepts of generating and propagating carries. We can say that the CLA
adder is the successor of the Ripple Carry Adder.
 Carry Look Ahead Adder solves the problem faced by the Ripple Carry Adder’s dependency on
the prior carry inputs.

Q4. Write short note on multiple bus organizations and mention its advantages and disadvantages.

In single bus organization, only one data item can be transferred over the bus in a clock cycle. To reduce
the number of steps needed, most commercial processors provide multiple internal paths that enable
several transfers to take place in parallel.

ADVANTAGE

• Multiple Bus Organization Improves Efficiency

• Multiple buses permit several devices to work simultaneously

• Additional Buses Allow Expansion

• More buses mean more compatibility

• Multi core require multi buses

Q5. What is hazard and define types of hazard (data, control, structural).

 Any condition that causes the pipeline to stall is called a hazard.

 There are 3 types of hazards, they are:-
1. Data hazard.
2. Instruction/Control hazard.
3. Structural hazard.
 A data hazard is any condition in which either the source or the destination operands of an
instruction are not available at the time expected in the pipeline.
 The pipeline may be stalled because of a delay in the availability of an instruction. Such hazards
are often called control hazards or instruction hazards.
 A third type of hazard that may be encountered in pipelined operation is known as a structural
hazard.
Q6. Explain pipeline and its stages.

One way to improve performance is to use faster circuit technology to build the processor and the
main memory. Another possibility is to arrange the hardware so that more than one operation can be
performed at the same time. The concept of pipelining, which is used in modern computers to achieve
high performance.

A pipelined processor may process each instruction in four steps, as follows:

• F Fetch: read the instruction from the memory.

• D Decode: decode the instruction and fetch the source operand(s).

• E Execute: perform the operation specified by the instruction.

• W Write: store the result in the destination location.

12 marks questions

1 Explain microprogramed control unit.

 Control-signals are generated by a program similar to machine language programs.

 Control word (CW) is a word whose individual bits represent various control-signals (like Add,
End, Zin).
 Each of the control-steps in control sequence of an instruction defines a unique combination of
1s & 0s in the CW.
 Individual control-words in micro routine are referred to as microinstructions
 A sequence of CWs corresponding to control-sequence of a machine instruction constitutes the
micro routine.
 The micro routines for all instructions in the instruction-set of a computer are stored in a special
memory called the control store (CS).
Q2 Explain in detail Hard wired control.

The circuit is constructed by physically connecting the components such as gates, flip flops, and
decoders. Hence, it is named a hardwired controller.

Control signals are determined by following information:

• Contents of the control step counter.

• Contents of instruction register.

• Contents of condition code flags.

• External input signals.

Sequence of operations carried out by this machine is determined by wiring of logic elements, hence the
name “hardwired”.
• Advantage - Can operate at high speed.

• Disadvantage - Limited flexibility

Q3 Restoring and non restoring algorithm. SOLVE 10/3 using restoring division.