UT OF PIPES AND TUBES –DIA > 12.

5 mm

A pulse echo d ultrasonic reflection method

angle beam

surface contact or immersion method .

Personnel Qualified as Level I / II

Surface Condition

surfaces shall be clean and free

from scale, dirt, grease, paint, or other foreign material

Equipment

Calibrated Pulse Echo ultrasonic equipment

Frequency range from 1 to 6 MHz.

Gain control variation ±1 dB

Equipment to be calibrated as per the requirement

Transducer

Rectangular crystal

20 x 22 mm or 8 x 9 mm for Pipes

8x9 mm for tubes

Frequency 2 to 4 MHz

For circumferential scanning curved shoe to be used to have good contact

Angle of the probe to be selected based on the curvature and penetration to ID.

Couplant

A liquid couplant

water, oil, or glycerin,

Dia 400 x 75 mm thick pipe

Angle of the probe to inspect full thickness

Thickness (t) = R (1-sin) t/r =(1-sin)

sin = 1-(t/r)

sin =1-75/200 =1-0.375=0.625

=38 deg

Angle to be selected is 35deg

Depth of penetration

Diameter = 400 mm

Thickness =75 mm

Probe angle =45°

t = 200(1-Sin45) = 200(1-0.7)

= 200 x 0.3

Penetrating thickness = 60 mm

Due to curvature, wall thickness and probe angle, the sound beam may not strike the ID surface
.The minimum probe angle can be calculated and it is called as Irradiation factor.

Sin β = Opp.side / Hypotenuse

IR = Inner Radius
OR = Outer Radius

Measurement for cylindrical materials is usually done by diameter

Sin β = ID/OD

Reference Block

from the pipe

same diameter, material, thickness &

surface finish

convenient length for scanning

Longitudinal(axial)notch on OD & ID

‘V’ notch / ‘U’ notch or rectangular notch

Notch depth as per code or as per Customer requirement

(3 % / 5% / 10 % of thickness)

length- 6 mm

Width < 2 times the depth

3 Point DAC with ID, OD and ID notch

or

2 point DAC with ID and OD Notch

circumferential notch on ID & OD for Axial scanning

Long. Notch for circumferential scanning

The examination shall be for 100% of the pipe & 100% of length and dia

Scanning-Both circumferential directions

If specified longitudinal scanning

All indications that are equal to or greater than the rejection level or as specified by the Contract
shall be considered as defects

ASTM E 213 for pipes and tubes

ASTM E 273 for longitudinally welded pipes

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