Unit 4

Reading 1:
Task 3
1-b, 2- a, 3-d, 4-c, 5-g, 6-e, 7-h, 8- f.
Task 5
1. In paragraph A, it says that “Traffic congestion affects people throughout
the world.
2. The correct heading for paragraph B is vi. Because in graph B, it says that
“cities change a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day.
3. C- ii, D- i, E- v
Reading 2
Task 2
1-f, 2-a, 3-d, 4-g, 5-h, 6-e, 7-b, 8-c
Task 4
1. Electricity grid
2. 150 km
3. Work
4. Price
5. Navigation system
6. A robot
Further reading
Task 1
1-g, 2-h, 3-a, 4-d, 5-c, 6-f, 7-b, 8-e
Task 2
A- vi, B- iv, C-I, D-vii, E-iii
DIFFERENT WAYS TO LEARN
Today, teachers often teach diverse ways. This is good because student have many ways to learn. Some
people learn best when they listen. For these students, it can be useful to record a lesson and listen it
later. But some people learn better when they see new ideas. These students can learn easily by
studying tables and maps. Or they can use flash card with image to easily remember a new word or new
idea.

And there are people learn best when they do something. It means that they co-operate their hands or
bodies to learn. For example, a student can have difficulty learning an extensive list of steps to make
something. But that student might quickly remember by practicing step by step.

There are two things that can help most student remember a new idea. One thing is to repeat lesson
after learning them. The more times a student review, the better chance it can be remembered.

Also, student should spend more time studying new idea in the middle of book. This is because people
tend to forget facts in the middle than in the beginning or end of the material. So, it is a clever idea to
spend extra time on the middle part. Then, it can be remembered as well as the beginning and end.

THE FUTURE OF WATER

Water was considered as an abundant resource but according to all available information, the world will
face an imminent water crisis. The world’s current population of 6 billion people is expected to grow up
to 9 billion in 2050. The United Nation estimates that if we continue to use water at today’s rate, the
world will face severe water shortages by 2025. Today, we are taking so much water from our river that
barely any water reaches the sea.

As you know, two- third of the Earth’s surface is covered with water, but only one percent can be used
in home and in farming. The rest of water is either salt water or in frozen in polar ice.

While some people see the water crisis as a humanitarian issue, others see it as an economic one. In
Cochabamba, after receiving the water monopoly, the company raise water price drastically. However,
this activity was seriously critic by local citizens. Finally, the government must cancel the contact.

Denmark is the first country that is taking action to protect water resource. The Danish government
carry out a ten- step program to ensure the quality and quantity of water. One of them is people are
banned using 170 pesticides because these poisons leak into the water supply. In tandem with step,
organic farming is being encouraged. Additionally, other steps are being applied to protect important
aquifers, which are essential for maintaining natural water supply.

BRAND POWER
A brand is a name, term sign, symbol intended to identify the good or services of a company. Another
function of brand is tell the difference one company from another. The most essential skill of expert in
marketing is the capability to create, maintain, protect, and enhance the credibility of brand.
Branding has become so important that today hardly any company of product is without one. It can
impact on consumer choice of product. Brand are powerful to the extent that they confer high brand
loyalty and strong association. Besides, they also confer name recognition, affirm perceived quality, and
other assets such as patents and trademarks. High brand power provides a company with many
competitive and advantages, A powerful brand enjoys a prominent level of consumer brand awareness
and loyalty.

Because the brand name lends credibility to the product, accompany with strong brand can more easily
launch a new product with the same brand name.

Brand image related to the ways in which consumer perceive the company and the brand. Because each
consumer has a different view about brand, designing a new brand need send the customer the correct
message visually, verbally, and conceptually. There for, the designer must concentrate on every detail of
their brand.

Many companies use the advantage of strong brand image to expand business. When a company
introduces an additional item with new flavor, color, or package size in given product category, and
under the same brand, it is called a line extension.

Another strategy is called brand extension and the third one is multi branding that company introduce
additional brand for product in the same category.