FIGURES OF SPEECH

SIMILE METAPHOR
It is a direct comparison It is an indirect comparison
between two different between two different
objects, objects, things. It is an
things etc. using as /like. Implied Simile.
1. He is as brave as a lion. 1.He is a lion.
2. This room is as hot as a 2.This room is a furnace.
furnace.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
ALLITERATION
In this figure of speech a
letter (sound) is repeated.
The first letter of a word
is repeated.
1.Four fools fell in a
fountain.
2.The bright bird flew.
3.With a simple, sign of
sound, something is
mysterious.
REPETITION
In this figure of speech a
word, a phrase etc is
repeated.
1. Two and two make four.
2. No stir in the air, no stir
in the sea.
3. Water, water, every
where,
nor any drop to drink.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
PERSONIFICATION TRANSFERRED EPITHET
When any non-living or When human feeling
inanimate object gets (ADJECTIVE) is transferred
human action (VERB), it to non-living thing or
is Personification. inanimate object, it is
Human action is given to Transferred Epithet.
Human feeling is
non-human or non-living transferred to non-human
thing. or non-living things.
1.The roses were smiling 1. Devdutta shot the cruel
and the wind was telling a arrow.
fairy tale. 2. He used his criminal guns
2.The stars began to peep. for this crime.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
PUN
In this figure of speech one
word has two different
meanings.
1.The happiness of life depends
on ‘Liver’.
Liver= (i) Part of stomach
(ii) One who lives
2. This terrorist lies in the jail.
Lies= (i) stays
(ii) telling lies
TAUTOLOGY
In this figure of speech two
words have one (same)
meaning.
1.The fairy went remote and
far away.
2.With the seers and
prophets , they followed
him.
3. Sign of the filth and the
dirt.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
ANTITHESIS OXYMORON
When two words with When two opposite words
opposite ideas are joined are found together in a
by a conjunction, it will sentence , it will always
always be Antithesis. be Oxymoron.
1. United we stand, divided
we fall. 1. My life is an open secret.
2. Man proposes, God 2. She is the wisest fool.
disposes. 3. Life is full of aching joy.
3. Many are called but few 4. These ideas are simply
are chosen. complicated for us.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
HYPERBOLE EUPHEMISM
Hyperbole is an over- When a sentence expresses
statement or an unpleasant event, idea
exaggeration. etc. in less unpleasant
Hyper= Exaggerate manner, it is Euphemism.
Bole = say/ statement 1.He has passed away.
1.The tea is icy cold. 2.After my departure, I shall
2.She has wept an ocean of always be remembered.
tears. 3.I had heard his last grim
3. You have eaten the goose call.
with beaks and bones.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
ONOMATOPOEIA
Onomatopoeia suggests the
sense of sound.
1. The aero plane is
zooming in the sky.
2. The open window shuts
with a bang.
3. It is the time for jingle-
tinkle.
INVERSION
When a statement is not
written in correct order, it
is Inversion.
1. Never friends makes he in
his class.
2. So many things you have
not dreamed of.
3.In the evening it has died
away.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
SYNECDOCHE METONYMY
It is a substitution of word It is a substitution of name.
used as a part for the
whole.
1.Our hearts are peace. 1.She must address the
chair.
2.His orchard is his bread. 2.He is addicted to bottle.
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
LITOTES IRONY
In this figure of speech a In this figure of speech a
negative sentence gives positive sentence gives
positive stress to the negative meaning of a
meaning of a sentence. sentence.
1.I am not an ordinary man. 1. She is so intelligent that
wisdom is invisible on
2.I am no novice in the earth.
teaching. 2. Of course, these
politician were honoured
last year.
 FIGURE OF SPEECH
INTERROGATION EXCLAMATION APOSTROPHE

? ! O + SOMEBODY !
When question is This figure of speech This figure of speech
asked without is used to draw is used to address
expecting any answer, attention through somebody who is
it is called surprise. absent or dead.
‘interrogation’. 1. What a horrible 1.O God! Please help
1.How I can express it place ! me.
in words ? 2. What a tragic 2. O my friend! I
2.Who does not know character ! miss you.
Mahatma Gandhi?
DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH
SENTENCE SAID TO , ‘‘ --------------- ’’
ASSERTIVE TOLD THAT

VERBAL ASKED IF/WHETHER

INTERROGATIVE
‘WH’-WORD ASKED ‘WH’ –WORD
INTERROGATIVE
IMPERATIVE ORDERED, TO+V1, NOT TO +V1
REQUESTED, ADVISED
EXCLAMATORY EXCLAIMED THAT

OPTATIVE WISHED, CURSED, THAT

PRAYED
 DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

When the speaker’s When the speaker’s
words are presented words are presented
in the same way by you in your own
without making any words, it is called
changes, it is called INDIRECT SPEECH.
DIRECT SPEECH.

1. She said, ‘‘ I am very 1.She said that she was

happy.’’ very happy.
 DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS
PRESENT PERFECT PAST PERFECT
PERSENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SIMPLE PAST PAST PERFECT
PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PAST PERFECT NO CHANGE
PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS NO CHANGE
WILL, SHALL, CAN, MAY, WOULD, SHOULD,COULD,MIGHT
WOULD,SHOULD,COULD,MIGHT NO CHANGE
EXECPTION OF (i)The TENSE OF
THE ABOVE
RULES REPORTING SPEECH is
in any PRESENT TENSE
The OR any FUTURE TENSE
TENSE of
Reported (ii) The SENTENCE OF
REPORTED SPEECH is
Speech is UNIVERSAL TRUTH,
NOT HISTORICAL TRUTH
CHANGED OR HABITUAL TRUTH.
if >
BELIEVE IN THE ALMIGHTY
 DIRECT INTO INDIRECT
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
THIS THAT

THESE THOSE

HERE THERE

NOW THEN

AGO BEFORE

YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE

TODAY THAT DAY

TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY

 CHANGE OF PERSON
S O N REPORTING
(NO CHANGE) SPEECH
(SUBJECT) (OBJECT)

REPORTED
1st 2nd 3rd SPEECH
PERSON PERSON PERSON