SA I L / N 9t

\
Po~o.l e-\ Sa; hng-
- CO(J.fe3~
oqo' ('T) o}; '2'1-0' CT)
- v IJ. so.i 1 o\Qt19 * pQ.~O-\\~1 (.)1'
10-1-

- eo.(th>$ rotOtlOO) j).IOfl9 = i~5 ~et h(XJ'( (Oy) qoo I ~.. hOtH

Je.p
C{)S 10.1- = ~. long

P looe So.i Ii \'\9

~
p
- roe'(;d,'on f. ~~ro:J£
<h, L ~0 COu~.s~ ~ .~~y

(X)
sin COlHSe- :=:

J)iJ!
e-
- ... COutse ~ nom~ (yJbo)~~ N ~. S (') ~q~ (\)':) .
N E NW
I
SE SW
~. t()8 COUtS@'== J).la{ A
~p rQ n ~p ~- "

6~ J)it

~ == J)ep 1;
tart COU\'8.e. !J .Io.t
~
<1).10.+ ~I -S
GO)
~
<::;)
Co.s M. [()-! =
,!).Ioo j)ep JJef
A

Mel Co.10'c So.; \\ rl9

= .long
,1) ZOep t3 J) .100,9 B
tan co
J)MP
.1).loJ ..1),
Jot
J)i81 == .1)MP
Cos GO.

j)ep .lo1l3
.Io.t J)1P A" . Plane. Me'C(~a.~o\'
A
tGn co, -!an e,o,

C.HAR'P CONSTRucTION

l' length at ht scale = l' [engh ot 1(\119 <sco.le )( see lo.t

j)ist b If,) o P(}\,(l\l18 = J)MP )( i' len91h of 10°9 eo.te

= length. On h(}t
Ex o.sge'().i;ofl
le.ng1h on eo.rth

- 10119 ~CG'/e. 'Ig COf\StG.nt.

- 10.1 8ccdeoc s~cont \JQI{J.~of hi .,.s.
 HouR ANG.LE
u~¥ fM"d~Qn I 19n;th ~o-\.~~
'vJ ~ ~E
G"HA == (.3est long
+ 1- Ion 9
LH A /
..... /
I
-36'0 I G
EHA

GtlA 0 := Gt-IAcr + SHA 0

LHAG := U-\A <)'1 -I- SHA Q L L S
R.A := 360' - .8+-1 A

riME
Lowe't Me:C\<1;0" I NQd.;y Bo-\.
~~

~M1' :=:: 0HA M.B I f~ hrs GHA I~h ~q£ - 12h ) Io9C\fflCll.
-t I~h.

GAT = ~HA 1'. g 1: 1~ hts

e = GMT ~A1' M.S ~e()..d =) e= + G,

LM'f := LHA M.B :!: fit hrs

lA1' = LHA 1"'.g :!:j lw,s

e. - LM1' --- LAr 1'1.g

LMl' GMT :!: LIT

l Al' :: GAT :!: LIT

(;.'
GgT = GI-IA cr
L ST = Lt1f\ rp

SPHISR
I CAL 'i'RIAN(;LE PZ.X

G) On .{he, pt;m~ V~tt;c(),1, 7 =qa- I \0.1 (fCtJ J~d <Jo.1'Y\et'l1m~ / d~~\ Z \0.-\:
CV M~i (Y\tHY\ ~L.ifr\O,th 7 X = qo'
@ Bod.'t 00 ce.lut~oJ e~) J~d =0 ) JX = qQ'
@ Go~,! On ce.lest,GtIhQ'CiZC)I1(RiS;D~ l.g~H;n~) I '!-o.l! -=0' , 7.X;: Ot\)

j)edi - Px so-me, nO:Me, .su.bA-rQc,~

[o.Hi - pz.
AI{ - ~X
.r,)f: qo ~ e.1.ho.. rt\\ oos < ~ ~: ~~~:~ ~: ceJe'.&~(;-(q£'
)
 CIRCUMPOLAR eOj)Y

G) lo{ oJ jed so-me no.me.

(1) Io.t (nMt b~ eq,~oJ 0\ 9kOOk~ -\\-ton Px ,

r X == '1'. 0.11 ~-t /.1-.? - l' oJ\ o.~ l, I o.l~ ~~t c5QO\tO\).O'O
~\~
~
'
PX :=
'~o - f7\
( I.o.l{ (}.~
;;"\
L1,\ + L.
n
I. ) ~;~ no.me. (,£1lQ.

t'tP:P\. o\t ~§ t,l.l'

Obs>s hi == P'X + f. o.lt O--l L.'I'

Obi;ilJ.;!Y
PN
[} =qo
Ae = RIght A$CeflS"0 11
GC = ~(}\;t1Q.~;()tl

A = Obliq,tl,i". ",.

Sin {n'IJ pCh1 = -lo-o oJ,1frt9

,~;o At6 = .10-0 GO kn.. camp A
.:::: to.n 80
to-n.A

~~; \'l RA {an ekeI

io.(l abliCtu,ty

N. ck\ : RA ah - I~h) inCtea.s;ojOQ\%t Clh- 6 h

&c'(eO&; ng nQ\".fu 6h - I'~h

S, de~\: ~A SGl,l{h I~\'- \~h

I~h - !C4h) II1CXOO&;Oj
~c{e~;og 80l}.tn I~h.- 'G4h
 GREA'i' CIl~C.LE SA IU N (; .

Gi"lG.-fl : t(om pGB"{~{j)O A ~Ga;{;a(\ {j

10 +\n~ : j);8iox)(~e, AG }
!n'lt; 0.\ Co A, Fino\ co G, L(}t t~O&o;
C13 ~e~, 10°9 .
1'1'1
c Nome, o{ ~1{J,\Jo.t.~d.PQ'~ = No.me ot hi9h lOoiit<.t<k PM

~
"
~ /

PA = qo :t 10-+A
} I().-t 'i>I. E.pple &o.~ nom~ e ' ~
PG := qo' !. !a-t f3 A V
G

0 \J ... \Ie.~te.x .: hi9h~s{ point (01) ne.Q.~e.s{ PO'lot to {.he. E. pole

CQtH~e ().{ V~&t~'" (v) :::: oqo' ('T) o~ Ho' (T)'

t\
A
-
::: Il1ltlo.
-I,
I -
co )
~l1 r.
== tlrJo' I ~

Co-

If A ond. r3 h(f\(~ 5(}(y)~ ~\,lo.J\"o.l1"\; ) V is o\JbiJ~ ~ V ~ high 10\ U£~(O'):

e.~ (Ii = N2G £~) >

~.!ong 1o\1:~E-:

'To .find -,Di.3to¥\Ce. AG ,

~()~2 ~
cosAB :== Cca J).\o613 s;() PA . .g; (l PB + to.s PA . C()s P(3 ~~~8:~£: +t1~
J'\
11 G =
., x (;0
= nodi to.! eni!e~ ,

10 find. lo;!io.l c~ A ,
CO.9 A = to,3 fG- CG~ PA co& A 13 {-:- ~:
sio Pit .gin AG
G G 0 c
A ::: E. p>1e.nome. {Joq lOf61 J) .1(109 ncm~

10 f;od. f=;no.! co. B ,

OOs B = ~ PA - cos Pti C'O3AQ
.gIn' PI3 8;() AB

B ::: Ow nome. ot E.pole. ~(\~ ~~ ~.\ot)9 no.me

10 find Lo.t V)

[ CO~ IclV = CO! b\ A . 8'0 A]

HiShIo.~ ~ch. .fo~rm...lQ~ ~Jt~~ :
(m)

I CGg u lo.{ V = CDS (oJ B. Si41 B I

Io.+v ::: ~oq 8f2 E.pcl~n(jtY1~

 1'0 ti ncl loog v)
tan Io.t G
CO8 APv = to.ll- 10J A (o~) e0S I3Pv =
~I\ loA; v -\;0.0 10.1 V

IO(l~ V := !O{\j A :t APv loo~ \/ ==

£1me-n(}.m~ @
~&.,~.
~~(c,~.~ p t),no-me.
fc;) ~od lo.iih.lcles Cto&sin9 reet. 10&198,

~;= ~~ (0.4V x ~ -1),lo~

[ t~n 1~1 = {{in I{it V '. C08
v.lO(\g
<D +~
t - teq,-[\\t13~:
COMPO.sIT E GREAT CIRCLE

Gt;"e,n: .hom po~~ A ) -to r()~Q- l3, rnCex-;1'Y\t-'ffi \O-t<tu-JQ.

Ie .f;nd: !n;tIG\ to } F;Ylol (I) I &,d()'(\('~ I \OCl,q Ot v ) I().~ e"lfdSs"D~ r~~. \0419

10 tinJ 10.;1;0'\ cO'.

0
- C\)6 (nQ-x.\oJ
SIn A
. cas 10.1 A ~8., ~ \..
A = E.fole n~()\1?-
~ J), tong name COlH<1E?,
~<1.£ ft\(b. lot 3r.IaJ~QY:):

10 t\od F;oQ.t co. COlme 0')£ to &n ~~~ .

~~o~~ Co~ ~~:6
= cas /Y'Qx.\0:1:
.sIn G
00& hi: G

G = °ffJ no.rr.e, Q~ E.~\e ~ ~.tot)3 r\O.ft\(!.

'0 .f;n~ &.lotl9

~,loO3. - {O(l
~ J)!Ofij AV1 := kCl 10-+A ~i 81c.nC6- 8;('1
k(\ {'t\Q)< 10:1:
~ roo.x Io.-\;t. lat AI B
tC-n [oJ B Mrv-e 1d0\\9t to\CY\o.to.!r
~(}J J).lo(\~ GV2 ==
~ mOx. lo.t e~'ho. VV\IY\()£' oo@ ~7

[ J).lons vI Vt = JJ.\OfiS AG - (AV, + Gv'L) ]

. = Q,o'- lo.t \j
Co t'-'ross;o36:{,uo.{~),~ = Pv
LO(\3 c~o55i(19 eq,u.o.tc)"~ = IOf\9 V t qo'
G&t-~. t£ ~<)J1.,&~ t~uH(; G~6~~,
~
~~;OI)I)~'v
 10 ti oJ &I~bnce

8;1'1 [~1 A 1) . .10°3

- -I:o.n
CO.s j)id AV1 ==
51(L ffiQx. lo.t tDi.ston~ - .g;(l

<S;(L lo.t G
('.0& rfjis-l
.
nV
\J 'C =
Sin mO-x. lo:\;

~
l ~i~t VI \! 'L -= j).long VI v~ \t c.os mO-x t~t 1

TohJ J)\cSto.oce == J)i&t (AV 1 + Q V'2 +- V, \/ ~ )

"~;'

10 tiao\. lon9,ot V

[ lotfi3 VI = (0113 A + JJ. \()(\j AV1 J

I 10°3 \/ t = \OtlS 8 + JJ. 10(13 G\J21

10 fiClcl tet la--\; @ 3'",e,n \1)°3

I 10.(\ lo. t = .to.!1mQxbt '" tGa J).\GGlgl

~ COOMe. 012 i~ mo.\( .Io.t ~ ~CO, ~ e.1.t.o.- ~(t)~~t-

C\ mQ~. lo.t f. A .10.+ ( G. lo.t -) ru>M~ ld~q8 exho. fY\""1U.1 00#. (q~ ~~~ ~o OO(,Y)t£j

Q loo~;~u.d.e o~ \{e'Cte)( frqt .!).IOfl3 n.ome, ~<1. che.ek. t\i'J &i'l~d;on eneck.

a j)i.st VI V ~ <l Po}c\leJ SC:liOj FOHnu-lo..~. ~f) (J);st = c1).hms e(,)~lat)

&:1 may..lo.{ ~. A.lo{(~.> G.la.t 07\.Gtq£<{(') Of)~~&:o~It3C£~

PN PN

p.
A
fiN
G

e..

A
M~~~d;o.n/~lt,.w.de
rt\e~pO8S- ~ &~.
o.lrt\o.no.c.
S~Y\.~r16£ ('r:) o-:£~l>~O'J&
.. obO\le.the, pole ~<>2J5
GO:em: O')t;)..
bq,to~-lte.pole ~~~q't, I~h t~(lo:~lAtS..
~'cO\l<> t. ~e.l()(.) ~ I~c ~'1.

Moon {!arYJ~f:r) Uppe'( ~. Lo~e~ ~~: ~i.~ooS..

~WW1be.lootOO role ~.~<t~ to~~~~ ~~~-'
.m~~~Ia~~~ uppe~
~~~@.' .
Su.o ~') obO\l&f. 'ae1()(~~ b.Mb t'f t~6 (~p0\ n<:IJ~ ~I)~tO~a0tS.
Moon<v.c~ ~.~. ~ ~ it~~Ia~~. I
~pt~ lowt~ ~~\)"<Xh:mI).
~~po.S3~. ~r( (X,)~! ~<YYI tlW~~ff\'c -' lot)tt l~ff\~ ~. 'C~t~?;. --
- ~-- -~--------
Ex-roet'\J;o.n

.j),~ \Ofl~ ~ p, L (!,~.:\Bi:~. t(}.ttu.~~,

co-s MZJ) = (t - CM LHA) cOj I~. Co& ckd + C.os"LX

--
JhtB\Cept
p, L G,£~8t):~. G~cr.\<fP pO~~t;Q(\
o.t)~,{ t. to(,.)~.d.~ ()<i1~~~t O<~()'{
~~~Q.~~ J( ~: (9~'~~ .

CO~ CljJ == cog UtA - ~O5I~i . Cas ~ec,\ + s',n. Id 6\0 J~c\ .

~3~Gal~~. ((~~ t. dQd no-me)

Lo(}g'8~ Ch\0'l0

j).~ loA ~ P. L ~£'tr:~. l()(l9

AM 8iah-l: O\t Pj'1 S~Bht ~ @1):aL AM ~~~ fY ()')~ E.H.A ~1a8..

cas 'P' = Sin tp,~lt 1: SIn IQt sin ekc\ ~O?,-~£.GJ\.Q,:

too to.{ - cos ekcJ
- -- - -,-- --- ,
POLARtSCPole, S\;(}~)
o.lmQ.oo.cQf1~ ~ pOlChis tob\e. §mS.. 8e.d. l~ () -.\:

~.~ 'fable.~~. ~. LHA ~ ~~S. 1

7w.~ -o.H 4r
- 1" 0.0
~o + LHA'fI t ~v. I rn\e~po\G.~e
--'. 0-, +- Lo.t~lu~'.. .

o.~ + Manth. ..

Lo:tit(J~
-- ---- -- - - -
 Ampl~toJe,J
Sun t. Moon !2~..

J0n &'Joa~ .fJ,R lot ~u~'\\()')~S~~f~~;C1~~..5~*~;1'\3.l\fY\e.~ inh" po\oll? ~S~.

A!rt\(j.o(}.~ ~ R;~',C'I~ I 5e,~~;o5 1\ft\~ Of1U'Y) LM~ GO(,€1Ec'JcG.
",'
Amp 5111 eke'!
.510 -=
~ IO-t

MoonS'd~p, ~ lot ~MTXJ'\ ~\C)~ to~g &':)ofsS\ C.()~t~~tiOn ~Qu:q!8tS.

EQr;t- ~ri "

Appo.~en{ o.tt t.uJ~ d6 t{,~ tfd()~f ~~ @: ~ 1~O' OO('t:)tO~1 L;rnb change,

'S ro~--raen my
S~A ~ f. ~ed * d3~.~~9..
~ px = c(}S Z Cas Jo1 COs rr.oH + It1 Io.{
<oS s; 0 1, oJ\;

PX > qo ~~~ P'X - qo' :: ~t \ - OGfr\e, CPPQS~ ~e tJ', \h \o.t

px < qo ~~£ qO- pX ~. JJe.c! - lo{. ood Jed ~(}'rt\e-
mrne

-SHA * qt \ODS b~{ e~~(JDD 1a\mu.lo ~:@" rHA I LHA , sr5L