CREEP

DR. MEOR IQRAM MEOR AHMAD

MATERIAL FAILURE
Mechanisms / Methods by which a can Material can FAIL

Elastic deformation

Creep Chemical / Physical

Fatigue Electro-chemical degradation
Plastic Fracture degradation
deformation
Microstructural
Twinning changes
Wear
Slip Twinning
Corrosion Erosion
Phase transformations
Oxidation
Grain growth
Particle coarsening
High Temperature Applications
Boiler Failure
Boiler Failure
Jet Engine Failure
Jet Engine Failure
What is Creep?
• Time dependent and permanent deformation of materials when subjected to a
constant load and stress (W.D. Callister, Jr. et al. 2010).
• Assessing the resistance of materials to deformation and failure over long times
under load at high temperatures (R.W. Evan et al. 1993).
• A constant stress is applied to a metal at temperature greater than approximately
0.4 of the absolute melting temperature, 𝑇𝑚 , extensive deformation can occur with
time (H.E. Evan 1984).

 Temperature and applied stress influence the creep

characteristics.
 T<0.4𝑇𝑚 - after the initial deformation, the strain is
virtually independent of time.
 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 >0.4 – the instantaneous strain at the
time of stress application increases – the steady-
state creep rate is also increased.

Source from William D. Callister, Jr. etSource from William

al. Materials scienceD.
andCallister, Jr. etan
engineering al.introduction,
Materials science and engineering
8 th edition book an introduction, 8 th edition book
LITERATURE REVIEW
Source: R. Evans and B.Wilshire, \Introduction to creep," The
Institute of Materials, 1993

1. Basic of Creep Behaviour – Polycrystalline copper at 608K

Creep rate curve Creep curve

Tertiary ororcreep
Primary
Secondary fracture
transient regime
creep
or steady-state regime
creep regime
 Minimum
Growth in value
Decreasing thecreep
damage
and evolutions untilconstant
rate
approximately its
 creep
completely
Short rate. fracture.
duration
 Long
The model
duration.– time
The constitutive creep
anddamage
strain models
 The model – Power Law equation
hardening
Creep Deformation Mechanisms: Diffusional and Dislocation
• Diffusion-determine the creep behaviour of materials by referring to the activation energy for creep, QC
that often reportedly to be close to the activation energy for lattice self-diffusion.
• Slip is observed during creep and electron microscopy has confirmed that considerable alterations in
dislocation density and arrangement also take place as creep continues.
• Tertiary creep may be caused by:
 Mechanical instability during a necking region.
 Microstructural instability in the grain growth or recrystallization
 The nucleation and growth of internal microcracks which develop until the sizes of the microcracks
are sufficient to cause the creep rate to increase.
• Two forms of intergranular cracking are then commonly observed which are wedge or triple-point cracks
(high stresses) and intergranular cracks (low stresses) by nucleation, growth and link up of grain boundary
cavities.

Source from Mechanical Failure note

 Mechanisms of Creep Fracture

Low temperature conditions, T<0.3 𝑇𝑚 High temperature conditions, T>0.3𝑇𝑚

• Cleavage • Intergranular creep fracture
• Brittle intergranular fracture • Voids growth (Power law creep)
• Plastic growth of voids • Rupture due to dynamic recovery or
• Necking or shearing-off recrystallization

Creep damage accumulates in Damage first appears at the start of the

the form of internal cavities tertiary stage and grows at an increasing rate
thereafter

Broad classes of fracture mechanisms

HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON MATERIAL
 Increased vacancy concentration  at high temperatures more vacancies
are thermodynamically stabilized
 Thermal expansion  material will expand and in multiphase
materials/hybrids thermal stresses will develop due to differential thermal
expansion of the components.
 High diffusion rate → diffusion controlled processes become important.
 Grain related:
◘ Grain boundary weakening  may lead to grain boundary sliding and
wedge cracking. ◘ Grain boundary migration
◘ Recrystallization / grain growth  decrease in strength.
 Dislocation related  these factors will lead to decrease in strength
◘ Climb
◘ New slip systems can become active
◘ Change of slip system
◘ Decrease in dislocation density.
 Overaging of precipitates and precipitate coarsening  decrease in
strength.
 The material may creep (time dependent elongation at constant
load/stress).
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