2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Renewable Energy

Generation Considering Uncertainties Using
Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm
Sowmya.M Sheela.A Gowri Shankar.V
PG Scholar, Dept of EEE, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE,
Kongu Engineering College Kongu Engineering College Kongu Engineering College
Erode, India Erode, India Erode, India
sowmya.mohan94@gmail.com sheelagerard@gmail.com vgseee@kongu.ac.in

Abstract— With the increased demand for electricity the
Distributed Generation (DGs) into distribution network has
increased. The efficient operation of the distribution system after
the interconnection is highly dependent on optimum location and
rating of distributed generation units. The planning of location
and integration of Distributed Generation (DG) primarily
considers the uncertainty related with its generation. The
planning of location and integration of Distributed Generation
(DG) primarily considers the uncertainty related with its
generation. The period of study is divided into different states
with respect to generation of power. With the advancement of
power electronic converters DG’s can be used for power
generation as well as for voltage/current issues. In this paper a
probabilistic index is used to measure the voltages in the buses of
the distribution network considering the uncertainties. Based on
these index different types of DG’s like PV array, wind turbine
are located to improve voltage profile. After placing DG’s in
appropriate location sizing is done using Intelligent Water Drops
(IWD) algorithm and losses are vigorously reduced. The
proposed method is applied to IEEE 30 bus systems and it is
implemented in MATLAB.
Index Terms— Flexible position, Distributed Generation,
Probability index, Distribution function, Sensitivity index, DG
sizing, IWD
I.INTRODUCTION
Due to high energy crisis and various technological factors,
there has been a great revolution in the process of electricity
production and distribution. There has been a huge increase in
transition from centralized conventional energy sources to
distributed Green Energy Sources (GES). GESs are located
nearer to consumers for meeting their load demands [1], but
the amount of power generated from single GES is not
sufficient to meet the demand. Different GESs produce power
at different span of time and they may not be able to form a
grid. This brightens the idea of a microgrid which can be
operated either by the same or different kind of GES.
Microgrid is considered as a micro level Distributed
Generation (DG) which is integrated with local loads.
Pragmatic progresses in power electronics and new
technologies have created the possibilities for the integration
of DG with main grid [2]. Conventional power system
provides various advantages like efficient operation of larger
units with reduced number of crew, bulk transmission to larger
distances with minimum losses. However, microgrid has
received increased attention mainly due to its advantages such
as:
1. Pollution free generation and use of different
energy sources
2. Ability to meet demands for diversified loads
like residential, commercial, agricultural loads
and so on
3. Location nearer to the consumer and therefore
transmitting losses are reduced and efficiency is
increased
4. Flexibility to be modified based on the
requirement and
5. Facilitation of locating suitable sites because of
its lower size, lower capital cost and lesser
construction time
The DG’s integrated in the low voltage distribution
network offers both technical and economic benefits [3]. The
DG’s location in the distribution network can be done using
analytical approach [4]. A multi objective formulation has
been proposed for the optimal positioning and rating of DG’s
based on genetic algorithm [5]. The benefits obtained from
DG could be maximized by considering various constraints
[6]. The different GES with the objective of minimizing
annual energy loss is formulated as the mixed integer
nonlinear programming [7]. The voltage stability issues due to
DG’s placement in the distribution network [8], [9], [10].
Along with the support to power deficiency DG’s provide
voltage support. Thus the bus voltage can be controlled using
DG, and the level of control varies with respect to the
variation in the location of DG’s. In this paper, a method is
formulated to improve voltage profile at all buses. Voltage
Controllability Index (VCI) reveals the controllability level of
the buses in power system network. Higher the value of VCI
higher is the controllability of the system [11]. Thus with the
help of this index DG’s location in the power system network
has been identified and then the sizing of DG units in the
limited search space is done using IWD algorithm [12]. The

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 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

system taken under study is IEEE 30 bus system for which with different probabilities. Thus for a year there are 108
voltage profile improvement is verified. (3*3*12) load generation states.
This paper is organized as follows: Section II consist of The occurrence of demand is assumed to be constant
modeling of green energy resources. Section III indicates the during every hour of the day and so the probability of load is
output power based on state selection. Section IV defines the considered as one.
problem formulation. Section V explains the IWD algorithm. By using the average values of solar irradiance and wind
Section VI describes the implementation of proposed velocity at every state the output power of PV and wind
methodology. Section VII consists of system taken under turbine are calculated.
study. Section VIII presents results and discussion. The
proposed work is concluded in section IX. IV.PROBLEM FORMULATION
The formulation of Voltage Controllability Index (VCI) is
II.MODELLING OF GREEN ENERGY RESOURCES explained in this section. The voltage controllability index is
The DG units should be modeled in detail for finding the defined as the probabilistic number that indicates the
optimum location of DG in distribution network. In this paper percentage of buses in the system that satisfies the voltage
DG units considered are PV modules and Wind Turbine. The controllability limits.
probabilistic density function is used to represent the hourly The VCI is calculated for each load-generation state, and
solar irradiance and wind speed. Modelling of Solar and Wind the results are accumulated by considering the probability of
turbine, selection of state, and power output calculation are each state. To obtain this index, the variation ∆ of all system
explained in detail in the previous work [13]. buses caused by variations in the real and reactive power of
DGs is calculated as,
A. Solar Irradiance Modelling
From power flow Jacobian matrix J,
The output of PV module is not continuous as available in
nature because it varies with respect to intensity of solar
irradiance, temperature and the capacity factor of the module. ∆ = ×∆ ; = 1,2, … (1)
Modeling of solar panel is based on its irradiance for one year
data is done by beta probability density function. Where,
Voltage at bus i
B. Wind Speed Modelling
Real power injected to bus m
The power output of the wind energy system is proportional ∆ Available real power capacities
to the wind speed and on the power curve of the wind.
The . is determined by using the required voltage
Rayleigh probability density function is used to model the
controllability threshold as,
wind profile and the mean value of wind speed could be
calculated from hourly wind speed data of a year.
∆ , ≥∆ , =1
if
III.OUTPUT POWER BASED ON STATE SELECTION ℎ , =0
For overcoming the intermittency of green energy sources
the period of study is divided into various states. In this paper Thus the VCI for whole system can be calculated as,
one day from each year is selected which is considered as a
replica day for the whole month. The selected day is divided =∑ × ∑ , / ∗ 100 (2)
into 24 segments which represents hours of the day. Each Where,
segment has to be derived with Probability Density Function
Number of Buses in the system
(PDF). To integrate the output power in the multistate variable
formulation, the continuous PDF is divided into different Number of load-generation state
states. For each day, there are different states of wind velocity Probability of occurrence for load-generation
and solar irradiance. In this paper it is considered that there are state
3 states of solar power and 3 states of wind power for each day
Table 2 Specification of the PV Module
Table 1 Specification of the Wind Turbine
Watt Peak(W) 75
Rated Power 200W Open Circuit Voltage(V) 21.98
Short Circuit Current(A) 5.32
Cut-in Speed(m/s) 3.5m/s Voltage At Maximum Power 17.32
Rated Speed(m/s) 9.2m/s Current At Maximum Power 4.76
Voltage Temperature Coefficient(mv/˚c) 14.40
Cut-Out Speed(m/s) 23m/s Current Temperature Coefficient(mv/˚c) 1.22
Nominal Cell Operating Temperature(˚c) 43.00

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 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)
V.INTELLIGENT WATER DROPS ALGORITHM
Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm is inspired from water
drops that flow in rivers, lakes and seas to find optimal path
from source to the destination. This algorithm is also used to
solve power system problem. The Intelligent Water Drops has
two important properties
1. The amount of soil it carries
2. The velocity with which it moves
As IWD moves from one node to other node it removes
the soil in that path. The amount of soil removed from the path
depends on the Velocity of IWD.
A. Objective function
min f = ∑
B. Constraints
Power Generation limit
≤ ≤
Voltage limit
≤ ≤ ℎ = 1,2, …
VI.IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED ALGORITHM
1. The system data such as resistance, reactance of the
line, real power, reactive power of the load and
generator are given as input in form of graph to the
algorithm.
2. Perform Load Flow for the system taken under study
3. Using the jacobian matrix obtained from load flow
compute voltage controllability index.
4. Candidate buses for DG location are chosen based on
the voltage controllability index
5. Then the sizing of DG units is done using intelligent
water drops algorithm. In IWD algorithm soil
represents the capacity of DG units and the no of
water drops corresponds to the number of nodes in
the system.
6. The number of possible DG location is given as
stages and the possible capacity values in every
location are represented as states.
7. The soil values i.e., DG values are initialized
randomly. The next generation value is chosen based
on the probability.
Fig.1 Comparison between Single DG and Multiple DG placement
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8. The change in DG value is calculated from the
velocity equation and the DG value is updated.
9. Calculate Objective function and find out the best
solution i.e., loss minimization
10. Update global best solution
11. The steps 2-10 are repeated until maximum iteration
is reached.
VII.CASE STUDY
This section provides the data used in the project
The hourly solar irradiance and wind speed data considered
in this paper are collected for Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai from National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE).
The specification of wind turbine and PV module is given in
Table 1 & Table 2.
VIII.RESULTS
The renewable resources are allocated to the system with
voltage controllability index. The buses selected for DG
placement based on VCI index is shown in Table 3.
The effect of increased penetration of DG by placing the
DG units as single and multiple is shown in figure 1.
In this work four scenarios are considered.
CASE I: The reference scenario, in which no DG units are
connected to the system (base case)
CASE II: Only wind-based DG
CASE III: Only solar based DG
CASE IV: Both wind and solar DG
The voltage profile during various scenarios is shown in
figure 5,6,7,8.
From the graphs it is clear that the voltage profile gets
improved when the DG units are located in appropriate buses
IX.CONCLUSION
In this paper, a probabilistic planning technique is utilized
for optimally allocating DG into distribution system to
improve voltage profile and to minimize annual energy losses.
The random behaviors of solar irradiance and wind speed are
designed by density distributions. The DGs are allotted to the
system using the probabilistic index. The simulation result
provides the impacts of DG on voltage in the distribution
system and it is also useful in minimizing annual energy loss.
Thus the DGs location has positive impact on the
distribution system and the voltage control can be achieved
Table 3 Candidate Buses selected for DG Placement Based on VCI Index
TYPE OF DG BUSES VCI(%)
WIND 8,10,12,16,18,20,22,24 5.1280
SOLAR 9,11,13,15,17,19,23,25 6.4020
WIND AND SOLAR 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 23.9062
20,21,22,23,24,25,26
 2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)
Fig.2 Voltage profile without DG units
Fig.3 Voltage profile with wind turbine connected to the system
Fig.5 Voltage profile with PV module and wind turbine connected to the
by DG during transient condition. The DG location chosen
based on the VCI index and the capacity of DG units is
optimized using IWD algorithm .Thus with the DG
penetration up to 5% the loss in the system get reduced
drastically.
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