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UNIT 1

LAUGHING

I. New words
- stimuli /ˈstɪmjəlaɪ/: sự kích thích (n)  stimulus (số ít)
# sensory stimuli (kích thích từ giác quan), physical stimuli (kích thích vật lý)

- universal /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsl/: phổ biến (a)

~ ubiqitous, common
# universal approach (phương pháp phổ biến)

- anthropologist /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/: nhà nhân chủng học (n)  anthropology (n)

# biological anthropologist (nhà nhân học sinh học)

- indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/: bản địa (a)

~ native
# indigenous culture, indigenous language, indigenous peoples (dân tộc bản địa)

- hierarchy /ˈhaɪərɑːki/: hệ thống thứ bậc (n)  hierarchial (a)

# complex hierarchy, rigid hierarchy (hệ thống thứ bậc cứng ngắt)

- code /kəʊd/: luật lệ, quy tắc (n)

~ set of principles, manners
# moral code (quy tắc đạo đức)

- persistence /pəˈsɪstəns/: kiên trì (n)  persistent (a)

~ perseverance

- tedious /ˈtiːdiəs/: chán ngắt (a)  tediously (adv), tediousness (n)

~ boring, monotonous

- facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/: tạo thuận lợi (v)

- imply /ɪmˈplaɪ/: ngụ ý (v)  implication (n)
~ suggest

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II. Exercise
A. Choose a, b or c
1. I'm not __________ anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
a. implying b. facilitating c. coding
2. The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet __________ and the back of the
tongue is sensitive to bitter __________.
a. hierarchy b. persistence c. stimuli
3. To __________ learning, each class is no larger than 30 students.
a. imply b. facilitate c. stimulate
4. One reason for the author's success is that her novels have a __________ appeal.
a. universal b. indigenous c. tedious
5. He rose quickly through the political __________ to become party leader.
a. tediousness b. hierarchy c. persistence
6. A(n) __________ scientifically studies humans and their customs, beliefs, and
relationships.
a. stimulus b. implication c. anthropologist
7. The kangaroo is __________ to Australia.
a. boring b. indigenous c. monotonous
8. The journey was exciting at first but soon became __________.
a. tedious b. persistent c. indigenous
9. Newspaper editors have agreed a new __________ of practice on the invasion of
privacy.
a. code b. implication c. stimulus
10. His __________ was finally rewarded when the insurance company agreed to pay for
the damage.
a. implication
b. hierarchy
c. persistence

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B. Fill in the blanks with words from part I

Laughter is (1)__________ across human cultures and even exists in some animals,
including rats, chimps and bonobos. Humans start developing a sense of humour as early
as six weeks old, when babies begin to laugh and smile in response to (2)__________.
More than a biological function, laughter has many social functions.

In a study, samples of laughter from pairs of English-speaking students were recorded at

the University of California, Santa Cruz. A team of 30 psychological scientists,
(3)__________, and biologists then played these recordings to listeners from 24 diverse
society, from (4)__________ tribes in New Guinea to city-dwellers in India and Europe.
Participants were asked whether they thought the people laughing were friends or
strangers. On average, their guesses were correct approximately 60% of the time.

Laughter also serves as (5)__________ to complex human social (6)__________. High-

status individuals often produce more dominant laughs while those of low-status
individuals are more submissive.

Humour can also provide a mental break from (7)__________ situations in the
workplace. In a study when participants were asked to do tasks which required
(8)__________, those who watched a funny clip halfway could go further while
participants who watched a factual video about management profession in their break
time tended to give up sooner.

Although humour has been found to help relieve stress and (9)__________ social
relationships, it should be also energising rather than just enjoyable. This
(10)__________ that individuals should avoid humour that may distract them from the
accomplishment of task goals.

C. Decide whether the statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN based on part B
1. Laughter is unique to humans.
2. External stimuli can make a 6-week-old baby laugh.
3. The number of listeners in the study at University of California was 30.
4. Listeners from New Guinea were better at guessing than those from India.
5. People have similar laughter regarless of their social status.
6. Break time with funny clips can be energising.