Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ne.A7Jtoo: J f1 To N.I O.ifv (/., nc.'1 J2nf1dp ( L
ne.A7Jtoo: J f1 To N.I O.ifv (/., nc.'1 J2nf1dp ( L
.- .
I
I
.
J ..
PDf ,.} "." CD
~'i'>"
UNIT - 5
,
TIME BA.!E ~£NfMTMJ
:L ~
f- .. ,
'-iffit'.lfO--L
r
"TM.LlL
J- ~ of 11
IJ-
.1... ." ""
Lr.. <=-
b"'" _~
U.1C_ ucqn().'J... /
..4.
melflod.s r
tJT ~eJ\e.l'trlIno
J2nf1dp[~l d A'1'd1¥DrJ'±Oiiwt\.?
clit/[t ['0 n. ill JlIAJ ee.e
clrtLtitf, -I4f. tb.b~ ~Q~l'\.. ciowlti /' ~liXx&vn. clw.M'f:t"
'1"h-~d..udtt:>() l
~ ~ -
qe.JIe ro1b~'-
I Cum.nt 1'rme- Atue
i at lc one- ft\o.t p)'l1v1J~ OtIL. ou..tput wW!nt
J
I
I -Ape~tl! 01 1'r~ - gLUe- qef\eI"Dfmo:'-
-7 Jlt1t'e tk Otpplied \to tt~ I'n'lt keJ: 10 J'fA9~ tfJe eled(lJ{l bUlfYL
- - -====- -=====
-y ge-WW -kt liJ,) A.IWIttIf ~ -+rqp~Df WQvctvrm rl (L ft-rne-beu
\/1 ["e re-lL!.e C Lr'f\eA1(~ witb --tl me to /). tnil"ltirnu'/'YI.- lpe1Jt t) \loJue V
--4- II
The. U('I)Q dU-ri()~ whiCh.. it ¥ewOf\! to the i (1iif<aJ v~ lvJ f!
~ a..-c 'lre.'1um itrr-e lor) I>e..S (-Olr-Otl'ol'L nf't\e L~) -f(~ - bcd' -tt1Yl(
---Y lhe \!Ii(}VE..-ftr"(Ynf Ahl!:lwn... f1[ -k~a') 4-- frqLb) Me. ca..1l.eJ a..!. ,Jw~
~aw~k!
----'7- ~Q pro.ctfLe.- the. Al ~ o.l.t ~1\e-(t'oJ-ed. b~ ifn.e ~ b~ eilrWftt Cl.f.<;
not ~e.'(fel'.t~ Il f\ ea ll· --A:!d jtf0 no1l!1 J eve-n. If the.- Aiif'aL Me Irol!>
ne~o*'
~ -noloe! ot e.'OtJai
-+ [t\.. c.CJ..te c-f qt.n~"o.L - tu~V!e. C. /,2.JrJ "" OJ"- 1mI'D.h)f\r my.tittmer
of the. Sweep it. toni The ,l'wee.p -rfrn ol mu.ft fn cre..o.J. <L
•
If (\eo...J~ with -time 10('1
Note:
if 0- c.Q. rQccitms C- f.l chox~
4J 0 conClDot wnent -f; ~
the \t~lt~ Q~~.u C- Lc - ~ =
c -ItC.
. \
. ~te of ChClO~ of V()tt~ with 1rrne 1t/c
.'I
::=
t
Jw",/ Jpe.eLI l~) :=0 j
~) Trllnl mi'c.rforL e..ntJll lei);
v
-+ \,A..lh~tL 0. ,,~mp gr~ol !i toQ[)Jmrtt~
voLt~ Ql\& oulpul votto.qe clIvided ~ the ifp \{oLt~ oJ: the
erd o-t tne );we.(~p.
_~ [I
-
~t Lt c!e.-({t1w 01. il\e- ?rectfu uf tfl~
'1 n 1h Lc (I'1eit5t':J cJ -' 0... .Ate.p lLo Lt~ !'.c CM ve'ttd rnIr:J <rQ~1
w.{~ tJ-f eli-pMen1icJ.. irle.rq IrCrilnCJ dxuft (F/:.G I'Ilfllel( !fnte.f(nufrJi
I
.{4). Pl~ Qnta..dyOl'n.. Cl.-c..uJh
~
~ -PoLe ~d , (L
~lJG- flp f.c CLJnve¥te.J 1rdf) D-
\l191~ D..tKtJil (L -trlle.el 're..lUtolr rt) Se. <leJ.. w'ith ~ C-Q PO-fl'(fuy,
-
-'(+
\i~ -
s \11 ~ \/.. ,
__to 0
I
T,(
t
-,;;.
-----;,. lh ~ vlllt ~
fven &~
DtO'iO-C toe \Io.l.tie \/f.> lte- .r (,Olte ~ OJ?0l'i 1) dol'e..v
-7 lhe.. n/o::IiorL btw tt>e- 'ttlOfe ffiea.w~ ot 17oO!t(h-lrt) "6lCirtle..~;> ~-
e ()l\J ed. -fo.. alL e\L~one.ott().L tloJee.p t115tW't t! de.mlUl b~
t
1I). ~~ JSl;\%'.ep gpe.e& fm~ ~ L~-!»
d\/o I ='
\Ie-{)
- '= \I
elt t "-{) P-c. f1.t
cNo
dt
I t-=- Tc =
Ye-ld~c.
---
Rt
cl.\l 0
clt
It ~ ~ -
cl.\ltl
dt'
It= 1J
01\10
cit / b 0
J!...- _
RL
v
'(e-U.IRt.
Rc.
:::
*[[_ ~T!l~j
~
-*
'X. XV- )(.3
- - + - - + -,. ..
I[ 2-( 3J
t::.c ::- 1_ [ I _ lli 1P-c) -+ LTc IPc.)J-_ -
[I .2.1
-J
Ne.~lecl1Tl~ biqhelf wJe'li te'!1Tl1
e.£ := .%- -t' + 1.£ [p.c ~
\l~ ~ V [L - -e--t1P-c.J
VS 0 V [~ [ I - 2~cl]
Vr := Vt [
IZI'- I-
t J
2. f'.c.
V'G! 1£ )
R7 l [- 2-P- t ------? (D
W~ .6Wpe / oL:= ~
fZC.
F-c
-
[t- Ic] 2p-i'.
\lIJ
~
Itt
~
.•.
~ v [ l- e - tlr-clJ
:uJ
I
\it [Ideal ~l11rJ ~ eLi -= C:c:.) t
tAevi@of)~
bi -\If'\ tl\o.x -- V
.
tCe 12) Tg/2..
-+(ID
Rc 2..Fc
vt
\Ie \ :;0 o{t :;0-
-~c... -+@
of: t= I.e ? V1 I
::: Vr
.ft.o t'l) --+rttU~
,
\l.r. =- -\1\J:
Rt
~@
ed ".
~[
p..c.
I
~ • 4RC
T1 J
~c.
\t W'e4'
~\
I'
18
v
-H~£i) ~
1 11 WVlVlr cl€Q~e.R e)(poreoftD11a \l\nlt -nme
~
Tt ®I-- y
-+ an. --H1 LbJ." Auppllle tn~ pOint J. 'Lc ~u't1cJd (J..f ~lwwn if) -*J (c
-A trne.a9-- AltUeep wi rt ~pr~'1> betweet\. tli~ ~7Y)1 Y OInd ~u",d
~ r~~f:-..-- V
V
\/"l .,..
?. ~
(c) With if: qrvunde..J
Cd) f'lIil!eo
v Vo J'n~a-
1 Crn...W't
~ Since 1A1e. ha.ve Ilflu.rned 1;to.t 1tJe if-he'l'~~ \!~Lt~ t! o.1LIJaLji
®
~, eqJ4'J QUlol 0PPQfi~ UJ tne- tfoLtor- M~1! th e- CClplltcfto~.> toe 'ltrJltCltf
~dweeJL. X (Xnd fl f£ ~ to zero '
---+ tleot&- tte- fOlnt x: 0&1 os. D.. \!i'l'l1LcJ ~urd .
-+ -tOo OI~litfe'(, the. [mput Ltf 7) ~ OV Ann! oulput Vo ; -Jr() Ere. --Ve. It~
-to "Thtt c.CttL be.. Otnhre.~ bra Ulfr'\1if D!lL ~e~cdmllol toreqm±u-r \NitIl
CP'l\ ot '. rrrtinito .. lhtt ~re. of c"C¥Wl't (1 uJLw ~r ~~
(Qo) ~~~~e.p
-+ tt{~rore -the.. PO[()t y 'itL -K~ tb) it ~urcled. A L!'I)eJ1'( .1lNeep I4W
o.ppw.~ bG!~l'L ~ <AM ~ul'\cl ond will f()crwu if) +\t~ drredli
t---__._---1 f----.. B
--l r-*---+-r----
C
Vi JL
Vpe."rantlrl ~ .
~+~ When- Vi =0 pDfltive-
6·' -fen, ~e
()nd Llinee -l-hfc VCf: uot) 11 C!JonecteJ to bOJ& 01 ~.2- whrclL
7- clb 1 Ql-- ~In! Off cmel. e-l1foteut1aD.- Ott po'mt B 'ti ('€)fXltfmur
, ~ L7.f:=O ~I ~ ]
'1' .
o
,t
r
I I
F4t>~
\/J I I
I I
I I
t----_. I
I
~ mpll'.!ler
-~
\l"1 Vo
A~~
v·I
"
-
1
.=
C
R. - -~
,
-t
\)
+ ~l I /AV,
Ji ~ 1;
~
+r~tb) .
L _""-- - --,
9~ ~ = eu:tput RerL'rro.~
-A :=. ()reo- L~op ~l'!tt~ 9Dli lL
t t
A\t;
G--
Xc;; I = t = 00
.L""fl -{ e.- 2.:n c
c D.cIJ a.1 CJ~A c1~t
~
t
v
'--------1----0. &.
lhe.veni()u 9f-Uvole.nt· at pOt'flt P te
Rlh :0- IL/[ Ri - ~i
r--t Rot "
~ \ff(j
• . Vo :::= AV~ - A VTh.-
p-.4. R-1
&,
s
MI1~11'tUL0'\ JL'-~€f -Arop1Hud<L
"
'- r e~ ~ ~ rH-LJ
' .~ Av L Ri
B f-------!I----' '-_-;
fJ,
c A
~ 0 I
r----I-----l
&t ~ ON - Off Jwiteh..
to
.
~; -[nfitter -follower-
Vr "" fuhe- 'lcJl~ [0'6) ~¥~ Wo.~
°r~l1~
-7 WOOL \Ii: ~ ~~Ye.-
~ beMfOe~ 0N [. t;... Cfl!e1 t"6lu, Joln-o-aJion..
, Vo teirt1oJ- at potrJt A ~ ~A := VtE tJ'lltt) :0 0- 3 V
- () . ~ - eJ· f:,
Vo =c- -D.~'fl
~,
SrMQ.. VB = Vec- + VA
oaHo (\1~)
.'. ~t LX)
• • T3 fc ~ctf~ fttv·
but •I I :: 1
[1:l- :::o=.tl 0-- CoMt>utt e.u.~nt·
-+ -Ar. 1h11 CUM -ftow.c ~uqlL ~ ~~to~ ~ / ~ ~1nE
\tlJltvur de.velbp.e atl1Jil it.
o ,
/ t
i p ::: puke... WIdth
f-+r-'lf 1,,(:= ~ W eLlf' Irme.
I I
\1 0 I I '& .::. t p
I I
I
, It::o k:l:u'tf\.- Trn-e ~ 11
I I'D
I . I
-),- Jh.- ~~ i:D ohtoutl- CIt"- e~~fDl\- Joy We... -&weep e...nva---"
Co~.t lalE1'f tte.. ~ (0,) DJ\d. 'O-eftMl1l' {be- C!!Yl~fte~ b~ Ht
F- -t
-Ampl1'tte!f
+ $\ : "Iv V",
V ~ -H~(A).
-
,"
\/"I ~D
't
t
-t C Alii
R,
VV
V
R'i '~1n~t !<e!'[crQroc.e
~ =: Output Rert1t4..~e
-R~)
Vo == A\li = A UiR- j) > ~
Rroce \Ii ~ 1Rr
r.VL
V - iR. - HI + Yo = 0
l~ ~+RlU-!l.)
V.1 VJ..
e-.r
:; A v£.1.
Vt) L()ltt~()O)
R..+ RiLt--J!}
t
\/-.£ It + l<.lLL-A ~ J \lj.
A\IR; AV
l~: ~[irJ
e-t = -k e~ Q:fld. e.-d. = t ~
l1J~C&.etDl'I- belwe.~~
MNte~ fJlM EootJtrQ[' .1'lIJee.p aWJ1t~-
~ -
·fHthC1l«fl belto rr/iUe.ll' and Bf)ot~h-LJ.t cJlrttJ-fir
1t,
'tbe. tweet
(3). 'The- cl'...wrt emr~~ DIn .€ rrJ'i:tt€¥ c.3>. 1h9. c1'1reLift ~~ oat (Jtmplt.ft~
e:i3- lhe.- Clmph-HeJ'4 tnU.ft hove b'i~h.. l4) . -Am plrlte¥ wrtb hTC( h. 7/1 put ~~
tl€it-
ClLwe..Or TrlY'le- g()..!e.- 9.e-o~~lldlJ~
~ -
~r t/ 1+ ru~t Trme- LSCf..8,e- ~r II on~ tho.t ftlV7de.! OtIL
l t! clILclo r,
i~ ~ J cit ~ l-t) i ~ ~t
-+ J}~& V4- L ~ d-rne.d.;> i tr ~~e()oi tn t· 11en~ ~
C1l..~(\t flSl the- Zoduh if. D- 'd-IaIlnP,
A (\~
-'? ---tkJwe..v.e'6" ? in ~clLm-? tJ,.. ~'7L hill Mrne 'O""eb[rro.~ .... rlJ
L
+
t = .!,
RL
[1- e.~t[1') ? Whe.J-e.. rj ~ L
~L
--7 it f{\dJCbte; 1tlllt Tnc.QWe.2 exe~neDtI~
w. ~·t· -itrne..,
-{-leo&- fue Wl1ve1oYm t.c twrl- ~ln~~
--} 1EL o~e'Y to Lr~e4~<2..- t15e.. Ut.trrtllt. wa.vefo.-m.-> 7t rotL ~
+'~p(~ tVL
t-:o-o t
-
-r gel&.o -ft1lO-) ~Iillld( (L Af('f)f~ -Mntrrlv'lr Cu:mnt J't0e-ep
d~t. \J~
s:
-7 --ttexe- tte- io-&ol'l.d01 tc we&. OJ <:L .,gv6ifdt.- D.lLJ r()du~fur L
-7 u.ppe.'r k\1eJ
I
I
I
. . t
(
6) tLo
lhe- up 10 We bCt!.~ ~ £J:
n-
0'0 7
6L~ w.t - cr(t-·
J 7l-~ iJ ? _[ VQ ~v~J
, :
,,
,'(Jy t~o
- "
1he-. ~
--- J.,TC(ncJ cane.! W zti ~lr !£11eJ- and &~ wt-ati
,--'---"
-App~ ~VL
\tee.. :=c L· cl1 L .-t idtL
cit
~rvtde 1mol.t(hout ~ L
cl1l-
elt t
l YR~1 " [L ~
Vcc
L
~iL ,_ I ) ~ 0
ott -t Lf lL-
r::. c- F +- p."L
CF = K· e -tiT -;:. r..e. -t{ LIP- = /C-. E-~-!Lt
~l ~ -'OlT
tL- ~ LY t
t0
il-enCB- ttYe.- c..lllr~_()t rL fr G2- 6-t), mp
M~dt~~ \1~Lt~ ~lf'~p C.'i~1 1ft . . 1:0 ~~.~~ ~pa·d~l Wo.~
- ~
GJ.- 'Damp. CU'tO~t CI,)(!L cJl() b£. f7&tOl1r->ed Wfo fJ -/{5e. cla-eUlt
AbwJll bekt-eD in
y
kb
1:::- V
>0)
~l--t ~J-
\/- Vfj \lo T«I
:0
~) \f ~I
~®
<I _
\-
te-.2- f\*R.L
VP-:L kt R, +t:1L ~ lR L
V'f) :0 V - 11(1- - v- DUJ.
R.t.-l: "-L ,'_ \10 -" Vl",
R-L...
'.
e.~·1l~(1 _ l -t
P-2- ~ \
~
~
( . \1 0 '" / oJ:- t>- 0
~-1. Cf
\1{):; \/'fr 6t t ~0
R I