WHAT IS CIVIL ENGINEERING?

It is professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the
physical and naturally built environment, including public works such as;
WHAT DOES A CIVIL ENGINEER DO?

Design, build, and maintain roads, bridges, canals, dams, sewerage systems, pipelines, structural
components of buildings, and railways.

WHO ARE CIVIL ENGINEERS?

CIVIL ENGINEERS typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is five
years, and the completed degree is designated as a Bachelor of Engineering. The curriculum generally
includes n classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design and specific topics in civil
engineering. After taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move on to
specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advance levels.

They work on site in design offices

Who do Civil Engineers work with?

-Architects, designers, surveyors, conservationists, planners and lots of different people.

HISTORY

DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

-It is difficult to determine the history of emergence and beginning of civil engineering, however, that
the history of civil engineering is a mirror of the history of human beings on this earth.Man used the old
shelter caves to protect themselves of weather and harsh environment, and used a tree trunk to cross
the river, which being the demonstration of ancient age civil engineering.
Civil Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The earliest
practices of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when human started to abandon a nomadic existence, thus causing a need
for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading
to the development of the wheel and sailing.

Throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried ot by
artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was
retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances. Structures, roads, and infrastructure that existed
were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental.
Util modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the
term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often
used interchangeably.

EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

ARHIMEDES in the 3rd century BC, including Archimedes principle, which underpins our understanding of
buoyancy, and practical solutions such as Archimedes screw.

BRAHMAGUPTA, an indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7 th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic
numerals, for excavation (volume) computations.
The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC ancient
Egypt

1.The Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a
nomadic existence, creating a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation
became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing.

Indus Valley Civilization Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq)

CIVIL ENGINEERING SUSTAINABILITY AND THE FUTURE

SUSTAINABILITY

- To “sustain”= to “endure”, “maintain”

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

- “meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs”. – Brundtland report
- In other way= moving ahead while making sure that we can maintain, manage and do justice to
the changes we seek and intend to bring about.

AMERICAN SOCIETY CIVIL ENGINEERS

- Defines sustainability as “a set of economic, environmental, and social conditions in which all of
society has the capacity and opportunity to maintain and improve its quality of indefinitely,
without degrading the quantity, quality or the availability of natural, economic and social
resources.
- Sustainable development= application of theses resources to enhance the safety, welfare and
quality of life for all of society.

WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION AND CIVIL ENGINEERING?

Sustainability is defined the desire to perform activities without any depletion of resources or bringing
any harmful effect on the environment.

Practicing sustainable construction methods will help avoiding harmful effects from construction
activities.

Construction involves activities like use of building materials from various sources, use of machineries,
demolition of existing structures, use of green fields, cutting down of trees, etc. which can impact
environment in one or more ways.

Civil engineering field being the major part of the economy, it is very essential that sustainable
construction practice dominate the past followed conventional construction practice and methods.

Need for sustainable construction has a direct impact on the environment due to following reasons:

1. Generation of waste materials

2. Emissions from vehicles, machineries
3. Noise pollution due to use of heavy vehicles and construction machineries
4. Releases of wastes and pollutants into water, ground and atmosphere
How to ensure sustainable construction? In order to support sustainability in the field of construction,
the building and the built environment have to satisfy some of the important criteria.

This will include:

1. Biodiversity enhancement
2. Support to the community
3. Effective use of resources
4. Pollution reduction
5. Creating healthy environment
6. Process management

Relation between civil engineering & sustainable dev.

- Civil engineering as a profession in the 19 th century- Thomas Tredgold:

“…the art of directing the great sources of Power in Nature for the use and convenience of
man”.
- Civil engineering in the 21st century:
“…the art of working with the great sources of Power in Nature for the use and benefit of
society”

What can civil engineers do?

Sustainable design

- Raw materials extraction

- Material processing
- Part manufacturing
- Assembly
- Product use
- End of life
Sustainable design

- Is the philosophy of designing physical objects and services to comply with the principles of
social, economic, and ecological sustainability
- Reduces the negative impact on the environment and human health, thus improving the
performance during a building’s life cycle.
- Careful consideration is given to water, energy, building materials, and solid waste.

Principle of sustainable design

- Optimizing use of the sun

- Improving indoor air quality
- Using the land responsibility
- Creating high-performance and moisture-resistant houses
- Wisely using the earth’s natural resources

Green buildings

Example of green building?

Green building is not just adding a green outlook…

Buildings that are designed, built, renovated, operated and decommissioned in an ecological and
resource-efficient manner to:

- Protect occupant health

- Improve employee productivity
- Use energy, water, and other resources more efficiently
- Reduce the overall impact to the environment

Sustainable construction

- The optimization of the construction activities in a way that does not have harmful effects on
resources, surroundings and living ecosystem
- It is a way of minimizing harmful environmental impacts of construction projects.
- Construction involves activities like use of building materials from various sources, use of
machineries, demolition of existing structures, use of green fields, cutting down of trees etc.
which can impact environment in one or more ways.

Sustainable construction

>wastes from demolition of building and structures

Eliminate- avoid producing construction waste in the first place

Reduce- minimize the amount of waste you produce

Reuse- reuse the construction wastes in other works

Recover (recycling, composting, energy)- recycle what you can only after you have reused it.
Dispose- dispose of what is left in a responsible way

>use of sustainable building materials

Recycled content

Natural renewable

Locally available

Durable

Energy efficiency

Affordability

>use of sustainable building materials

- sustainable aggregates

Recycled aggregates (recovery of construction and demolition waste)

Steel slag aggregates and ash

Aggregates from other waste (like plastic, glass)

>use of sustainable building materials

- sustainable concrete

Reduced water content (using super-plasticizer additives)

Recycling and use of “sustainable” aggregates

>use of sustainable building materials

-sustainable concrete

Lower consumption (self-compacting concretes)

Lower cement construction (pozzolanic additives, fly ash)

>examples

Bahrain world trade center, Manama, Bahrain

50-floored, twin tower complex

1st skyscraper in the world to have incorporated wind turbines into its blueprint

Three 225 kw wind turbine saves about 15% of the elect. Needs

Khoo Teck Puat, Yishun Central, Singapore

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE?

-concerned with the quality and availability of environmental resources and with the waste streams that
impact them:

SCIENCE improve our understanding of natural processes.

ENGINEERING use this understanding to develop and apply technologies that will maintain or improve
environmental quality.

WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?

Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve natural
environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air and for human habitation
(house or home) and for other organisms and to remediate polluted sites.

It is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental
sanitation, notably in the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public waste supplies; the proper
disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas
for proper sanitation; and control of water, soil and atmospheric pollution and the social and
environmental impact of these solutions.

WHAT IS ENGINEER?

Problem solver.

-specifically, one who uses science to solve real world problems

SO, WHAT AN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER?

Solves environmental problems using scientific tools

Environmental engineers are committed to protect human beings from the harmful effects of
environmental degradation caused by the pollution in the environment due to population growth, rapid
industrialization and urbanization.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

1. Air pollution
2. Water ( surface and groundwater )
- Treatment and disinfection
- Storage and distribution
- Dispersion
- Quality
 3. Wastewater
4. Solid waste
5. Hazardous waste
6. Radioactive waste
7. Integrated systems
8. Pollution prevention
9. Others- noise and light pollution

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (ASCE)

CODE OF FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by:

1. Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare and the environment
2. Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and client
3. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession and
4. Supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

ASCE POLICY STATEMENT 412

Approved by the National Environmental Systems Policy Committee on March 6,2001.

Approved by the board policy team on March 12.2001

Adopted by the board of direction on April 27.2001

POLIC- the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) reaffirms that environmental engineering has been
and continuous to be an essential discipline of civil engineering since it applies directly to the civil
engineering professional’s mandate to protect the public health, safety and welfare

WATER QUALITY ENGINEERING

Water treatment

- Take water form a source and subject it to treatment processes to make the water suitable for
its intended use.
- After water is used, it is collected and treated to make it suitable to be returned to the
environment.
 WATER TREATMENT PLANT

(MAYNILAD WATER TREATMENT PLANT)

(BULACAN WATER TREAMENT PLANT)

 SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT

(BAGUIO SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT)

(MAYNILAD WATER TREATMENT PLANT)

 (PASAY WATER TREAMENT PANT)

GROUNDBREAKING CEREMONY

CWD SEPTAGE TREATMENT PLANT

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS