Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Location
Drawings
It contains all the details of the project such as location site plan, setting out
plan, elevations, sections and other details.
1) Site Plan
This is primary drawing used for marking out the plan on the ground. It
represents the location, orientation and information about the site’s
topography, landscaping utilities, and site work.
2) Working Plan
This drawing gives the information of horizontal dimensions of the
building, thickness of walls, clear spaces inside the building and column
locations. It also shows the openings required in the building such as
doors, windows and ventilators.
3) Section Drawings
Section drawings represents the material of construction to be used,
heights and measurement of the different components of buildings, type
of structural components such as type of slab, etc. It represents the
drawing when the building is cut through a vertical plane
4) Elevation Drawing
Elevation drawing represents the information of openings, size and shape
of external surface, height of building and finish of the building after
completion. These drawings are made by having an aesthetic view of the
building
Structural Drawing
It contains many types of drawing with very minute details and description.
1) General Note
This is more of codes and by- laws of the buildings. No drawing is found
in this, but the details of all the structural drawings are mention in this
such as concrete mix, lapping length, curing time, abbreviation, codes and
other work procedures.
2) Excavation Drawing
This drawing represents the footing excavation dimension, column
position, footing plan and grid lines of column.
3) Column Layout
This drawing represents the position and orientation of columns and
column reinforcement details.
Electrical Drawing
Plumbing drawings give the location of sanitary, piping for water supply
system, fixture, and the process to connect every fixture.
Finishing Drawing
Excavation
Foundation
The excavated pits are trimmed and dressed as per the requirement and the
bottom is compacted using hand compactors (plate compactor) and roller
compactors. The compaction is done in such way that uniform level is to be
maintained throughout the excavated area where PCC is to be laid. The levels
are continuously checked using auto level.
PCC
PCC is a solid base on which the reinforcement can be tied and footing can be
placed. PCC is laid to have levelled surface. Shuttering for PCC is calculated by
taking perimeter of the portion where PCC is to be laid. Grade of concrete used
for PCC is M15. The ratio of the concrete mix is 1:3:5. Thickness of PCC is
100mm and it is maintained throughout the PCC bed. The concrete arrived in
the transit mixer is poured on the site and is spread over the compacted earth
soil. The levels are checked using auto level. Curing period for PCC is 14 days.
Surface of PCC is covered with hessian cloth and flooded with water and left
for curing.
Footing
A footing is a part of the foundation that helps support the foundation so that the
structure does not settle.
Purpose of Footings
1) In order to transfer forces from superstructure to firm soil below.
2) To distribute stresses evenly on foundation soil such that foundation soil
neither fails nor experiences excessive settlement.
3) In order to develop an anchor for stability against overturning.
4) In order to provide an even surface for smooth construction of
superstructure.
Surveyors give the corner points for placing the reinforcement. Makings are
done for main and distribution reinforcement bars which are to laid on the PCC
bed. Markings are done according to the spacing mentioned in GFC drawings.
The diameter of bar is 25mm and spacing provided between them is 100mm.
The grade of steel used for footing works is Fe500D conforming IS:1765.
Development length for top and bottom reinforcement is 46Ø and lap length is
36Ø.Nominal clear cover for footing is 40-75mm.Cover blocks of 50mm were
placed below bottom the reinforcement to provide clear cover. The main bars
are tied using binding wire of gauge 20. The chairs are placed on the bottom
reinforcement to avoid sagging of top reinforcement. The diameter of bars used
for chairs is 16mm. Top reinforcement 25mm,20mm bars were used depending
on the design. Spacing of bars for top reinforcement is 100 mm. column
reinforcement is also erected along with top and bottom reinforcement of
footing. Various depths of footing observed on the site are
750mm,800mm,900mm,1200mm, 1500mm.Depth of foundation depends upon
soil bearing capacity.
Shuttering of footing
Covers blocks of 50mm placed at sides of the footing to provide clear cover at
the sides. Steel shuttering was done for footing. Size of steel plates used for
shuttering is 600mmx900mm.A layer of grease is applied to the steel plates
before placing them for easy removal of shuttering. After placing the steel
plates jacks and runners were provided to support the steel shuttering. Foam
sheet were provided between two steel shuttering plates to avoid the flow of
slurry.
Concreting of footing
The quantity of concrete required for the particular footing is estimated and
order is placed to the RMC plant. Grade of concrete used for footing is M30.
Slump of the concrete mix was in the range of 100-120mm. The concrete
arrived in the transit mixer is to be used within 2 hours. The concreting is done
in two layers for ease of compaction. The concrete was pumped using concrete
pump. Vibrating needle was used for compaction. Proper vibration is done in
order to avoid cracks and honeycomb structure.
De-shuttering and curing
After 24 hours of concreting the steel shuttering was removed. The dressing if
necessary, on the sides of footing was done using cement mortar. Curing of
concrete is defined as the process of maintaining the moisture and temperature
conditions of concrete for hydration reaction so that concrete develops hardened
properties over time. Bunds were made on the surface of footing and those
bunds were filled with water for the purpose of curing. On the sides of footing
hessian clothes are tied and water is sprayed on these cloths. These clothes hold
moisture for long time and help in the process of curing.
Column
The main purpose of stirrup is to hold the primary reinforcement bars. They also
prevent columns and beams from buckling. The stirrups get placed diagonally
when there is tension and compression caused by vertical and transverse
section. Two legged stirrups are adequate for typical beams with short widths
while multiple -legged stirrups will be required for beams with longer web
width
Different types of stirrups observed on the site.
1) Single legged stirrups.
2) Two-legged stirrups.
3) Four-legged stirrups.
4) Six legged stirrups.
Different shapes of stirrups observed on the site
1) Triangle shaped
2) Circular shaped
3) Rectangle shaped
4) Diamond shaped
5) Trapezoidal shaped
Grade of concrete used for column is M40 and M50SCC.The slump of concrete
varied between 600mm to 620mm. The concrete arrived in the transit mixer
should be used before two hours. The concrete arrived in the transit mixer is
poured into concrete bucket and the bucket is carried using hydra or cranes and
it was poured into the column. Capacity of concrete bucket is 0. 35m 3.Concrete
was poured manually when hydra and cranes could not reach the columns.
Vibrating needle was used for compaction. Compaction was done after pouring
each bucket of concrete. Proper compaction is done in order to avoid cracks and
honeycomb structure. After the pouring of concrete, the orientation of column is
re-checked using plumb bob for deflections.
De shuttering and curing
The surveyor gives the plinth beam top level. The level is transferred to other
columns using level tube. The diameter of bars used for plinth beam
reinforcement ranges from 12mm to 25mm. spacing of main bars 100mm c/c
and spacing for stirrups in mid zone of beam is 75mm and end zone is 100mm.
stirrups are provided to resist shear force. Nominal Clear cover for beam is
25mm. Clear cover for plinth beams provided in the site was 30mm.
Shuttering of plinth beam
Steel shuttering was provided for plinth beam. Size of steel plates used for
shuttering is 600mmx900mm.A layer of grease is applied to the steel plates
before placing them for easy removal of shuttering. After placing the steel
plates jacks and runners were provided to support the steel shuttering.
Concreting in plinth beams
Grade of concrete used for plinth beam was M30 RCC. Slump of the concrete
mix varied from 100mm to 110mm. The concrete arrived in the transit mixer is
poured into concrete bucket and the bucket is carried using hydra or cranes and
it was poured into the column. Capacity of concrete bucket is 0. 30m 3.Concrete
was poured manually when hydra and cranes could not reach the columns.
Proper compaction is done in order to avoid cracks and honeycomb structure.
De-shuttering and curing
After 24 hours of concreting the steel shuttering was removed. The dressing if
necessary, on the sides of beams was done using cement mortar. Hessian cloth
is used for curing of columns. The cloth is tied to all the faces of columns and
they are watered. Care is taken such that the hessian cloth is always kept moist
as curing.
Different types of Admixtures used on the site.
Water absorbing capacity of AAC Block are about 10% of their weight
Formwork
Requirements of good formwork
1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement
grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in
desired sequences without damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, readily available, and
should be suitable for reuse.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line, and levels
should have a plane surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when
exposed to the elements.
9. It should rest on a firm base.
Removal of formwork
Propping
32. IS:2202-1999 1999(Reaffirmed Wooden flush door shutters (solid core type)
2005) –Specification: plywood face panels
40. IS:3952-1988 1988(Reaffirmed Specification for burnt clay hollow bricks for
2005) walls and partition
42. IS:432-1982 1982 Sp.for mild steel and medium tensile steel
bars and hard drawn steel wires for concrete
Rf: Mild steel and uniform tensile steel bars
51. IS:16714- 2018 Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use
2018 in cement, mortar and concrete –
specification
Labour Camp
Labour Camp is place to stay for workers and their family. There are 2 camp
Labour Camp-A and Labour Camp-A. The hutments in which they stay are
made up of GI sheets. Labour Camp-A consists of 230 hutments and 230
families can stay here and in Labour Camp-B consists of 330 hutments and it is
meant for bachelors and 4 people reside in one hutment. Sub-Contractors and
there sub-contractors are fully responsible for arrangements to be provided and
maintained. The identification numbers are provided to the all hutments.
There is school in the camp for the children of workers the school has 2 teachers
and 5 languages taught are Kannada, Hindi, English, Marathi and Telugu.
Workers are not allowed to take the electrical connection in his own hutment
only the authorized electrician will provide the connection with the prior
approval of the site. ELCB/MCB is provided at distribution boards and
periodically checking is done to see that there are no loose electrical
connections.
Facilities provided at the camp are:
Sufficient drinking water is provided for 24 hours and the tank is cleaned
every Saturday
Adequate roads and drains are provided to prevent the water stagnation.
Toilet facilities are provided sufficiently separate for men and women.
Fire extinguisher and sand buckets are provided
Separate dustbins are provided for wet and dry waste
First Aid room is there with all the medicines, Band-Aids and snake bite
kit and expiry dates of the medicines are checked frequently by the safety
officer.
Doctor visits the camp regularly and if any emergency is there ambulance
is at the site it takes patient to nearby hospital.
Pest controlling is done regularly at the camp
Store is available at the camp for the groceries and weekly there is market
day nearby camp to buy the essential goods.
Storage of Fuel and Hazardous Materials