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Computer Science: Basra University College of Science and Technology Pharmacy Department
Computer Science: Basra University College of Science and Technology Pharmacy Department
Pharmacy department
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Title of Report :-
Linux
Students Names :
علي مكي عبد الحسن
محمد شاكر عبد الواحد
ظاهر حبيب عزيز
مصطفى حميد عطيه
يوسف جودت كاظم
Supervised by:
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Fig1. Linux in Bird’s eye view
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Linux was made to keep on running:
As with UNIX, a Linux system expects to run without rebooting all the time. That
is why a lot of tasks are being executed at night or scheduled automatically for
other calm moments, resulting in higher availability during busier periods and a
more balanced use of the hardware. This property allows for Linux to be applicable
also in environments where people don't have the time or the possibility to control
their systems night and day.
Linux is secure and versatile:
The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is
known to be robust and of proven quality. But Linux is not only fit for use as a fort
against enemy attacks from the Internet: it will adapt equally to other situations,
utilizing the same high standards for security. Your development machine or
control station will be as secure as your firewall.
Linux is scalable:
From a Palmtop with 2 MB of memory to a petabyte storage cluster with hundreds
of nodes: add or remove the appropriate packages and Linux fits all. You don't
need a supercomputer anymore, because you can use Linux to do big things using
the building blocks provided with the system. If you want to do little things, such
as making an operating system for an embedded processor or just recycling your
old 486, Linux will do that as well.
The Linux OS and most Linux applications have very short
debug-times:
Because Linux has been developed and tested by thousands of people, both errors
and people to fix them are usually found rather quickly. It sometimes happens that
there are only a couple of hours between discovery and fixing of a bug.
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Linux Interaction: Shell, Prompt, Commands
1. The Shell:
○ Built-in commands
○ Environment variables
2. The “prompt”
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3. Commands:
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Command History and Command Line Editing:
1. Type
o date –-help
o man date
o info date
2. BASH built-ins
o A little different from other commands
o Just type the command ‘help’
o Or ‘man bash’ Yes, you can always Google it.On using ‘man’ with
‘less’
3. The man command outputs to a pager called less, which supports
many ways of scrolling through text:
o Space, f # page forward
o b # page backward
o < # go to first line of file
o > # go to last line of file
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o / # search forward (n to repeat)
o ? # search backward (N to repeat)
o h # display help
o q # quit help
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Navigating the File System:
○ ls list files
○ cd change directory
We use pathnames to refer to files and directories in the Linux file system.
Examples:
The ls Command:
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Symbolic links:
Sometimes it is helpful to be able to access a file from multiple locations within the
hierarchyOn a Windows system, we might create a “shortcut.” On a Linux system,
we can create a symbolic link:
The find command has a rather unfriendly syntax, but can be exceedingly
To see all the processes owned by you and other members of the class, try:
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Editors:
Many Linux tools, such as grep and sed, use strings that describe
sequences of characters. These strings are called regular
expressions. Here are some examples:
❖ ^foo # line begins with “foo”
❖ bar$ # line ends with “bar”
❖ [0-9]\{3\} # 3-digit number
❖ .*a.*e.*i.*o.*u.* # words with vowels in order*
File Editors:
❖ emacs: Swiss-army knife, has modes for all major languages, and can be
customized. Formerly steep learning curve has been reduced with
introduction of menu and tool bars. Can be used under Xwindows or not.
❖ vim: A better version of ‘vi’ (an early full-screen editor). Very fast,
efficient. Steep learning curve. Popular among systems programmers.
Terminal or X-Windows.
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Reference
[1] Linux Online (2008). "Linux Logos and Mascots". Archived from the
original
[4] Linus Benedict Torvalds (October 5, 1991). "Free minix-like kernel sources
for 386-AT". Newsgroup: comp.os.minix
[5] James, Daniel (February 2004). "Using Linux For Recording & Mastering".
Sound On Sound. SOS Publications Group. Archived
[6] Blanchette, Megan (July 7, 2015). "4 ways the Raspberry Pi is being used in
education". O'Reilly Radar. Archived
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