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Pharmacy department
Title of Report:
two components system
containing liquid phases
Student Names
مريم يونس عبد الجبار
Supervised by:
Dr: sajjad hasan
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Theory:
A phase is defined as any homogeneous and physically distinct
part of a system bounded by a surface and is mechanically
separable from other parts of the system. A phase may be
gaseous, liquid or solid. It is perfectly homogeneous and
distinct from every other phase that is present in the system.
There must be a definite boundary between any two phases.
This boundary is known as the interface. Air constitutes a single
phase only as it contains a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor etc., A system consisting of only one phase
is said to be homogeneous. A mixture of two immiscible liquids
such as water and benzene, will exist in two distinct liquid
phases and in addition there will be a vapor phase. Thus, there
will be three phases each separated from the other by a well-
defined bounding surface. A system consisting of more than one
phase is said to be heterogeneous. When various phases are in
equilibrium with one another in a heterogeneous system, there
can be no transfer of energy or mass from one phase to another.
This means that at equilibrium, the various phases must have the
same temperature and pressure and their respective
compositions must remain constant all along. The homogeneous
reversible reactions can be studied using the law of mass action.
For heterogeneous reversible reactions.
Phase rule: is a relationship for determining the least number
required to define the state of the system. (e.g., water & its
vapor is one component two phase system) ethyl alcohol and
water are miscible in all proportions. water and mercury are, for
all practical purposes, completely immiscible regardless of the
relative amounts of each present. Between these two extremes
lies a whole range of systems that exhibit partial miscibility (or
immiscibility). Phenol and water exhibit partial miscibility as
their miscibility affected by two factors conc. and temp.
2
Curve gbhci shows the limits of temperature and concentration
within which two
liquid phases exist in equilibrium. The region outside this curve
contains systems
having but one liquid phase.
Tie line: - is the line drawn across the region of two phases
(conjugate phases) as
each temp. has its own tie line. it is parallel to the base line all
systems prepared
along the tie line at equilibrium separated into two conjugate
phases of constant
composition
Number of components: is the smallest number of constituents
by which the
phase of equilibrium system can be expressed as a chemical
formula or equation.
Upper consulate temp.: is the maximum temp. at
which two phase region exists.
Phase boundary: boundary between phases in a phase diagram
3
TOOLS AND MATERIALS
▪ Phenol
▪ inserted cylinder
▪ D. W
▪ Test tube
▪ Baker
▪ Volumetric flask
▪ Bath Steam heater
▪ Balance
Reading;
Calculations:
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5
Procedure:
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Discussion;
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defines the curve: The outer region of the curve: It shows
one fully mixed layer. Curve region: It consists of two
layers, one of which is rich in phenol. Water and phenol
are completely miscible at temperatures if the ratio of
one of them is very high. In general, the greater the
miscibility, the higher the temperature This system
characterizes a maximum critical temperature for
miscibility, which is the temperature above which
miscibility in any proportion of the two components.
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REFERENCES: -