Basra University College of science and Technology

Pharmacy department

Physical Pharmacy

Title of Report :-
Three components system
Students Names :
‫مصطفى حميد عطيه‬ ‫علي مكي عبد الحسن‬

‫محمد شاكر عبد الواحد‬ ‫ظاهر حبيب عزيز‬

‫خديجه سلطان صالح‬ ‫مرح سامي طه‬

‫مريم يونس عبد الجبار‬ ‫منار ابراهيم محمد‬

‫نور الهدى ميثم‬ ‫فاطمه صادق عبد االمير‬

Supervised by:

Dr: Sajjad Hasan

Theory

A phase is defined as any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a

system bounded by a surface and is mechanically separable from other parts of the
system. A phase may be gaseous, liquid or solid. It is perfectly homogeneous and
distinct from every other phase that is present in the system.

There must be a definite boundary between any two phases. This boundary is
known as the interface. Air constitutes a single phase only as it contains a mixture
of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor etc., A system consisting of only
one phase is said to be homogeneous. A mixture of two immiscible liquids such as
water and benzene, will exist in two distinct liquid phases and in addition there will
be a vapor phase. Thus, there will be three phases each separated from the other by
a well-defined bounding surface.

A system consisting of more than one phase is said to be heterogeneous. When

various phases are in equilibrium with one another in a heterogeneous system,
there can be no transfer of energy or mass from one phase to another. This means
that at equilibrium, the various phases must have the same temperature and
pressure and their respective compositions must remain constant all along. The
homogeneous reversible reactions can be studied using the law of mass action.

Phase diagrams ternary mixtures

It is also called as Gibbs phase triangle or triangle plot. A ternary system consists
of three components. We can independently change the pressure, the temperature,
and two independent composition variables for the system as a whole.

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A ternary or three component phase diagram has the shape of a triangular prism
with an equilateral triangle as a foundation which is also called as composition
triangle. In Figure 1, each apex of the triangle indicates one of the pure
components A, B, or C. A point present on the edge of the triangle opposite a
vertex represents a two-component system or binary system and a point present
within the internal area of triangle represents a three-component system or ternary
system. In a ternary system we need to limit the quantities of two components. So,
we call for two axes. The measure of the third can be obtained by deducting the
aggregate of the two from 100 which means all three components A, B and C
represent 100% or sum of three is 100. The entire space is divided into a set of
small equilateral triangles which can be further subdivided. Smaller divisions give
accurate and precise location of the composition.

Phase rule: phase rule can be defined as ‘When a heterogeneous system in

equilibrium at a definite temperature and pressure, the number of degrees of
freedom is equal to by 2 the difference in the number of components and the
number of phases provided the equilibrium is not influenced by external factors
such as gravity, electrical or magnetic forces, surface tension etc.

❖ water and mercury are, for all practical purposes, completely immiscible
regardless of the relative amounts of each present.
❖ Between these two extremes lies a whole range of systems that exhibit partial
miscibility (or immiscibility). Phenol and water exhibit partial miscibility as
their miscibility affected by two factors conc. and temp.

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Effect of Temperature

❖ The effect of °C on phase equilibria of three-component systems are

generally shown with triangular prisms.
❖ Changes in temperature will cause the area of immiscibility
❖ In general, the area of the binodal decreases as the °C is raised and
miscibility is promoted.

A tie line a telephone line that directly connects two or more private branch
exchanges. While Tie line in ternary phase diagram is: - Tie lines connect
compositions of liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium. Any mixture with an
overall composition along a tie line gives the same liquid and vapor compositions.
Only the amounts of liquid and vapor change as the overall composition changes
from the liquid side of the binodal curve to the vapor side.

Number of components: is the smallest number of constituents by which the

phase of equilibrium system can be expressed as a chemical formula or equation.

The application of studying the three component systems in pharmacy is

Ternary phase diagrams give the precise and accurate data of the various
composite component systems and are utilized in several areas of pharmaceuticals
like the formulation of various dosage forms. polymer coating methods and several
other formulation processes.

Upper consulate temp. or critical solution. Temp.: is the maximum temp. at

which two phase region exists.

Mass ratio: - is the relative amount by wt. of conjugate phase, it depends on the
position in tie line & temp.

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Phase boundaries: It the junction of two crystals which differ in lattice structure
and composition. In coherent phase boundaries the atomic configuration of the two
crystals is the same at the boundary plane and the lattices are continuous across the
boundary.

Triple point: It is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas,
liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

o Chloroform.
o Ethanol.
o Distilled water.
o Burette.
o Pipette.
o Retort stand.
o Conical flask.
o Measuring cylinder.
o Conical flask stopper.

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Reading

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 Calculations

W.T = d ×v
(d HAC = 1.05 g / cm3) (d CHCHL3 = 1.49 g / cm3) (d H2O = 1 g / cm3)

Test tubes W.T (HAC) W.T (CHCHL3) W.T (H2O) W.T Total

1 0.5 × 1.05 = 0.525 4.5 × 1.49 = 6.705 0.3 7.53

2 1 × 1.05 = 1.05 4 × 1.49 = 5.96 0.6 7.61

3 2 × 1.05 = 2.05 3 × 1.49 = 4.47 1.2 7.77

4 3 × 1.05 = 3.15 2 × 1.49 = 2.98 1.7 7.83

5 4 × 1.05 = 4.2 1 × 1.49 = 1.49 2.6 8.2

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 𝑾.𝑻
X% = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑾.𝑻 × 100%

Test tubes XA% XC% XW%

1 0.525 6.705 0.3

× 100% = 7 × 100% = 89 × 100% = 4
7.53 7.53 7.53

2 1.05 5.96 0.6

× 100% = 14 × 100% = 78 × 100% = 8
7.61 7.61 7.61

3 2.1 4.47 1.2

× 100% = 28 × 100% = 58 × 100% = 14
7.77 7.77 7.77

4 3.15 2.98 1.7

× 100% = 38 × 100% = 41 × 100% = 21
7.83 7.83 7.83

5 4.2 1.49 2.6

× 100% = 48 × 100% = 27 × 100% = 25
8.2 8.2 8.2

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DISCUSSION

The aim of the experiment: is to determine a phase diagram of a three-

component system consisting of water, ethanol and chloroform and knowing the
factors affecting the three-component system

A ternary phase diagram is illustrated in two-dimensions for ease of

drawing and reading. This triangular diagram consists of three
components, namely ethanol, chloroform and water. Chloroform is
soluble in ethanol but insoluble in water. However, as these three
components are mixed until certain proportion, all three components
would be completely miscible.
Mixture of water and chloroform usually form a two-phase system
because they are only slightly miscible. However, ethanol is completely
miscible with both to chloroform and water. Thus, the addition of
sufficient amount of ethanol to the chloroform-water system would
produce a single liquid phase (area unbound by the curve) in which all
the three components are miscible and the mixture is homogenous.
This is shown in the triple phase diagram that has been plotted on the
triangular diagram. The ethanol / chloroform / water system in this
experiment involves adding water (as a third component) into a miscible
mixture of ethanol and chloroform. At first, ethanol and chloroform are
mixed. Then, we separate the one phase solution into two phases by
adding water.
As an appropriate amount of water is added, it will result in one phase
system. This is known as solvent effect. However, when the ethanol,
chloroform and water are mixed together, only a partial miscibility can
be reached.

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According to phase rule: P + F = C + 2,
where for ethanol/chloroform/water system, we have 3 components and
1 liquid phase. F= 3-1+2= 4. Hence, 4 degrees of freedom are required,
namely temperature, pressure, and the concentrations of two of the three
components. Concentration of the third component can be obtained by
further calculation.
The experiment is carried out at a constant temperature and pressure.
The laboratory temperature is 27°C.

Based on the results obtained, when there is a higher percentage of

ethanol compared to the percentage of chloroform in the mixture, the
volume of water needed to titrate the mixture until cloudiness is
observed is higher.
The appearance of cloudiness indicates that a two-phase system is
created. This proves that the ethanol has increased the miscibility of the
other two components and more water is needed to break the
homogeneity.

Application of Phase Diagrams to

Pharmaceutical Systems

Phase diagrams were used as;

❖ Solubilization of two- and three- component pharmaceutical
systems.
❖ Formulation of microcapsule, nanocapsule and emulsion type
systems,
❖ stability studies and
❖ examination of biological activity.

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CONCLUSION
This experiment of ternary system involves three different liquids
Which are ethanol, Chloroform, and water and is represented using a
Triangle (ternary phase diagram). In this experiment, as the number of
Volume of ethanol by percentage increase while the number of Volume
of Chloroform by percentage decrease, the volume of water will
increase. The two-phase system was established once the Cloudiness
was observed. This shows that water and Chloroform are Only slightly
miscible whereas ethanol is completely miscible with Both chloroform
and water

REFERENCES

➢ Atkins P, De Paula J. Atkins’ Physical chemistry. 8th ed. Oxford:

Oxford University Press. 2006.
➢ Singh D, Deshwal B, Vats S. Comprehensive engineering chemistry.
New Delhi: I K International Publishing House. 2007.
➢ Phase Diagrams: Ternary Systems [Internet]. Chemistry LibreTexts.
2015. [cited 18 July 2017].
➢ Smith, Joe Mauk (2018). Introduction to chemical engineering
thermodynamics. United States of America: McGraw-Hill
Education.
➢ West D, Saunders N. Ternary phase diagrams in materials science.
3rd ed. CRC press. 2017.
➢ Chapter 42 – phase diagrams for micellar systems [Cited 19 July
2017].

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