Basra University College of science and Technology

Pharmacy department

Physical Pharmacy

Title of Report :-
Heat of Solution from Solubility
Students Names :
‫مصطفى حميد عطيه‬ ‫علي مكي عبد الحسن‬

‫محمد شاكر عبد الواحد‬ ‫ظاهر حبيب عزيز‬

‫خديجه سلطان صالح‬ ‫مرح سامي طه‬

‫مريم يونس عبد الجبار‬ ‫منار ابراهيم محمد‬

‫نور الهدى ميثم‬ ‫فاطمه صادق عبد االمير‬

Supervised by:

Dr: Sajjad Hasan

Theory

Solubility is defined in quantitative terms as the concentration of solute in a

saturated solution at a certain temperature, and in a qualitative way, it can be
defined as the spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form a
homogeneous molecular dispersion.

The solubility of a compound depends on the physical and chemical properties of

the solute and the solvent as well as on such factors as temperature, pressure, the
pH of the solution

Solubility of a solid in a liquid is dependent on temperature, thus, at a given

temperature, only a certain maximum amount of solute will dissolve in a given
amount of solvent. Beyond that amount of solute, no more will dissolve and excess
solute will remain in the solid form, settling to the bottom of the solution container.
This maximum amount of dissolved solute, expressed quantitatively, is given in
units of grams of solute/100 g of solvent. Such a solution is termed a saturated
solution.

When saturated solutions of solid solutes are prepared at elevated temperatures and
then permitted to cool, the excess solute usually separates from the solution by
crystallizing. However, if a saturated solution is prepared at an elevated
temperature and any excess, undissolved solute is removed, crystallization often
does not take place when the solution is allowed to cool undisturbed. The solution
can contain more of the solute than normally is held in equilibrium with the solid
state. Such solutions are said to be supersaturated.

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Principle:

When a substance is dissolved in water or any other solvent, heat is evolved or

absorbed. The amount of heat evolved or absorbed depends upon the nature and
the amount of solvent used. When a solid is brought in contact with a liquid in
which it can dissolve, a certain amount of it passes into solution until the solution
is saturated. The amount of the substance dissolved depends also on the
temperature.

Factors that Affect Solubility: The Nature of Solute and Solvent

The rule like dissolves like where like refers to similarities in polarities of
substances, has useful application for predicting solubilities.
In general, polar and ionic solutes tend to be more soluble in polar solvents and
non-polar solutes tend to be more soluble in non-polar solvents.
Temperature changes affect the solubility of solids, liquids and gases differently.
However, those effects are finitely determined only for solids and gases.
Solids
The effects of temperature on the solubility of solids differ depending on whether
the reaction is endothermic or exothermic

First, consider an endothermic reaction (ΔHsolvation > 0): Increasing the

temperature results in a stress on the reactants side from the additional heat. Le
Chatelier's principle predicts that the system shifts toward the product side in
order to alleviate this stress. By shifting towards the product side, more of the solid
is dissociated when equilibrium is again established, resulting
in increased solubility.

Second, consider an exothermic reaction (ΔHsolvation < 0): Increasing the

temperature results in a stress on the products side from the additional heat. Le
Chatelier's principle predicts that the system shifts toward the reactant side in
order to alleviate this stress.

2
 By shifting towards the reactant's side, less of the solid is dissociated when
equilibrium is again established, resulting in decreased solubility.

General Rules:
Polar and ionic solutes are soluble in polar solvents Non polar solutes are soluble
in non-polar solvents

Tools and Materials:

1) Thermometer.

2) hot water bath.

3) Pipette.

4) Burette.

5) Benzoic acid.

6) NaOH.

7) Distilled water.

8) Phenolphthalein indicator.

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Reading

4
Calculation

AT 45 C

N acid * V acid = N base * V base

N × 10 ml = 0.1 × 3.9

N = 0.039

S1 = N acid * eq . wt. acid * V ml acid / 1000

10
S1 = 0.039 × 122 ×
1000

S1 = 0.04758

AT 55 C

N acid * V acid = N base * V base

N × 10 ml = 0.1 × 5.5

N = 0.055

S2 = N acid * eq . wt. acid * V ml acid / 1000

10
S2 = 0.055 × 122 ×
1000

S2 = 0.04758

5
 0.04758 𝛥𝐻 318−328
Log 0.047582 = 2.303 ×8.314 × 318 ×328

𝛥𝐻 −10
-0.709 = ×
19.147 104304

𝛥𝐻 = 29756

Log S1 = -1.3225

Log S2 = -1.1732

𝑌2− 𝑌1
Slope = 𝑋2−𝑋1

−1.1732+1.3225
Slope = 0.00304−0.00314

Slope = -1493

𝛥𝐻
Slope = 2.303∗𝑅

𝛥𝐻
-1493 = -
19.147

𝛥𝐻 = 2858

6
Discussion

The purpose of this experiment is to find the solubility of benzoic acid and
measuring the differential heat of solution.

Solubility of a salt is usually known as the number of grams of the salt that will
dissolve in 100 grams of water. Solubility is also defined as the maximum amount
of solute dissolves in a solvent to make it a saturated solution at a particular
temperature (https://www.cram.com/subjects/temperature). The temperature is an
important part of the solubility data because, like most chemical processes,
dissolution of a salt is temperature dependent1. However, the behaviour depends
on whether the solubility reaction is an exothermic reaction or an endothermic
reaction.

Why do we need heat to dissolve benzoic acid in water?

The benzoic acid solubility in water is due to hydrogen bond formation and its
increasing solubility with temperature is due to the fact that with increase in
temperature, the hydrogen bonding in water weakens and it re-establishes
hydrogen bond forces with benzoic acid at a particular temperature.

What happens when you add NaOH to benzoic acid?

Adding NaOH will neutralize the benzoic acid producing the benzoate ion,
which now goes into the aqueous layer.

- If we heat the solvent, the average kinetic energies of its molecules increase.
Hence, the solvent is able to dislodge more particles from the surface of the
solute. Thus, increasing the temperature increases the solubilities of
substances. For example, sugar and salt are more soluble in water at higher
temperatures.

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What is the purpose of using indicator solution?

The common application of indicators is the detection of end points of titrations.

The color of an indicator alters when the acidity or the oxidizing strength of the
solution, or the concentration of a certain chemical species, reaches a critical range
of values.

- We need to make sure that the pipette is be warmed before used to avoid the
crystallization of the solutions

Why do we put the solution in a water bath?

It is used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature for an extended

period of time. All water baths have a digital interface or an interface with an
indicator that allows users to set the desired temperature.

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References

(1) P. W. Atkins and J. de Paula, "Physical Chemistry," 9th ed., pp. 172-
173,
Oxford University Press, U.S.A (2010).
(2) F. Daniels and others, "Experimental Physical Chemistry," 6th ed.,
pp. 124-128,
Europe-Asia book company, Taiwan (1956).
(3) O. F. Steinbach and C. V. King, "Experiments in Physical
Chemistry," pp. 89-93,
American book company, U.S.A. (1950).
(4) Reus, M.A.; A.E.D.M. van der Heijden; J.H. ter Horst; Org. Process.
Res. Dev. 2015, 19 (8), 1004-1011.
(5) Vellema, J.; Hunfeld, N.G.M.; Van den Akker, H.E.A.; ter Horst,
J.H.; Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 44, 621-626.
(6) Ter Horst, J.H.; Deij, M. A.; Cains, P. W.; Cryst. Growth Des. 2009,
9 (3), 1531 – 1537.
(7) Chiarella, R. A.; Davey, R. J.; Peterson, M. L. Cryst. Growth Des.
2007, 7 (7), 1223–1226.