Basra University College of science and

Technology
Pharmacy department

Title of Report:
two components system
containing liquid phases
Student Names
‫مريم يونس عبد الجبار‬
:Supervised by
Dr: sajjad hasan

‫شششششششششش‬

1
:Theory
A phase is defined as any homogeneous and physically distinct
part of a system bounded by a surface and is mechanically
separable from other parts of the system. A phase may be
gaseous, liquid or solid. It is perfectly homogeneous and
distinct from every other phase that is present in the system.
There must be a definite boundary between any two phases.
This boundary is known as the interface. Air constitutes a single
phase only as it contains a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor etc., A system consisting of only one phase
is said to be homogeneous. A mixture of two immiscible liquids
such as water and benzene, will exist in two distinct liquid
phases and in addition there will be a vapor phase. Thus, there
will be three phases each separated from the other by a well-
defined bounding surface. A system consisting of more than one
phase is said to be heterogeneous. When various phases are in
equilibrium with one another in a heterogeneous system, there
can be no transfer of energy or mass from one phase to another.
This means that at equilibrium, the various phases must have the
same temperature and pressure and their respective
compositions must remain constant all along. The homogeneous
reversible reactions can be studied using the law of mass action.
For heterogeneous reversible reactions.
Phase rule: is a relationship for determining the least number
required to define the state of the system. (e.g., water & its
vapor is one component two phase system) ethyl alcohol and
water are miscible in all proportions. water and mercury are, for
all practical purposes, completely immiscible regardless of the
relative amounts of each present. Between these two extremes
lies a whole range of systems that exhibit partial miscibility (or
immiscibility). Phenol and water exhibit partial miscibility as
their miscibility affected by two factors conc. and temp.

2
Curve gbhci shows the limits of temperature and concentration
within which two
liquid phases exist in equilibrium. The region outside this curve
contains systems
having but one liquid phase.
Tie line: - is the line drawn across the region of two phases
(conjugate phases) as
each temp. has its own tie line. it is parallel to the base line all
systems prepared
along the tie line at equilibrium separated into two conjugate
phases of constant
composition
Number of components: is the smallest number of constituents
by which the
phase of equilibrium system can be expressed as a chemical
formula or equation.
Upper consulate temp.: is the maximum temp. at
which two phase region exists.
Phase boundary: boundary between phases in a phase diagram

Mass ratio: - is the relative amount by wt. of conjugate phase, it

depends on the
position in tie line & temp.
and composition. In coherent phase boundaries the atomic
configuration of the two
crystals are the same at the boundary plane and the lattices are
continuous across the
boundary.
Triple point: It is the temperature and pressure at which the three
phases (gas,
liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic
equilibrium.
3

3
TOOLS AND MATERIALS

 Phenol
 inserted cylinder
 D. W
 Test tube
 Baker
 Volumetric flask
 Bath Steam heater
 Balance

;Reading

:Calculations

4
Procedure:
5
 1- Prepare following concentration of phenol in test
tube (10ml): 2%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 14%, 40%, 55%,
62%, 65%, and 80%.
2- Put the test tubes in a fixed temperature water
bathe 25oC and keep it for 10 minutes at this
temperature.
3- Take the test tubes out and before temperature
has changed record which on has two phases and
with a single phase.
4- Repeat the work at higher temperatures using the
following, 40oC, 50oC, and 70o C.
5- Draw a curve of temperature versus
concentration, and show the two phases area and
one phase area in the curve.

Discussion;

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We dilute the phenol with the least amount of water Bath
if water is mixed with phenol, two layers are formed, and
the proportion of the two substances in each layer
depends on the temperature. If the two layers are heated,
the amount of water in the phenolic solution and phenol
in the aqueous solution will increase until it reaches the
critical temperature where the concentration of the two
layers becomes equal and then the two liquids become
immiscible. Critical temperature: It is the degree to
which if you count the mixture, each of the two solutions
becomes dissolved in the other for all proportions,
forming a homogeneous solution with one phase.
One phase composition with 2%Because the
concentration or quantity of water is more than the
concentration or quantity of phenol, Mixture occurs
between water and phenol and one phase is formed.
-Two phase composition with 14%Because the
concentration or quantity of phenol is more than the
concentration or quantity of water, there is no mixing of
phenol with water and a two phase is formed.
-Putting the phenol and water solution in a water bath
device to heat the solution to a specific temperature to be
determined and seeing results if the compounds are one
phase or two phase. Sometimes the solution is rich in
water and sometimes rich in phenol. The curved shape
with the apex, which is the region of its melting in and
defines the curve: The outer region of the curve: It shows
one fully mixed layer. Curve region: It consists of two
layers, one of which is rich in phenol. Water and phenol
7
are completely miscible at temperatures if the ratio of
one of them is very high. In general, the greater the
miscibility, the higher the temperature This system
characterizes a maximum critical temperature for
miscibility, which is the temperature above which
miscibility in any proportion of the two components.

REFERENCES: -

8
 Physical and Chemical Principles of Pharmacy 4th
Edition, Alexander T. Florence and David Atwood,
Pharmaceutical Press

 Physical Chemistry 2nd ed. Pergamum, EA

Moelwin Hughes New York

 Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences, 5th edition, Patrick J. Sinko, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins

 Physical and Chemical Principles of Pharmacy 4th

Edition, Alexander T.
 Florence and David Atwood, Pharmaceutical Press

 Physical Chemistry 2nd ed. Pergamum, EA

Moelwin Hughes New York

 Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences, 5th edition,
 Patrick J. Sinko, Lippincott Williams and Wilk