Marketed Dy:

UNIT D.C CIRCUITS AND

A.C CIRcUITS SIA GROUP

1 PART-A
SOLUTIONS
SHORT QUESTIONS WITH
What is a circuit?
01.
or
Ans a circuit comprises
eneTey
from source to load. In general, elements ana
1s d e f n e d as a path
closed that transfers energy supplyingcurrent
A circuit s o u r c e s are batteries,
generators (or) any
and loads usually. The energy is shown in figure.
elements. The.circuit
Wires
sources, connecting motors (or) any current absorbing
(or) lamps (or)
the loads may lights
be
>Connecting
wire

Energy Load
source

Connecting.
wire
Figure

22 Define the following terms:

() Resistor
cLe3p
(i) Inductor elodiay N
of
(ii) Capacitor. opposses
flo Model Paper-ll, Q1(b)
uhich
Ans: elamuk
R e s i s t o r t s
an
a current is passed through it, It is denoted by R'. The

passive element.which absorbs energy whenever

Resistor is a shown in figure (1).
symbolic representation
of a resistor is
R

w
Figure (1)

G Inductor
which stores the energy shown
in
the tormin of magnetic field whenever a current is passed through
Inductor is a passive element representation is figure
(2).
It is denoted by L'and its symbolic L Unls(A)
Figure (2)
STUDENTS
ECTR ALLHN-ONE JOURNAL
FOR
ENGINEERING
SIA GROUP
Ans
In general an ideal practical sóurces are classified as shown in figure (1).
Types of sources

Ideal source Practical source

Ideal voltage Ideal current Practical Practical

current
SOurce source voltage
sOurce
source

Figure (1)
 Circuits)
When indepenaent source and 1.3
dependent source are considered,
then the sources are classified as
Types of sources snoW

Independent Dependent
Source
source

Independent Independent Voltage Current

voltage current
Source dependent dependent
source
source source

Voltage Voltage Current Current

dependent dependent dependent dependent
voltage current voltage current
source source source source

Figure 12)
What is source transformation?

ns:
ource Transformation

Source transformation is a network reduction technique, in which oneform of source is replaced with its another equivalent
into a simple form and hence, calculation can be made easier.
m. Using this technique, a complicated networkcan be converted
source. A practical voltage source always
Basically, there are two types of sources i.e., the voltage source and thecurrent Using
with it. transformation
the source
current source will have aresistor in parallel
avea resistor in series with it and a practicalresistor can be converted to a current source in parallel with the same resistor.
chnique, a voltage source in series with a
source transformation technique.
Two operations can be performed using
source.
source to a current
Converting a given voltage
source.
current source to a voltage
Converting a given
State Kirchhoff's laws.
Model Paper-i, Q1(a)

ns:
rchboff's Current Law (KCL) that, the sum ot the
currents entering any node is equal to the sum ofcurrents leavino
Kirchhofs Current Law (KCL) states
hat node. OR
and leaving the node is zero.

he algebraic sum of currents entering

Figure (1)

From figure (1), +4+1++-/=0

=1+1+1++1 (or)1
Current, E F R I N G STINFNTS S FROUR
 TRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING JNTU-HYne
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
(KVL) Q9. Why are the root mean square v
U-HYDERA
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that, the
sum of all
branch voltages around any closed path in algebraic
a circuit
alternating quantities nore
average values?
importantNaue
tha
is always zero at
all instants of time.
Ans:
The r.m.s value of an alternating
quantíi
important than its average value because of the s.
R reasons. foll
i)
R v, For one complete cycle of an A.C waye
value is zero. Hence, the value ofan alternatin
is based on its r.m.s value rather than averaoe
age va
(ii) The r.m.s value of an alternating quantity
produg
Figure (2) heating effect as that of a D.C quantity.
From figure (2),
(ii) A.C quantities (voltage or current) are
always me
as r.m.s because this
V=V,+ V, permits a meaningful comn
between A.C quantities and D.C quantities.
Q7. Write short note on
following, (iv) All the instruments even if they do not
() Mesh analysis value will be calibrated to display them. meas
(i) Nodal analysis. (v) Many of the techniques used in measuring instr
are based on
Ans: evaBuating quantities which are propr
to the square of current or
Mesh Analysis
voltage.
(vi) The r.m.s value of an alternating quantity
Mesh analysis is also known as loop analysis. It is used effective value. represer
to determine voltage and currents of planar electrical
circuits. This method uses Q10. What is form factor of an
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law alternating quant
(KVL). Ans:
Model Paper
(i) Nodal Analysis Form Factor
Nodal analysis is also known
as node-voltage
(or) branch current method. It is used to find analysis
Form factor is defined as the ratio of r.m.s value r
the potenial age value of the wave.
difference between the nodes in terms of branch currents.
This analysis uses the Kirchhoff
s Current Law (KCL). i.e, Form factor = rms
08. Define average value and R.M.S value.
The value of form factor
Ans: waveform of an depends upon the shar
alternmating quantity.
Average Value The least value of form
factor is 1 for square
It is the value of direct current which gives same amount rectangular wave. If we consider the altenating wa
of charge to the network in same time as given by the alternat- sinusoidal wave where the quan
its value is 1.11. voltage and current vary sinRUSO
ing current to the samé electrical network. For any alternating
quantity, the average value is given as,
V

Average value S).dt

R.M.S Value TW2 T 27T t

It is defined as the square root of the average of the
squares of its instantaneous values over one complete cycle.
In general, for an alternating quantity, the R. M. S value is
given as,
Figure
R . M . S v a l u e ==
s).dt
0
For sine wave, form
factor V,N21
0.637p
Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO on the TITLE COvED e r hr
1.8 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [JNTU-HYne
a22. Compare between star and delta connection of 3-0 system.
HYDERA
Ans
Model Pape
Star Connection Delta Connectionn
The pictorial representation of star connection is given 1. The pictorial representation of delta
as,
connection
given as,
R
-R

-Y
-B -B
2. In star connection the relation between load
voltage 2 In delta connection the relation between load vote
and phase voltage is given as, and phase voltage is given as,

3. In star connection, the relation between load current 3. In delta connection the relation between load
and phase current is given as, cu
and phase current is given as,

3
A23. Write the relation between phase values and line values in star and delta connected systems.
Ans
Star Connection
The relation between line voltage and phase voltage is,
 Whenever a D.C. supply is given across a capacitor, it acts as open circuit.

a26. Distinguish between active and passive elements with suitable examples.
Ans:
Model Pape
Active Elements Passive Elements
1. Active element is an element which can energize a 1. A passive element is an element which consumetheen
circuit or network, i.e., it delivers a net amount of. being delivered by an active element. Some passive
energy. elements stores energy.
2. Active elements supply energy. 2 Passive elements utilize electrical energyeither by
converting or storing it.
3. Active elements can supply an average power for an 3. Passive elements cannot supply average power greater
infinitetimetoexternaBcircuit. than zero for an infinite time to external circuit.
4. Examples of active elements are, 4. Examples of passive elements are,

Voltage source and (i) Resistor

(i) Current source. i ) Inductor and (ii) Capacitor.

) Voltage Source Resistor

Voltage source is one which maintains constant Resistor converts electrical energy into heat energ

voltage at its terminal irrespective of the load.

Units are volts (V).

v, R(2)

(ii) Current Source () Inductor

denoted byL
is which delivers a current Units of inductor is Henry (H) and it
Current source one

It stores the energy in the form

of magnetic helu
with respect to load. Units are Ampere (A).
 1.12 KVL and KCL, Analysis of Simplee
Circuits with D.CExcitation
a29 State and explain Kirchhoff's laws.
Ans: Model Paper-V, Q2

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

This law states that "thesum ofthe currents entëringinto

any node.is equal to the sunm of the currents leaving that node"
Whentwo or more branches are interconnected in any.parallel
circuit, the junction point is called the node

IDENTS SIA GROUP 2

 1.16 BASIC ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
IJNTU-HYDr.
Consider the circuit shown in figure (1).
Consider the following circuit
1 V 2
diagram. HYDERABL
- 3 24
R +
Ra

Figure (1)
The current/
entering the
I,11 and I, which flows out ofnode P isP.divided into currents Figure (3)
Kirchhoff's current law, we node Therefore, with the
have, The voltage
current passes
drop occurs acrOss each
I=1+1,+I,+1, i.e., current in node Pis equal total through the circuit. The sum resistor
of the voltsa
current around the loop will be
leaving node P. to The voltages at equal to the total votage inltags
points 1, 3, 5, 7 will be more th
If nodeQ is considered, Kirchhoff's points 2, 4, 6,8.
same as current law will be
as
comE
applied to node P.
Therefore, from the Kirchhoff's
+1+ +I,=I voltage law, we
Consider the following
V V,+V,+ V, +V
figure (2). The current
supplied by the voltage
voltage law. sourve
obtained through Kirchhoff's
Using Ohm's law, the voltage across
given by, each resa

V-IR, V IR, V,= IR, V=R,

Then from Kirchhoff's voltage law, we
have
V=V+V,+ V, +V
V
IR, +IR,+ IR,+ IR,

R+R2 +R3 +R4

Q30. Three equal resistances are available.
F
(i) Two ratios of the
equivalent resist
when they are
Figure (2) connected in paralle
(i) The ratio of the current
Applying Kirchhoff's current law to the figure (2), we have,
through
elements when they are conne
++l,+1+1 parallel.
Ans:
,+1+h--11-1,-0 ) Two Ratios of the
Therefore,from the above relation it is clear that
thee are Connected in
Equivalent Resistances W
algebraic sum of all
currents meeting at a node is zero. Parallel
Note
Kirehhof's Voltage Law (KVL)
s can
This law states that the The two ratios of the equivalent
resistan
algebraic sum of all branch tained if and only if there are two
combinations e
voltages around any closed path in a circuit is always zero at Hence, finding the equivalent
all instants of time" resistances
or
resistances wheu hey are connected in series
a
Avoltage drop occurs due to the loss of energy whenever nected in parallel.
the current passes through a resistor. The direction of current Series Combination
should be taken such that it leaves the positive terminal of the resis

voltage source and enters the negative terminal as the current The series combination of the three equaid
as shown in figure (1). Let a voltage Vis apple
always flows from higher to lower potential. 1s
flowing through the circuit.
Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO on the TITLE CoVER before you buy
 3 S2
Current I'is the sum of the currents of1, wW-
and 7,
OW applying
the current and
current division rute for figure (3) to find
7, I,
109
Current. 1,=1x R4R 10v
SA

Current, I,=I'x

Therefore, as the resistances

equal, a current of
are Figure (1)
1s
tiowing through each resistor when
they are connected in Step I
parallel.
is,
1herefore ratio of currents
flowing through each resistor In the given electrical network, nodes A. R.
identified.
32 B
A
w
=1:1:1
Q31. With an
example, explain in detail
about Nodal
analysis.
5A
102
5 10Vv
May/June-17, (R13), Q2(a)
OR
What is nodal
example.
analysis? Explain it with an
C
Ans:
Model Paper-, Q2(a)
Nodal analysis is also called as Figure (2)
or the
"branch current method"This method"node-voltage analysis"
is carried out
Step II
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL). using
Select node C as the reference node.
Nodal analysis is
between the nodes in anused to find out the potential difference Step III
electrical circuit. KELisOpptied atT
each of theelectrical nodes and potential difference between Here, the voltages at nodes A
the nodes is determined in terms of branch cúrrents. assign variables and Bare unknown
In
V and V, to them.
an electrical circuit Step IV
Pnodes is chosen as containing Pnodes, one out
the reference node. Hence, for an of the
circuit containing'P' nodes a tótal electrical
VA 32
P-1 node of P-1 node equations VB 12
voltages are obtained. and A
Steps Involved in Nodal Analysis B
1.
ldentify all the nodes (i.e., the points where
connected) in a given electrical circuit. elements are SA 102
2. From the
5 10v
identified nodes, select
reference node. one node as the
3. Assign the variables to the nodes whose
unknown. voltages are
4. Apply KCL at each of the unknown
node voltages. Figure (3)
5. Solve the system of
simultaneous equations
obtained by the application of KCL at which are
Applying KCL at node A, we
each of the get,
Example nodes.
-5
Determine the currents in each branch
the node voltage
equations for the electrical and also write Applying KCL at node B,
figure (1). network shown in we get,
ok for the SIA
GROUP LOGO on
1
the
TITLE CoVER hetnrn ins
 A NIT-1 (D.C Circuits and A.C
Circuits)
StepV
he performance equatie
Solving the system of simultaneous
weget,
equations (1) and (2), by.
V-V-R
10v 13V-10V =150 The terminal voltage
is

-5V+23V =150 current of 1 A.

VA=19.89 Volts V-,-,R
VR=10.84 Volts 120 V-1 xR
votage is
Current in 10 Q branch= 4 The terminal
10 current of 2 A.

19.89 V-V-R

4, B and C 10 100 V-2R

Soiving equation
(2) a
F1.989 Amps
120 V - R

Current in 5 2 branch =
V
5
100 V, -2R

10.84 20 R
5 Internal resistance, R
10V 2.168 Amps Now, substituting R

Current in 3 2 branch= 3
120 V,-20
V,= 120+2
19.89-10.84

3 Open circuit voltage

Short circuit current
3.01 Amps

V-10
Current in 12 branch= 1
10,84-10 Q33. Determine v, andi
figure.
known.Hen
=0.84Amps
voltage
20
terminal

has a A. When the

1A. When
032. Acert
rain
voltage
source

load
current is
is 100 V.
the voltage
of120 Vwhen terminal
of the
voltage
2A, the
Current is
internal
resistance

short
circuit 12v
and
u l a t e the voltage
circuit

source
Cur
open
lgidlune-17, (R16), Q3(b)
Current.
. E p i a i n in detail about different representations of sinusoidal quantities.
ARS: (May/June-17, (R16), a3(a) | Model Papera
v n s oms that are employad for representing sinusoidal quantity are.
Compiex form (or) rectangular formn
Tngonometric form
Eponential faom
Polar form
Complex Form or Rectangular Form
i s foem he AC quantiy is represented as sum of real and imaginary part.
Ai)a-jb

a Real part and

b imagnary pat

Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO on the TLE COVER before you buy
 Nd A.C Circui

of
This formn of cuits) 1.29

and
representation is basically used
Ifa, +jb a,+jb, are two whenever have
we have to add or subtract two A.C quantities.

Sum-(a+ a) +j{6, +b alternating quantities then,

Difference (a, -a)+j{b, -b)
i) Trigonometric Form
Therepresentation of Sinusoidal
imaginary part with A| sine. quantity in trigonometric real part with 4|
cosb and i s
obtained by replacing
etric form is obtained
Mathematically,
athematicallyeit is repias the
A()=4|cosß+ M| sine given as,
= 4|(cose+jsin6)

(ii) Exponential Form

Trigonometric form of sinusoidal excitation. From the Euler's formula, we have,

e cose +jsine
The above expression is derived from the
series expansion of sine and consine functions. The complex Tunc
a t j b can also be written as Z= re"by using theconversion formula between polar and rectangular form.

We have,

=1+ , , f.
= 1 +j0-

cos=1- +...and sin6=6-

=
cose +jsine.
division of complex
number
can be computed more easier than polar form.
Using exponential form multiplication and

At)=4|eA
form of representing sinusoidal
quantity
called the exponential
The above expression is

(iv) Polar Form phase angle i.e.,

its magnitude and
A.C quantity
is represented by
in this form the
A)=A Z8

Where,
and
A = Magnitude

= Phase angle. ifr ised whenever

whenever we
we have to multiply or divide two A.C quantities
used
basically
is
This form of representation
then,
quantities
two
A.C
If A,40 AL0,
are

Product-4|,+;
OuoientL9 STUDENTS
ST
SIA
FOR
ENGINEERING -

GROUP E
SPECTR ALL-HN N-ONE
JOURNAL
 A.C Circuits)
What is form 1.31
Q42. of an tor
Explain its significance.
alternating quantity? In figure (2) shown above, the
sinusoidal wave A4

wave B with
Ans: sinusoidal
represents the reference wave and the 90°.
to the right by
Form Factor dotted line is the whose phase is shifted
wave
waveform B is saia to
the phase difference is 90° and the
nce other words
wavetorm
For answer refer Unit-I, Q10, ing behind waveform A by 90°. In
A Is leading waveform B by 90.
significance of Form Factor its
also be represents
in terms of
sine wave can
ne phasor diagram.
gives the peakiness of the
It and angular position by using a
whose
waveform. agnitude
of 60° and 120
the greate
will be the value
of form factor andPeakier the wave Consider
two cases i.e., for angles
vice-versa. phasor diagrams are shown below.
For example, if we compare the
sine and square waves. 900
o sine wave is peakier than square wave.
So the sîne wave
alue
has greater valu of form factor than
square wave. The form
factor is useful in rectifier circuits.

043. Explain the concept of phase and phase

600
difference 0

Model Paper-ll, Q3 180

Ang
V(vots)

270
31t
2t Figure (3)
x (rad) 90
2

Figure (1) 120°

better
360
difference can be
and phase The term 180
The concept ofphase (1).
sinusoidalwave
shown in figure
Cxplainedusinga wave) is definedas
an angular
(here sine (here sine
of a given specifiesthe positionoffhat wavediierence
wave
Pnase

UCasurèment
that
referencewhereas,
theterrm phase two_waves.

to a 270°
vave)relative phase-between
difference in considered
a s the
sdefined figure (1) is Figure (4)
shown in shifted
left
sinusoidal
wave wave
is
Tf the s i n u s o i d a l
shifts
of the a r r o w
a phasephase above figures, the length
as the reference wave
and any
there
occurs
In both the sinusoidal wave with
then this the magnitude ofthe
wave
and
due to
ating 1 and 2 is
respectively. In this way the
eference
or right to this wave
shifts

formingand
angle diference of 60° and 120°
a phase
shifted
ie., the phase of t
f the in the
phase
at instant can be expressed as a positive
d i f f e r e n c e
d+ierence. position ofa phasor any m e a n s that when the phase
occut a
shift, thereOcCurs as phase
or negative angle. Negative angle i.e.,
example-90°. For this condition,
known

difference is negative for

waves
between the two
clockwise direction
the angle is measured in
negative angle,
V(volts from 0 whereas, positive angles
are measured anticlockwise

from 0.
is superposed
Q44. Prove that if a D.C current ofmos maximum
e(degrees) currént of
in a conductor by an A.C
value of the resultant is
value Iamps, the r.m.s.

90

STUDENTS
SIA GROUP 2
Figure(2) ENGINEERING

FOR
10URNAL
r
 ATLS)
2 Analysis of 1.39
e-Phase
Three- Signal Phanase A.
and Current Balanced Circuits,ircuits.
Relations
(iv) Admittance
in Star andVoltage of impedance. It is
denoted

O47. Explain the following,

Connections Delta
Admittance is the reciprocal
by Yand measured in 'mho (5) or siemens"(s)
encountered in the
The concept of admittance is usually
(Impedance A.C parallel circuits.
whose value is given
()Reactance Consider an arbitrary impedance,
by,
(ii) Susceptance Z (R+ jX) 2
it
(iv) Admittance. Since, the admittance is the reciprocal of impedance,
is given by,
Ans: Model Paper-l, Q2(a) Y =
1
) Impedance (REjX)
get,
rationalizing the denominator,
we
On
For answer refer Unit-I, Q13, Topic: Impedance.
Reactance
I ( R jX)
R t jX) (R4 jA)
For answer refer Unit-1, Q13, Topic: Reactance.
Y =
(RTX)
i) Susceptance
(R+X)
Susceptance is the imaginary part of admittance. R
Y
t is usually denoted by B and measured
in "mho' (U) or (R+X)(R +X*)
siemens'(s).
Y=G T jB
The concept of susceptance (B) is often encountered Where,
are considered."*
whenever the admittancès R

The significance of susceptance is that,

it predicts the Conductance, G R?+X
either inductive or capacitive.
ature of electrical circuits as X
() given Susceptance, B= + p? +X
For example, consider an arbitrary admittance
in
are measured
and susceptance
Both conductance

mho (5). is inductive

thät ifimpedance (Z)
Further, it is to be noted
YRjX) in nature then,
admittance () would be capacitive
in nature and

Rationalizing the
denominator, we get, vice-versa.
an A.C through R-L
Q48. Explain
the behavior of
(RTjX) series circuit.
(Rt jX)(RTJA)
Ans:
(RTiX) R-L Series Circuit

Y = (R+X) ConsiderRL series circuit consisting

an
of a resistor of
connected to
with an inductance of L Henrys
R
t
R Ohm in series
as shown in figure (1).
Y an A.C supply
(RX RS L'H

Y= (G F jB)U
-V -V
Where, susceptance,

X
B =
(R+X*)
( R + 2 (nduetive
susceptance)

( R + 2 a p a c i t i v e susceptance) Figure (1: R-L Series Circuit

STUDENTS
SIA GROUP
ENGINEERING

FOR
1 O I R N A L

ONE