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GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
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BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO
PHAN NGOC LifiN (T6ng Chu bien kiem Chu bien)
NGUYfiN NGOC CO (dong Chu bien)
NGUYfiN HUU CHi - Lfi VINH QUOC - TRINH DINH TUNG
NGUYfiN TRONG VAN - TRAN THI VINH
LICH SU
NANG CAO
(Tai ban ldn thu:nhat)
NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xuat ban Giao due - Bo Giao due va Dao tao
720 - 2007/CXB/663 - 1371/GD Ma so : NH 11 ?T8

E
h a n mot
LICH SLTTHE GIOI
•
CA!\I D A I

Chuang I
CAC CUOC CACH MANG TU SAN
(Tir giua the ki XVl den cuoi the ki XVIII)
CACH MANG HA LAN GI0A THE KI XVI
Vao giua the ki X V l , CLIQC dau t i a n h ( ua nhan dan N e - d e c - l a n ' ' '
chong lai ach thong trj cua Vuang quoc l a y Ban Nha da tro thanh cupc
each mang tu sun dau t i e n , m a dau mpt t h o i dai m a i t r o ng lie h su
lt)ai nguai — thai can dai.
I - TINH HINH NE-DEC-LAN GILfA THE KI XVI
1. Sy phat then kinh tei cua Ne-dec-lan

Vao cuoi the' ki XV - dû the ki XVL ndn san xuat tu ban ehu nghia ra doi 6
chau Au. Viing dat Ne-dec-lan luc bay gia eo ndn kinh te eong thuang nghiep
manh nhat chau Au. San xuat trong cac cong truong thii cong phat trien, tieu bie'u
la cac xuong nau duong, lam xa phong o An-vec-pen ; det vai. luyen kim a Lu-do.
Nhieu thanh thi tro thanh trung tam san xua't, thuong mai lon nhu : Lay-den,
U-trech, Am-xtec-dam. An-vec-pen. Nhieu ngan hang duge thanh lap va dong vai
tro quan trong trong nen kinh te dat nude.
Giai cap tu san s6m ra dcri. co the luc ve kinh te' nhu a Am-xtec-dam va An-vee-pen.
D6ng thdfi, thg thu cong va nong dan bi pha san tro thanh cong nhan lam thue trong
cac cong truong thu cong. Tang lop thi dan ngheo dong dao hon. Xa hoi tu ban a
Ne-dec-lan luc bay gio da buoc dau hinh thanh.
^ ^ NhCmg sukien nao chifng to kinh tecua Ne-declan phat then ?
i 1) Ne-dec-lan (nghla la "vung dat thip"): ten gpi viing d^t bao g6m lanh tho hai nirdc Ha Lan va Bl ngay nay.

2. Cupc dau tranh cua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan chong ach thong trj
Tay Ban Nha
CuO'i the' ki XV. Ne-dec-lan con le thupc Ao. den the ki XVI lai ehiu sir
thong tri eiia Virong trieu Tay Ban Nha. Hang nam, nhan dan Ne-dec-lan phai
nop thue bang 2/5 ngan sach chung (ma dien tich ciia viing dat nay chi bang 67r tOng sd
dien tich ca Vuong qude). Vua Tay Ban Nha dan ap nhiJng ngudi chong lai dao
Thien Chiia (xir chem dan ong. chon song hoae thieu chet dan ba. tich thu tai san ciia
nhung ngudi theo "di giao"...). Hang hoa nhap vao Ne-dee-lan phai ehiu thue rat cao,
thucfng nhan Ne-dee-lan bi han che buon ban vdi cae thupe dia cua Tay Ban Nha.
Cac tang Idfp nhan dan Ne-dec-lan nhieu lan ndi day ehdng aeh thdng tri ciia
Tay Ban Nha. Hp diing nhieu hinh thu'c dau tranh nhu : su diing tha ca de che gieu.
da ki'ch nha thd Thien Chiia. dap pha tugng Thanh, vu trang chdng chi'nh quyen
phong kien... Tang k'jp quy tpc lap Thod Kdc quy tgc, ddi giam sd luong giam muc,
trieu tap hpi nghi cac dang cap. Giai cap tu san eung lap Thod uac thuang nhan.
doi tu do kinh doanh.
^ ^ HhQng nguyen nhan nao dan tdi cuoc dau tranh cua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan
chd'ng chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha ?
ll - DIEN BIEN CUA CACH MANG

Cach mang Ha Lan trai qua 2 giai doan :
1. Giai doan 1 5 6 6 - 1572
Thang 8 - 1566. cupc dau tranh cua nhan dan Ne-dee-lan ehdng Tay Ban Nha
tro thanh mpt lan sdng manh me. Hp pha nha thd Thien Chiia, liing bat cac giam
muc (gpi la "Phong trao pha tugng Thanh"). Thang 10 - 1566. phong trao Ian rpng
ra 12 tinh (trong sd 27 linh) ciia Ne-dec-lan. Chfnh quyen Tay Ban Nha phai
nhugng bp (cac toa an ton giao tam ngiing hoat dpng. eho phep dao Canvanh
hanh le). nhung van tim each dan ap phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan Ne-dec-lan.
Thang 8 - 1567, 18 000 quan Tay Ban Nha dugc phai sang chie'm dong toan
bp lanh thd Ne-dec-lan. Chiing giet hai nhieu ngudi. cudp bde, dot pha khap noi.

Quy tpc ldp tren cua Ne-dec-lan,
dugc su giiip dd eua nude ngoai, lap mot
dpi quan danh thue dua v6 nudc de lat do
aeh thdng tri Tay Ban Nha, song bi danh
tan vao nam 1568.
Tuy vay, cupc chien dau eua nhan dan
Ne-dee-lan van tiep dien va thu duge
nhieu thdng lgi. Thang 4 - 1572. quan
khdi nghia giai phong nhieu viing rpng
ldn d mien Bdc. Mgt sd quy tpc tu san
hoa a Ne-dec-lan, dung dau la Vin-hem
Hinh 1. V. 0-ran-gia 6-ran-gio. tham gia quan khdi nghla
(1533 - 1584)
chdng Tay Ban Nha va tim each gianh
quyen lanh dao phong trao dau tranh.
^ ^ Nhi/ng sukien nao the hien thai do cua nhan dan lao dong, quy toe, tu san
Ne-dec-lan trong cuoc dau tranh chong chinh quyen Tay Ban Nha de giai
phong dat nudc ?
2. Giai doan 1 5 7 2 - 1648
Vucfng trieu Tay Ban Nha tie'p tuc dieu quan sang Ne-dec-lan de cudp pha.
giet hai nhan dan. Tieu bieu la vu ddt chay thanh An-vec-pen ngay 4 - 1 1 - 1 5 7 6 ,
lam nhieu ngudi chet, mpt trung tam thuang mai bi pha huy.
Nhan dan Ne-dec-lan thanh lap Uy ban Quan If xa hpi, gom da sd dai bie'u la lu
san va binh dan, de thdng nhat cac luc lugng khang chien va quy dinh che dp thue.
Hg dau tranh chdng khuynh hudng thpa hiep. dau hang eua quy toe va tu san
ldp tren - nhiing ngudi chii truong tin phuc vua Tay Ban Nha.
Ngay 23 - 1 - 1579, dai bieu cac tinh mien Bae Ne-dec-lan hgp d U-lrech, tuyen
bd thdng nha't he thdng tien te, do ludng. td chiic quan su, xae dinh chi'nh saeh ddi
ngoai. Dao Canvanh dugc cdng nhan la qudc giao. quyen tu do tfn ngudng duge ton
trong. Thang 7 - 1581, vua Tay Ban Nha Phi-lip II vdi tu caeh ddng thdi la vua
Ne-dec-lan bi phe truat. Hpi nghi Cac dang cap ciia nhiilig tinh mien Bdc trd thanh
eo quan quyen luc tdi cao. Tren Ihuc te, cac tinh nay trd thanh mpt nudc cpng hpa
vdi ten goi ehfnh thurc la Cac tinh Lien hiep hay Ha Lan (ten mot tinh cd vai trd
quan trpng nhat trong Cac tinh Lien hiep) va Thii do la Am-xtee-dam.

Viec thanh lap Cac tinh Lien hiep danh dau budc thdng lgi cua cupc dau tranh
lau dai chdng su thdng trj cua chfnh quyen phong kien Tay Ban Nha. Nhung chi'nh
quyen Tay Ban Nha chua ehiu eong nhan Ha Lan va cudc ehien tranh lai
tiep dien. Nam 1609, Hiep dinh dinh chien dugc kf ket, nhung mai den nam 1648,
Tay Ban Nha mdi chfnh thue eong nhan nen ddc lap cua Cae tinh Lien hiep.
^ Trinh bay nhOng net chinh ve di§n bien cua Cach mang Ha Lan qua cac giai doan.
Ill - KET QUA VA Y NGHIA LICH Stf

1. Ket qua
Cach mang Ha Lan thdng lgi, che dp thdng tri eua phong kien Tay Ban Nha d
Ne-dec-lan bi lat dd, md dudng eho chii nghia tu ban phat trien. Viee san xuat trong
cac nganh nghe det len. det vai, nhuom, in. thuy tinh va ehe tao kfnh quang hpe...
dugc day manh. Thuang nghiep phat trien, nhieu tau thuyen cua Cac tinh Lien hiep
hoat dpng nhpn nhip trong va ngoai nude. Vao dau the ki XVII, Am-xtec-dam cd
den 10 van dan, tiep nhan hang nghin tau thuyen thudng xuyen ra vao cang, budn
ban vdi cae nude Anh, Phap, Nga. An Dp... Cac cong ti thuong mai ciia Ha Lan nhu ;
"Cdng ti Phuang Ddng", "Cong ti Dong An"... khong ehi md rgng viec buon ban
vdi nhieu nudc tren the gidi ma cdn tie'n hanh viee xam ehiem thugc dia.
In-do-ne-xi-a trd thanh thuoc dia ldn nhat ciia Ha Lan.
- , y.
m'mmm^mm
Hinh 2. Mot goc hdi cdng Am-.\tcc-dam theki XV//
2. Y nghia
Cupc dau tranh eua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan chdng ach thdng tri ciiaVuong trieu
Tay Ban Nha la mpt cudc chien tranh giai phdng dan tgc. ddng thdi eiing la cupc
each mang tu san dau tien tren the gidi, md ddu thdi dai mdi - thdi can dai - vdi
su thdng lgi ciia chii nghla tu ban ddi vdi che dp phong kien.
7
Dgng lue chii yeu ciia each mang la qudn ehung nhan dan (nong dan. thg thu
cong. thi dan ngheo); giai cap tu san la luc lugng lanh dao, chi'nh quyen thupc ve
tay giai cap tu san lien ket vdi quy tpc. Tuy mdi chi giai phdng duge cac tinh mien
Bdc. cdn duy tri nhieu tan tfch phong kien, nhung mpt qudc gia dpe lap da ra ddi
va phat trien theo con dudng tu ban chii nghla.
^ Neu ket qua va han che cCia Cach mang Ha Lan.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Quan sat hinh 2 va neu nhi/ng bieu hien chLrng to si; phat trien kinh te cua hai cang
Am-xtec-dam vao the ki XVll.
2. Vi sao cupc dau tranh giai phong dan toe cua nhan dan Ne-dec-lan dirge xem la
cupc each mang tu san ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Chinh quven Tav Ban Nha dan ap nhumg ngaui yeu naac Ne-dec-lan
Bai cii ai, dii la tu san, quy tpc hay binh dan a Ne-dec-lan. neii chong lai CLTU giao la
bi tif hinh. Dan ong thi bi chat dau hay treo cd, dan ba thi bi chon song ma khong can
xet xir, dieu tra ; toan bo lai san bi tich thu... Toi ac ciia bpn xam luoc ngay cang
chPng chat : "Hpi dong mau" cua vien tudng An-va da xet xii 15 000 nguai. ket tpi
10 000 nguoi, xti chem htm ! 000 ngucri.
(Theo : Phan Ngpc Lien (Chii bien). Ha Lan. Ddi nmrc -
Con ngudi - Lich su, NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Npi.
H., 1999, tr. 98)
Tuyen bo cua Dong minh U-trech (1579)
- Co quan quy^n luc cao nhat cua Dong minh la H6i nghi Ba cap gom dai bieu cac
tinh. CO quyen quyet dinh nhiJTig cong viec quan trpng nhu tuyen chien, dinh chien.
ki hoa udc. ban hanh phap luat va che dp thue khoa.
- Thong nhat he thong ti^n te, do luong. 16 chuc quan su va chi'nh sach doi ngoai.
- Theo dao Canvanh, nhung vin dam bao cho ngucri dan dupc tu do tin nguang.
(Theo : Vu Duong Ninh (Chu bien). Lich su vdn minh nhdn loai,
NXB Giao due. H.. 1997. Ir. 160-- I6l)

c u o c CACH MANG TlTSAN ANH

GI0A THE KI XVH
Sau each mang Ha Lan gan mot the ki, mot cuoc each mang khat da
nd ra a A n h . Day la cugc each mang l u san co .inh huang rong lan va
CO y nghia sau sac ddi vdi su phat trien cua chu nghia t u ban.
I - NHLTNG TIEN DE CUA CACH MANG
1, Sir phat trien kinh te

Dudi thdi vua Sac-lo I. thudc Vuong trieu Xtiu-dt, Anh la mpt nudc quan chii
chuyen che. Rugng dat thupc quyen sd hifu cua quy tgc dia chu. Tuy vay. tir giua
the' ki XVI, quan he kinh te tien te da tham nhap vao nong thon Anh, lam thay ddi
CO cau kinh te va phuong thu'c kinh doanh : lanh ehiia phong kien va mpt bo phan
nong dan chuye'n sang nudi cCru, lay long de ban ; nhieu cong trudng thu cdng
chuyen san xuat len da xuat hien va phat trien.
Mui so di;.! chu duoi la dicn. bicn ruong dat ihiuih mot \iing rong kVn nii ap tiung
phucmg ilurc canh uic mdi . huac irong cd nuoi ciru. Nong dan bi duoi khoi dong
ruong. mot bo phiin di linn ihuc clio dia chu. i|u\ loc. duoc ir.i lien cong. Hi> san MUU
ngu\cn lieu \ a ihuc pliani dc cung cap cho ilii iruong nga\ cimg ma rong.
Ngoai nganh san xua't len da ndi tieng, nhieu nganh cong nghiep khae cua Anh
cung ldn manh. Nhirng nam trude 1640. san lugng than khai thac dAnh chiem 4/5
tdng san lugng than ciia chau Au. Cac nganh luyen sdt. thiec, che thuy tinh. lam xa
phdng, ddng tau cung phat trien nhanh. Nhieu ngan hang ra ddi. Viec buon ban
phat dat, nhung phan ldn do thuong nhan Anh chi phdi.
lliUiTiig nhan .-\nh nam giiir \iec xuai kliau len. \ai \ a \iec iiluip khau cac loai soi
(bong cua .-XJI D O va Bae M i ; to cua Trung Quoc. I-ia-li-a \iii TaN Ban .\lui ; lanh cua
Ai-len va Bae M i l ,
Diu the' ki XVII, Anh la nudc cd nen kinh te phat trien nhai chau Au.
^ ^ Quan he kinh te tu ban chu nghTa tham nhap vao nong thon Anh nhu the nao
va ket qua ra sao ?

2. Nhung bien doi ve xa hoi
Ddng dao ndng dan bi dudi khdi rugng dat phai ra thanh thi, lam thue trong cac
cdng xudng hay di cu sang Tay ban cdu. Mpt sd dia chu, quy tpc ehuyen sang kinh
doanh theo ldi lu ban chu nghia, trd thanh nhung quy toe m&i.
Tiing l(V[i qu\ toe mai o.Ailli bao gom inol so L|U\ loe cii. \an tiuN ui nliCrng ilac i|u\en
phong kien nhirng da chu\en hirinig trong canh tiic nhu trong co nuoi ciru dc ban long
cho cac cong trucfni: ihu cong. Trtirig so quv ipc moi na\ con cti ihuitng nlian. nguai cho
\a\ lai. hp d;i sa hiai ruong dal \a cd lUde \i qu\ tpc do nha \ua ban clio. Quy tpc mdi
lit lang kVp L|U\' uic dii ur siui Iioa. giu \ai tro liVn irong qua iruih each mang.
Cung vdi su phat trien cua nen kinh te. nhieu thanh phd ldn mpc len. Thu do
Luan Ddn trd thanh mgt trung tam tai chinh, cong nghiep va thuong mai bae nhai
chau Au, vdi sd dan tuong ddi dong vao thdi dd (64 van ngudi).
Hinh 3. Qiuing canh Liuiii Don theki X\'!I
Nhung bien ddi ve kinh te. xa hpi lam cho mau thu^n trong nude them gay gat.
Nha m(v^ phong kien dua \ao qu\ ipc \a Giao hpi .\n\\ de can iro \ iec kmli doanh
cua lU san \ii quy toe moi (nhieu thue mai dupe dat ra. Nha nuac nam doc qu\en
ihuiTiig mai,..i. \ i \a\. ben canh mau iliuan \on co gitra nong dan va quy lpe dia chu.
dî iia\ sinh man ihuan giua ui sLin \.i qu\ lot ni(»i \ai che do quan chu.
Nhung mau thudn nay ddn tdi cupc da'u tranh chdng che' dp phong kien chuyen
ehe. nham tao dieu kien cho kinh te tu ban chii nghla phat trie'n.
^p Tmh hinh xa hoi nudc Anh trudc each mang co nhOng net noi bat nao ?

II - DifiN BIEN CUA CACH MANG
Cupc each mang Anh dien ra qua 2 giai doan chinh :
1. Giai doan 1642 - 1648
6 Anh, Qudc hpi dugc thanh lap vao the ki XIII. nhung tir dau the ki XVII
khdng cdn hoat dgng vi su chuyen che cua nha vua. Thang 4 - 1640, do cdn tien
de dan ap cugc khdi nghia eua ngudi Xcd't-len chdng lai viec hg bi cudng biic theo
Anh giao'"'. vua Sac-lo I budc phai trieu tap Qudc hgi.
Quoc hpi. gom da so lii dai bieu qu> loe nnri \ii lu san. kich liet eong kich nhung
chinh sach bao nguoe cua niia \iui. khong phe du\et cac khoan ihue mai \ii neu ra
mpt so yeu sach dupc nhan dan ung ho. Quoc hoi eimg doi kiem soai quan dpi. liii
chinli \ii Giao hoi.
Tuy nha vua phai nhugng bp mpt sd yeu sach cua Qudc hpi, nhung vdn ehuan
bi lire lugng ehdng lai. Nhan dan phan ddi nha vua quyet liet.
Thang 1 - 1642. Sac-lo I chay len mien Bdc, dua vao quy toe phong kien d day
de chdng lai Qudc hpi. Ngay 22 - 8 - 1642, nha vua tuyen chien vdi Qudc hpi.
Cupc npi chien bat ddu.
Ban dau. Lpiaii dpi Quo'c hpi bi danh bai vi luc lupng cua nha vua dupc trang
hi tPi \ii ihien chien. Nhirng ngiroi ehi lui\ quim dpi Quoc hpi lai chia re.
mpt so ngutii muon ihoa hiep \(Vi phe Bao hoimg. hp ihieu mot duong loi
ehien lupc \ii qu>el lani chien thiu.
Dugc su ung hg ciia qudn chiing nhan dan, 0-li-vo Crdm-oen da tien hanh eai
each quan dpi. Ong td ehiie mpt dpi quan. gdm ehii yeu la ndng dan, cd ki luat. cd
ti'nh chie'n dau cao, duge ggi la "Dpi quan sudn sdt".
Ngay 14 - 6 - 1645, quan dpi eua Sac-la I thua tran va sau dd nha vua bi bdt.
Sau khi trdn thoat, den miia xuan 1648 nha vua lai tiep tuc tien hanh cupe ehien
tranh ehdng Qude hpi, nhung that bai va bi ket an tu hinh. Cupc ngi chien ket thiic.
^ ^ Cupc Cach mang tu san Anh dien ra nhu the nao trong nhiyng nam
1642 - 1648 ?
111 Anh gido : Giao hpi ra doi vao the ki XVI. Anh giao dua tren co so giao li eua dao Kilo, nhung ve lo chuc ihi
lach khoi Giao hpi R6-ma. Ngirch dimg dau Anh giao la vua Anh. Vi vay. da nay sinh mau ihuan giua Anh giao
(eiia ihe lire phone; kien) voi Thanh giao (ciia tir san. quy ipc mail.

2. Giai doan 1 6 4 9 - 1688
Ngay 3 0 - 1 - 1649, thep nguyen vpng ciia nhan dan, vua Sac-lo I bi xutii. Qudc
hpi tuyen bd nen quan chii la "khdng edn thieV va nguy hiem ddi vdi tu do, an ninh
va quyen lgi ciia nhan dan.
Anh trd thanh nuc/c egn^ hod. Cach
mang dat tdi dinh cao, quyen hanh trong
nudc thupc ve quy tpc m&\ va tu san. Ndng
dan va binh linh khdng dugc hudng quyen
lgi gl nen tiep tuc dau tranh ddi tu do
va rupng dat.
Nhan dan ilau danh doi nii>i nam cong tkiii deHi
ducfc t]u\eri bo phieu bau Quoc hoi. dui^c lir do
iiii nguang vii co rupng diil, Qu> loe moi \a ur
san khong nhirng khong dap ung cae >eu eau
tren mil con liep luc bao chiem dat dai, dan ap
cac eiiPc d.iu liiinh.
De bao ve quy^n lgi ciia minh. quy

Hinh 4. Sdc-hf I ioc mdi va tu san Anh dua Crdm-oen len
(1600-1(^491 hi .xu IK
lam Bao hp cong vao nam 1653. Che dp
dgc tai quan su dugc thiet lap.
Ngay 3 - 9 - 1658. Crom-oen qua
ddi, nudc Anh roi vao tinh trang khdng
on dinh ve ehinh tri. Quy toe mdi va tu
san lo sg nhan dan noi day dau tranh.
nen chu truong thoa hiep vdi luc lugng
phong kie'n cii, lap lai che dp quan chii.
Nam 1660, con Sac-lo I dugc dua len
ngoi vua, tdc Sac-lo II. Trieu dai Xtiu-dl
duge phuc hdi, chap nhan dieu kien phai
Hinh 5. O. Crdm-oen tdn trgng nhung thanh qua each mang
(1599- I65HJ da dat duoc.
Nhung Sac-lo II. sau dd la Giem II (len ngdi nam 1685) rdp tam khoi phuc che
dp quan ehii chuyen che, gianh lai nhung quyen lgi da mat, tra thu nhirng ngudi
each mang. Thang 12 - 1688. Qudc hpi dung ap luc truat ngoi Giem 11. Su kien
nay thue ehai la mot cuoc dao chi'nh, duge gpi la "euge each mang quang vinh".
12
Dau nam 1689, tu san va quy tdc mdi dua Vin-hem 6-ran-gia III (1650 -
1702)"», ien ngdi vua. TCr sau cugc dao chinh 1688, ehe do qudn chu lap hien duge
thiei lap dAnh.
^ Trinh bay diSn bien chinh va ket qua cOa cuoc Cach mang tU san Anh
tCf nam 1649 den nhung nam 1688 - 1689.
Ill - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA LICH SLf

CUA CACH MANG
Cupc each mang Anh do tdng ldp quy tpc mdi va tu san lanh dao, da lat dd che
dp phong kie'n, md dudng cho chii nghTa tu ban phat trien manh me d Anh. Qudn
chiing nhan dan - thg thu cong, tu san nhd, nha't la nong dan - giir vai trd quyet
dinh sir thdng lgi ciia each mang. Nhung quy tdc mdi va tu san ndm ehinh quyen
khdng dap ung nhiing quyen lgi ehinh dang cua nhan dan ma cdn dan ap hp. Cach
mang ket thuc bang su nhugng bp cua quy tpc mdi va tu san cam quyen ddi vdi the'
luc phpng kie'n cu va thiei lap che' dp quan chu lap hieii.
Dd la cupc each mang tu san khdng triet de.
Tuy nhien, cudc each mang nay khdng nhirng da xoa bd che dp quan ehii chuyen
che d nude Anh, xac lap chu nghia tu ban ma cdn ed y nghTa ldn ddi vdi sir phat
trien eiia xa hpi Ipai ngudi trpng budi ddu chuyen tir che do phong kien sang che
dp tu ban.
V:> thang Ipi ciia each mang ,^nh ihe ki X V I l . cung nhu eae cupc cach mang tii san
liep sail. C. Mac clii rd : •Thang lpi cua giai cap ur san ed nghia lii ihdng Ici cuu che
do .\d hoi nidi, thang loi ciia che dp sO hCru ur ban elm nghia doi \(ii ehe dp so' hiru
phoiiij kien", *
^^ Vl sao noi: Cach mang tU sin Anh the ki XVll la cuoc each mang tu san
khong triet de ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Neu nhQng tien de cua Cach mang td san Anh the ki XVll.
2. Lap nien bieu cac sir kien chinh cua cupc Cach mang tu san Anh.
3. Tim hieu doi net ve 0-li-vo Crom-oen.
(1) Vin-hem 6-ran-gio III la con rt Giem II, tnrdc khi len ngoi ™a Anh la Qudc Irudng Ha Lan.
13
PHAN DOC THEM

Xa hpi Anh trudrc each mang
Thai ki do. nuac Anh con la mpi nudc c6 so dan it hem nuac Phap (khoang tren 5 trieu
nguai), nhung nganh chan nuoi. cdng nghiep va thuong mai phat iriSn han nucic Phap nhiû.
... Neu mpt phia la su tdn tai ciia giai cap dai dia chii. da so ia nhiing sung thdn dupc
giau CO do an hue ciia trieu dinh. ihi phia khae la mpt giai cap dong dao nhimg nguai
ngheo. Theo Ludt doi vai ngudi ngheo thi hp phai cd nghla vu phuc dich. GiiJa hai
giai cap cue doan do. con co them nhung giai cap trung gian. hoat dpng 6 nong thon.
Hp la nhiiTig thanh vien ciia quy toe nhd, song trong nhirng trang trai cua minh. nhQng
dia chu nho tu do va nhimg nong dan tu eanh {Yeomen). O cac thanh pho, dac biet a
Luan Don, co mpt tang Icrp tu san la nhijng nha bu6n, nha san xuai vjit dung, nhtmg
ngucri lam ao giap. det da. san xuai bia. Nha hp ma mpt sd dong thp thuyen, ngucfi
lam cong, tre em trong coi cira hieu bam vao de sdng. Nhirng tSng Idp trung gian nay
quan tam dac biet toi nhting viec cong cpng. Hp co xu hudtig dpe lap va lo lang den
viec bao ve quy^n loi cua minh chd'ng lai su chuydn che cua vuang triiu.
(Theo : A. Ma-le va J. l-sa-ae. ThekiXVII vd Will,

Pa-ri. 1938. tr. 128 - 129, tieng Phap)
X u t u vua Sac-lo I
O giiJa quang truang dat mpt buc g6 cao. xung quanh co binh linh. Viec thi hanh an
tu hinh bdt dau. Nha vua run so bu6c len hue xir an ; va binh. dao phii. linh muc theo
sau. Mpt uy vien doc ban cao trang. ket tpi nha vua phan bpi dai nuac. Sac-lo bi bdt
Clii xudng buc. Mpt nhat riu giang xuong c6, chat diit dau vua, ngudi dao phii gia cao
chie'c ddu ten vua chuyen che.
(Theo : Bach khoa loan thuXo viet, tap 7. tr. 292. tieng Nga)
14
CHIEN TRANH GIANH DOC LAP

CUA CAC THUOC DIA ANH 0 B A C MI
NITA SAU THE KI XVIII
\',i() fMu^ s,Hi tho kl W i l l , moi bien dong \-i lnii - < hmh i l l d.i dwt] \\\ l.ii
eM~ thucH fli,i t Lki Anh (; B.K M I . Do Li < line i liK^n li.tiih ^laiih doc Lip,
nhung Vf h>in t h d i ki mot cupc (.u h ^^^.)n•J^ tir SLVI.
I - VIEC DI DAN DEN BAC MI VA CHE DO

THUOC DIA ANH
1. Viec xam chiem thupc dia cua Anh 6 B^c Mi
Tir nam 1603 den nam 1732, thuc dan Anh lan luot xam chiem va lap 13 thuCc
dia 0 Bdc MT voi so dan khoang 1,3 trieu ngucfi.
Vung Bae Mi \on ki dal eua iho Jan In-di-an. IP lien eua ho lir chau A d\ eudcn chau
Mi iir khoang 3? (KM) nam den 12 (KMI nam irueic. Khi ngudi chau .An den Bae Mi. nguivi
In-tli-an ei'n ilaiii: o trom: ehe do thi loe.
Hinh 6. Luoc dd 13 thuoc dia ciia .Anh <f Bdc Mi
\5
Trong hai the' ki XVII - XVIII, thuc dan Anh da tieu diet hoac d6n du6i ngUOi
In-di-an vao rijng sau phia tay de chiem cac viing dai dai phi nhieu. Ho con dua
nguoi da den tir chau Phi sang de khai khSn don dien.
^ Dua theo lUdc do tren. xac dinh vi tri dia li 13 thuoc dia cOa Anh d Bae Mi va
trinh bay doi net ve vung dat nay.
2. Che cJo thuc dan Anh 6 B^c Mi

Cac thuoc dia Anh o Bdc Mi deu dat ducri quyen cua vua Anh, song moi thuoc
dia lai c6 che do cai tri rieng. Cac thuoc dia nay la nguon cung cap nguyen lieu
(bong, mia, thuoc la...) va la thi truong tieu thu hang hoa cua chi'nh quoc. Nguoi
dan Bdc Mi phai tuan theo cac dao luat khdt khe do Chinh phu Anh de ra.
- l.ual IKUIL: hai luini lh:Si qu\ dnih ii.ing: Lua iluiiiL di.i liiM >.L J i i n l i L|LIOL ha\ ngupc
lai phai diroc ehtv hang lau .-\nli.
- Luai u ' rupng dai nam 1763 ngan cam dan di Ihuc di \e phia la>. den \uiig ehau
ihP song M i l - \ i - \ i - p i .
- Luat dirong luim 17P4 cam cac ihupe dia .Anh d BSc MT budn ban duimg \ a ruou
\(ii quan d.io .Ang-ii. khPng phai la ihupc dia cua Anh.
- Luai leni nam I7P? biuK' phai dan teni doi vdi cac giaV i d . tai lieu giao dieh
ihUfvng m a i .
- Luai die nam 177(1 L\V\\ dinh danh lliLie \ao ehe. do udng tru\cn thPng eua dim .Anh
klii dua den eae cang thupe dia eua .\nh d Bae M i .
Kinh te 6 hai mien tuy phat trien theo con duong tu ban chu nghTa, nhung co
die'm khae nhau. O mien Bdc, tu san lap cac cong trudng thu cong. O mien Nam,
chti no lap d6n dien va sii dung siic lao dong no le. Cac cong trucmg thii cong san
xuai nhieu mat hang, dap ung yeu cau ciia nhan dan cac thuoc dia. canh tranh vdi
hang hoa nhap tir chau Au, chii yeu la hang cua Anh {sdt, thep, det, dong tau...).
Nong san b cac don dien cua chu no va trang trai cua nong dan MT c6 thira de xua't
khau. Nhieu trung tam kinh te hinh thanh nhu B6-xton o mien Bdc va co so cong nghiep
luyen kim b mien Trung.
Chinh sach khai thac thuoc dia ciia thuc dan Anh da can tro su phat trie'n ciia
xa hoi Bdc MT, gay nen mau thudn ngay cang sau sdc giua nhan dan thupc dia vdi
che dp thuc dan. Mac dii phan Icfn dan so cac thupc dia Anh d Bdc MT la con chau
nguoi Anh di cu sang, nhung sau nhieu the he da ddn ddn hinh thanh mot dan tpc
rieng. Ho dau tranh de thoat khoi ach ap biic thupc dia dang ngan can su phat trien
cua viing dai giau co nay.
4^ Hay neu chinh sach cOa Anh doi vdl cac thuoc dia d BSC MI va ket qua cua no.

II - c u o c CHIEN TRANH G I A N H D O C LAP
6 BAC Mi
1. Nguyen co va khoi dau chien tranh

Su kien "che B6-xton" lam biing no cupc chie'n tranh o Bdc MT.
Cuoi nam I 77.\ nhan ilm eang Bti-\ian Ian eong .> lau ehirehc eua Anh cap hen \a
nem cae ihiuig ehi' \uPng bien de phan doi die i\o iliiie eua dure ilan .Anh doi vdi cac
ihupe dja Bae M i . Chmh phu Anh ra lenh phong toa cang Bii-Mon. dua puan ehtem
Jong \uiig na\. lam eho \ice huou ban ngirng ire. nha ma\ phai dong eua.
Tir ngay 5 - 9 den ngay 26 - 10 - 1774,

Dai hpi luc dia lan thu* nhat, gom dai
bieu nhan dan cac thupc dia Anh 6
Bdc MT, khai mac tai Phi-la-den-phi-a.
Hp yeu cau vua Anh bai bo chinh sach
han che cong thuong nghiep cf Bdc Ml.
Chinh quyen Anh khong chap nhan cac
yeu cau nay ma con tuyen bo se ra lenh
triing phat, neu nhan dan thupc dia
Bdc MT ndi day chong lai nha vua.
Hinh 7. G. Oa-sinh-ton Chinh phu Anh chuan bi luc lupng de'
- (1732-17991
dan ap cupc dau tranh ciia nhan dan Bdc MT.
Ngay 19 - 4 - 1775, tren dudng hanh quan, mOt dpi quan Anh Ipt vao 6 phuc ki'ch
ciia nghTa quan, 200 binh linh Anh thiet mang. Do la tran Le-xinh-tcm, mo dau cupc
chie'n tranh giiJa cac thupc dia Bdc MT va chinh quoc. Quan khoi nghTa chien dau
ra't diing cam, song trong giai doan ddu chiu nhieu thai bai vi luc lupng con yeu. to
chirc khong chat che, trong khi quan cua Chi'nh phii Anh dong, duoc trang bi. huan
luyen day du va thien chien.
Ngay 10 - 5 - 1775, Dai hpi luc dia lan thu hai hpp tuyen bo cdt diit quan he
vdi Anh. ciing c6 luc lupng vO trang, thanh lap "Quan dpi thupc dia". dat dudfi su
chi huy cua Giooc-gia Oa-sinh-tan.
De'n ddu nam 1776, nghTa quan mcfi chiem dupc B6-xton.
^ ^ TU sau su kien "che Bo-xtdn" den dau nam 1776, cuoc Chien tranh gianh
doc lap di§n ra nhu the nao ?
2LICHSU n - N C - A 17
2. Tuyen ngon Doc lap va viec thanh lap Hop chung quoc Mi
Ngay 4 - 7 - 1776, Dai hoi dai bie'u ciia 13 bang da thong qua ban Tuyen ngdn
Doe lgp^^\ Tuyen ngon khdng dinh : Moi nguoi sinh ra deu binh ddng. tao hoa ban
cho hp nhirng quyen tat yeu va bai kha xam pham. khong the tude bo. Trong so
nhiJTig quyen ay c6 quyen dupc song, quyen dupc tu do va quyen muu cau
hanh phiic.
Tuyen ngdn neu tu uriTng ve ehii qu\en eua nhan diui : Nhan dan ed quyen ihiel kip
bp may nha nudc. ed the bai mien chinh phu khi khong lam iron nhiem vu va lap nen
mot ehinh phu nidi âo cho eo hieu qua Inl nh;il doi vdi hanh phiic cua minh. Tu\cn
ngon khang dinh e.ic quPe gia lien minh ed the trd ihanh qudc gia tU do vd doc lap
va nguyen eimg hien dang tinh mang. lai san \a danh du ihicng lieng de- bao dam cho
ban luyen ngdn nip
Hinh 8. Did hi>i L^ thudc dia .Anh ihdni; qua ban Tuyen ntion Ddc lap (4 - 7 - 1776}
Mac dii con nhirng han che. nhimg Tuyen ngon Doc lap la mpt van kien co y
nghia lich sir tien bp. Ldn ddu tien. cac quyen con ngucfi va quyen cong dan dupc
thCra nhan.
Sau Ciic chien thdng lon cua quan khai nghTa O Xa-ra-to-ga ( 1 7 - 10 - 1777) va
l-ooc-tao (1781). quan Anh su> yeu ddn. cupc chien tranh cham diit. Thang 9 ~ \ 7^3^
(1) Vi^ sau. ngiiy 4 - 7 ird ihanh ngav Qiiou khimh ciia nudc Mi.
2.L!CHSi/li. NC-F
18
Anh kl Hiep uoc Vecxai, cong nhan nen doc lap cua 13 thuoc dia a Bae MT.
Cupc chien tranh gianh doc lap ciia nhan dan cac thupc dja Anh o Bdc MT ket thuc
thdng lpi voi sir ra dcri ciia mot quo'c gia moi : Hap ehihii^ qude MI {thutmg gpi la
nuoc Mi hay Hoa Ki).
Hien phap 1787 dupc thong qua (ve coban cdn co hieu luc den nay), xac lap the
che cpng hoa cua nuac MT.
Theo Hien phap. Nti la nuite Cong hoii lien bang. Qiiscn luc eua ehinh qii>en
iruui: UiTnsi duoc lam: eUilig. nhung eae hang van ed qu\en Uf iri rpng rai. liicn phap
qu\ dinh nguyen lae phan quyen. "long ihong nam qii>eii hanh phap. la Tong Tu lenh
quan dpi. duac bo nhiem quan chuc... Quven lap phap ihuoe Quoc hoi. gdm Tlurong
vien (mdi bang hai dai bieu) vii Ha vien (dai bieu dupe hiiu iheo ti le sd dan moi
bang). Quydn tu phap ihupe ve Toil an tdi cao. Hien phap 1787 neu rd : ehi nhuiig
nguai CO tai san. cd hpe van iheo quy dinh mdi ed qu>en bau cir. Phu nfr khdng duae
bau cii. NP le \ii ngudi In-di-an khdng eii quyen edng dim, Sau na_\. nhimg dieu
bd sung I lien ph.ip dii dan dan .\oa bo nhirng han che ve gidi Unh, mau dd : mpi edng
dim dupe quyen b.iu eU.
Nam 1789, G. Oa-sinh-tan dupc bau lam Tong thdng dau tien ciia nudc MT.
• ^ ^ -Trinh bay y nghia lich sCf ban Tuyen ngon Doc lap nam 1776 cua Ml
- Neu nhUng nqi dung co ban cua Hien phap 1787.
Ill - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA LICH SlT

Cupc da'u tranh ciia nhan dan cac thuoc dia Anh d Bdc MT tuy dien ra dudi hinh
thi'rc mpt cupc chien tranh giai phdng dan tpc. song thuc chai lii cupc each mang tu
sail, nd ra d ngoai chau Au viio huiii ddu thdi can dai. Day lii "cudc chien tranh giai
phdng thuc su. each mang thuc su" (V. I. Le-nin).
Cupc each mang nay da giai phdng nhan dan cac thuoc dia Anh d Bdc MT khdi
lich thuc dan. lap nen mpt qudc gia mdi. md dudng cho kinh te tu ban chu nghta
pliat trien. Nd anh hirdng deii phong trao dau tranh vi ddc lap d nhieu nudc khae nd
ta vao cudi the ki XVIII - ddu the ki XIX.
• ^ Hay neu ket qua va y nghia cuoc Chien tranh gianh doc tap cua cac thuoc
dia Anh d Sac Mi.
IV
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. NhQng nguyen nhan nao dan i5en cupc Chien tranh gianh dqc lap ciia cac thupc
dja Anh a Bae IVT ?

2. Lap nien bieu ve di§n bien cupc Chien tranh gianh doc lap cua cac thupc dia Anh
a Bae MT.
3. Vi sao noi: Chien tranh gianh doc lap cua cac thupc dja Anh a Sac MI thuc chat la
mpt cupc each mang ti/ san ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Tuyen ngon Ddc lap ngay 4 - 7 - 1776
"... Chiing tdi khdng dinh mot chan li hien nhien rdng mpi ngudi sinh ra dû binh
ddng. rang tao hoa da ban cho hp nhimg quy^n tai yeu va bai kha xam pham. trong
dd cd quydn sdng. quy^n duoc tu do vii muu eSu hanh phiic.
R^ng di dam bao cho nhirng quydn lpi nay, cac chinh phu dupc lap ra trong nhan dan
va cd dupc nhiing quySn luc chinh dang tren ca sd su nhat tri cua nhan dan, rang bat
cir khi nao mpt the che chi'nh quydn nao dd pha v5 nhiJng muc tieu nay. thi nhan dan
cd quydn thay ddi hoac loai bo chfnh quydn dd va lap nen mot chi'nh quyen mdi. dat
tren nen tang nhiing nguyen tac ciing nhu id chuc thuc thi quyen hanh iheo mpt ihe
chd sao cho cd hieu qua toi nhai ddi vdi an ninh va hanh phiic ciia h p . . . "
(Theo : The Declaration of Independence & The Constitution of
the United States of America (Tuyen ngdn Doc lap & Hien phdp Hoa Ki).
Embassy of the United States of America, tr.2)
Ve each menh Mi
••... Mi luy r^ng each mdnh thanh cdng dii ban 150 nam nay (tinh d^n nam 1924 -
ngucri trich chu thich). nhung eong nong vin cii cue khd...
Ay la vi each menh Mi la each mdnh tu ban. ma each mdnh tu ban chua phai each
menh ddn noi".
(Theo : Hd Chi Minh, Todn tap. Tap 2.
NXB Chinh Iri Qudc gia, H.. 2000. tr. 270)
20 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com

CACH MANG TlT SAN PHAP

CUOI THE KI XVIII
Cach mang tu Scin Phcip nd ra vao CLidi the ki XVIII l,i cupc (.u h iii.int;
xa hpi stiu rdng, da xoî ho che do phong kien, m i x d u o n t ; ( ho i hu n^hi.i
tu bcin phat Irien a Ph.ip VM CO anh hiRmg km den c IKK (I.UI Hanh (l,in l o ( ,
flan t hu o c hau / \ u .
I- NHITNG TIEN DE CUA CACH MANG
1. Tmh hinh kinh te nuoc Phap truoc nam 1789

Trudc each mang, non^ nghiep Phap kem phat trien : cdng cii, ki thuat canh tac
cdn tho so, mdt phan ba dien tich dat dai bi bd hoang, nang suai cay trdng thap...
Trong nhieu u m g . diie biel n cae linh Dong BLIC. niol sn dja ehu lan elui>en sang
phuang llure kmh doanh lii lian chu nghi.i (mo' irang liai, ihiie nhan enngi nlunv_:
khdng ihiinh edng. Nhin cluing, irong ndng ngliic]") Ptiap. t]iian he phouL! i\ien \jn
dircfc tUi\ M'i Cling viVi phiKdi;: ihue bdc li'I cii,
Vao cudi the'ki XVIII, eong nghiep Phap dang tren da phat trien. Nhieu thanh
thi nhu Bodc-dd. Nang-to, Ha-vro... ldn manh nhanh chdng do san xuai va xuai
khau to lua, vai, hang theu, len, tham, dd su". nii trang. Hang mi phdm cua Phap
n6i tieng tren thi trudng chau Au. Net ndi bat la cdng trudng thii cdng d Phap kha
ldn, mdi cdng trudng thu hiit tir 40 den 200 cdng nhan lam thue. Mpt vai cdng
Irudng det tham thu hiit den 1 600 lao dpng. Phat trien nhat la cac nghe del vai,
to lua. luyen kim, khai md, che tao vu khi.
Thuong nghiep trong va ngoai nudc phat dat, cac cdng ti thuong mai Phap md
rpng budn ban vdi nhieu nudc d chau Au va phuong Ddng. Song, sir giao luu hang
hoa trong nudc cung nhu viec budn ban vdi nudc ngoai cdn gap nhieu can ttd : mdi
dja phuong cd che dp thue quan rieng, he thdng do ludng khdng thdng nhai...
Nhiing dieu nay da ngan can viec hinh thanh thi trudng dan tpc. Ddc quyen ciia nha
nudc v^ Ilia mi. mudi va mdt sd hang hoa khae cung han che viec budn ban vdi
nhieu nudc chau Au.
^ Nen kinh te nudc Phap trudc each mang co nhurig net gi noi bat ?
21
2. Tmh hinh chinh tri - xa hoi
Trudc each mang, Phap lii mdt nudc quan chu chuyen che. vdi che dp dang cap
rat khat khe. Xa hpi chia thanh ba ddng cap : Tang li7. Quy ige va Ddng edp dm' '"^^
Hai dang cap tren. gdm tang lu cap eao va quy ige phong kien. la niuTng dang
cap hudng nhieu dac quyen. Ho khdng phai ddng thue. nam giu cac chuc vu quan
trpng trong Giao hdi. bo may chinh quyen va quan dpi.
Dang cap thli ba gdm nhieu
giai cap. tfing ldp xii hdi cd nhung
quyen lpi va nguyen vpng khdng
gid'ng nhau :
Tu .sdf} cd the luc kinh te manh
nhung khdng cd quydn luc chinh
tri. hi nha vua vii cac lanh chiia
dia phuctng ngan can hoat ddng
kinh doanh.
Giai ciip lu san ciniLi ehia ra nhieu lang
lop : dai ur s;in (chu ngan hang, ehu cac
h.ing imon Ion), tu san loai vira (tu san
eong ihuang) va tu san nho. idy iheo dia
\i \;i (.|u\en loi. mdi lang lop irong giai
cap III sLin cd thai dp chinh tri \a linh thiin
Hinh 9. Tinh cdnh noui; ddn Phdp dau lianli clld'ng phoivj kien kluic iih.ui,
trudc cdch uianfi (tranh biem hoai
Nong ddn chiem hon 909r
dan sd. phdn ldn la nhung ui dien. Ngoai viec nop td. ho phai nop nhieu loai
thue. chju nhieu nghTa vu phong kien.
Nong lijii pluii nn[i lo cho i.|u\ U)c phong kien (iâng ?0'; si> hoa lpi thu hoiieh). nop
time liiap phan (hang lO'i so hoa loi ihu hnacli) cho nha ilu'v. nop ihue dinii, thue
rupng. lime nuidi eho nha nude. Ho cdn phai ehiu nhieu thir lao dich cho liinh chiia
Vii nhii nudc : dap dudng. xiiy eau. van uii. cung cap luang thue eho binh linh,,. Tren
thue le. phan hoa Un cdn kii eho ndng dan ehang dU((c ki hao.
Cdng nhdn tap trung d cac thanh thi ldn (rieng Pa-ri cd 30 van cdng nhan). Dieu
kien lao dong va ddi sdng ciia hp rai khd khan (ngay lam viec keo diii. luong
thap...). Nhirng ngudi hinh ddn thdnh ihi khae nhu thp thii cdng, ngudi budn ban
nho. dan ngheo... sdng tam bo. chen chiic trong nhung viing ngoai d.
Mau thudn giua quy tdc phong kien. nhii thd vdi cac ldng ldp nhan dan trong
Dang cap thu ba ngiiy mdt gay gat. Nhieu cudc ddu iranh chdng che dp phong kien
n
nd ra. dac biet la cac cudc khdi nghia cua ndng dan va ciia cdng nhan d Li-dng,
Pa-ri vao nhimg nam 80 cua the ki XVIII.
^ ^ - Lap sd do va trinh bay ve che dp ba dang cap trong xa hoi phong kien Phap.
- Quan sat hinh 9 va trinh bay noi dung lich su" dUOc phan anh.
3. Cupc dau tranh tren Unh vuc tu tuong

The ki XVIII d chau Au dupc gpi la The'ki Anh sdng. Nhieu nha van, nha tu tuimg
tien bd da len an manh me su ap biic, bdc lot ciia che dp quan chii chuyen che. da
ki'ch Giao hdi Kitd. mudn dung "anh sang" quet sach bdng tdi phong kien va
"khai sang" cho nhan dan.
6 Phap, vao the ki nay xuat hien ba nha tu tudng tieu bieu la : Mdng-te-xki-o,
Vdn-te"' va Ru-xd.
^H^Î^^S
I^B- ^''^^^
^^•7 ; 'v^'!^!
^^^^^^P).. . /ÎPm>- ^:
^^r/ A:. — :
Kirf#v^'
! . . " ' • . : •
mm/..
Hinh 10. S. Monf^-le-.xki-o
,.J
Hinh 11. Vdn-te Hinh 12. G. G. Ru-.xd
(1689- 1755) (1694 - 1778} (1712 - 177S)
Sac-lo Lu-i Moni;-lc-.\'ki-o ehu iruiTiig han che qu\en eua vua. hao dam qiiNcn Uf ilo
ciia cdng dan. Trong quyen Tinh than luat phdp. dng de ra ngu\en lae ve phan ehia
rd ret ba quydn : lap phap. hanh phap \;i tu phap.
\'dn-U' chil Iruirng .xii) dung ehinh quyen c]uan clui. do mot nhii vua sang sudi di'mg
diiu, Ong bao ve quyen tir do tin ngudng. song lai len an nhii thd Kild la inV ngai eiia
tieii hd. Ong eiing khiing dinh quydn lu huu Li dieu kien eim ihiet eho mdi \a hdi cd
trill tu.
Gidii<i Gidi liii-\ti chu Irirong \oa bu iriel de nen quan chu. phan ddi ehe dd lU Iu7u
It'm. ir<ing quyen Khe udc .\d hid. dng cho raiu; Iral lir ,\a hdi doi hot phiii du\ in che
do sd hiru nliiS. chii Irucrm! thanh lap che dd ePiiL' hoii.
1) Ten thai la Phrang-xoa Ma-ri A-ru-e.
23
Ngoai cac nha tu tudng tieu bieu ke tren, cdn cd nha tu tudng cap tien Me-li-e
va nhdm Bdeh khoa todn (hit.
Guiu-j, Mc-li-i I i(i04 - 1729) lii mPi eha dao lang que. ,\uat ihiin ndng dim. l"^""' '"''
ni:hiem khae su bill cdng eiia ehe do piiong kien. su giii ddi ciia Giati hdi, Ong kien
qu\ei dim tranh \oa bn su ap hire bdc lot. ihu neu che do luhiru \ii coi rupng dat phai
la tiu Siin ehung cua nong dim.
Nhdm Bik h khoa loan thu. do Da-ni Di-da-rd (1713 - 1784) l;"mh &.\o. ehu irutfng
bien soan \-d phd bien rdng riii kien thuc cua cac ngimh khoa hpe iheo quan iliem duy
\iii cho ddng dao quim chiing de ho giac ngp. dau iranh ehPng ehe do phong
kien \ii ldn giao.
Tu tudng va quan die'm cua nhihig nha Khai sang cd y nghia tien bd. dupc qudn
chiing tin theo, tich cue chudn bj cho mot cupc each mang xa hpi sdp tdi.
^ ^ - Trinh bay nhitng quan diem ca ban cua cac nha tu tuang tien bo Phap
the ki XVIII.
- Vi sao nhCfng quan diem nay co y nghTa chuan bi cho cuoc each mang
sSp tdi ?
4. Cach mang bung n6

Ddu nam 1789, nhung dieu kien cho cupc each mang nd ra da chin mudi.
Ngay 5 - 5 - 1789, Hpi nghi baddng cap dupc trieu tap (tir nam 1614, Hpi nghj
nay khdng dupc to chirc), vi vua Lu-i XVI can cac dai bie'u thoa thuan cho vay tien
va danh them thue mdi de giai quyet tinh hinh khiing hoang tai chi'nh. Luc nay,
so np ciia nha vua len tdi 5 ti livra, ma sd thu ngan sach lai giam.
De phan ddi y dd tang thue cua nha vua, ngay 17 - 6 - 1789. dai bie'u Ddng cap
thli ba ciing mot sd quy tdc. tang 10 hpp via tu tuyen bd la Qude hgi lap hien.
CO quan duy nhat cd quyen thdng qua cac dao luat tai chinh.
Nha vua tap trung quan dpi de chdng lai Qudc hpi. gay nen mpt Ian sdng cdng
phdn trong qudn chiing lao dpng.
Ngay 14 - 7 - 1789"'. ddng dao quan chiing nhan dan Pa-ri, chii yeu la cong
nhan, thp thii cdng. dan ngheo thanh thi tu vu trang, tan cdng cac tru sd, co quan
quan trpng ciia thanh phd va chiem nha tii Ba-xti - bieu tupng cua che dp phong
kien chuyen che.
Cach mang bung no va gianh thdng lpi d Pa-ri rdi lan nhanh ra cac thanh phd va
cac viing ndng thdn trong nudc Phap.
111 \'e sau. nga> 14-7 dupc lay liim "Ngay Dim loc", rdi trd thanh ngay QIJ6C khanh ciia nuoc Phiip.
24
Hinh 13. Tdn cdng phdo ddi - nhd tti Ba-.xti
^^ Hay quan sat hinh 13 va trinh bay sukien dUdc diSn ta.
II - CHE DO QUAN CHU LAP HIEN - NEN CONG HOA

THU" NHAT (1792)
I.Che do quan chu lap hien (tif 14 - 7 - 1789 den 1 0 - 8 - 1792)
Sau thdng lpi ngay 1 4 - 7 , phai Lap hien thupc tang ldp dai tu san len nam quyen.
Ngay 4 - 8 - 1789, Qud'c hdi Lap hien tuyen bd xoa bd mdt sd nghia vu
phong kien ciia ndng dan, song cac dac quyen co ban cua quy tdc vdn dupc duy tri.
Qud'c hpi cung quyet djnh tjch thu rupng dat ciia Giao hdi, dem ban vdi gia cao.
Ngay 26 - 8 - 1789, Qudc hdi Lap hien thdng qua Tuyen ngon Nhdn quyen vd
Ddn quyin vdi khdu hieu n6i lieng : "Tu do - Binh ddng - Bae ai". Tuyen ngdn
xac djnh quyen binh ddng giira cae cdng dan. thira nhan quyen tu do dan chii, nhan
manh quyen sd huu tai san la quyen bat kha xam pham va thieng lieng.
Ban Dncii 111:011 iK'lian tjii\cn u/ Dan i.ii!\i'n enm i'lian mo dau \,i 1~ ilicii
Dieu 1. Mpi ngudi sinh ra deu eii qu\en song lu do \ii bmh dang ; nuii su phan biel
\a hoi chi C(i the dat tren eo sO Ipi ich ehung.
25
Dieu 2. Mue dieh cua Ciic id chire ehinh iri hi gin giur Ciic i]u\en tu nhien \.i kh'''^-^
the tuiic bo euit con nguiri : dti Ui i|u\en tu do. (.]u\en set him. qu\en diroc ;ui loan \a
qu\en chdng lip hue.
Dieu .V .Ngu\en liic eu;i moi chu quyen chii \eu diit tren cosdciia dan loc. khone miii
Id chiic. khong mpt cii nhan nao cd ihd sir dung quyen hiinh niii khdng ûiit phat tu
nguven lae na\.
Dieu 17. Qu\en so huu lii qu\en hai kha xiun |iham vit thieng lieng. khong ai eo thd
tude bo,,.
Che dp quan chu chuyen che bi lat dd, song ngdi vua vdn dupc duy tri. nhii vua
\ an tim mpi each chdng lai each mang : khdng phe chudn Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyen
vd Ddn quyen. bae bd cac sdc lenh anh hudng den quyen lpi ctia quy tdc va
tang lir... Tdng ldp dai tu sdn dang cam quyen mudn thoa hiep vdi nha vua de
ngan can qudn chiing tiep tuc dua each mang phat trien.
Thang 9 - 1791. Qudc hdi Lap hien thdng qua Hien phap. xac dinh the che
qudn ehu lap hien cho nudc Phap. Hien phap 1791 da tir bo mot sd nguyen ldc tien
bd ciia Tuyen ngdn Nhdn quyen vd Ddn quyen 1789.
Hien phiip ehia cong dim thiinh hai loai: •'cong dim lich cue" I nhirng ngirdi cd tin san.
ddng thue cao) cd qu\en biiu cu. img eir. Him \iee irong bd ma> chinh qu>en va
"edng dan lieu cue" (gdm dii so nhimg ngUiri lao dong nghc'o) khdng ed quyen
chinh In, Pliu nif dong gdp nhieu cho e;ich mang. nhung \an khdng ed qu\en edng diin.
Qudc hdi cdn ban hanh nhieu dao luat nhu ; dao luat cam bai cdng (Dao luat
Lo Sapalie). dao luat duy tri che dp nd le d thudc dja.
Mpt so nhiem vu co ban ciia each mang khdng dupc giai quyet. trudc het la van
de rudng dat cho ndng dan. quyen tu do dan chii cho nhan dan lao dpng. Cac the
lire phan dong trong nudc tim mpi each pha hoai : quy tpc. tang lu di cu. cau vien
nudc ngoiii chdng each mang hoac xui giuc nhim dan (ehu yeu la ndng dan md dao)
ndi day chdng chinh quyen. GiiJa nam 1791. vua cung hoang hau trdn ra nudc
ngoiii. song da bi bat d gdn bien gidi.
Trong tinh hinh rdi ren ay. lien quan hai nudc phong kien Ao - Phd chudn bi
dem quan dim ap phong trao each mang d Phap.
^^ - Qua mqt so dieu khoan neu tren cua Tuyere ngdn Nhan quyen va Dan quyen,
em CO nhan xet gi ?
- NhCmg sukien nao chUng to tang lap dai tusan cam quyen 6 Phap da lam
ngung tre stf phat tnen cua each mang ?
26
2. Che dp cong hoa (tir 21 - 9 - 1792 den 2 - 6 - 1793)
Ngay 20 - 4 - 1792. nude Phap each mang tuyen ehien vdi Ao. Diing ve phia
Ao la lien minh phong kie'n chau Au. Do tinh thdn chien da'u yeu kem ciia si quan
(phan ldn xuat than quy tdc) va npi phan (hoiing hau Phap Ma-ri Ang-toa-net chuyen
ke hoach tac chien cho quan dich), quan Phap lien tiep thua tran : vung Bdc vii Tay
Phap bj xam chiem.
Trudc tinh hinh do. ngay 11 - 7 - 1792. Qudc hdi tuyen bd "To qudc lam
nguy". va de ra nhieu bien phap cap bach, trong dd cd viec tuyen them
20 000 quan tinh nguyen. Nha vua bdc bd cac chii truong niiy. Phan no. quan linh
nguyen ttr cac tinh hat vang bai ca Mde.xdye^^^ tie'n ve Pa-ri, cung nhan dan vii
"Dpi quan qudn dai"'-' d Tliii dd khdi nghia ngiiy 10 - 8 - 1792. Hp tail cong
Cung dien Tuy-lo-ri. noi d ciia vua Lu-i XVI. hat nhii vua vii hoiing hau. Chi'nh
quyen chuyen sang tay tu sdn cong. thuong nghiep. thudc phai Girdngdanh"'.
Mdi Qudc hdi mdi dupc bau ra theo che dp phd thdng ddu phieu eho tat cd cac
cdng dan nam tii 21 tudi trd len. Qudc hdi hpp ngiiy 20 - 9 - 1792. Ciing ngay ay. quan
Phap danh thdng quan xam lupc d Van-mi.
Van-mi hi indi Iimg ihudc linh .Sam-pa-nh(r td Dong Bae I'iiapi. gim biC'ii giiVi Hi.
Nai diiy dien ra moi trim ae ehien giira quan Phiip \a tjuiin Pho, V(Vi linli than dimg
eiim. quim Phiip km dau lien danh dudi quim \iim linfc Pho khi>i ilal nudc.
Ngay hdm sau (21 - 9). Qudc hpi quyei dinh thii tieu che'dd quan chii. phe Iruai
nhii vua va tuyen bd thanh lap ni^n cdng hoa ddu tien ciia nudc Phap - nen Cdng
Iioa fhitnhdl. Dudi ap luc ciia qudn chiing. ngay 21 - 1 - 179.^ Lu-i XVI bj xu tir \i
tdi phdn qudc.
Liie ba'y gid. tinh hinh nudc Phap lai cang thang. Nudc Anh tu sdn tham gia
lien minh cua cac nude phong kien chau Au danh chidm nhieu viing nudc Phap.
Nong dan d Vang-de vii cd mien Tay Bdc bj bpn phan dpng xiii giuc, noi loan
chdng chinh quy6n each mang. Gia ea tang cao. Nhan dan ddi kho. nhung vdn hang
hai ehdng ngoai xam.
Sau chien ihang Van-mi. quim Phiip chuyd'n sang phan cdng. duoi t|uan xam hrac r;i
khoi bien gidi ; tren duiing truy kich dieh. hp ehiem luon Bi \ii \iing la ngan sonij
Ranh. Song, do nhung khd khim ve kinh te. xii hpi. ehinh iri irong nudc. quim Phiip
lai ihuii liiin moi kin niia. phai nil khoi Bi. \e nuiic.
1 I I .Sau nay, biii ea Mdc.uiu' ird ihiinh Qutic ca cua iiirde Phap.
(2) Dpi quan ciia nhan dan, mae qudn dai. khae vdi quan dpi ciia iricii diiiii mac quan c!iOn,
O) Phai n;iy ilai dicn cho phan l(Vn IU san cong thirong P quJn (.'ti-rriiig-i^r, vimg T;iy Nam nirdc Phap.
27
Chinh quyen ciia phai Girdngdanh khdng kien quyet khang chien, vi so qudn chiing
tie'p tuc dua each mang di xa. lam thiet hai den quyen lpi cua giai cap tu sdn.
^ - Thai do cOa nhan dan Phap trudc tinh hinh "To quoc lam nguy" nhu the nao ?
- Viec xCt tif vua Lu-i XVl co y nghTa gi ?
m - NEN CHUYEN CHINH D A N CHU

CACH MANG GIACOBANH (1793 - 1794)
Trudc cudc tien cdng ciia quan xam lupc, ngay 31 - 5 - 1793, quan chiing each
mang Pa-ri xudng dudng ddi bdt va xet xu nhung ngudi cam quyen Girdngdanh ve
tdi phan bdi To qudc, ngan can su phat trien ciia each mang. Ngay 2 - 6 - 1793,
Qud'c dan quan eimg hang van thp thii cdng, cdng nhan bao vay tru sd Qudc hpi,
bdt giam nhung ngudi cam quyen Girdngdanh.
Chinh quyen chuyen sang tay nhiTng ngirdi Giaedbanh^'', dung ddu la Rd-be-spie.
Cach mang Phap chuyen sang giai doan cao nhat - giai dogn ehuyen ehinh ddn ehu
edeh mgng.
Chinh phii Giaedbanh thuc hien nhieu bien phap kien quyet de chdng thii trong
giac ngoai, dn dinh ddi sdng nhan dan.
Diio luai iliitng 6 - I 7d3 Ira lai cho ndng dim rudng diii cong dii hi |i|innL^ kien qii\
Ipc chic-m doiit. Chinh phu cdn lich thu rupng diit eua quy ipc. chia ihiinh tirng niiinh
nhd biin eho ndng dim nghc-o. duoc tra dim trong thdi Inin 1(1 niuii. Qic diic qu\en \a
phu Ihu euii phong kien bi xoa bd hoim loiui \a vinh \ic'n, Chinh phii dua cac doi
Mi irang \e Ciic linh de Iruii!; Ihu tiiii mi cua qiiV tpc dia ciiu \ii phii nong. nham
eung cap banh nu cho nhan dan e.ic thimh ihi. dae biel la Pa-n, dang thieu luoiig thuc.
T h a n g d - 1793. Hien phap mdi dupc thdng qua, quy djnh : thiet lap che dp cpng
hoa. xoa bd hoan loan su bai binh ddng ve ddng cap. mpi cdng dan tir 21 tuoi trd
len dupe bdu cu. Tren thuc te. Hien phap 1793 ehua dupc thi hanh, song la van kien
phap li tien bd hon so vdi Hien phap 1791.
De bao ve each mang, chd'ng thii trong giac ngoai, Uy ban Ciiru nudc do Rd-be-spie
dung ddu, de nghj Qude hdi thdng qua va thi hanh nhieu bien phap kien quyei. Ngay
23 - 8 - 1793, Sdc lenh tdng dgng vien toan qudc dupc ban hanh, huy ddng nhan
dan Iham gia quan dpi each mang. Hudng dng lenh tdng ddng vien, 42 van ngudi da
tinh nguyen tham gia quan dpi each mang.
(I ) Liiy theo Ien tu vien Thanh Gia-cdp. lii noi dat lru sd ciia cau lac bp Giacobanh,
28
f~- I CScnuflc
' ' dSnh nhau vOi PhSp
I I cac nudc trung lap
Quan cac nis&z
^ •" Ian cOng Phap
///n/t 74. LiOT- dd luc luong phdn cdch mang ldn cdng nudc Phdp ndm 1793
Dau nam 1794, nudc Phap each mang cd 14 dao quan. dupc trang bi ddy du. do
nhirng vien tudng tre. trung thanh vdi each mang chi huy. Qudc hpi cdn ban hanh
dao luat A^7 xir nhimg ngudi tinh nghi. Ludt gid tdi da dd'i vdi luong thue va thuc
phdm de chd'ng nan ddu co, tich trii, quy djnh mue den luong tdi da cho cdng nhan.
Chi trong thdi gian ngdn, cac cupc bao loan dan ddn bj dap tdt. chi'nh quyen
each mang dupc thiet lap va bdt ddu dupc cimg cd. Tinh hinh chien su ciing chuyen
bie'n cd lpi cho nudc Phap each mang : Cudi nam 1793 - dau nam 1794, quan Phap
gianh dupc the chii dpng tren chien trudng ; miia thu nam 1794, cac dpi quan
xam lupc ldn lupt bj dudi ra khdi bien gidi. hoat ddng quan su lai dien ra tren
lanh tho cac nudc thii djch. Cach mang Phap dat tdi dinh cao.
^ - Phan tich y nghTa cac bien phap cCia Chinh phu each mang do phai
Giaedbanh nSm quyen.
- Lap bang so sanh noi dung cac hien phap nam 1791 va 1793.
29
IV - THdl KI THOAl TRAO
Mau thudn giua chinh quyen each mang va cac phai ddi lap ngiiy cang gay gi*'-
Ngay 13 - 7 - 1793, mdt thanh vien cua phai Giaedbanh bj giei. tiep dd nhieu nha
each mang bi sat hai. Vi vay. viec tran ap dupc tang cudng, nhieu ngudi chdng ddi
bj xu tu... Ddng thdi. trong ndi bp phai Giaedbanh cung nay sinh mau thuan giua
"phai him", "phai ta" vdi chinh quyen do Rd-be-spie diing ddu. Dieu quan trpng la
qudn chung dan ddn mai Idng tin va khdng cdn ung hd chinh quyen Giaedbanh nua.
vi nhieu bien phap ciia Chfnh phii khdng thuc hien triet de (chi tjch thu rupng dai
cua quy tdc luu vong. quy djnh "muc tien luong tdi da"...).
Ngay 9 thang Tecmido (27 - 7 - 1794 duiflig lich)'", cac luc lupng ddi lap da
bao vay Qude hdi. bdt Rd-be-spie cCing cac ban chien ddu ciia dng. Ngay hdm sau.
Rd-be-spie va nhieu nha each mang Giaedbanh bi xii tir.
Sau khi phai Giaedbanh bi lat dd. giai doan phat trien cao ciia each mang da
cham dut. Uy ban Dd'c chinh dupc thanh lap. tap trung quyen lire vao 5 uy vien.
Dudi che'dd Ddc chinh (1794 - 1799). nhieu thiinh qua each mang, dac biet la ciia
giai doan chuyen chinh Giaedbanh. bj thii lieu, nhu : xoa bd quy djnh ve gia tdi da,
lap lai ehe dp tu do budn ban lua mi... Ddi sdng nhan dan ngay cang khdn kho hon
va nhieu cudc dau tranh lai nd ra d Pa-ri ddi "banh mi va Hien phap 1793'".
Ddng thdi. phai Bao hoang cung ndi day nhdm khdi phuc che do quan chii. Mdt
lien minh mdi cua cae nude quan chii chau Au chdng Phap dupc thimh lap. Tliang
11-1799. Na-pd-le-dng Bd-na-pae. mdt vien ludng cd tin. dupc giai cap tu san ung
hp. tien himh cudc dao chinh. xoa bd ehe' dp Doc chinh. Cach mang tu sdn Phap
ehiim dui.
^Nhifng nguyen nhan nao d§n tdi susup do cua nen chuyen chinh dan chu
each mang Giacobanh ?
V - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA CUA CACH NL^NG

TU SAN P H A P
Do sue manh dau tranh ciia qudn chiing nhan dan, Cach mang tu san Phap cudi
the ki XVIII thiinh cdng va "phat trien theo dudng di len". Day lii cudc each mang
tu sdn triet de' nhai. da lat do nen quan chii chuyen ehe, tuyen bd xae lap che do tu
bdn CLing cac quyen tu do dan chii. xoa bo che do dang cap va quan he rupng dat
phong kien. md dudng cho kinh te tu ban chii nghia phat iricn...
11) Thang Tecmidu (thang Nong i. icn goi thdng 7 iheo licli ciieh miini; - e;k ihiinc dupc dal icn ihcu Unvj ijt;!
hii\ miia vu irong ni'nn.
30
Cach mang tu sdn Phap cudi the ki XVIII khdng chi cd y nghia ddi vdi nudc
Phap ma cdn cd anh hudng to ldn den nhieu nudc khae : tu tudng dan tdc. dim chu
duoc truyen ba rdng rai dchau Au, che dp quan chii phong kie'n nhieu nudc bj lung
lay. de lai nhieu bai hpe kinh nghiem cho phong trao each mang d cac nudc.
Tuy nhien, Cach mang tu sdn Phap cung nhu cac cupc each mang tu san khae
cd nhieu han che : tiep tuc duy tri che dp tu hiiu, khdng gidi phdng ngudi lao ddng
khoi ach ap birc...
^ ^ Hay neu y nghla lich sCf cOa Cach mang tu san Phap cuoi the ki XVIII.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Ve so (56 minh hoa 6\§r\ bie'n Cach mang tu san Phap cuoi the ki XVIII.
2. Vai tro cua quan chiing nhan dan the hien nhu the nao trong Cach mang tu san
Phap cuoi theki XVIII?
PHAN DOC THEM

V^ y nghia ciia Cach mang Phap
"Cach miing Phiip xihig dimg lii mot cudc dai Ciieh mang. Nd da liim biei bao nhieu
viec cho giai cap nd. tire lii giai cap tu siin. den ndi iron the ki XIX lii the ki dem lai
van minh vii van hoii cho toiin the nhim loiii dupc di;!n ra dudi diiu hieu ciia
Cach mang Phap".
(V. 1. Le-nin. Todn tap. Tap 29. NXB Tien bd, M.. 1972.
tr. 342. ban lieng Nga)
Ve bai hoc cua Ciieh mang Phap

... "Ciieh menh Phiip lam guong eho cluing la \e nhimg vice g'l ?
1. Diin ehiing edng ndng lii gde each menh...
2. Ciieh menh ihl phai ed td chuc that vung ben mdi thimh edng.
3. Dim ba. tre con eung giup lam viec each menh duac.
4. Dim kin nninh ihl i|iiiin linh niio, sung dng nho eung khdng chdng ku ndi".
(Ho Chi Minh. Tndn lap. Tiip 2. Sttd. ir. 274)
31
Chuofng II
CAC NUOC AU - Mi
(Oau the ki XIX - dau the ki XX)
CHAU AU Ttr CHIEN TRANH NA-PO-LE-dNG

DEN HOI NGHI VIEN
Car h mang tii san Phap c ooi ihc- ki W i l l anh lurang rat Inn den tmh
hinh ( hail Au, nhid la cudc dau tranh ( h o n g che dp phong kidn thi)ng
til \ a sii phai Incn cua ( hu nghia lu l>an.
1. Chi^n tranh Na-p6-le-6ng

Trong thdi ki chie'n tranh each mang bao ve nudc cpng hoa, chdng lien minh
phong kie'n, quan dpi Phap chiem mpt sd lanh thd d Tay Au va tac dpng den tinh
thdn dau tranh gidi phdng ndng dan khdi ach phong kien dja phuong. Dieu nay
cd y nghia tien bd. nhung khi Na-pd-le-dng Bd-na-pac tien hanh chien tranh d
chau Au thi cupc chien tranh mang ti'nh chat xam lupc.
NLI po le OML' llo-n.i-piK vinh iKiin I 700 o dan (noc. D.io iui\ \'>n lluioc l-ta-li-a.
nlurng 3 iluuie uir(V khi Nii-po-le-one ra lioi iluioc \e Phap.
Cha Na-pn le-i>ng la hi;U vir. \on ki oioi L|II\ loc hi ph;i s.m. Nam I .'^ luoi.
N.i-po-le-ons.' \ao hot. 1 nrnii^ ijuaii MI Pu-ri \a loi iiL'hiep kvii uu,
Na-po-lc-oni: l m :lKinh i.|iian nhan ehu>en nghiep. Nam 1793. ong dune lUc luonn
pliiut bmh danh um puiin .\iili ciiiem dimo Tu-ldnc. gi;ii phi'iig llumh pho. \ i chien
COOL: na>. (,)iioi, luu ^ki pimng IUOIIL chit \icn M pu.m Ln n.iii'j 24 ludi.
N.im 17'','^. Na-po-ie-oiiL.' lai (.luiii: irone pluo deji uui bon bito IKVIIIL' noi loan 0
i'.i-u S,ii; Jo. ini'.: dwK cu J n iui\ do;m quan I'li.ip Men \ i u ' li.K l-ladi-a.
danh i|u,iii An, Na-pn-ic-oiiL: \ ; n LIUIVJ ke ho.icti chiem loiui ho i.hau .Au \a
piiiiniiL' hnne. 1 tlie chon I ui-h a knn diem khoi dau cu;i ke hoach iKi\.
Sau khi chiem dupc l-ta-li-a. Na-pd-le-dng tien sat den bien gidi Ao, danh tan
quan dpi Ao va ki vdi nudc nay Hoa udc 1797. Theo dd, Ao edng nhan viing ta
ngan sdng Ranh thuoc ve Phap. Thuy Si, Ha Lan cung sap nhap vao Phap.
32
Nudc Anh khdng chiu nhupng bd. Na-pd-le-dng chuyen sang danh nhau vdi
Anh. Ong quyet dinh hanh quan sang An Dp de eudp thudc dia giau cd niiy ciia
Anh. Budc ddu, dng tie'n quan danh chiem Ai Cap va Xi-ri, song khdng thanh cdng.
Thang 10 - 1799, Na-pd-le-dng trd ve Pa-ri.
Sau cudc ddo chinh thang Sutmg
mil (11 - 1799), Na-pd-ie-dng
ndm ehinh quyen d Phap, den
nam 1804 len ngdi Hoang de.
thiei lap nen De che thu nhdt
( 1 8 0 4 - 1815).
1.1.1! c.un i|u\en. Na-pi>-lc-ong lim âch
Uip Irung t|U\en lue viio chinh i.ju>en
irung uerng. ciii Id ni:n himh chinh \ii ur
[iluip, nuV mang iruivng lipc. khu\en khich
phiii Iricii cong nghe. thdng nhiii ditn vi
do luifiig \ii ehe do thuc... Oiinh L|u\en
Nii-[x>-le-ong eung edciie ihanti I|IM CO Ixm
cuii Ciicli iniing tu s;in Phiip. tao dieu kien
chn sir phiu inen kinh le iii h.m chii n'_'hi:i,
Hinh 15. Na-pd-le-dng tren ngai vdng Sau khi trd thanh Hoang de,
Na-pd-le-dng ra siie thuc hien tham vpng ba chii cua minh, ddy manh eupc
chien tranh xam lupc mdi d chau Au ma dd'i thii chinh trudc mdt la Anh, Ao, Nga.
Mua ihu iKini lfN(l.>. .N;i-pd-le-ong tiip iruni: 2 .iO'i lau ehien dc lien h.mli euoc do bp
len nuoc Anh. nhumi bi hai quan Ann. Uo DP dPe Nen-\tJn chi luiv.
dimli bai ironu euoc thuv ehicn ldn a miu la-ra-ohan-i:a man i a \ Ban Ntuii.
Nam I Slid. Na-no-le-ong diinh bai uiian .\o. roi uiian Pho vii lien viio Bec-lin.
Niim IMI/ siiu nun viu luin chien dam mini voi Luuin Nea. Na-ixi-le-oiie ki Hiep udc
lin-dii vu) Nga va i'ho.
Thang 6 - 1812, khdng tuyen chie'n, Na-pd-le-6ng dich than chi huy 64 van
quan, gdm binh linh nhieu dan tpc d chau Au, tien danh nudc Nga.
Trai vdi du tinh ciia Na-pd-le-dng. quan Nga do Cu-tu-ddp chi huy.
khdng nghenh chien, sti dung chien thuat du djch vao sau lanh thd Nga.
Ngay 7 - 9 - 1 8 1 2 . tran Bd-rd-di-nd"' dien ra rat ac liet giua khoang 13 van
quan Nga vdi 13,5 van quan Na-pd-le-dng : hcfn 4 van quan Nga hi sinh, gan 6 van
quan Phap tii tran.
(1) Ten mpl king, each Miil-\ca-va khoiing 120 km.
3.LICHSU l l - N C - A
33
Di bao toan Iuc lupng chien dau lau dai. Cu-tu-ddp quyei djnh nit khdi
Mat-xeo-va. Quan Phap vao chiem ddng thanh phd dang chay ldn. khdng cd
ngudi d. khdng ed luong thuc. Na-pd-le-dng du djnh danh chiem viing giau cd phia
nam. nhung den dau cung gap quan Nga va siic khang cu manh liet ciia nhan dan Nga.
Cudi eimg. khdng the tiep tuc ehiem ddng nudc Nga. quan Na-pd-le-dng phai
nil ve nudc. Sau 12 ngay dem vat va. Na-pd-le-dng mdi ve den Pa-ri.
That bai ciia Na-pd-le-dng d Nga ed anh hudng quyei djnh den sd phan ciia
De ehe Phap va Na-pd-le-dng. Quan dpi Na-pd-le-dng ldn lupt bj thai bai tren cac
chien trudng d chau Au. Ngay 18 - 6 - 1815, trong tran danh ldn cudi ciing d
Oa-tec-ld. gan Briic-xen (Bi). quan dpi Na-pd-le-dng bj tieu diet. Na-pd-le-dng bj
bdt lam tii binh va bi day ra dao Xanh E-len, roi chei d day (nam 1821).
^ ^ Nguyen nhan that bai cua quan doi Na-po-le-ong la gi ?
2. Hoi nghi Vien va ttnh hinh chau Au

Sau khi danh bai nudc Phap va bdt Na-pd-le-dng di day, cac nguyen thu
qudc gia va bd trudng nhieu nudc chau Au hpp d Vien (1814 - 1815).
thao luan nhung dieu kien ki Hiep udc hoa binh va ve lai ban dd chau Au
theo hudng ed lpi cho hp. Mpi viec tai Hdi nghi Vien deu do "Uy ban 4 nudc".
gdm dai bieu cac nudc thdng tran : Anh, Nga. Ao. Phd quyet djnh.
Theo quyet djnh ciia Hdi nghi Vien. nudc Phap trd ve bien gidi cu trudc chien
tranh each mang. Phap phai tra 700 trieu phrang tien bdi thudng chien phi va giao
eho quan Ddng minh toan bd ham dpi ciia minh. Lu-i XVIII dupc cdng nhan la vua
nudc Phap. Cac nude thdng tran chia nhau dai dai chiem dupc.
Sau Hpi nghj Vien. trieu dai Budc-bdng, timg bi lat dd trong Cach mang tu san
Phap (1789). dupc phuc hdi.
Nhdm ehdng lai cac luc lupng each mang, nam 1815, theo de nghi cua Nga hoang
A-le'ch-xan-dro I. vua cac nudc chau Au thanh lap Lien minh Thdn thdnh.
Iren danh nghia ldn giiio. Lien minh 'lliim ihimh i|u\ dinh ciie \ ua phai eiup dd nhau
\ ii dimg "Iuc luang ehung" de dim iip ciich mang neu no ra d biit cu noi nao. Liic dû
mdi cd ba nucie Ng;i. Ao. Phd ki viio van kien. Lan lucft. hau hei ciic nutVc chau Au
.\in gia nhiipLien ndnh. .Anh khdng phai lii thanh vien cua Lien minh. sone tich cue
ung lio \ ice dan iip Ciich niiing.
Ve thuc chdt. Lien minh Than thanh la lien minh phdn ddng ciia cac vua chiia
phong kicn chau Au chdng lai \u hudng each mang tu san.
34 3.lJCHsun-^Jc.e
Hinh 16. Bd trudng Ngoqi giao Ao Mct-fec-nich (ddng giua. cam cdn)
trong Hdi nghi \ len IS15 (tranh chain hiem difong ihdi}
Dil bj Lien minh Than thanh tim each dan ap. phong trao each mang vdn dien
ra d nhieu nudc chau Au. manh nhai la d Tay Ban Nha.
Nam 1820, mdt sd trung doan Tay Ban Nha. bj dieu sang dan ap cupc khdi nghia
ciia cac thudc dja d Nam Mi. da ndi day ddu tranh. Nhung ngudi khdi nghTa ddi bd
nhirng luat le ha khde, danh thue vao quy tdc va tang lu. ddng ciia tu vien. tjch thu
rudng dai ciia quy toe va khdi phuc Hicn phap 1812.
Cudc khdi nghia lan nhanh ra nhieu dja phuong trong nude, ke cd TTiu dd Ma-drit.
Vua Tay Ban Nha phdi nhutrng bd : trieu tap Nghi vien. phuc hdi Hien phap,
giam nhe hinh phat, tien hanh cac cudc cai each tu sdn. Nam 1823, Lien minh Thdn
thanh gui 10 van quan Phap. ket hpp vdi dpi quan phdn each mang ciia Giao hpi, dan
ap da man cupe khdi nghla va khdi phuc quyen chuyen che cua nha vua.
Cach mang dTay Ban Nha thai bai, khdng chi vi su can thiep vu trang cua Lien
minh Thdn thanh ma cdn vi nhung ngudi each mang khdng dua vao nhan dan, chi
lo dau tranh quan su.
Vao nhung nam 20 ciia the ki XIX. phong trao each mang tu san cdn nd ra d
nhieu noi khae, trong dd ed I-ta-li-a. nhung deu thai bai.
^^ Quan sat hinh 16 va neu y do Uen minh cua Than thanh.
35
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Tinh hinh chau Au tir sau Hpi nghi Vien co nhi/ng di§n bien quan trong nao ?
2. Tai sao cac nudc chau Au lien minh cho'ng lai Na-po-le-ong ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Met-tec-nich Lyn-no-bua i 1773 - 1859). nhii hoat ddng chinh tri vii ngoai giao Ao.
Bao \e ehe dp quan chii. ehdng Caeh mang tu san Phap 1789 va De'che Na-pd-le-dng I.
Nam 18(16. kim Dili sir Ao a Pa-ri (Phiip) : nam 1809. Bd trudng Ngoiii giao'''.
Thanh lap Lien minh cac nude chiiu Au ehdng Na-pd-le-dng. nham phue hdi trieu dai
Budc-bdng a Phiip. Ddng \ai trd quan Irpng trong Hoi nghi Vien (1813). di ra chu
truang ""ciin bang ehau .Au" di hiin ehe the' luc ciic nudc ldn. thanh lap Ddng minh
Thiin thiinh (Iden minh Than thiinh) dudi iinh hudng eua Ao. Cudc Caeh mang 1848
a Vien da ket thuc \ai ird ehinh tri eua Met-lec-nieh I'yn-na-bua. Nguyen tac ngoai
giao cua Met-lec-nieh L'yn-na-bua : 1) Khdng dupe lam cudc thuang lutrng tan va.
nhai ki trong trudng hcip dc ciru \an ha\ lap lai hoii binh. 2) Phiii chujin bi kT luong
KTi mue tdi da mpi \an kien ngoai giao. mpi eupc hpp bd irudng. lanh dao nha nudc.
mpi \icc thao hiep udc. 3) Khong cam ket khi chua chin mudi. gianh liiy cho minh
sir tudo himh dpng eang liiu ciing ha\. 4) Ve mat chinh tri. khdng ed viec gi nho. moi
\iec deu nam trong he thdng ; mdi cudng qude phai cd niiit d kh^p nai. 5) Ciin ndm
den chi tiei nhd boat ddng cua dpng minh va ke Ihii. ngusen nhan che d;iy hoai ddng
dd. Nhiimg nguyen tac nay da dupe Kii-xin-gia (H. A. Kissinger) van dung rndt eiich
nghiem ngiu trong eae cudc hdi nghi \a thuang lutmg qudc te. trona dd cd cupc
Hpi nghi Pa-ri \'i Viet Nam. Met-iec-ni'ch U\n-na-bua da gianh dupc nhiSu nhupng
bp cua nhuTig ngudi ddi thoai. dem lai nhieu ihiinh qua eho ciie ihe luc thdng iri cua
Ao va chiiu Au Irong giin 40 niim ke tir Hoi nghi Vien I I81.S).
(Theo : Tddien Bach khoa Viet Nam. Tap 2.

NXB Tir di^n bitch khoa, H., 2002. tr. 903)
(1 ) Nam IS2I. kiem Tliu urimg .4o.
36
CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP

(Nua sau the ki XVIH - gitta the ki XIX)
Tu nhung naia ou c ua the ki W i l l , n .Anh clicn ra c uoc c at h mani; cong

nghiep, sau do rl.i lan sang cat HLKK Phap, D m ... ()UA tnnh njiy da tao
ra nhdng ( huven bidn kinh le, \ a hoi l u i sue lo lirn va sau sac.
I - CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 6 ANH
1. Nhung tien de cua cach mang cong nghiep

Sau thdng loi cua each mang tu san, kinh te tu ban chii nghia d Anh phat trien
ngay cang manh me. Nudc Anh tang cudng xam chiem thudc dia (An Do. Bdc MT,
6-xtray-li-a...}. Bang hoat ddng kinh doanh trong nudc. budn ban nd le, khai thac
thuoc dia..., giai cdp tu san Anh da tich luy duoc luong lU hdn khong Id de ddu tu
phat trien cong nghiep.
Ciing vdi su phat trien kinh te. viec ludc doat ruong dat cua ndng dan cQng duoe
ddy manh. Ndng dan mat rupng, thp thu cdng bi pha sdn budc phdi ban strc lao
ddng ciia minh. Vi vay, d Anh ludn sdn nhdn edng hon cac nudc khae.
Mat khae. nhung tien bd ve kT thudt va td chuc san xuat trong cdng trudng thii
cdng Anh, nhu phan cdng lao ddng d trinh dp cao, da tao dieu kien de phat minh
ra may mdc. Ngoai ra. cdng trudng thu cdng cdn san sinh ra nhirng edng nhan lanh
nghe. cd the phat minh va su dung may mdc.
Ilieo gtu chep eua .\-diim , \ n i i l . iih.i kuih le chinh iri hpe Anh ( I 723 - I 790), de kim
mpl kim bang phai liiii t|Uii 18 cong doiin. edng cu kio dpng dupe cluiven mon lio.i
(rieng d Bdc-minh-luun ttii siin xuiU khoang 5{)0 loiii biia kluie nhiiu. moi loiii ihich
hop cho mdi edng \iee diic ihiil...
Nhu vay, nudc Anh sau each mang tu sdn cd du nhirng tien de de tien himh
each mang cdng nghiep : tu ban. nhan cdng va sir phat trien kT thuat. Anh virot
han cac nudc Au - MT ve nhung dieu kien tren. nen each mang edng nghiep khdi
ddu sdm nhat.
^ ^ NhCtng tien de lam cho each mang cong nghiep khdi dau d Anh sdm hon cac
nudc khae la gi ?
37
2. Sir phat minh va su dung may moc
Viec ddy manh san xuat hang hoa. phat trien budn ban nhdm thu Ipi nhuan cao
ddi hdi phdi chuye'n nen sdn xudt thii cdng sang san xuat co khi. Vi vay, viec phat
minh va su dung may mdc trd thanh mot nhu cdu cap thiet. Dd la ndi dung quan
trong cua each mang cdng nghiep.
Caeh mang cong nghiep d Anh, cung nhu d mot sd nudc tu ban khae sau nay.
dupc bdt dau tir cdng nghiep nhe, bdi vi dau tu khdng nhieu, thu hdi vdn nhanh va
kiem dupc nhieu lai.
Tix nhUng nam 60 cua the ki XVIII, may mdc dupc phat minh va su dung
ddu tien d Anh. trudc he't trong nganh det.
Liic bin L'iit. himg del \ai bdng eiia .Anh biin eh.i> liun cho nghe del riu phai dai. mac
du dang co su m.il i,iin i.idi giuii kliim keo spi \ii del \iii (eu 10 nguiii keo sOi nuVi du
spi eho mpl ihadeli. Nam I 764. ngirdi thp del Giem Ha-gri-\o' phiii minh ra ni.i\ keo
spi Gien-ni (liiy ten con eiii minh diu eho nutx). Liic dim. niiiv keo duac 8 coe sai
bdng (chiec .\a cP tru\en chi keo duoe 1 coc SOD. sau Ciii tien diin len deii 16 - 18
coc spi. nimg Miiit tang giip nhieu km.
Tiep dd niini 17pP, Ac-criii-ta che ra mii\ keo soi eha\' bane sue nirdc.
Mid nhiing phiu minh tren. soi dupc siin \u;it lii nhieu. khung eui thu edng del khong
kip. kim na\ sinh nhu ciui phiii eo khi hoii ngimh del. Nam I7S5, ki sU Li-man
Cae-rai pliiii minh rii ni;i) del ehiiy hang sue nudc. dua nang suiil king 40 lim so \di
del ihu cdng- Do mii\ mde eha\ bang sUe nude nen ed sU bid lpi. Ciic nhii miu phai
\ii\ dung gim nhung khiie sdng cha> xiet. \a trung tam diui eu \i\ na\ L:iiio thdng lien
loi : \;io mii.i ddng. khi nudc ddng bang, nhii m;i\ phai ngimg hoiU ddnti.
Chinh trong khoang

thdi gian dd, nam 1784,
Giem Oat (1736 - 1819).
thuc nghiem vien mdt
trudng dai hoc d Luan Ddn,
da hoan thien may hoi nudc
de ed the irng dung rdng rai
trong cac ITnh vuc san xuat,
liic dau trong nganh det,
luyen kim, khai md. sau lan
Hinh 17. Mdv lufi nudc cua Giem Odt nhanh sang cac nganh khae.
38
Niim ISOO. toan mtac Anh cd 321 iniiy hoi nU(Vc (\di tdng eong suai ? 210 mil liie). nimi
182.^. liing ten \^ 000 niiiy hoi nmVc i\0\ Idng eong suiil lii 37.-S 000 mil luei.
De ludng iihoedng kio eiia Giem OiU. neuai la dii dung linnig ki niem tai Gei-\niiii-lir
khi ong qua ddi nam 1SI9, vdi ddng ehil : '"Nguoi d;i niuin len giip hoi sue manh eua
Con iieuoi '.
Phuang lien \an ehu><!;n trudc dii\ chu veu dua \iio sire keo ciui ddng \ai (ve ngua.
\e bd) hoae nhd sire gid. sire nude (ihuy^n budm). De dap ung nhu e;iu \iin chii>eii
neuyen \'iit lieu den nhii nutx' san \iiiu \a diiii Iumg hoa di ciie noi. miis mde dupe MI
dung trong giao ihong \;in lai.
TiJ dau the ki XIX, tau thuy va xe lira xuat hien vdi dau may hoi nudc. He
thdng dudng sdt phat trie'n, md rdng kha nang van tai, ndi lien cac trung tam cdng
thuong nghiep.
Nam 1814. Xli-phen-\an che lao lliimli edng dim ma\ \e liiii dim lien. Nam I82.>,
nudc Anh khiinh thiinh doan dudng sat dau ticn ndi lien Man-ehel-\ta vdi Li-vo-pun.
Nam 1830. cii nude .Anh ehi cd 108 km dudng sat. den nam 18,^0 dii tang
len 10 000 km.
May mdc va dudng

sdt phat trien ddi hdi phai
day manh san xudt d cac
nganh cdng nghiep nang :
khai md, luyen kim, che'
tao may... Nam 1850,
Anh san xuat dupc mot
nua sd gang, thep va than
da ciia the gidi.
Nhu vay, tiT giira the

Hinh 18. Ddu mdy ,xe liia Xii-phen-xan
ki XVIII den giUa the ki
XIX, d Anh da dien ra
qua trinh chuyen tir san xudt nhd thir cdng sang san xuat ldn bdng may mdc, tao ra
nhirng bien ddi to ldn ve kinh te va xa hdi. Day la cudc each mang edng nghiep.
dien ra ddu tien dAnh. sdm hon cac nudc khae tir 50 den 100 nain, bien nudc Anh
tir mot nudc ndng nghiep thanh nudc cdng nghiep phat trien nhdt the gidi liic bay
gid. Nudc Anh dupc menh danh la "cdng xudng cua the gidi".
39
^ ^ - Tnnh bay nhiing thanh tuu noi bat cua each mang cong nghiep Anh.
- Cac phat minh kT thuat da dap iJng yeu cau san xuat, luu thong hang hoa
nhuthe nao ?
II - CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP 6 P H A P VA DL/C

O Phdp. each mang cdng nghiep bdt ddu tir nam 1830, trudc tien trong cdng
nghiep nhe. rdi phat trien manh me vao nhiing nam 1850 - 1870. Chi trong 20 nam
(1830 - 1850). cac mat san xuat ciia Phap tang len nhieu.
San iiroiii: gani:. sal iang 3 liin. dd diU dUiTiig sal laiu: 100 km iiu .M) km lan>j len
3 IKIO km. den Uiun 187(1 uing len lb 500 kmi. Giira the ki XIX. Phiip ed iren ^ 000
1 ,,, ,..,.>, I
Nhd each mang cdng nghiep. kinh te Phap phat trien, dung thu tiai tren the gidi
(sau Anh). hon hdn cae nudc khae tren luc dia chau Au.
O Dde. tuy dat nudc chua thdng nhat, giai cap tu san chua ddng vai trd chii dao
nhung each mang cdng nghiep vdn dien ra tix nhiing nam 40 cua the ki XIX. Trong
nhung nam 1850 - 1860, kinh te Due phat trien vdi tdc dp rat cao.
Hinh 19. Co khi hod ndng nghiep uDuc the ki XIX
Sdn lupng than. sdt. thep va dp dai dudng sat tang [ix 2 den 3 lan. sd may
hoi nudc tang 6 lan. Nhd tiep thu nhQng thanh tuu khoa hoc - kT thuat mdi.
40
eae nganh cdng nghiep khai mo, hoa chat, luyen kim tang nhanh va cd vai trd
chu dao trong nen kinh te Due.
Tir nam ISfiO den nam 1870. san lupng ilian da eua Dire lang ur 12 liieii lan Icn
2d Irieu Um.
May mde cung dupc sir dung trong ndng nghiep. Tren dong rudng da xuat hien
may cay. may bira, may gat dap. Ddng thdi, phan bdn hoa hoc dupc sir dung
rpng rai. gdp phdn lam tang nang suat cay trdng.
^^ Cach mang cong nghiep d Phap va DUc dien ra nhuthe nao ?
Ill - HE QUA CUA CACH MANG CONG NGHIEP

Cach mang cdng nghiep lam thay ddi bd mat eae nude tu ban : nhieu trung tam
edng nghiep mdi vdi thanh thi ddng dan xuat hien ; may mdc da lam thay doi can
ban qua trinh san xuat, nang cao nang suat lao ddng. tao ngudn cita cdi xa hdi ddi
dao. Cach mang cdng nghiep da thuc ddy nhieu nganh kinh te phat trien. dac biet
la giao thdng van tdi va ndng nghiep. Nhu cdu cdng nghiep hoa khien ndng nghiep
chuyen sang phuong thii'c chuyen canh hoac tham canh ; ddng thdi qua trinh co gidi
hoa nong nghiep cung gdp phan giai phdng sue lao ddng cua ndng dan, bo sung luc
lupng lao dpng cho cdng nghiep va dich vu.
Ve mat xa hpi, he qua quan trpng nhat ciia each mang cdng nghiep la hinh thanh
hai giai cap co bdn cua xa hpi tu ban : giai cap tu san va giai cap vd san. Qua each
mang cdng nghiep, giai cap tu san cang giau len nhanh chdng. trd thanh giai cap
thdng tri xa hdi. Cach mang cdng nghiep da lam cho dpi ngu vd sdn ngay cang ird
nen ddng ddo. Vdi than phan la ngudi lao dpng lam thue. chiu ap buc bdc lot, giai
edp vd san mau thudn quyen lpi vdi giai cap tu san. dung len dau tranh chdng dp
biTc bdc lot.
^^ Cach mang cong nghiep da dan tdi nhCtng he qua gi ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Tai sao each mang cong nghiep dien ra dau tien d Anh ?
2. Lap bang thong ke ve moc thdi gian va thanh tuu chu yeu cua each mang cong
nghiep d Anh, Phap va OCrc.
41
PHAN DOC THEM
Budc khdi dau ciia each mang cdng nghiep
Viec hoim thien va sir dung may hoi nudc ciia Giem Oat dupc coi la su md dSu cua
qua trinh ca gidi hoa. mang y nghTa mpl cupc each miing cdng nghiep.
Dieu quan trong nhiii lii may hai nudc da tiio ra ngudn ddng lire mdi liim giiim nhe
sue lao ddng ea bap ciia con ngudi. Nd tao dieu kien cho su chuydn ciich Ihuc lao
ddng bang tay dupc thuc hien iir khi loai ngudi xuat hien sang sit dung may mdc.
Dd la yeu td ca ban ciia cdng nghiep hoa. danh dau budc nhay vpt ciich mang irong
lich sir Siin xuii't ciia nhim loid, budc ehuyen eabiin tir nen van minh ndng nghiep sang
van minh edng nghiep. Trong qua trinh tien hiinh ciich mang edng nghiep. ca cau
sdn xuat cdng nghiep dan dan dupc hoan chinh. De giai quyet ngudn nhien lieu va
nguyen lieu, nganh khai md phiit trie'n nhanh chong. Nhd vay, ngucfi ta cd the' khai
ihiie ihifn va cac khoang san kim loai. Phat minh ve phuang phap luyen than cdc nam
1735 la mdt ddng gdp quan trpng cho viec luyen gang thep. Lo luyen gang dû tien
duac xSy dung niim 1784. liim tang Ien gap nhieu lan kha nang san xuat dd kim loai.
khien eho cac eau d nude Anh dan din dupc thay bang cau sat, cac nha may dan diin
dupc trang hi ciic loiii may eong cu va ma>' cdng tac cu the. Nhd vay hinh ihanh ca
eau cdng nghiep nang san xuat may cai va cdng nghiep nhe cung cap cac loiii hang
lieu dung.
(Theo : Vu Ducng Ninh (Chii bicn). Lich sir vdn minh the gidri.
NXB Giao due. H.. 2000. tr. 312)
42
HOAN THANH CACH MANG TlT SAN

6 CHAU AU VA MI (gifia the ki XIX)
Trong cac thop nion .50, 60 ciia the ki XIX, nhidn cudc r <K h mani^ tit s>in
dien ra ducxi nhung hinh thdc khae nhan o c hiui Au va HM M i . dcni loi
'-ir todn thang cua plurong thdc ^cin xuat to ban i hu nghia, lao dicu kicn
c ho r h n nghi.i tu h,Mi phdt trien manh me.
I - CUOC DAU TRANH THONG NHAT 6 DU'C

VA I-TA-LI-A
1. Cuoc dau tranh thong nhat nuoc Due

Cac phong trao each mang nhirng nam giua the ki XIX d Ddc that bai. tuy khdng
gidi quyet dupc nhiem vu thdng nhat dat nudc (dang bi chia thanh 38 vuong qudc
Idn nhd) nhung cung tao dieu kien cho nen dai cdng nghiep phat trien. nhat la d
Vuong qudc Pho (vuong qudc ldn manh nhat d Dire liie bay gid). Tii mot nudc ndng
nghiep. Dire ddn trd thanh mdt nude cdng nghiep. Rieng d Bec-lin. sd lutmg cdng
nhan tang tir 5 van len 18 van trong vdng 10 nam ( 1 8 4 9 - 1859). Suphat trien ciia
kinh te tu bdn chu nghTa dat ra mdt each cap thiet nhiem vu thdng nhat dat nude.
Tuy ed nhirng budc phat trien dang ke ve mat td chtrc, giai cap vd sdn Due chua the
lanh dao qudn chung dau tranh thdng nhat dat nudc ''tiJ dudi len" bdng eon dudng
each mang. Mat khae, tir sau Cach mang 1848 - 1849, giai cap tu san iing hp giai
cap dia ehu quan phiet Phd. dCing vO lue de thdng nhat dat nudc "tir tren xudng".
Nam 1862. Bi-xmac len lam Thu tudng Phd. dam nhan nhiem vu lanh diio cong
cudc thdng nhat ddt nudc.
(Ji-lo i'hoii lii-Miiiic la moi tiia thu quy tdc Phd. mdi nhii hoai done thinh Iri. ngoiii
giiio ndi liem:. Niim INd2. uii Quoc hdi Phd. Bi-\iniiL Jii iii\en ho : "Nhiine vLin lie
ldn euii llui'i dai si' duoc eiai q u \ e i kliong phai Itiuig d\cn \ iin IIO.K I\IIIL: SO phii-ii hiiu
eua dil so. ma hiinL' siU \ LI m a n "
Qua trinh thdng nhat Due dupe thuc hien thdng qua cac cupc chien tranh.
Nam 1864, Phd gay ehien vdi Dan Mach.
43
Nam 1866. Phd gay chien vdi Ao va gianh dupc thdng lpi. Sau dd. Phd hoa hoan
vdi Ao de chudn bi chien tranh chdng Phap. Nam 1867, Lien bang Bdc Dire dupe
thanh lap do Pho dung dau.
Lien hung gom IK hang a Biic f)ue vii ba ihimh
|->i!o lu do. (Jiioe hpi gom ba \ien. \o\ L[u>en hanh
han che. Chu itch Lien bang (\ua Phdi cd quyen
lai Ion. Bi-\miie ura Ui lliu luinig Pho. \ua ki'Ihu
tuong Lien bang, elu ehm ii.teh nhiein UUOL' (lui
Ik-ll t .K-Il K i l l !
Lien bang Bde Dure chi la ket qua

budc ddu tren eon dudng thdng nhdt Dixc
cua Bi-xmac. Song, khi tien hanh sap
nhap vdi cac qudc gia mien Nam. Phd bi
Phap ngan can vi Phap khdng mudn cd
mdt qudc gia thdng nhat, hiing manh ben
canh. Phap da ldi keo cac nudc Nam Dice
chdng lai Phd. Bdng thdng lpi trong cupc
Hinh 20. O. P. Bi-.\mdc
(1815 - 1898)
chien tranh Phap - Pho (1870 - 1871).
Bi-xmac da hoan thanh viec thdng nhat
da't nudc.
B ^ g a cac quoc gio d * ! nam IBM

NuOc Ml* (Kn nim law
Vorg dW rap nhOp uao Ptio den nim 1866
I Coc bang go nhap L*n bong ^fx. Due
Co; Dang gia nhoo Ufti Oong Mc Ojc
nam 1870
PHAP / y . r^Jf-^ ^' • Quan doi ?Ti6 Idn c6ns «oo Oon Moch
Ao Phop
S-*n gi6i Liftn Oong Bdc Ouc f)fif. 18*7
Bier>g^<»a*JcOucnOm 1B71
Hinh 21. Liroc dd qud trinh thdng nhd't Due
44
Cudc dau tranh thdng nhat Dire dupc thue hien ''tir tren xudng". Nd mang tinh
chat mdt cudc each mang tu san, md dudng cho chii nghla tu ban phat trien manh
me hon. Nudc Due thdng nhat dan ddn bj quan phiet hoa theo kieu PhP vii trd thanh
mot trung lam gay ehien d chau Au, Id lua cua hai cudc chien tranh the gidi
sau nay.
Hinh 22. Le ddng quang Hodng de nudc Due thdng nhai tgi Phdng Gucmg -
Cung dien Vec-.xai (Phdp) ngdx 18 - I- 1871
2. Cuoc dau tranh thong nhat l-ta-li-a
Sau nam 1815, I-ta-li-a bi chia xe thanh 7 nudc ldn, nhd theo che dp quan chu
chuyen che va phdn ldn phu thudc de qudc Ao. Nhan dan I-ta-li-a nhieu ldn dau
tranh chdng ach thdng tri phong kien va sir dd ho cua Ao de thdng nhat dat nudc.
Nam 1848, mdt eude each mang tu san da nd ra tren ban dao I-ta-li-a. Cdng nhan
va dan ngheo thanh thi, dudi sir lanh dao cua phai tu san each mang. da ndi day dau
tranh. Nhung each mang da that bai vi so sanh luc lupng giira phan each mang va
each mang qua chenh lech, vi thieu mdt trung tam chi dao phong trao.
Khoang 10 nam sau Cach mang 1848, chii nghla tu bdn bat dau phat trien manh
d cac xu mien Bdc I-ta-li-a, dac biet d Vuong qudc Pi-e-mdn-te. Van de thdng nhat
dat nudc lai dupc dat ra. Giai cap tu san I-ta-li-a hudng ve Pi-e-mdn-te. noi cd ehe
dp chfnh tri va kinh te tien bp hem cd.
Ba tude Ca-vua, Thii tudng Pi-e-mdn-te, tii khi len cdm quyen ehu truong md
mang kinh te va xay dung quan dpi. Dai dien cho quy tpc tu san hoa va tang ldp
dai tu san. Ca-vua cQng cd tham vpng thdng nhat I-ta-li-a "tCr tren xudng". lap ra
mdt nha nude quan ehu lap hien dudi quyen vua Pi-e-mdn-te.
45
Tix thang 4 - 1859, Ca-vua lien
minh vdi Phap de tien hanh chien
tranh vdi Ao, gianh lai chu quyen,
thdng nhat mpl sd viing mien Bdc va
mien Trung l-ta-li-a. Thang 4 - 1860,
cupe khdi nghla eiia nhan dan ddo
Xi-xi-Ii-a (Nam I-ta-li-a) biing nd
nhdm lat do ach thdng tri ciia Ao va
thdng nhat dat nudc. Theo thod thuan
vdi Ca-vua, Ga-ri-ban-di dem quan
xudng giup nhan dan Nam I-ta-li-a.
"Dpi quan ao dd" hcfn 1 000 ngudi do
Hinh 23. G. Ga-ri-ban-di
Ga-ri-ban-di ehi huy, da vupt bien, do
(1807- 1882) bd len dao Xi-xi-li-a.
Giu-\ep-pe Ga-ri-biin-di xuat than trong mdt gia dinh limy llui. Nam IS,V% ong gia
nhiip td chirc "Nude l-Ui-li-a ire", tham gia khdi nghia ehdng Ao. rdi sang Nam Ml.
Ird iliiuih ehicn si t|udc te dau tr;uih \i quyen dim ehu. Nam 1S4S, Cla-ri-ban-di ve
ninVc. Id chire "Dpi t|iiiin iio dd" tiip hpp himg nghin nguiii. tien luiiih dim tranh ehdni;
ehe do Ihdng tri cuii Ao vii iich phong kien nham thdng nhin diii niKie.
Nhan dan mien Nam I-ta-li-a ddn chao Ga-ri-ban-di. Chi trong 2 ngay, 4 000 ngudi
da tinh nguyen xin gia nhap "Dpi quan ao dd". Cudi thang 5 — 1860, dao quan Ga-ri-
ban-di gidi phdng dao Xi-xi-li-a. Thang 8, quan each miing lai vupt bien tien vao
Nii-pd-li (thu phu eiia Vuong qudc Nam I-ta-li-a), giai phdng Nam l-ta-li-a.
Chinh quyen mdi dupc thanh lap do Ga-ri-ban-di lam Chap chinh. ban
hanh nhUng chinh sach dan chu : chia rudng dat cho ndng dan. bai bd dac
quyen phong kien.
Nhung qudn chiing khdng dupc hudng thanh qua dau tranh eiia minh.
Trudc sue ep ciia Ca-vua. thang 10 - I860 Ga-ri-ban-di thoa thuan cho sap nhap
Nam I-ta-li-a vao Pi-e-mdn-te. Phong trao ndng dan khdi nghla bj dap tdt.
Tiep dd. Pi-e-inon-te tuyen bd thimh lap Vuong qudc I-ta-li-a. nhung nude
l-ta-li-a chua dupc thdng nhat hoan toan. Ve-ne-xi-a (thudc Ao) va Rd-ma (dat
ciia Giao hoang, dudi su bdo hd cua Phap) chua dupc giai phdng. Nam 1866, lien
minh vdi Phd ehdng Ao. I-ta-li-a giai phdng dupc Ve-ne-xi-a : thu hdi Rd-ma
46
sau cupe chien tranh Phap - Phd (1870 - 1871). Tii dd, R6-ma trd thanh Thii dd
cua nudc I-ta-li-a thdng nhat.
// /\ /
• Di/cmg liSr guan

3\6n giA quSc gia S6i\ n3m 1859
cua dfli quan Aodc"
Vjng ldnh Ihd duac sap nhap
vao Pi-e-m6n-ie nam 1860 Nhung viirg diJn :a khoi ngtîa
doi thong nhat flat ruoc
Vung ISnh Ihfi duoc sSp nhap vao i-la-li-a
nam 1870
1870 Nam Ihflng nhallanh (nO
Cudc ti^n cOng cua li$n quan vao Vuimg quflc i-ia-ii-a
Pi-fe.mOn-ie - Phap ching quSn Ao
Bifin gptn Vucmg guflc l-ta-h-a
Nen diin ra cac Iran darih chij ySu
nam 18?0
Hinh 24. Luac do lien trinh thdng nluit l-ia-li-a
Viee thdng nhat l-ta-li-a da tao dieu kien thuan lpi cho su phat trien chii nghla
tu ban. Nhan dan ddng vai trd quyet dinh trong su nghiep thdng nhat ddt nudc
nhung chinh quyen lai roi vao tay tu san va quy tde tu san hoa.
^ ^ - Tai sao nhiyng cuoc dau tranh thong nhat o DUc va a l-ta-ll-a co y nghTa nhu
nhCtng cuoc each mang tu san ?
- Hay so sanh con dUdng thong nhat Difc va thong nhat l-ta-li-a.
47
II - NOI CHIEN d Mi (1861 - 1865)
VA CAI CACH NONG NO 6 NGA (1861)
1. Noi chien 6 Mi
Nam 1783, eupc Chien tranh gianh ddc lap cua cac thupc dia Anh d Bdc Ml ket
thiic thdng lpi, nudc Ml ra ddi gdm 13 bang. Song, nhieu nhiem vu ciia mot cudc
each mang ehua hoan thanh. Cudc dau tranh nhdm giai quyet nhirng van de tdn tai
cua nudc Ml tiep tuc phat trien la mdt yeu eau cua xa hdi Ml bay gid.
C A N A D A
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Hinh 25. Nudc Mi gii'fa the ki XIX

Sau chien tranh gianh ddc lap. nudc Ml da md rdng ve phia tay, den giiia
the ki XIX ed 30 bang. Kinh te phat trien nhanh ehdng, dan ddn nudc Ml chia lam
ba mien dat vdi eo eau kinh te - xa hdi khae nhau :
- Mien Bae la vung cdng nghiep phat trie'n, hai giai cap ehfnh trong xa hdi la
tu sdn va edng nhan.
- Mien Nam la noi kinh te don dien chiem uu the. chii nd su dung nhan cdng
nd le da den ngay cang nhieu.
- Mien Tay la viing ndng nghiep eiia chii trai.
Vdi nhieu dieu kien thuan lpi. mien Bdc nudc Ml tien hanh each inang cdng
nghiep. dua nudc Ml vuon len diing hang thd tu trong sd cac nudc edng nghiep tren
the gidi.
48
6 mien Nam, kinh te ddn dien phat
trien vdi cac nghe trdng bdng, thudc la.
mia... dua tren sir bdc lot lao dpng nd le
da den. Gidi ehii nd da lam giau nhanh
chdng, the luc ngay cang manh. Tinh
de'n nam 1860, chii nd da dua 11 ngudi
cua minh len lam Tong thdng (trong sd
16 Tdng thdng Ml).
Su duy tri che dp nd le don dien d
mien Nam da can trd sir phat trien kinh
te tu ban ehii nghla d Ml. Do vay, mau
thudn giua tu san mi^n Bdc va chii nd
Hinh 26. A. Lin-cdn mien Nam ngay eang trd nen gay gdt.
(1809-1865) Phong trao dau tranh ddi thu tieu che dp
nd Ie da thu hiit ddng ddo tu sdn, cdng
nhan, chii trai, nd le da den tham gia.
Nguyen nhan true tiep ddn den npi chien la cudc bdu cir Tdng thdng nam 1860.
Lin-cdn, ngudi thupc Dang Cpng hoa (dang cua khdi tu san cdng nghiep va chu
trai), da triing cir Tdng thdng.
A-hrii-hiiin Lin-ciin sinh ra Irong mdi gi.i liinh elm ULU ngliL'o o Ken-lae-ki. Hoi n e .
dng liim nliieu nghe ile sinh sdng. liiinli ilui ihiri gian hoe liiiU \LI ln'» ihiuili luai su.
Nam 1S4S. IJn-edn dupc hiiu liun diii bieu Qudc hpi. Ong elm iruong \Oii ho d i e dp
nd le d mien Nam. Ia[i (rang (rai (v aW \iing diil moi khai khan ku miCn "lax
That bai trong cudc tuyen cii, mdt uu the trong chi'nh quyen, gidi ehu nd kich
liet chdng ddi ; II bang mien Nam tuyen bd tach khdi Lien bang, thanh lap Hiep
bang rieng"*.
Ngay 12 - 4 - 1861, gidi chu nd gay ra cupc npi chien, hdng duy tri che dp
nd le dang cd nguy co bj sup do. GiCra nam 1862, Tong thdng Lin-cdn ki sdc lenh
cap dat d mien Tay cho dan di cu de phat trien trang trai. Ngay 1 - 1 - 1863,
Tdng thdng ban hanh sdc lenh bai bd che dp nd le. Hang van nd Ie dupc gidi phdng,
gia nhap quan dpi (Thinh phii Lien bang. Chien tranh keo dai 4 nam, tii thang 4 - 1 8 6 1
den thang 4 - 1865. Ngay 9 - 4 - 1865, trudc nguy eo thdm bai, tudng Tdng chi
huy quan dpi mien Nam phai ddu hang, npi chien ket thiic.
( I ) V i viiy. euoc Noi chieii d M i duuc goi hi Chieh tranh li Uiai.
4LICHSa l l - N C - A 49
Ndi chien d Ml la cudc chien tranh giiia cac lire lupng tien bd, do giai cap lU sdn
mien Bae lanh dao. chdng lai gidi chii nd mudn duy tri ehe dp nd le d
mien Nam. Qudn chung nhan dan bao gdm chu trai, ngudi da den va cac tdng ldp
lao ddng khae da tham gia tfeh cue. quyet dinh cho su thdng lpi. Cudc ndi chien cd
y nghla nhu mdt cudc each mang tu sdn Idn thu hai. sau Chien tranh gianh dde lap.
Song, trong cudc npi chien. Chfnh phu Lien bang tuyen bd xoa bd che dp nd le
nhung khdng giai phdng hoan toan cho ngudi lao dpng da den. Khdng cd rupng dat,
hp lai phdi di lam thue. hoae di d. Che dp phan biet chiing tpc ludn ludn de doa
cupe sdng cua hp.
^ ^ Nguyen nhan va ket qua cda cuoc Noi chien d MT.
2. Cai each nong no 6 Nga

Nua ddu the ki XIX. Nga la nude phong kien lac hau so vdi cac nudc tu ban
phuong Tay. cung la nudc duy nhat d luc dia chau Au khdng bi anh hudng ctia Caeh
mang 1848.
Den giua the ki XIX. Nga vdn la mdt nudc ndng nghiep, quan he phong kien -
ndng nd chiem dia vi thdng tri. Hdu het rupng dat trong lay quy tdc dia chii va nha
nudc chuyen che. Ndng dan, phdn ldn la ndng nd, phai lao ddng cudng biic vdi
nang sudt rat thap. Cdng nghiep khdng the phat trien vl thieu nhan cdng tu do va
thi trudng trong nudc bi bd hep.
Trong khi dd. tir cudi the ki XVIII. cdng trudng thu cdng da phat trien. Den giira
the ki XIX. d Nga cd gan 2 800 cdng trudng thu cdng. \'di khoang 86 van cdng nhan.
Cdng nghiep co khi cung bat ddu phat trien nhung bi ehe dp ndng nd kim ham.
Nga edn lac hau hon trong viec che tao may mdc. san xuat nhien lieu va giao thdng
van tdi (nam 1861, nudc Nga rdng ldn ehi cd 1 500 km dudng sdt).
Ve chfnh tri. Nga hoang tang cudng quyen thdng tri chuyen che d Nga.
Trong khi mau thudn giai cap het sue ga\ gdt. nudc Nga lai lao vao cudc chien
tranh d vimg Crum (vdi Anh. Phap va Thd Nhi Ki tii nam 1853 den nam 1856).
cang lam bdc Id tinh trang lac hau ve mpi mat eua nudc Nga va lam cho qudn chiing
them cam thu che dp phong kien - ndng nd. Tir nam 1858 den nam I860, d Nga
da bung no hon 300 cuoc dau tranh cua nong nd chdng dia ehii.
Trudc sue ep cua phong trao ndng nd. yeu cdu cai cdch che dp dupc dat ra mpt
each hue thiet nhdin phai trien kinh te va xa hdi.
-"^'* 'ILICHSU n-NC-B

Sau mdt Ihdi gian do du, Nga hoang A-lech-xan-dro II quyet dinh tien hanh eai
each. Ngay 1 9 - 2 - 1 8 6 1 , Nga hoang ki sdc luat giai phdng nhung ndng dan le
thupc dia chu va ra ban Tuyen ngdn v^ viec xoa bd che dp ndng nd.
Ndny nd dutJc thira nhim puven Uf do ili.in the. situ khi iipp lien chude. cd L|uyen ur
hiai. duoe tham izia ciie hoat dong cdng ihuivng. iluoe ki kei giat) keo \(Vi nguiri kluie.
Viec giai phdng ndng nd l^m tang ngudn cung cap nhan cdng, tao dieu kien
thuan lpi eho su phat trien sdc san xudt. Nhung trong thuc te, nhirng quyen lpi ciia
nong nd bi ban che kha nhieu vi hp khdng the cd dii tien ngay de tra tien chude cho
dia chu. Tuy vay, day la mdt bude ngoat quan trpng trong lieh sir nude Nga.
Sau khi ehe dp ndng nd bi thii tieu, chii nghla tu ban d Nga phat trien kha nhanh.
trudc tien la trong cdng nghiep. do dua vao ddu tu cua nudc ngoai va nguon nhan
cong re mat.
^ ^ Cupc Cai each nong no d Nga diSn ra nhu the nao ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Vi sao CO the xem cupc Npi chien cf MT(1861 - 1865) la cupc each mang tusan
lan thir hai ?
2. Tai sao noi: Cai each nong no d Nga mang y nghla mpt cupc each mang tu san ?
3. Vi sao phong trao each mang tu san a Oiic, l-ta-li-a, Nga, MTdi^n ra duoi nhQng
hinh thi/c khae nhau ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Cupe dau Iranh cua nûifi da den d Mi

Trong cudc dau tranh tu giiii phdng cd tdi 18 van ngudi da den dung ve phia
Lien bang chdng lai quSn dpi Hiep bang mi6n Nam. Trong thdi gian chien tranh. dii
cd tdi 5 van nd le da den bo trdn de ihoiit khdi che'dd nd le. Iioiic iham gia cliien diui
tieh cue chdng kii chu nd. Nhtrng binh sl da den hi sinh trong eupc diiu iranh giai
phong len idi 37 viin ngudi. Cdng cudc giai phdng nd le dii ddng vien e:io do long
dung cam hi sinh vii nang lue cua ngirdi da den. Cd nhieu ngudi irong sd ho ila tro
Ihanh si quan chi huy.
(Theo : Vii Duong Nmh - Nguyen Van Hdng.
Lich sir the gldi can dgi. NXB Giiio due. H., 211(11. tr. I'-Ml
51
CAC Nl/dC Tir BAN CHUYEN SANG

GIAI DOAN DE QUOC CHU NGHIA
Cudi the kl XIX dim ihc ki XX, ( .K mtac Ur Ixm An M i )ih>il trien san<^
gkd do.m mm \cn ddc Iruni; ntn l\Tt nhdt l,i sn xu.it hien ( .u to chdc doc
quyen \ n vic;i t.mg c irong c hinh s.ic h xam krirc thucic d u .
1. Sir tien bo ve khoa hoc - ki thuat va SLT phat triein cua sue san xuait
Khoang 30 nam cudi the ki XIX la thdi ki chu nghla tu ban tu do canh
tranh chuyen sang chu nghla tu bdn ddc quyen.
Trong thdi ki nay, nen kinh te d cac nudc tu ban chu nghla phat trien cue ki
nhanh chdng. mdt phdn la do chu trpng phat minh khoa hpe va ap dung nhiing tien
bd ve khoa hoc - kl thuat vao san xuat.
Cac phat minh ve dien cua G. X. 6m (1789 - 1854) ngudi Diic, M. Pha-ra-day
{1791 - 1867) v a G . P Giun {1818- 1889) ngudi Anh, E. Kh. Len-xo (1804 - 1865)
ngudi Nga, thuyet electron cua Tdm-xon (Anh), phat hien ve nang lupng hat nhan cua
Pi-e Quy-ri va Ma-ri Quy-ri (Phap), phat minh ve tia X ciia V. Ron-ghen (1845 - 1923)
ngudi Due, phat hien dinh luat tudn hoan ciia Men-de-le-ep (Nga). thuyet tien hoa eua
Dae-uyn (Anh), cdng trinh ve sinh li hpe ciia Pap-ldp (Nga)... la nhiing thanh tuu to ldn,
tao dieu kien eho viec iing dung va day manh san xuat.
Ddng CO ddt trong da dupc phat minh tir trudc, nhung mai den thap nien 90 cua
the ki XIX. sau khi kl sU R. Di-e-den ngudi Due cai tien, mdi dupc iing dung rpng
rai. Dpng co ddt trong sii dung nhien lieu ldng, khdng cdn ndi hai, so vdi may
hcfi nude tien lpi hon nhieu.
Viec su dung ddng ca ddt trong tao ra khd nang phat trien cho nganh d td va
may bay, ddng thdi thue ddy nganh khai thac ddu md. Nam 1870, luong ddu md
dupc khai thac tren toan the gidi la 80 van tan. den nam 1900 da tang len 200 trieu
tan. Tir dd, cudc tranh gianh ve ddu md giiia cac nha tu bdn ngay cang gay gdt.
Nhung phat minh ve dien trudc tien dupc su dung trong nganh dien thoai va dien
bao. Nam 1879. E-di-xon thi nghiem thanh cdng viec thdp sang, bdng den dicn ra
ddi. Viee ehe tao cac loai may phat dien (dinamd, tudcbin) vii giai quyet khd nang
ehuyen tai dien di xa da tao dieu kien thuan Ipi eho su phat trien san xuat. NhUng
nganh mdi xuat hien : thdng tin vd tuyen dien (radid). dien anh...
52
Viec six dung Id eao Betxme da lam tang san lupng thep, tao nen budc chuyen
bien quan trpng trong nganh luyen kim, che tao may... Cong nghiep hoa hpe (nganh
cdng nghiep mdi) dat nhieu thanh tuu trong linh vue san xuat hoa chat, dupc phdm,
thude nhudm. Nam 1867, A. Nd-ben phat minh ra thudc nd. Den thap nien 80 ciia
the ki XIX, dng eai tien va che tao thanh cdng Ioai thudc nd khdng khdi. Dieu dd
da thiic ddy cdng nghiep quan su phat trien. Cac loai vat lieu mdi nhu : nhua, chat
each dien, spi nhan tao... cung bdt ddu dupc dua vao sii dung trong cac nganh
san xudt.
Giao thdng van tai chuyen bien manh me. Tau hod dupc cai tien, mang ludi
dudng sdt md rpng khdp chau Au.
("hieu cliii ikrong s.ii il chau .'\u iiiim IK.Sdlii l.S (Kill km, mini 1S7.^: 14300(1 k m .
iiaiii IddO : : s . ^ fl(K) km : rieng d Dire vii Phiip : IOO 0 0 0 km. Nam IS'^JO. nudc
Nga khdi cdng .\ii\ ilung d u d n g sal v u \ e n Xi-hia, nhcr d o . himh khikli eo the diip
lim lir Pa-ri den V l . i - d i - \ o - \ l o e Uliii S y{\i) km I irong 2 luan le.
Xuat hien ldn dau vao nam 1886. d td nhanh chdng trd thanh phuong tien
giao thdng quan trpng. May bay dupc thti nghiem thanh edng nam 1903. Tau bien
dupc trang hi mdi, trpng tai 30 000 - 40 000 tan. Cdng trinh kenh dao Xuy-e va
kenh dao Pa-na-ma da riit ngdn dudng van chuyen tren bien.
Hinh 27. Chiec d td ddu lien (1886)
53
Hinh 28. Chiec mdy bay ddu tien (J903)
Kenh \ u \ - e dai 1.^0 km. eh;i\ qua .\i Ciip. ndi hen Dui Irung Ilai \(Vi Hone Hai,
hoim ihimh nam 1S69. Kenh Pa-na-ma i.liu VM.P km. eat ngiing Trung Mi. ndi liC'n
Dai r.i\ Diiou'j \o'i "tluii Binii Duone. hnjii ihimh IKUII I'*I4.
'^^^'^^ftîh^:. ••'^^_ ]
Hinh 29. Dodn tdu ddu tien di qua kenh dao Xuy-e ndm 1869
Viec irng dung cae tien bp kl thuat cho phep md rdng san xudt tren quy md ldn.
sdn phdm dupc sdn xuat hang loat, dupc tieu chudn hoa ve kich thude. mdu ma va
chat lupng.
San lupng ndng nghiep tang nhanh nhd viee dung phan bdn hoa hpe. sir dung
cac loai may keo. may cay. may gat dap va td chuc tram may bom trong he thdng
thuy ndng.
54
^ - Sii- dung cac kien thUc da hgc ve Vat li. Hoa hoc..., trinh bay mot so
thanh tuu ve khoa hoc - kT thuat
- Vi sao den khoang nam 1900. mdi diSn ra si/ canh tranh gay gat
ve dau mo giCâ cac nha tu ban ?
- Trinh bay nhi^g hieu biet cda em ve A. N6-ben va giai Ndben.
2. Sir xuait hien chu nghla t u ban doc quyen

Trong 30 nam eudi the ki XIX. viec su dung nhDng ngudn nang lupng mdi ciing
nhung tien bd kl thuat tao ra kha nang xay dung cac nganh cdng nghiep tren quy
mo ldn. Dong thdi, su canh tranh da lam pha san nhieu co sd kinh doanh nhd, tai
san tap trung ddn vao tay cac nha tu ban ldn. Xu hudng tap trung san xuat. tap trung
tu ban da ddn den sir xuat hien cac td chdc ddc quyen nhu cdcten. xanhdica d Diic
va Phap, tcndt o Ml.
0 Phiip \'ii Dire, nhimg nhii edng nghiep eiing sim Kuiit mdi mat himg ihoii ihuiin lurp
thiinh caclen. xiinhdica. Hp thdng nhai ve giii biin. khoi lupng san phiim. thi trirdng
tieu thu. diiû kien thue nhan cdng. trao ddi bang s;ing che de giiim biTi ciuih tranh :
ciicten thiec. ciieien hoii eh;it. xanhdica than...
TcfrcTt d Mi lii hinh thire Id ehue ddc quyen eao. hop iihiit nhieu ngimh edng nghiep
gtdng nhau hoac nhiJng nganh khiic nhau nhung eiing thudc he thdng san xiiiit.
Chang him. toriVi dim lira cua Roc-phe-lo (Standard Oil Company) bao gdm eiie cosd
kii.ii Ihiie dim. mang ludi dng diin diiu. cite nhii mii\ Ipc diiu vii hoa dim, himg Irani
liiu bien. ben c;ing : khdng ehe thi irircmg dau lu;i trong nudc vii the gidi. siiii IIKJ rdng
sang ngiinh cdng nghic'p khi ddt \ii tiien.
Lan sdng edng nghiep hoa tae ddng manh me vao ndng nghiep. Phan bdn hoa
hpe, may cay, may keo, may gat dap dupc sir dung rdng rai. Su chuyen mdn hoa
san xuat tao nen nhirng ngudn hang hoa ndng nghiep dac biet ciia timg viing. ddy
manh viec budn ban ndng san, eung cap cho thi trudng trong nudc va nudc ngoai.
Su tap trung sdn xuat, tap trung tu bdn lam tang vai trd ctia ngan hang. Liic ddu,
ngan hang la noi cho vay, sau true tiep ddu tu. tham gia chi dao san xuat. kinh
doanh. Cac ngan hang d Pa-ri, Luan Ddn, Phran-phudc, Vien... dau tu vao dudng
sdt, khai md, nha may, hai cang. Ben canh ngan hang nha nude cdn cd nhieu
ngan hang tu nhan.
55
Ddn dan. trong nganh ngan hang cung ed su tap trung. hinh thanh nhung
ngan hang ldn. Mdt vai ngan hang ldn khdng che mpi hoat ddng kinh doanh trong
ca nudc. Nhieu ehii ngan hang vdi sd vdn khdng Id da ndm ludn cd cac cO sd san
xuat. true tiep kinh doanh cdng nghiep. Sir dung hop giira tu ban ngan hang vdi tu
ban edng nghiep da tao nen tdng ldp tu hdn tdi chinh, trong dd cd quyen luc nhat
la tang ldp ddu sd tai chinh. Hp lap nen cac "'vuang trieu" tu ban nhu "vua ddu lira"
Rdc-phe-lo. "vua thep" Modc-gan, "vua d td" Pho...
Cung vdi viec xuat khdu hang hoa. tang ldp tu ban tai chinh ddy manh xuat khau
tu bdn. Hp chuyen vdn ddu tu vao sdn xuat, kinh doanh d cac nudc thudc dia, phu
thupc hoac cho va\ Iai de thu Ipi nhuan cao.
Do ngudn lpi thu dupc qua ldn ttr xuat khdu tu ban (thi trudng tieu thir md rpng.
nhieu ngudn nguyen lieu va nhan cdng re mat...), cac nude de qude tang cudng xam
lupc thudc dia. khien cho su tranh chap giua cac nudc tu ban ngay cang eang thdng.
Nhu vay, den eudi the' ki XIX - ddu the ki XX, su xuat hien cac to chiie doc
quyen. su ra ddi ciia tu ban tai chinh. stJ tang cudng xuat khdu tu ban va keo theo
su tranh gianh thudc dia ngay cang cang thang... la nhOng dau hieu co bdn danh
dau budc chuyen tir chii nghla tu bdn tu do sang chu nghla tu bdn doe quyen hay
ehii nghla de qudc.
Trong giai doan de qude chii nghla. cac mau thudn giCra ngudi lao ddng vdi chii
tu bdn, giua nhiin dan cac nude thudc dia vdi chu nghla de qudc. giira de qudc vdi
de qudc... cang trd nen sau sdc. khdng the dieu hoa. Dieu ay da ddn den chien tranh
the gidi va hang loat cupc each mang trong 2 thap nien dau cua the ki XX.
^^ Qua trinh xuat hien ehu nghla tu ban doe quyen dien ra nhu the nao ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Trinh bay nhffng tien bp kl thuat noi bat va tac dpng ciia chung doi vdi san xuat va
ddi song.
2. Cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX, cac nudc tu ban Au - MT co nhiing chuyen bien
quan trpng gi ? Trong do, chuyen bien nao dang chu y nhat ?
56
PHAN DOC THEM
Su tien bp ve ki thuat the ki XIX
Ve mai ki ihuiit. net ndi bai lii nhimg phiti minh vi^ dien. Phat minh eiia Mode-\o
(Morse - MI) v^ dien bao. cua E-di-xon (Thomas Edison - MTi vi bdng den dien vii
xay dung nha may dien : tiep theo la nhung phiit minh ve dien ihoiii. dien anh. vp
tuyen dien truyi^n thanh (radio) vii tia X da dua ngudn nang lupng indi viio Ciic linh
vue eua eude sdng.
Viec sir dung Id Betxme vii Id Miictanh diinh diiu mot hude ciich miing irong nganh
luyen kim.
Trong nhimg nam 80 eiia the ki XIX, nhung siing che ra miiy Eudcbin phai dien ehay
bang sue nudc va tudcbin phiit dien eiing viee ehuyen tiii dien di .\a da uio nhung dieu
kien rat quan trpng de nang cao nang suiit lao dpng \ uot bae vii mtf rdng hon nira quy
md sim xuai.
Nhimg phiit hien ve dau mo d MT va d Nga dem lai cho loai ngudi mpl ngudn nhien
lieu mdi ngoiii than, sau nay dupc sir dung rpng rai irong ciic ngimh cong nghiep.
Do nhung lien bo kT thuat Iren, san lupng eiie ngiinh edng nghiep king len nhanh
ehdng. So siinh trong khoang thdi gian 1S70 - 190(1. cd the thii\ imrc sim xuiit ihep
ttr 2? van tan len 28,6 irieu tim. diiu mo khai thiie lir 0.8 trieu tiin len 20 irieHi tiin.
chiû dai dudng sat tang gap 4 lin.
Cflng nhd ed dien. xiing diiu va dpng co tudcbin. nhi6u phuang lien giao thong mdi
xuiVt hien nhu d td. miiy ba). lim bien. tiiu ngiim.
(llieo : Vu Duong Ninh iChu bien).

Lich .\i'rvdii minh the i;idi. Sdd. ir. 326)
57
CAC NI/6C TU BAN CHUYEN SANG

GIAI DOAN DE QUOC CHU NGHIA
(Tiep theo)
Trnng (|Lia Innh < huyen t d chu nghia t u ban tp do c anh Iranh ^.ing i !ui
iighki Ul Iwn (l(H quyen. A n h , Phap. Due, M i la nhdng num ph.it tnen
manli nhat va the hien rd nhat nhdng dAe trirng cua chu nghia de quoc.
1. Nuoc Anh
a) Tinh hinh kinh te
l i u o c niim 1870. iiuiVe ,-\nh dung diiu the gidi ve cdng nghiep. Khi dd ,\nh dupe gpi
lii "eong vuong eu.i ihe g i i i i " \ i siin phiim edng ngliiep .Anh luon ehiem uu the \e sd
hfnne. ehai lirong, khone nui*e ikn> Iheo kip.
Sau nam 1870, tdc dp phat trien ve cdng nghiep ciia nudc Anh cham lai.
Vao nhung thap nien cudi ciia the ki XIX, nudc Anh mat ddn dia vi dpe quyen
cdng nghiep. bj Ml rdi Ddc vupt qua.
N u i i w n iihim t h m h eii;i imli iriing Iren !a do eong nghiep Anh phai trien sdm. hiing
loiil m:\\ miiL. Hang ihiel bi, COIIL; nghe ilaii iro nen Lie luiu. hieu MiiU Ihap. doi Imi
ilaii ur i,tc doi iiioi riil tdn kem. Irong khi dd. giiii i. iip lif s.m .-\iih elii ehu irong viial
kii;ui ur ban s;mg e;ie mtOc thude dia. Ho;i Ki \ i i e;ie luroe MT Eaiinh hon ki ddi nuii
s'A \i\v.\\ irieii conn nghiep \ i bde lpl llmde diii ihu loi hVn him \ i i nhanh hon nhieu.
Tuy mai dia vi ba chu the gidi ve cdng nghiep. Anh vdn diing ddu ve tai chinh,
xuat khdu tu bdn. thuong mai, hai quan va thupc dia.
Vao cudi the ki XIX, qua trinh tap trung tu ban d Anh cung dupc ddy manh.
Nhieu to chuc ddc quyen dupe thimh lap va kiem soat cac nganh kinh te. chii yeu
la edng nghiep luyen kim. ddng tau. khai thac md. Viec tap trung tu bdn trong cac
ngan hang eiing dat den muc cao. Trudc Chien tranh the gidi thu nhat (1914 - 1918).
cae cdng ti ddc quyen cdng nghiep ldn lien ket mat thiet vdi 5 ngan hang ldn nhai khu
Xi-ti (Luan Ddn). ehi phdi toan bd ddi sdng kinh te ciia nudc Anh.
Ndng nghiep khdng chiem vi tri quan trpng trong nen kinh te eiia Anh. Phdn ldn
luang thue va nguyen lieu ndng nghiep phai nhap cua nudc ngoai. chii yeu la cac
nude thudc dia. Trong nhung nam 60 ciia the ki XIX. Anh tu tuc dupc 3/4 sd lua mi
58
hdng nam ; tir thap nien 70 trd di, chi tU cung cap dupc 1/3 sd lua mi cho nhu cau
trong nude.
h) Tinh hinh chinh tri
ve danh nghla, Anh la mdt nudc quan chii lap hien, song thue chat la mdt qudc
gia theo che do dai nghi. gOm Thupng vien va Ha vien. Dang Tu do va Dang
Bdo thil thay nhau cdm quyen tuy theo ket qud bdu cir Nghi vien, dang nao chiem
da sd ghe thi dupc cir ngudi giii chiie Thii tudng. Hai dang tuy canh tranh ehinh tri
vdi nhau, khdc nhau ve nhiing chinh sach va bien phap cu the, song deu thdng nhat
trong viee bdo ve lpi ich ciia giai cap tu sdn, dan ap phong trao qudn ehiing va ddy
manh xam lupc thudc dia.
Nude Anh cd he thdng thupc dia rpng ldn. dupc gpi la ''de qudc ma mat trdi
khdng bao gid lan", trai dai tir Niu Di-lan. O-xtray-li-a. An Dp, Ai Cap, Xu-dang,
Nam Phi. Ca-na-da, cung nhieu viing dat khae d chau A, chau Phi va cac dao tren
eae dai duang. Le-nin gpi chii nghla de qudc Anh la chu nghla ete qudc thue ddn.
Niini l'-'i4. llmde dia .Anh rong uVi 3.^ liieii km \oi 4IH) ineii ngiio!, ehiem 1/4 dien
lieh \ii 1/4 dan so ihc eitti. giip 12 km llmiie tti;i euii Dire \ii 3 liin Ihiide ilia eua Phiip.
^ ^ Vl sao tLf nam 1870 trd di, td'c do phat then cong nghiep cua Anh cham lai ?
2. NLTOC Phap
Trude nam 1870, Phap la mpt nudc cdng nghiep tien tien diing thii hai the gidi,
sau Anh. Tii sau nam 1871, kinh td Phap phat trien trong dieu kien khd khan. San
lupng cdng nghiep tuy cd tang nhung tdc do phat trien cdng nghiep eham so vdi
Ml. Diie. Anh, trang bi kl thuat eua Phap lac hau rd ret so vdi nen cdng nghiep ciia
eae nudc tu bdn tre.
Ngii\en nhiin eu.i nnh liaiie do hi do l u u qua eii;i Hiep ildc \'ee\ai (Pluip phai hoi
ihuoii!: eho Dire ? li phraiie. till clio Due hai nnh giau iigipen lieu ki .-Xn-Llal \a
Lo-rcni. L|uan chimg do\ ngheo nen sire mii.i kem. ihieu ngu\eii lien, ilpi lau buon nho
he khdng e.mh ii;mh duoe Iren Ihi iruivm; ilie eiivi.
Tuy vay, vao cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX. cdng nghiep Phap cung cd nhieu
tien bd dang ke. He thdng dudng sdt lan rdng ea nudc da ddy nhanh su phat trien
59
ciia cac nganh khai md, luyen kim. thuong mai... Mdt sd nganh cdng nghiep mdi
ra ddi dat dupc nhieu thanh tuu nhu : dien khi, hoa chat, che tao d td. dien anh...
Td nam 1852 den nam 1900. sd xi nghiep sir dung may mdc tang 9 ldn, so ddng co
chay bdng hai nude tang 12 ldn. Nam 1893. sd cdng nhan tang len 3 trieu ngudi...
Ndng nghiep d trong tinh trang phan tan vdi 409^ cu dan sdng bdng nghe ndng nen
gap khd khan trong viee su dung kl ihuat mdi. Ndng dan bi phu thudc vao cac hang
budn ndng sdn va chii np.
Trong thdi ki nay, mdt sd cdng ti ddc quyen da ra ddi va ddn ddn ehi phdi nen
kinh te dai nude.
Cone II Snii\-do Cro-dd doc Lpi\en \e eimg nehiep i|uan sU. ddng lim, long
edng li duivng sal \a dien khi cime 6 cdng li khae (.jiian li loiiii hd m.mg Imri
ttudng sat Irong nudc. Coni: li Xanh Go-ben \a Cu-niiin kiem soiii lo;m hP
cdng nghiep boa chid. Nhieu cdng ii kh;ii ihiie thuoe dia : Cone li kinh
LIOUIIII d(m dicn irong nho o' .An-eie'-n. Cone 11 dow dicn i-iio MI O t)ong DU(Tng...
Dae diem cua td chirc dde quyen Phiip la viec tap trung ngan hang dat mirc cao
(ngan hang Idn d Pa-ri nam 70% tU ban cua eae ngan hang trong ca nudc). Phap la
nudc dimg thd hai (sau Anh) ve xuat khdu tu ban, nhung khdc Anh d chd tu ban dupe
dem cho ciic nudc chain tien (chii yeu la Nga, Thd Nhi Ki. cac nudc IVU Latinh)
vay lay lai nang. Vi vay, chii nghla de qude Phap dupe gpi la ehii nghla de qude
eho vox ldi.
h) Tinh hinh chinh tri

Sau khi De ehe thir hai sup do (4 - 9 - 1870), chinh the edng hoa (nen Cong
hoa thli ba)''' dupc thiei lap. Tuy vay. tinh hinh chinh tri Phap rat phirc tap, the hicn
rd d viec dan iip cac cudc dau tranh ciia nhan dan lao ddng va cac vu tham d va
be bdi chinh tri. Trong vdng 40 nam (1875 - 1914), da cd tdi 50 lan thay doi
ehinh phii d Phap.
Veddi ngoai, sau chien tranh P h a p - Phd ( 1 8 7 0 - 1871). quan he giira hai nude
tiep tuc cang thdng. Tu nam 1870 den nam 1893. Phap d vao tinh the bi ed lap. Song
Phap vdn tang cudng xam lupc thude dia d chau A va ehau Phi : hoan thanh
xiim lupc Viet Nam (1884), chiem Lao (1893), thdn tinh Ma-da-ga-xca, Ma-rde...
(I) N^n Cpng hoa Ihu nhai ra ddi iiiini ! 742. Irong thiri ki Ciich miing ur siiu Phap : uen Cpng hoa thu h;ii ni dPi irong
Cach miing 1848 - 1844 d Ph;ip ; nen Cong hoii thir ba Ion I;ii den n;im 1440. khi phiit xi't Due xiim ehicni Mi;i|i,
60
Den nam 1914. he thdng thudc dia ciia Phap rdng gdn 11 trieu km-, vdi 55,5 trieu
dan, dung thii hai tren the gidi.
^^ Ttnh hinh kinh te, chinh tri cOa Phap vao nhCfng nam cuoi the ki XIX -
dau the kt XX nhu the nao ?
3. Nudc Due
Vao giUa the ki XIX, Diic vdn la mpt nudc ndng nghiep, da sd dan eu tap trung
d nong thdn va cac thanh thj nhd. Tuy vay, cdng nghiep da kha phat trien, nhat la
d vung Tay Nam. Sau khi nudc Diic thdng nhat (18 - 1 - 1871), chii nghla tu bdn
d day phat trien rat nhanh.
(. ong cutK' llione nliiil ilal nuoc dii l.io nen moi llii liuoiie Jim loe \i*i ehe do hiinh chinh.
he ihong i|iiLiii ihue. tio luoiig \ LI uen le ihon^J nhai. 1 heu ihep lU'-c \ eeviii. {.h\c eh ien i
liUoC eiLi Phap .•> 11 |)hi.me. liai linh giau iigii\en lieu hi .\.n-d;il v.i l.u-ien, iien LO moi
ngiiiin xon \.\\.\M'\ none de \ L I \ Jung \ a mo rong kmh Jn.mli. I ien Iimh ihu Diii. Liiiie
eo nhieu neu\en lieii. nli.il la i' IIULMI Tii\ N.ini nhu \iiiig K I L I eo nhieu
mo IIKIII \ii kim loiii, Nuov Due eime i.lii limy e(i iiioi eo' sO kinh ie LOII-J ihuoiiL: neliiep
nhiil dinh tu giira ihe ki XIX. Do |IIKU irien sau. nuov DLIC hep IIIMII iiiuine liKinh um
ki ihiial niiii. \ a \ ituinj eoiii; nghiep Ihco qiix uinh moi lam lane nh;inli SLIII lirnn^j.
( i l d.m ihimh ihi UIIIL; nhiiiih hi iiL:iinn IIIKIH IUC quan I rone elio e<ine n^'lnep
Den cudi the ki XIX, nhieu khu cdng nghiep dd so xuat hien. Chi trong mdt thdi
gian ngdn. Dde vupt Phap va Anh, dung dau chau Au va thti hai the gidi, sau Ml.
Den nam 1913, san lupng gang thep ciia Due da gap ddi Anh.
Do viec canh tranh trong san xuat edng nghiep, nhat la trong cdng nghiep niing.
qua trinh tap trung san xuat va tu ban d Ddc dien ra manh me. Nhieu doanh nghiep
ldn phat trien nhanh chdng, lam pha san hoac thu hut ddn nhirng xi nghiep nhd. Su
tap trung san xudt va tu ban dan den sir ra ddi nhiing cdng ti dpe quyen Idn trong
cac nganh edng nghiep then chdt. Cac td chirc dde quyen d Due xuat hien dudi hinh
thire phd bien la caeten va xanhdica.
-X.inhiiiea liian dii Kai-no - \ e!-\ph,i-len ihanh hip n.iin I N'',v danh Jau Iniov ehuN'îi
sang giiii doan ile i|iide ehu nehlii eiiii fJik, \im"i I'M .^. \ i >i s;iii luonc 10 ii leii Liii itian.
xanluliea nii\ kiem s'nii d 5 ' , unv^ san luo'ne ihan o \ung Rua i\une COIIL: nghiep Ion
iiluil o \Xlc] \ J hon :<>', lone âii kione ilum eii niKVe.
61
Ded nam 1905. Diic da cd 385 td chuc ddc quyen, bao gdm 12 000 xi nghiep
ldn vii ndm giii cac nganh sdn xuai ehii yeu.
Do cdng nghiep phat trien, quy tdc dia chii Due cd dieu kien su dung may moc
va kl thuat mdi trong ndng nghiep.
h) Tinh hinh ehinh tri
Dlic la mot lien bang gdm 22 bang va 3 thanh phd tu do. theo che dp quan ehii
lap hien : trong dd, quy tdc dia chii lien ket chat che vdi tu ban doe quyen thdng tri
nhan dan, chdng phong trao cdng nhan, chay dua vu trang va xam ehiem thupc dia.
Hoang de ddng ddu Lien bang cd quyen eao nhai (Tdng chi huy quan dpi, bd
nhiem va each chirc Thii tudng, trieu tap va gidi tan Qudc hpi...). Quyen lap phap
thude hai vien - Hdi ddng Lien bang (Thupng vien, gdm dai bieu cac bang) va
Qudc hpi (Ha vien. do bdu cir, nhiem ki 3 nam).
Nudc Dlic budc vao con dudng tu ban chii nghla tuong ddi mupn, nen khi trd thanh
cudng qudc cdng nghiep thi phdn ldn dat dai tren the gidi da la thupc dia hoae nira
thudc dia ciia Anh. Phap... Ngay ttr thap nien 90 ciia the ki XIX, Diic da
edng khai ddi diing vu luc chia lai the gidi. Vi the, mau thudn giCra Diic vdi Anh va
Phap - nhung nudc cd nhieu thupc dia nhat - trd nen hei sire gay gdt, ddn den cupc
Chidn tranh the gidi thii" nhdt. Tinh ehdt qudn phiet hieu ehien Id dgc diem noi hgt
eiia ehu nghla dequde Due.
Xr Neu mot so su kien chUng to kinh te DUC phat then manh. Nguyen nhan
cua su phat trien do.
4. Niroc Ml
a) Tinh liinli kinh le'
Sau eupc ndi ehien (1861 - !<S65). ehu nghia tu ban o Mi phiii tnen vutrl bae.
Nhung nguyen nhan chu yeu lii : Viec giai phdng nd le lao nen ngudn lao ddng
phong phil va nang ddng, lai them ngudn nhap c\x tir chiiu Au va chau A cans lam
tang them nhim cong vii iri lue cho ciic ngimh san xuat. Che dp kinh te ddn dien va
trang irai cimg nhung canh ddny menh mong limi cho nude Mi iro ihanh vini kia.
CO nguon nong [)ham lal phong phu \a da dang. Tren lanh tho rdng Idn tir bd Dui
Tav Duong den bd Thai Binh Duirng. nudc Mi dii tim thay vii khai thiic cae mo
vaiui. than, diui kia ciinti nhieu khoana san khiic. Do dae diem lich sir. nude Mi
62
khdng bi rang budc bdi tan du ciia che dp phong kien lac hau, khdng gap trd ngai
v^ quyen lire chinh tri va kinh te ciia gidi quy tdc. Cdng nghiep Ml xiiy dung mupn,
ed the dp dirng ngay kl thuat tien tien nen nang suat kha cao.
Vdi nhiing thuan lpi ay. chi tir nam 1865 den nam 1894, Ml tii hang thu tu
da vuon len hang ddu the gidi ve san xuat edng nghiep. Den giiia nhirng nam 90
the ki XIX, sdn lupng cdng nghiep Ml tang 4 ldn, bdng 1/2 tdng sdn lupng eua
cac nude Tay Au gdp lai va gap 2 ldn nudc Anh.
Su canh tranh va nhCrng eude khiing hodng kinh te ehu ki da thiic ddy manh me
su tap trung sdn xuat va tu ban d Ml. Cac nganh cdng nghiep lan liKtt nn vao tay
mdt sd nha tu ban kech su. lien minh vdi nhau thanh nhung tordt - mot hinh thiie
dde quyen cao va pho bien d Ml. Tieu bieu eho cac tordt Mi la "vua ddu md"
Rdc-phe-lo, "vua sdt thep" Modc-gan... Nhung "vua kl nghe" viia lung doan
cong nghiep, viia la chu cac ngan hang ldn, vira chi phdi toan bd ddi sdng chinh tri
va xa hdi nudc Ml.
Hmh 30. Tranh duong thdi ndi vc quyen luc ciia idi td chiic ddc qiixcn if MJ
Modc-gan ihimh liipedng li ihep Mi ( I'-'O.^M kiem soiii 60' r ngiinh san .\ii:il iliep. Cong
li cdn so him > nOO ha dai mi' chUii Iluin Loe. I hlKI km duolig s,ii, 100 i;m ihu\,
ToTiVt diiu md eua Roe-phe-k* kiem so.it '•XKr ngiuili siin .\udl ikiu mo \oi 7 \aii km
duinig ong dftn dau. hiing inim liiu bien \ii kho himg d trong vii ngoiii niroc. Roe-phe-lo
edn ehinh phue Ciie ngiinh hoi Jot. dien khi. ciie cone li ki'in. done, ehi I hu Ki|i Joiui
tren lung doiin nganh ng:in hang, luim none iii\ 1/.^^ loiin bo so \oii ngan himg
nudc Mi.
63
h) Tinh hinh ehinh iri
Dung ddu Chi'nh phii Ml la Tong thdng. Hai dang tu san - Cong hoa va Dan chu -
cir 4 nam mdt ldn dua ngudi ra tranh eu chuc Tdng thdng va dai bieu Qudc hdi, gdm
hai vien - Ha vien va Thupng vien.
So vdi cac nudc de qudc khae. Ml cham tri trong viec xam chie'm thupc dia, vi
mai lo chinh phuc cac vung dat dai rdng ldn d mien Trung va mien Tay dat nudc.
Ttr nhirng nam 80 ciia the ki XIX trd di, khi bien gidi nudc Ml da cham
bd Thai Binh Duong. Ml lap tire vuon ra ngoai lanh thd ciia minh. Nam 1898.
Ml gay chien vdi Tay Ban Nha de cudp Phi-lip-pin va Cu-ba. Bang ddla va siic
manh quan su. Ml can thiep vao npi bd cac nudc Ml Latinh. Ddi vdi Trung Qudc.
Ml de ra chinh sach "md cira" de xam nhap vao dat nude rpng ldn va giau cd nay.
^^ Trinh bay nhCfng net noi bat trong nen kinh te. chinh tri MT cuoi the ki XIX -
dau theki XX.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Vi sao sau nam 1870, Anh mat dia vj doc quyen cong nghiep, con cong nghiep
Phap thi phat trien cham ?
2. Tai sao noi chu nghTa de quoc Anh la chu nghTa de qudc thuc dSn, con chii nghTa
de qudc Phap la chii nghTa de quoc cho vay lai ?
3. Vi sao gidi cam quyen Oiic rao riet chudn bi chien tranh the gitî ?
4. NhCng nguyen nhan nao khien kinh te MT phat trien vupt bae ?
5. Hoat dpng banh trudng cua MT dien ra nhu the nao ?
PHAN DOC THEM

Su phat trien kinh te Anh dau the ki XX va budc chuyen sang chii nghTa de qudc
Den diu the ki XX, nudc Anh viin giir dia vi hang dû trong nen kinh te thucmg nghiep
va irong nhihig hoat dpng tin dung the gidi. Luan Don ddng vai trd mpt trung lam tai
chi'nh vii ddng bang Anh (livra xtecling) vAn la don vi tien te thdng dung trong mau
dieh qude le. So vdi hdi cudi the ki XIX. tdc dd phat trien cdng nghiep ed nbiuih hon.
dae biel la Cite ngimh ddng tau. hoii ehftl. dicn khi. Nhung trong cuuc e.mh tranh
64
tu ban chil nghla. do lang trudng cua Anh v^n tiep luc lac hitu so vdi ciic nudc khiic.
nhiii la so vdi M l va Diic. Ti le san ph:ini cua cdng nghiep Anh trong toiin bd san
luimg the gidi tir nam 1900 den nam 1913 giiim sut rd ret : than Itr 29,7% xudng
21.87^. giing tir 22.1% xudng \?>^c. tieu thu bdng ti^ 28.5% xudng 23.2%.
Nhidu edng ti lung doan xuai hien trong hiiu het ciic nganh cong nghiep : khai ihiie
than. del. thude lii. hoii chiit, luyen k i m . vim tiii. Nhung puii trinh liip trung irAnh dicn
ra nhanh vii miinh me. nhiii la trong nganh ngiin himg.
Nam 1913, 27 nhii ngiin hang da tap irung trong tay mdt so vdn bang 85% long sd
vdn tu ban trong nudc. Cd the luc nhai la 5 nha ng^n hiing d Luan Ddn chiem 40%
sd tu biin eiia nude Anh. NhCrng nha ngan hang dû cd chi nhanh a thudc dia.
Suphat trien eiia ngan hang thiie ddy VKC .xudi khdu luhan. Neu nam 1900. nudc Anh
dau tu ra ben ngoiii 2 ti livro xtecling thi den niim 1913 len giin 4 l i . Neu niim 1899
lidn lai cua sd vdn xuiii khau lii 90 trieu livrd xtecling thi den niim 1912 len ldi 176
trieu. Thi irucmg diiu tu chii yeu cua nude Anh la cac ihupe dia vii mdt so niTi nhu
Trung Qudc. Nga. cae nudc MT Latinh...
(Theo : VQ Duong Ninh - Nguyen Van Hdng,

Lich sif the gldl can dai. Sdd. lr. 231)
5.LICHSU n-NC-A 65
Chuong III - —
PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN
(Tir dau the ki XIX den dau the ki XX)
1 PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH

CIJA CONG NHAN NlfA DAU THE KI XIX
Cii>ii ( ap f ong nhan r.i doi va lan manh cung vdi sp hmh thdnh va phat
Irien t u a t h u ngliia lu han. Do doi lap ve quyen lal, mdu thuan gida lu
san vol t d n g nhan da nay sinh, tian ddn t u d r dau Iranh giai t a p ngay
(ang gay gat.
1. Sir ra doi va tinh canh cua giai cap vo san cong nghiep
Chil nghla tu han ra ddi va phat triein thi sU phan chia xa hdi thanh hai giai ca'p
cct ban dtn lap nhau - giai cap tu san va giai cap vd sim - ngay cimg rd ret. Giai
cap tu san hao gdm nhung chu edng xudng. nha may. chii ddn dii^n, quy toe mdi...
Ho tich luy tiii san thdng qua bdc lot nhung ngudi lao ddng ngheo khd va tien hanh
budn ban nd le. Nhung ngudi vd san xuat than tir nhung ndng dan bi pha san. mat
dat. phai rdi bd que hucrng ra thanh thi tim dudng sinh sdng. phiii lam thue trong
cac edng xudng, nhii may. Bd sung cho dpi ngii nay cd ca nhung thp thii edng d
thimh thi bi pha san. Giai cap vd san hoim toiin khdng ed tu lieu san xuat, chi dua
viu> viec han sue lao ddng eua minh cho tu sim de sinh sdng. Giai cap vd san cting
nghiep la ddi tir nua cudi the ki XVIll. trude tien lii dAnh. khi cupe each mung
cong nghiep bat tliiu. Ve sau. khi each mang eong nghiep phat trien. lan nhanh d
nhieu nUtVc thi giai cap vd san d eae nude nii\ eCing xuat hien \'ii ngiiy eimg Ithi manh.
Do bi giai ciip tu sim ;ip hue bde lot nTing nc nen ddi sdng eua edng nhim het sdc
CO cue.
() luroc Anh. moi ng:i\ COIIL^ nhim irong cac Mriviig del ike ea phu mi \ j ne em) phin
K i o j n n g 1 4 - l.> eio. ih.im 1.I11 en 11111 Ui I S gio. Dieu kien limi \ iec i.ii loi le. \oi
moi liuoiig liicii i\\n lliii|"i. noiiLi nue. bin iiong phu d;i\ nhung eiiii [ihong eh:ii hep.
lien liion;_: I.ILI LOIIU iiliiin lal lluip. liinii:: eua |iliii nir \ :i ire em eitii re iiuil hdii. IHHIL!
\iiiiLi 20 nam ( I S I S - 1835). lien luong IIUIL' le- giam 3 I.in.
66 5LICHSU ll-NC-8
Hinh 31. Lao ddng ire em trong hdm md dAnh
Viec sir dung may mdc ngay ciing rdng rai liim cho nhi6u cdng nhan cd nguy co
mat vice lam. Trudc tinh hinh ay, cdng nhan da dung len dau tranh chdng giai cap
tu sim.
^ ^ Tinh canh cua cong nhan 6 cac nude tuban nhu the nao ?
2. Phong trao dau tranh cua cong nhan trong nira dau the ki XIX
Lue dau, do nhan thirc edn han che, edng nhan cho rang may mde lii ngudn gdc
gay nen su ddi ngheo, dau khd va that nghiep. Phong triio dap pha may moc. dtSt
eong xudng la hinh thiJc dau tranh tu phat dau tien ciia giai eiip vd san. Phong triio
niiy di^n ra trong thdi gian cudi the ki XVIll - diui the ki XIX. trudc het d Anh rdi
lan ra cac nuoc khae. Song, viec dap pha may mde khong dcin lai ket qua gi ngoai
su tang cudng dan ap ciia giai cap thdng tri.
Qua thuc lien, cdng nhan ngiiy cimg nhan thay ro rang chinh giai cap lU sim mdi
lit ke bde lot hp vii muc tieu dau tiiinh nham viio giai cap tu siin.
OAnh. trong nhung nam 20 - 30 ciia ihe ki XIX. edng nhan dau iranh ddi quyen
bau cir. Nam 1832, Qudc hdi Anh phai thdng qua dao luii! cai each luyen eir: theo
do. dieu kien tiii san ciia cir tri dupc ha thap. song van khdng dem lai quy^n biiu cu
cho cdng nhan. li6u tu san va tu san hang trung. Trong nhung nam 1836 - IS48,
mpl phong triio cdng nhan rdng ItVn. ed td chirc da dicn ra - phong triio Hicn chuong.
Cdng nluin lo eh ire nui linh. Ui_\ ^hii ki. ilUii kien ngln Jen Ngln vien. dui i|ii\eii pho
ihone lliiu phieu. l;m^ liamg \.i giimi gio liim cho iii^Ltoi km domj. Nhk Jii hi dan ;ip
\.i kieu nghi eua eong nhiui khong duoe chitp nhiin. song da\ hi •phoiiL? U'ao eash
miing dau lien thuc sir ed tinh quan cluing, cci y lluic chmh i r r iLe-ninj.
67
Hinh 32. Phong irdo Hicn chiumî d.\nh
d Phdp. niim 183 I. do bi bde k>t nang n6 va ddi sdng quii khd khan, cdng nhan
del thimh phd Li-dng khtiî nghla ddi tang luong. giam gid lam. Nhirng ngudi khdi
nghia da lam chii thanh phd trong 10 ngay. Quyet tam dau tranh ciia ho th^ hien
trting khau hieu ; "Sdng trtmg lao dt)ng hoac chet trong chien dau !". Nam 1834.
cong nhan eae nhii may W d Li-dng lai khdi nghla. ddi thiet lap n6n cdng hoa. Cuoc
chien dau ae liet da di^n ra sudt 4 ngay. cudi ciing bi diip tat.
O Due. ddi sdng eiia edng nhan va thp Ihu etmg rat eti cue. do su phat tri^n ciia
nen dai cdng nghiep vii su canh tranh eiia hang hoa nhiip khau l\x Anh viio.
( img nhan DLU . ngo.ii \ UL lu nji^: m l u n ILIIM LOIIL: li U-'IIL: ihu eong) boc lot liin nhan
eim hi "i,liu iu" (dui etui) ap line uiing OL t)e duiv^ <|i Lmi imiig eae nha m.i\. eoiii:
nh.il'. i>h;i: ddiiu ihue ikiL biei eiio d;ii ehu.
Niim 1844. edng nhan det viing So-le-din khdi nghla. pha huy nha cua ciia chu
IU ban. Cudc khdi nghui mac dii khdng duy iri dupe lau nhtmg mang ti'nh quiin
cluing id ret. ed Uic dung md dau phong trao dau tranh sdi ndi cua cong nhan Due
sau nil).
Nhfmg eupc dim tranh lien ciia vo san Anh. Phiip. Diic deu ihiit bai \1 thieu sU
lanh dao dting dan vii chua co dudng ldi chinh tri rd rimg. song dfi danh diiu sU
truong thiinh ciia phong triio edng nhim qudc te. tao di(5ii kien t|uan trong cho su ra
i^ldi cua chu nghia \a hoi khoa htK.
4^ Neu nhCtng net chu yeu cua phong trao cong nhan vao nda dau the kiXlX
(-.8
3. Chu nghia xa hoi khong tuong
Su phat trien ciia chii nghla tu ban ngay ciing phoi biiy nhung mill tieu cue cua
nd trong viec bdc lot tan nhan ngUdi lao ddng vii gay ra nhieu te nan xa hdi. Dieu
nay tae ddng tdi y thue eiia mdt sd nhii tu tudng tien bp nhat luc biiy gid nhu :
Xanh Xi-mdng. S. Phu-ri-e d Phap vii R. 6-oen o Anh... Ho ncHi tu urdng ve xay
dung mot xa hpi mdi. khdng cd che dp tu huu. khdng btle lt>l. nhim dan liun chii
mpi phuong tien san xuiit.
Xanh \i-ni<>ii:: - nhii lu lUiVng Phiip. cho rang ddng Iuc phat Irien ciKi lieh Ml ki kien
ihire khoa hoe. d.io dire \ii ldn giiio. Ong ehu trUimg \ii\ dung mo{ \ a hoi dang u>ii
liU ehe do lu hiru. \ o s.m \ii ur s.m eiiiing song hoii hmh \oi nhau,
Sacdii Fhn-n-c - nlui \ii lioi kiiong luong Plutp. phe [ihan nninli me ehe do lil ban.
vach ke hoach \ a \ dung inoi \ii hoi |ili;ti hu\ moi kh;i nany euii con ngiroi. (Ing ^ho
rang irong \ii hoi luong Un. kio di>ng ki nghiLi \ u . ki nguon \ui \ii nhu eau <. lui uu e.i
mpi ngirdi. khong eo ;u im li.im.
Rod'c O-ocn nil.! \ii hoi khong lUong . \ n h . tie ra ke hoaeh eai linen Joi song eua
cdng nhan iriMig khuon kho ehe do lu ban. Ong ehu iruone \o.i ho in luru. gi.ii e.ip.
sU bite loi biine con duone hoii Uie \ii i;iiip do nhau.
Hinh 33. Xiinli Xi-mdng Hinh 34. S. Phu-ri-e Hinh 35. R. O-oen
il7()0- IS25I (1772 - 1837} (1771 - 1858}
Tuy td Ciio manh me ehe dp tu ban ehii nghla. utVe mo mpt xa hdi tdt dep. edng
bang hon. stmg cac dng lai khdng vach ra con dudng diing dan de thu tieu bde kn.
xiiy dung xa hdi mdi. Ke hoach ciia hp khdng th^ thuc hien dirpc khi \a hpi tu ban
khdng bi xoa bd. Hp la nhung ngu'di .va ligi khong tudng.
Su phat trien eiia phong trao edng nhan ddi hdi sir ra ddi mot hoc thuyet thuc su
khoa hpe, dinh hutmg cho cudc dau tranh xoa bd ehe dp tu ban chii nghla. xa> dimg
xa hpi mdi tdt dep.
69
^^ Chu nghJa xa hqi khong tudng ra ddi trong dieu kien nao ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Hay phan tich cac mat manh, yeu cua phong trao cong nhan nifa dû the ki XIX.
2. Tim hieu them npi dung tu tuang cua Xanh Xi-mdng, Phu-ri-e, 0-oen. Vi sao goi la
"chil nghfa xa hpi khong tuong" ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Tinh tranj; lao dpng cua tre em trong cac nhii may det d Anh dau the ki X I X
Thuifng Ire em ph;ii di tiim iU 4 gid siing irong tiiiri tiet khae ngliiel. gid thdi iiiiinh.
Iiisel hoiie mua roi \a chi dupe trd \e hie ehieu toi cung trong iihinig dieu kien nhir
vii\. s;m khi hi giam giu nhieu lieng ildng hd trong xuoiig cd nhiet ttd riu cao. Su ilia\
doi nhiel do nhu the" ddi \ d i thim ihe mem yeu cua Ire em khien eho chiing r;ii dm
yeu. mac nhieu benh hiem ngheo. Lue nii\. phim Idn tre" cm lii dudi 16 tudi. puiin iio
mong manh... Khdng khi' trong xuiVug riii khd thd vi d do trong mdt thdi gian liiu eo
nhieu ngirdi thd. tliiu mo miiy mdc liim bim mdi trutJiig. ho\ nhii ra hii Ihem bui bdng
rill doe.
(Theo : Lu-kin \ i i Da-lin. Tulieu lich si'f can dai the gldl.
Mii!-\eo-va, tr. 87. lieiig Nga)
Ve chu nghla xa hdi khdng tudng
Chu nghia \ i i hpi khdng tutViig phiit sinh viio thdi kl mil nen situ xuiit tu biin ehii nghia.
sU ddi khiing giira giai cap IU san va giai ciip \ d s;in chua phat triPn. Nbuiig li luiin
chUii ehin mudi eua chii nghia xii hdi khdng tutVng phii hop vdi nen sdn xua't tu ban
ehu nghi.i ehuii ehin mudi \ i i vdi linh trang quan he giai eiip ehir;i phiit trie'n niiiv.
l a m tjiian irong eiiii nhirng nhii \ i i hoi ehu ngliiii khdng tuivng tlPi \ o i phonii iriio cdne
nhim lii (V cho ho dii kieh liet eong kieh die dd tu biin ehu nghiii banij e.ieh iilioi triin
nhirng num lliuim eua ehe' do dd.
iTheo : V. E-phi-mdp \ii M. Kho-vP-xidp. /./,/( .\dcan dai.

NXBSir thiit. H.. 1963, tr. 161)

SURA Ddi CUA CHIJ NGHiA XA HOI

KHOA HOC - QUOC TE THU NHAT
Chu nghi.i X.1 hoi khong tuiyng khimg d,ip irng diro'c yeu t a u v,i finu ticu
diiu Iriinh cua giai cap cdng nhîn. I'hting tr.io t ong nhiin ph.it Irien, doi
hdi mot h luan kht)a hoc each mang m a i . Trong dieu kien ay, c hu nghi.i
xa hpi khoci hoc ra dtVi, do Cac Mac v.i P h r i - d n t h Ang-ghen s.ing liip.
1. C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen - nhung nguoi sang lap chu nghla xa hpi
khoa hoc
Ceie Mde sinh ngay 5 - 5 - 1818 trong mdt gia dinh tri thuc tien bd. d thanh phd
To-ri-o (Ddc). Nam 23 tudi (1841), Mae dd Tien sl vdi luan an xuat sdc vi 66 tiii
triet hpe eo dai Hi Lap.
Nam I S42. Mae liun cdng uie \ ien. roi Tong hien
liip Boo .\(>ng Riinh - mdt lo him eo \ u huoiig diin
chu lu s.in lien ho. Duoi su ehi d.io cua Vhie. Bao
\iing Ranh ilii de c.ip nhirng \iin dc hue thiet eua
nude Diie Ihdi txi) giiv : euoc song khP cue eua
iigirtTi ndng dan. van d^ ihdng nhiil nudc Ddc. cudc
tliiu Iranh ehi>ng clui nghiii quan phiel Pho... \ i liiih'
ehai tien b o . c h o n g c h e d o plum d d n g eu.i Phd
nen Bao sidr.^ Riinli bi d o n g cira.
Nam IS4.1. Miic eimg \ o la Ciieii-m phai rdi Ddc

sang P;i-ri iPhiip). roi de'n Briie-\en (Bii \ii cuoi
Hinh 36. C. Mdc eimg cu irii lau did d Luiin Ddn (AnhI, Tiii Pa-ri.
(1H18- 1883)
Miie thuifng \ u \ e n tiep xiie \a\ nhung nhii hoai
ddng Ciieh mang eua phong trim edng nhan. nghien cuu lieh sU cdng nhim PNap.
cac uic phiim triet hoe duy \iit... va tham gia xu.il ban lap chi Bicn nien Phdp -
Due. Trong nhirng bid viet eua minh. Mae dii kluing duih riing : Giai Citp \ o san
dupc vii trang bimg li luim ciieh nuing la giai ciip se diini duong su menh h c h su
giai phong loai ngudi khoi moi sU iip hue bde ldl.
Phri-drich Ang-ghen sinh ngay 28 - 11 - 1820. trong mot gia dinh chii xudng d
thanh phd Bac-men (Dire). Ong cam ghet che dp chuyen che cung nhirng thii doan lam
giau ciia gidi kinh doanh va sdm tham gia phong triio each mang cua cdng nhan.
71
Trong cudn Tuih i anh •îai i dp ci^ng nhan .^nh. .Ang-ghen mieu tii eu the. sinh ddng
sir bde lot lim bao eua gi.u ciip tu san ddi \ d i cdng nhiin, Tir dd. ong rut ra kei luan :
Oi.ii t iip \ d sail khong ehi la n.m nluin eiui ehu nghia ur ban. mil edn ki lue luong ed
ihe diinh dd su ihong iri eiui gi.ii eiip lu san \'A ur giai phimg khoi IIHH \ie'ng \ieh.
Nam 1844, Ang-ghen sang Pa-ri va gap

Mac. Cudc gap gd nay da ma diiu tinh ban
cam ddng va su cpng tac chat ehe giira hai
nha each mang \'d san vl dai. nhtmg ngudi
sang lap chii nghla xa hdi khoa hpe.
Trong thuc tien phong trao dau tranh
each mang ciia giai cap cdng nhan. Mae va
Ang-ghen da cung nhau nghien cuu li luan
va thanh lap mot td chuc qudc te cua giai
cap vd san.
va li luan. hai dng xay dung hoc thuyet \i
Hinh 37. Ph. Ang-ghen chil nghla xa hpi khoa hpe. neu ro con dudng
(1820- 1895}
phat tri^n hpp quy luat eiia xa hoi loai ngudi va
sir menh lich su ciia giai cap vd san.
•^^ Trinh bay nhung net chinh ve buoi dau hoat dong each mang cua C Mac
va Ph. Ang-ghen.
2. Dong minh nhung ngubi cpng san va Tuyen ngon cua Dang Cong san
Trong nhung nam sdng d Anh. Mae vii Ang-ghen da lien he vdi Ddng minh
nhffng ngifdi ehinh nghla - mdt td ehue bi mat ciia cong nhan Tay Au. dupc
thimh liip d Pa-ri nam 1836. vii cai tP eho phu hpp vdi muc tieu dau tranh eiia
giai cap cdng nhan. Thang 6 - 1847. tai dai hpi ciia Ddng minh nhirng ngudi
chinh nghla. mot td chuc mdi - Ddng minh nhifng nguoi eong .sdn - duoc
thanh lap. Day la td chuc diiu tien eiia giai cap vd san qudc te. nham : "doan
ket vd siin tat ca cac nuac. d6 ... lat do giai cap tu san. Xiic lap su tht>ng tri ciia
vd san, thii tieu xa hdi tu ban"".
Dai hdi lan thu hai ciia Ddng minh nhung ngudi cdng san hop cudi thana
11 - diiu thiing 12 - 1847 da thong qua Dieu le va giao eho Miie. .Ane-shen
soan thao Cuang linh. dudi hinh thuc mot ban tuyen ngdn - Tuyen ni^nii ciia
Ddng Cgng sdn.
Tuyen ngon eiia Ddng Cong .sdn la ban euong linh trinh biiy eo sd If luan. xac
dinh vai trd eua giai cap vd san trong viec lanh dao eude dau iranh. nham kit dp su
thdng tri eiia giai cap tu san va xay dung chuyen chinh vd san.

Npi dung CO ban eua liiven ngon cua Dang Cong .uin tluoe lrinh ba> inmg
4 chuong :
Chuong \ - 111 .\an va vo \an. neu len mdt each kluti quiit quy hull phiit IriPn eua Xii
hpi IU biin, vach rd l(*i ich ddi lap gitra tU siin. vd sim vii sir menh lieh su eua gi;ii eiip
vd Siin. ddng llu'ri chi rii qu>' iuiit phai trien eua lieh su \.i hoi cd ;jiai ciip lii hi.h su
d.m Uiiiili ei.ii cap doi khimg, (Ve siiu Ph. .\ng-ghen elm lliieh : lieh su la lieh sd tkiii
tranh giiii e.i[i Irong Xil hdi cd giai ciipi.
Chutnig 11 - r p .\dn vd cdng .sdn. trinh biiy mdi t|uan he giuii nhimg nguifi cdng siin
va giai cap vo s;in. vach rd li'nh chiu. nhiein vu irudc nuii. muc dich cudi cimg cua
Dang Cdng san \ii nhung bien phiip e.ieh nuing de ihue hien iihiriii: nhiein \ii \;i muc
dich ii\.
ChUtfiig III - .Sdch hdo .xd hdi clui nghla vd cong .\an clui nglua. phe phan siiu s;ie triio
luu luiuiVng xii hoi chii nghTa phi \d siui - ur san \ii tieu lU san. Tu\en ngdn cimg neu
len nhtrng mat n'eh cue eua ehu nghiii xii hdi khdng luiViig. ddiiii ihivi ehi rd nhime lum
che ciia nd.
(Tiinnig IV - Quan he cua nintng ngiiYn cdng san doi voi cdc dang doi lap. lrinh hii\ nhirng
nguyen liu.' chien lupc vii sach lupc cua Diing Cpng siin.
Tuyen ngdn ket thiic bang ldi

keu gpi : "Vd siin tiit ca cac nutVc
doan ket lai !".
Tuyen ngdn etia Ddng Cdng .sdn
la mot van kien cd y nghla lieh sir
to ldn. neu nhirng luim diem ca ban
v6 chil nghla xa hdi khoa hpe. tha
hien sir ket hpp giua ehu nghla xa hdi
khoa hpe vtVi phong trao cdng nhan.
Tu tudng CO ban ciia Tiixen
ngon etia Ddng Cgng .sdn da soi
sang con dudng dau tranh ciia giai
cap edng nhan vii cac dan ldc hi ap
buc tren toiin the gidi.
Nhu viiy. phong triui edng nhan
cac nudc tu ban da ehuyen dim tir tu
Hinh 38. Bia Tuyen ngon phat sang tu giac, giai cap cdng
cua Ddng Cong sdn" Idn xudt bdn nhan da nhan thuc dutye su menh
ddu tien (1848} lich sir ciia minh.
73
^ - C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen co vai tro nhu the nao trong viec thanh lap Oong
mtnh nhiyng ngudi cgng san ?
- Neu y nghTa lich sdban Tuyen ngon cua Oang Cpng san.
3. Quoc te thu nhat

Den giua the ki XIX, chii nghla tu biin da dupe xac lap tren pham vi tha' gidi.
Mau thuiln giai cap ngay cang gay gat. diln den cac cudc khdi nghla ciia cdng nhan
va nhan dim lao ddng trong nhung nam 1848 - 1849 d nhiau nudc ehau Au. dae
biet d Phap va Dire.
Cudc khdi nghia Ihimg 6 - 184X d Pluip lii ••eupe xung dot dim lien giuii hai giat ciip
phan ehia Xii hoi hien nay... Nd neu ni phuenig hUtrng diinh do giai ciip tu san \ii thiei
lap nen ehuyen chi'nh vd siin" (C. Miiel. Cudc diiu tranh eiia cdng nhim Pluip dien rii
riii qipet liet (hiing tram ehicn si hi sinh. khoang 2 000 ngudi hi bai).
Trong iihinig ninn 1X4S - 1849. phong iriio ciich niiing nd ra ti nhieu bang thude Due ;
khoi nghia ihiing 3 - IS48 d Bee-lin. ciie eut>e khdi nghTa d Xac-xdng. viing sdng Ranh
ddi edne bo hien phap. dau tranh thdng nhiil nude Due.
Ciic eupc dau tranh ciia edng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng cac nude ian lupt that
bai vi nhieu nguyen nhan nhu : thieu doan ket, chua cd to chdc thdng nhat...
Trong bdi canh ay, ngay 28 - 9 - 1864. khoang 2 000 dai biau cdng nhan ttr
Anh, Phap, I-ta-li-a, Ba Lan... td chirc mit tinh ldn tai Luan Ddn, quyet dinh thanh
lap Hgi Lien hiep lao dgng quoc te'{Qu6c te thd nha't). Mac duge bau vao Ban Chap
himh Trung uong va dupc giao nhiem vu du thiio Tuyen ngdn va Dieu le ciia
Qudc te thu nhiit.
Hinh 39. Quang cdnh hiidi le thdnh lap Quo'c te ihu nhd't

Tu>en ngtm neu nhiein vu cua giai cap cong nhan la : gianh thmh qipeii ciich nuing.
xoa bo che dp sd hiru tu nhim ddi vdi tu lieHi san xuai. tloan ket quoe te\ giiio due
nhung nguyen li cuii ehu ngliiii \ii hpi klioii hoe.
DiCni le quy dmh kei Uiip rpng rai ciie to ehiie eong nhim hin Ciic Cii nhim rieng le.
Qude te thu nhat dau tranh chdng cac trao luu tu tutVng xa la vdi lap trirdng ciia
giai cap edng nhan. truyen ba rdng rai chii nghla Mac. ehii trutmg ddi ngiiy limi
viec 8 gid. giiim ba\ thdi gian lao ddng ciia phu m( va tre em... Nd ddng gdp nhieu
cho phong trao dau tranh ciia edng nhan (iing hd cdng nhan bai cdng. phan ddi ciic
ehinh phu khiing bd. tan sat cac cupc dau tranh eua cdng nhan...).
Sau khi hoan thanh su menh lich sir cua minh - doan ket, thdng nhat lire lupng
cdng nhiin qutic te, truydn ba sau rdng ehii nghla Mac. ehuan bi thanh lap cac chinh
dang cong nhiin d chau Au va Biic Ml - Qudc te thtr nhat chinh thuc tuyan bd giai
tan ngiiy \5 -1 - 1876.
^ ^ Quoc te thU nhat dUdc thanh lap trong dieu kien lich sCt nhu the nao '
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1 .Tnnh bay so luac tieu sir cua C. Mac va Ph. Ang-ghen.

2. Neu nhung npi dung cP ban cua Tuyen ngon cua Dang cong san.
3. Quo'c te thir nhat dong gop nhCng gi cho phong trao cong nhan nhu'ng nam
60 - 70 cua the ki XIX ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Gia tri ciia Tuyen ngon ciia Ddng Cpng sdn
Cudn -siich mong dd diing giii hiing tap sach. Tu luting cu;i nd Hun sdng vii liun hoiit
dpng cho tdi ngay nay toim bo giai Ciip vp san cd id ehue va chien dim cua ihe gitii
van minh.
(Theo : V.I. Le-nin. Todn tap. Tap 10. tr. 10. tieng Nga)
Quuc te Ihu nhat
De nhiii qutic te tu\ chi dirng dupc 10 nam. nhirng khiiu hieu Todn the gidi vd .sdn giai
cap lien hop lai \ii tinh thiin Ciich nuing \an trii\en den bii\ gid. Tu> khdng lam dupe
nhieu ^lec. nhung cai cong dii>' eho thp thuyen trong the gidi Ciich niiuig thi riu lo.
(Tlieo : H6 Chi Minh. Todn tap. Tiip 2. Sdd. tr. 283)
75
1 CONG XA PARI (1871)
Vtio nhung luni Ui'd) - 1 iif)l), phting ti.ui i ong nh.in, IIIKM -.ir laiih d.io
t lui t^)Lii.K le llui nhai, ph.il Inen (Icn dinh tao. C tux" Lath mang
ii.im 1 87 I (I Phap d.i dira tin su ihjnh l.ip nha luriK vo s.iii diui lien r UJ
giai t cip tong nhan ihe giot.
1. Cuoc Cach mang 1 8 - 3 - 1 8 7 1
Cupe Chien tranh Phiip - Phd nd ra ngiiy 19 - 7 - 1870. Quan Phap bi that bai.
Ngitv 2 - 9 . Na-pd-le-dng 111 cung toim bd quim ehu lire Phap. gdm 10 \an ngudi.
bl biit tai thiinh Xtv-dang (giin bien gidi Phap - Bi).
Ngiiy 4 - 9 - 1870. quim ehung cdng nhim va cac tang ldp dan ngheo Pa-n
dung lan khdi nghla. ddi thiet lap che dp cdng hoa \a thanh liip eae dttn vi Qudc
tian quan. ehuan bi luc lutmg ehdng quan Phd xiun lupc. Nhung giai eiip tu sim
Phiip da thanh liip chinh phii lam thdi vdi ten goi "Chinh phii Ve qutK". Thuc rii.
•"Chinh phil Ve qudc" khong to ehue chdng tni khi quan Phd ngiiv cimg tien siiu
vao dat Phap va bao vay Pa-ri, ngUtTfc lai da xin dinh ehien. tim ciieh pha hoai
eude khang chien ciia nhan dan. ra ienh chiim dirt phdng thu did nudic.
Trut'ie thiii do dau himg cua "Chinh phii Ve qude". quan chiing nhan dan duiig
lan kho'i nghia. "nhanh chdng cuu nguy eho Pa-ri !".
Ba gid Siing 18 - 3 - 1871. "Chinh phu Ve qudc" do Chi-e dung diiu cho quan
diinh ehiam ddi Mdng-mac (d phia bae Pa-ri). noi tiip trung dai bae ciia Qude dan
quan. Nghe tieng ehutmg nhii thd bao ddng. quim chung nhan dan da kip thdi keo
dan hd irp eho Qudc dan quan. bao vay quiin ciia Chinh phii. Am muu ehiem doi
Mdng-mac ciia Chinh phu hi thiil bai.
Trua 1 8 - 3 . theo lt:nh eua Uy ban Trung uong Quoc dan quiin. ciic tiau doiin
tien viio trung tam thu dd. ehiem ciic eoquan Chinh phu. nhii ga. sdcanh sat vii toil
Thi chinh. Chiau 1 8 - 3 . cddd phap phdi bay tran ndc toil Thi ehinh. Quan Chinh
phu phai nit chay vd Vec-xai de ciing cd luc lupng. Quan each mang linn chu thiinh
pht) vil ngiiy 26 - 3, da td ehue biui eir Hdi ddng Cdng xa. Ngay 28 - 3. fipi tidnsz
Com: \a liim la ra miit. diinh diiu thang loi ciia cutK ciich manu.

Hinh 40. Qudn cluing Pa-ri han hoan ddn chdo Hdi ddm; Cdng .xd
^^ - Tn^c tinh the "To quoc lam nguy", thai dp cua quan chUng nhan dan Pa-h
va Chinh phu tu san nhu the nao ?
- Neu dien bien cuoc Cach mang 18 - 3 - 1871.
2. Cong xa Pa-rl - Nha nuoc vo san dau tien

Da thay the eho chinh quyen tu san. mot ehinh phii each mang dupc biiu ra
theo nguyen tae phd thdng dau phieu. Co quan cao nhat cua nha nuoc mdi lit
Hdi ddng Cdng xa. tap trung trong tay quyen liip phap vii quyan hanh phap.
Ciie uy ban dupc thanh lap"', ddng dau mdi uy ban la mot Uy vien Cdng xa,
chiu trach nhiem trutte nhan dan vii cd tha bi bai mian.
Quan dpi va bp may canh sat ciia chinh quyen cir bi giai tan. thay vao dd la luc
lupng vu trang va Iuc lupng an ninh nhan dan. Cdng xa quye't dinh tach nha thd ra
khoi nhirng hoat dpng eiia trudng hpe vii nha nuac : nha trudng khdng day Kinh Thanh.
Cdng xa edn thi hanh nhiau ehinh sach xa hpi tien bp khae nhu : thuc hicn quyan
lam chil ciia cdng nhan ddi vtri nhung xi nghiep ehii bo trdn : nhung
xi nghiep cdn chu d lai thi Cdng xa kia'm soat ehe dp tien luong. bdt lao ddng
ban dem. cam cup phat va danh dap cdng nhan. Cdng xa giai quydt nan that nghiep.
ra lenh hoan tra tian thue nha. hoan tni nt;. Cdng xa da ra che'dd giiio due biit buPc.
khdng milt tian cho toim dan. lap vudn tre. cai thien dieu kien lam vice cho
nU cdng nhan. Nhieu td ehiic quiin ehung ra ddi. eae cau lac bd trd thimh noi
lien he aiua uv vien Cdng xa vdi nhan dan v.v...
I 11 Cong Xii bao gom cae »> biin : QUM sir, .\n ninh .\ii hpi. Doi ngoai, Tu pimp. Tai clniih. Laong ihifc.
Thucmg nghiep, Giiio tine. Ct'iiig t.ie xa ht)i ; den ngiiv 1- 5 - 1H71. ihimh kip them Li> ban Ciiu qude,
77
Co eau td chdc. cac ehinh sach va hoat ddng ciia Cdng xa Pa-ri chung td day la
mot nhii nutrc khiie han cae kieu nha nudc ciia nhung giai cap bdc lot trude kia. mdt
nha nuac kitu mdi - nhii nudc vd siin. ciia dan. do dan vii vi dan.
^ ^ Tnnh bay nhCfng chinh sach cua Cong xa Pa-h.
3. Cuoc chien dau bao ve Cong xa Pa-ri

Chinh phil tu san va cac the luc phan ddng Phap tim mpi each tap hofp. ciing cd
luc luiiiig da bdp chet Cdng xa Pa-ri.
Tir ihiing 4. quiin Vec-xai biit diiu liin cdng Pa-ri. Ngay 21-5, quan Vec-xai tie'n
vao Pa-ri qua cira Xanh Clu. Tir dd dian ra cac trim danh ae liet d cac duttng phd.
keo diii trong mot tuan (tir ngiiy 21 den ngay 28 - 5 - 1871). dupc gpi la "Tuan la
dam mau". Cac chien sl Cdng xa da anh dung ehien dau bao ve timg khu phd, timg
can nha. timg tae dat. Dac biet, eude chie'n da'u ciia gan 200 chien sl Ctmg xa cd
thil trong nghla dia Cha La-se-do tieu bieu cho tinh than anh dOng ciia giai cap
cdng nhiin.
Bi bill) \ii_\ lir 4 giij >.ing. ciic ehien si Cdng \ii dting moi thir \u khi ehdng tra quiin
lliii. eho tien khi viii ehue ngirtvi cuoi cimg hi bai. hi dan itri siii hue tuivng nghia dia
\ii hi ban clK't t;ii diiy. Tir tliu hue lutiiig nglua tha Gia Lii-se-d<f duoc goi lii "Bire
luong ehien si Cdng \ii". noi mil hang nam \ii() ngiiy ki niem Cdng x.i t2iS - ? i, nhiin
tliin liio dong Pa-n di;n dat hoii tirong niem.
^ ^ Dua vao bai hoc, viet bai tudng thuat ve cuoc ehien dau cua cac chien si
Cong xa d nghTa dia Cha La-se-dd.
4. Nguyen nhan that bai va y nghTa Ijch sucua Cong xa Pa-ri

Cdng xa Pa-ri thiit bai ehii yeu vi giai cap etmg nhan Phap ehua du lue lupna va
kinh nghiem de diinh bai hoan toan giai eiip tu san. Hp ehua ed mdt chi'nh clang da
lanh dao cutic diiu Iranh di ldi thang lt;i. Giai cap tu san va eiie the luc phan ddng
lai eau ket vdi nhau da' tieu diet each mang.
Cdng \a Pa-ri edn pham mot sd sai lam nhu: bd Id thdi co. thieu kien quyet nan
ap ke thil va ehua thuc hien dupc lien minh giua giai cap cdng nhan vdi giai cap
nong dan.
Y nghla lich su cua Cdng xa Pa-ri vd cimg to k'm. Diiy lit cudc each mang vd san
dau tian nham xoa bd che dp tu ban chii nghla va thiet lap nan chuyen chinh vp san

Ctmg xa Pa-ri cd vu tinh than each mang cho giai cap cong nhim thuc hien sir
menh ljeh sir cua minh va de lai nhiau bai hpe quy giii. Dd lii sU thu nghiem diiu
tien va mdt nha nude kia'u mdi, mpt xa hdi mdi. Dd lii nhung kinh nghiem ve viec
can thiet phiii cd su lanh dao ciia Dang vd san. va lien minh cdng - ndng. va vice
dap tan bd may nha nudc cu, thiet lap nha nudc mdi ciia dan.
^^ Phan tich nguyen nhan that bai cua Cong xa Pa-ri.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Ve so do bd may Hpi dong Cong xa.

2. Vi sao Cong xa Pa-ri duoc gpi la Nha nudc kieu mai ?
3. Y nghla va bai hoc lich sir ciia Cong xa Pa-rl.
PHAN DOC THEM
Muc dich cua Cong \a ay the nao ?
Khi \ira liiy dutic Pa-ri rdi thi Cdng \ii liip nen chinh phu eua dim \ii luyen bd rang
Cdng .xii sc tliire hien nhung vice sau na\ :
1. Bao nhieu ettquan sinh san' ' rieng diû dem liun euii edng.
2. Tiit ea ire con trong nutVc. bin ki eon iriii. eon giii. de'u [iluii di hoe. Hoc phi
nhii nude phai eho.
3. Dim ed qii\en lu tio td chire. liun biio. ktuii hdi. xuiit duoiig \.v.,,
4. Bat ki dan dng. dim b.i iii eimg duoc qu>en chmh iri. lipeii eu \a img eir.
?. Cluiih phu lu dim eii len \ii tiim ed qu\en !hii\ ddi ehinh phn.
Bai hoc Cdng \a Pa-ri
aiTrong ba lan ciieh menh. l?8d, 1S4.S. 1S7(). dim \i ikm e:m >tam nhiem. nhung
Iri Ihuc it. cho nen d6 w ban nd loi dung.
hi Pa-ri Cdng xii vi ip chirc khdng kheo \a vl khong iie'n lac vtri dim eii\. den ndi
ihiit bai....
(Theo : Ho Chi .\hnh. Toan tgp. Tap 2. ^dd. lr. 27.^ - 274)
Tlie lil coniz xiiinig. nKi\ iiioe, ntiineii VLU UÛ. s.m \->\v.\m... (Lie 'ji;i S(iK -.hii t h u h l .
79
m PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN QUOC TE

(Cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX)
S.iii kill ( o n g \.i I'.i-n ih.il b.ii i U i ~ h \.i (^)LI(K tc ihii nli.il gi.n hin
(I ii~(.i, phong h.io t ong nh.in o t <K nuoi lu h.in lii kluing ho n.ing ne,
nhung \,in lung hiioi (IIMM phut hoi \ a phai Irien. Tren ct> sd ay,
()u(")i to llui h.ii (liKH ih.inh l.i|u
1. Phong trao cong nhan quoc te cuoi the ki XIX

Tir thiip nien 70 eua the ki XIX. ehii nghla tu ban phiit trien manh me d chau
Au va Bdc Ml. Dpi ngu giai cap cdng nhan cac nudc tang nhanh vi sd lupng va chat
lutmg. Su bt)c lot nang ne ciia giai cap tu siin vii chinh .sach chay dua vu trang.
chuan hi chien tranh da phim ehia lai the gidi ciia chinh phii ciic nude limi cho ddi
sdng nhim dim lao dpng ti' eiie nude tu bim eimg them khd khan.
Cdng nhan d nhieu nude da diiu tranh doi tang lutmg. ciii thien ddi sdng. ngay
lam 8 gid...
" /'/(W/i. lio h.ui tjiia t i l . I khiniL' hniing k i n h le ( I SS2 - IXNSi. n h i e u eiii'c biii edni!.
hieu I m h L lui eiitu' nh.tn lien liep dien r;i K i e i i e n a m I SSP. Uii eae l i i i i i e l.uii edng
n e h i e i ' . tl.ie biel ki \ i m g m o . eong nlum tkiu n.mh do: Uiiig liron;^ ^ ,i i | i j \ e n dan e l m .
() \'ih. n h u n g eiioe b.ii emie C I M eong nluin do\ i.me lUtriiL:, ihue hien n e ; i \ l a m S eio
\ . i eai ihien dtvi song lien liie i l i c i i rii. i l i e i i h i i i l i l.i eiioe bai i.oiig eua IKUIL: \ i i n edng
nhan kluiaii \:i e d hen lim l.uim D o n \ , i ( i eiioi i l u i p nien SO
(> Ihu pliong \\'M> diiii l i . m l i d o i e.ii i h i e n d o , sPng t h t i n g u o i I,to d o n e nluil n i e n

nuuih. me. b u i e j]iai eii|^ lu s;m phai luii ho ' D . i o I uui ilae b i e i " ' ' ' \,w n.mi I W\).
( i m i : nhan iKii tpiv i. n u n en e u . J o i e.ii I h i e n i l o i s u n e . n g i i \ k i i n S e i o . d o i i.|Li\en
h . i i .. M i l ' . - > •.
Ndi biit nhat lii phong triio cdng nhan Ml viio eudi the ki XIX. giin lien vdi nhung
cupc tiinh cong vii bai cdng sdi ndi khdp ca nude. Dinh eao ciia phong triio la eude
Tdng bai cong eiui cdng nhiin Si-ca-gd ngay 1 - 5 - 1886 ddi ngiiy liim 8 gid da
bupe gidi ehu phai nhupng bd. Ngay nay sau dd trd thanh ngay Qude te lao dons
\ii cha do liim viae S îd mtM nsiiv diin dupc thuc hian d nhieu nudc.
I I ) Uiui kutl na\ diroe ban lumh viio lluiny 10 - I1S7S. 'ITie'o dd, cac lo chire eong nluiii bi iiiiii uin. c;ie loa biio
eong nluin hi IIDTI!: cUii. hiuig lo;it diing \ i e n D.in^ Cdng nhan x;i hoi dan ehu Diic bi b i t bu va Uii i j n .

Hinh 41. Cudc Tdng bdi cdng ctia cdng nhdn Si-ca-go ngdv ! - 5 - 1886
Nhin chung. phong trao edng nhan qude te' vao eudi the ki XIX phat tria'n manh
me nhung chua cd sir thdng nhai trong lanh dao va phdi hpp dau tranh. Tuy nhien,
phong trao dau tranh eung tao dieu kien thuan lpi eho viec truyan ba hpe thuyet
Mae d nhieu nudc tu ban tien tien. Nhd dd. eae dang edng nhan, eae dang xa hdi
hay cac nhdm ed khuynh hudng each mang cua giai cap cdng nhan dupc thanh lap ;
Dang Cong nhan xa hdi dan ehii Ddc (1875), Dang Cdng nhan xa hpi Ml (1876),
Dang Cdng nhan Phiip (1879), nhdm Giai phdng lao dpng Nga (1883), Lian minh
xa hpi dan chii d Anh (1884)...
Su ra ddi ciia cac dang va cac to chii'c cdng nhan danh dau bude trudng thanh
CLia phong trao. ddi hdi phai thanh lap mpt td chuc qudc te mdi ciia giai cap vd san
thegidi. Sau khi Mae qua ddi (1883), Ang-ghen dam nhiem vai trd lanh dao phong
trao cdng nhan qudc te.
^^ Phong trao cong nhan quoc te vao cuoi the kiXIX co nhUng net noi t)at nao ?
2. Qudc te thtr hai

Ngay 14 ~ 7 - 1889, Dai hdi thanh lap Qudc te thu hai dupc td chirc d Pa-ri.
D.ii hdi khai m.ie dimg \ao ng.i>. ki nie'in IDD nam cnoc t".ieli in.ing IU s.m Pha|i I 7;<y.
Tliam du Jai hdi cd luru 300 diii bieu ndi lieng cuii phong Irao cdng nluin t|udc te. Chi
dao diii hiii cd Ang-ghen \ii eiie nhii lioiit ilpng o Pluip. Due. .'\iili. Nga... Mpi nguoi deu
nhiil tri phai thiinh liip mot to chuc qudc te mdi. Ixii vi nd se la "mtit diun bao cho hoit
binh" vil hut'Tiig diin "cutH; diiu tranh khdng khoan nliuong cua nhimg nguiri lao ilone".
Dai hdi da thdng qua nhiû nghi quyet quan trpng : su e^n thiet phai thanh lap
chfnh dang ciia giai cap edng nhan d mdi nudc, da cao vai trd dau tranh chinh tri,
6LICHSU l l - N C - A 81
xem dau tranh hpp phap la dieu kien da thuc hien muc dfch dau tranh giai ciip. tang
cudng phong trao quan chung, dau tranh gianh chfnh quyan, ddi tang luong. ngay
lam 8 gid va hdng nam lay ngay 1 - 5 lam ngay Qud'c te lao dpng da doan ket va
biau duong lire lupng ciia giai cap vd san the g\6i.
Ciing nhu Qudc te thir nhat, Qudc te thu hai tdn tai va hoat ddng chu ye'u dudi
hinh thue dai hpi. Nhd hoat dpng tfch cue ciia Ang-ghen, Qudc te thu hai da co
nhung ddng gdp quan trpng trong viec phat trien phong trao edng nhan the gidi
cudi tha ki XIX : tie'p tuc truyen ba hpe thuyet Mac, doan ket phong trao cdng nhan
eae nude, thuc day viec thanh lap cac chfnh dang vd san d nhiau nudc...
Nam 1895, Ph. Ang-ghen qua ddi. Day la mdt ton that ldn ddi vdi phong trao
cdng nhan. Luc nay xuat hien mpt sd ngudi cd xu hudng phii nhan hpe thuyet each
mang eiia Mae va Ang-ghen, dd la trao luu co hdi chii nghla.
\guiii ttai dien cho iiiio iuu co htii ehu nglua cuoi the ki \ ' 1 \ lii E. Be'c-xiai-ntv
I IS.SO - 19.12) d Dire, Dutri danh nglua "\cl kti" hoe thuyet Mae. Bcc-xiai-ntv mudn
gal bo nhung nguyen h co biin eua ehu nghia Mac vd dau tranh giai cap. Nhirng nguoi
thet> ehu nghia xei kii ehii truo'ng thoa hiep \tii giai eiip lu san. de eao dau tranh nghi
tarinu:. xem dti lii liinh lliire ehu \eu tie giiinh ehinh t|ii\e"n \e la\ gi.ii e.ip eone nluin.
Tiep tue sir nghiep ciia Ang-ghen, mpt sd lanh tu phai ta trong cac dang cdng
nhan nhu Ple-kha-nd'p (Nga), La-phac-gio (Phap), Be-ben, R6-da Liic-xam-bua
(Due)... da len tieng phe phan ehii nghla xet lai Bec-xtai-no, song cupc da'u tranh
nay khdng dupc lien hanh triet de nen ke't qua rat han che.
Trong nhirng nam dau the ki XX, cudc dau tranh tu tudng qua cac dai hpi tiep
theo ciia Qud'c te thu hai dian ra gay gdt va phuc tap giua khuynh hudng cich mang
va khuynh hudng co hpi chii nghla ve nhirng van de eo ban. Dd la : va'n d^ gianh
chfnh quyen ciia giai cap vd san, thai dp ddi vdi van da thupc dia va ehien tranh de
qudc... Khuynh hudng each mang, dai dien la V. I. Le-nin. kien quye't len an ach
thdng tri cua de qudc ddi vdi thudc dia va tfch cue dau tranh cho quyan tu quyet
ciia dan tpc.
Qudc te thir hai di dan de'n ehd phan hoa va tan ra khi Chia'n tranh the' gidi thu
nhat biing nd. Da so thii linh cac dang co hdi trong Qudc te thu hai ung hd chinh
phil tu san nude mmh, tir bd quyan lpi cua giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng,
ddy qudn chiing nhan dan va vd san cac nudc vao cudc chiad tranh vi lpi ich ciia
ehil nghla de qude. Den day. Qudc te thu hai tan ra, nhung phong trao each mang
the gidi vdn tiep tuc phat trian. chuyen sang mdt thdi ki mdi.
^ - Neu nhCtng hoat dong va ddng gop quan trpng cOa Quoc te thU hai doi vdi
suphat then cija phong trao cong nhan (den nam 1895).
- Vi sao chd nghTa cd hqi dan dan chiem uu the trong Quoc tethUhai ?
°- 6UCHSLJ11-NC-B
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Suu tam tai lieu de viet bai tudng thuat ve cupc tdng bai cong cua cong nhan
Sl-ca-go ngay 1 - 5 - 1886.
2. Chil nghla co hoi trong Quo'c te thCr hai vao dau the ki XX the hien nhu the nao
trong tu tudng va hanh dpng ?
3. Hay glal thich cau noi cua Le-nln : "Quo'c te thir hai da che't vl bl chu nghla ca hpi
danh bai".
PHAN DOC THEM

Cupc daiu tranh ciia cdng nhan Si-ca-go ngay 1 — 5 — 1886
Ngay 1 - 5 - 1886. gSn 40 van cdng nhan ca nudc MT dinh cdng. xud'ng dudng biû
tinh ddi ngay lam 8 gid. Cupc dinh cdng lan ra tren 11 000 nhii may. xi nghiep, ham
mo. Tieu biû la cuoc dinh cong. bieu linh ciia 8 van cdng nhan
Si-ca-go do Lien doan lao dpng lanh dao. Canh sat nd siing vao cdng nhan iren quang
trudng, nhimg ngudi cdm ddu bj bdt va bi xir lit. Mac du vay. Chinh phii budc phai
ban hanh dao ludt ngay lam 8 gid. nhung mdi chi ap dung eho khoang
1 — 2 van ngudi. Cuoc chien ddu anh dung va thang loi bude ddu cua edng nhan MT
dupc giai cap cdng nhdn qudc te chao mimg. Tir nam 1889. ngay I — 5 duiic ghi vao
lich sir loai ngudi - ngay Quoc te lao dpng.
(Theo : VQ Duong Ninh - Nguyen Van Hong.
Lich sd the gidi can dgi. Sdd)
83
V.L LE-NIN VA PHONG TRAO

CONG NHAN NGA DAU THE KI XX-
CACH MANG NGA 1905 - 1907
D.U) tlic kt \ \ , kc ILK SU nghie|) (u.i C. Mat va Ph. Ang-ghen, V. I. Le-nin

cki iien hanh cutic ddu tr.inh chong t a t Irao kro tir toang (.<« hpi i h u
ngliia, kim t h o ( hu nghia Mar ngay cang .inh huong s.iu rong trong
phong ti.io t ling nhan Nga wi |.)hong li.io t ong nhan (|LIO( lc.
( \ K h ni.mg 1 'K)"i 1 "-11)7 o Nga no r.u i o anh huong lon den phong trao
(kiu tranh iU3 nhan il^n i ac nitot .
I - V. L LE-NIN VA SLT T H A N H LAP CHINH DANG

CONG NHAN 6 NGA
Tir sau cudc Cai each ndng nd nam 1861. nan kinh te tu ban chii nghla d Nga
phat trian nhung van cham chap so vdi nhieu nudc Au - Ml khae. Cudi the ki XIX,
nudc Nga bdt dau chuyen sang giai doan de' qudc chii nghla mac dii nSn quan chii
phong kien van tdn tai. Dudi che dp Nga hoang, tinh canh ciia giai cap cdng nhan.
ndng dan va cac dan tdc khae trong de qudc Nga vd ciing khdn kho. Cong nhan
phiii lao ddng 1 2 - 1 4 gid mot ngay nhung vdi ddng luong tha'p. Ndng dan khdng
cd rudng. phai eay thua. quanh nam ddi kem. Cac dan toe trong de qudc Nga bi
nhiau tang bdc lot va sdng trong tinh trang lac hau.
Phong trao dau tranh chdng che dp
Nga hoang ngay mpt phat tridn manh me.
di dau la giai cap cdng nhan. Nhiau cupc
bai edng ldn. xung dot vu trang ciia eong
nhan lian tiep nd ra. Yau eau xay dimg
chinh dang eua giai cap cdng nhan Nga
dupc dat ra. Le-nin giu vai trd to ldn
trong viec niiy.
Xhi-Pi-miii I hch l-li-.i-nop. mc Lc-niiu sinli

nga\ J : - 4 - IS7I) trong moi gui ttinh nlia giiio
hen bo. Le-nin --oni giiic ngo ciidi nuiiie \a tham
giii [-Jiong li.tn tl.iu li.mli chong i.lic dn \Liii Im.mi;
lir lioi edn hoi, o nuong trung hoc. Nam 1 Sd3.
Hinh 42. V.I.Le-nin Le-nin u'vi Xiinh Pc-u-c-buii \a !io iluinli neudi
(1870-19241
i.lune d.m moi nhom nuiexil o da\

Mua Ihu n.im IW5. Le-nin ihong nhat nhimg nhom nuicMl Pe-lec-bua Ihanh inoi lo chuc
ehinh iri duy nhiil. kiy len lii-Lien hiep dau iranh giai phong giai c.ip cone nhan".
Nhung luim l,S'J> - IdOll. Le-nin hi bai \a hi dii\ di Xi-bui. I lei luin iUi\, ong tlii lich
cue luKil dpng chuan bi Ihanh liip ehinh thing elm gun cap \o s;iii Niâ, Nam IPIKI.
Le-nin cimg ciic ttdng ehi cua ('mg ra biio Tia lira.
Nam 1903, Ddng Cdng nhdn .\dhgi ddn ehu Nga chinh thue ra ddi "', danh dau
budc ngoat trong phong trao each mang Nga. Khae vdi eae dang xa hdi dan chii d
chau Au, Dang Cdng nhan xa hdi dan ehii Nga la dang vd san kieu mdi, thuc hien
nhiem vu lanh dao phong trao dau tranh each mang ciia cdng nhan, lat do che dp Nga
hoang, thiet lap chuyan chi'nh vd san, giai quyet van de rudng dat eho ndng dan...
Dau the ki XX, khi cac nudc de qud'c chuan bj chie'n tranh. nhirng phan tir
CO hpi trong Qudc te thir hai nga theo chinh phii tusan thi dang ciia La-nin - Dang
Bdnsavich - kien quyet lanh dao giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao ddng Nga dau
tranh each mang, timg budc gianh thang Ipi.
^ ^ - Neu tieu sdtom tit cua V. I. Le-nin.
- Tai sao ndi Dang Cong nhan xa hoi dan chu Nga la dang kieu mdi ?
ll - CACH MANG NGA 1905 - 1907
1. Cach mang biing n6

Tir cudi nam 1904, d Nga nhiau cudc bai edng va biau tinh eiia quan chung
da dian ra vdi khaiu hieu : "Da dao che dp chuyan ehe !". "Da dao chien tranh !"'.
Cac cudc da'u tranh ciia quan chiing da cham ngdi lira eho each mang.
Ngay chil nhat 9 - 1 - 1905, 14 van cdng nhan Xanh Pa-tec-bua va gia dinh tay
khdng vu khi, mang theo cd xi va anh ciia Nga hoang, tien de'n Cung dien Miia
Dong de ciiu xin Nga hoang cai thien ddi sd'ng. Nhung quan dpi va canh sat da xa
sung vao doan bieu tinh ciia quan chiing, hon 1 000 ngudi che't va gfin 5 000 ngirdi
bi thuong. Do la "Ngay Chii nhat dam mau". Ldng tin ciia nhan dan vao Nga hoang
bi tiau tan va hp nhan thay rang : "Nga hoang da danh chiing ta. chung ta phai danh
tra lai !". Cach mang bimg nd.
Cdng nhan \anli Pe-lee-huii noi dii\ vii irang. dimg chien lu\. cinum bi khoi nghia.
Cdng nhan nhieu mn biii eong,
Ndng dan ciing ntii day d nhieu no'\. dap phii dinh thu eua dia ctui, llneu iiiiy van lU.
khe Uiic. Ia\ LU.I c.ii chiii cho nhau.
(1) Dai hpi ldn thu nhat ttuaciien hanh viio nam 1898. nhung (ren tlnrc le Dai lipi kin ihir hai I ld()3) mdi duoc
coi lil Dai hpi thanh lap Dang Cong nhan \i\ ht)i dim chii Nt;a,
85
Khau hieu "Da dao che dp chuyan che'!" dupc truyan di khap noi, mdt lan sdng
bai cdng phan ddi bimg ian trong ca nudc. Chi trong thang 1 - 1905. so ngUdi bai
cdng da lan den 44 van. nhiau hon sd ngudi bai cdng ciia 10 nam trudc dd cdng lai.
Den miia he nam
1905. phong trao lan
rdng. ldi cudn ea
binh linh va ndng dan
tham gia. La ki niem
ngay 1 - 5 - 1905 da
bien thimh cupc bieu
duong tinh doan ket
ciia cdng nhan toan
Nga. Tinh than each
mang tac dpng den ea
quan dpi. Thang
Hinh 43. Cuoc khdi nghia tren chien hgm
6 - 1905, thuy thii tren
Pd-tem-kin (tranh cd ddng)
chien ham Pd-tem-kin
a 0-det-xa khdi nghla, lam ehii ehien ham. Nhiau don vi hai quan, luc quan khae
eung phan chien. Ndng dan tiep tuc ndi day, dua ra nhirng yeu sach chinh tri.
Trong qua trinh bai cdng. d nhiau noi, eae xd viet dai bieu cdng nhan dupc thanh
lap. Dd la td ehue ehinh quyen each mang. tien than eiia Nha nude Xd viet sau nay.
Tir mua thu nam 1905, phong trao each mang liep tue dang cao vdi nhung cupc
bai cdng chinh tri ciia quan chting. lam ngung tre mpi boat ddng kinh te va giao
thong trong ca nudc. Tliang 12 - 1905. cudc long bai cdng dupc bdt dau d
Mat-xco-va. rdi nhanh chdng bien thimh khdi nghla vu trang. Cdng nhan da dung
hang nghin chien luy va chien dau anh dung trong 2 tuan la. Nhung do lire lupng
qua chanh lech, cudc khdi nghla da bj dan ap dam mau.
Theo guong Mat-xco-va. nhieu cudc khdi ngMa vu trang cung nd ra d nhirng
thanh phd khae nhu : Ni-gio Ndp-gd-rdt. Rd-xtdp tran sdng Ddng, Don-bat,
Cra-xnd-da... Song, do dian ra le te va thieu td chu-c chat che nan nhirng cudc khdi
nghla nay da nhanh ehdng bi that bai. Phong trao each mang xudng dan va cham
diil vao eudi nam 1907.
^ Nguyen nhan dSn den cuoc Cach mang 1905 -1907 a Nga la gi ?
2. Tinh chait va y nghia lich sir

Cach mang Nga 1905 - 1907 la eupc each mang dan chii tu san dau tien
do giai cap vd san lanh dao trong thdi ki de qud'c chii nghla. Nhiem vu cua nd la

xoa bd che dp chuyan che Nga hoang, thuc hien cac nhiem vu dan chii, md dudng
cho san xuat phat tnan. Day la cudc each mang tu san kieu mdi, khae vdi cac cudc
each mang tu san trudc day.
Tuy that bai, nhung Cach mang Nga 1905 - 1907 cd y nghla Ijch sir It^ lao.
Cach mang da phat ddng dupc cac giai cap bi bdc lot va cac dan tdc bj ap birc trong
de qudc Nga dirng lan dau tranh, lam lung lay den tan gdc che dp Nga hoang, dua
den mpt eao trao dau tranh ciia giai cap vd san trong cac nudc de qudc va chuan bj
toan dien cho Cach mang thang Mudi Nga nam 1917. Nd cdn thuc day suphat trian
ciia phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d cac nude phuong Ddng vao dau the ki XX.
^ ^ Neu y nghTa lich sCfcua Cach mang Nga 1905 - 1907.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Viet mgt bai van ngan ve cupc ddi va su nghiep each mang ciia V. 1. Le-nln.
2. Trinh baydl^n bien Cach mang Nga 1905- 1907.
3. Tai sao noi: Cach mang Nga 1905 - 1907 la cupc each mang tu san kieu mdi ?
PHAN DOC THEM

Ve V.I. Le-nin
Neu giai cap vd san phuang Tay coi Lemin la mdt thii ITnh, mdt lanh tu. mpl ngudi
thay thi cac dan tdc phucfng Ddng lai coi Le-nin la mpt ngudi cdn vT dai hon nua, cao
quy ban nua...
Khdng phiii chi thien tai ctia Ngudi. mii ehinh la ii'nh coi khinh su xa hoa. tinh than
yeu lao dpng, ddi tu trong sang, n&'p sd'ng gian di, tdm lai la dao due vT dai va cao dep
eua ngudi Ihay. da anh hudng ldn lao tdi c;ic dan tpc chau A vii da khien cho trai lim
ciia hp hudng v^ Ngirdi. khong gi ngan ciin ndi.
(Theo : Hd Chi Minh, Todn lap. Tiip 1,
NXB Chinh tri Qude gia, H.. 2000, tr. 295)
Anh hudng cua Cach mang Nga 1905 - 1907 vdi cac nudc chau A
Cach miing dd (1905) cdn lam eho loan th^ chau A chuyan dpng. Nhiitig cudc each
mang d Thd, Ba Tu, Trung Qudc dang chdng id rSng cudc khdi nghia vi dai nam 1905
da de- lai nhOmg dau vet sau xa va id rd rang khdng the nao tieu diet dupc iinh hudng
cua no ddi vdi phong trao tien bp ciia hang iram Irieu ngutM.
(Theo : V. I. Le-nin, Tuven tap. Chucmg I, Phan II,

NXBSuthat.tr. 133 - 154)
87
Chuang IV — -
CAC NUOC CHAU A
(Tu giua the ki XIX den dau the ki XX)
m NHAT BAN
Tu nira s,ui the ki XIX den ddu ihe ki XX, o Nhat Ban dd dien ra t uoc
t a i t a c h tren tat ca ( ac linh \Lrt, tu t h i n h tri. quJn sp, vdn hoa, giao due
den kinh te, xa hdi - cupc Duy tan M m h Tr;. Chmh c udt Duy tan nay
tta dira Nhot Ban to mdt nutrc ndng nghiep Ira thanh mot nuac tu ban
((> nen t d n g nghiep phdt trien.
1. Nhat Ban tir nua dau the ki XIX den truoc nam 1868
De'n giira the ki XIX. Nhat Ban van la mpt qudc gia phong kien. Mac du nha vua
dupc ton la Tliian hoang. cd dja vj tdi cao. song quyen hanh thuc te nam trong tay
Sdgun (Ttrdng quan) d phii Chua - Mae phii. Tir nam 1603, ddng hp Td-ku-ga-oa
nam chuc vu Tudng quan. Vi the, thdi ki nay d Nhat Ban gpi la thdi ki Mac phii
Td-ku-ga-oa.
Sau hem 200 nam thdng tri eua ddng hp Td-ku-ga-oa. che dp phong kie'n
Nhat Ban da roi vao tinh trang be tac. suy thoai. khdng dap ung dupc nhirng yeu
cau phat Irian xa hdi. khdng du sue chdng lai su .\am nhap ciia cac nudc de qude
Au - Ml.
Ve kinh te. trong ndng nghiep. ndng dan khdng cd quyan ehiem huu dat dai. cae
lanh ehua phong kidn phat eanh rudng dat cho ndng dan de thu td.
Nong dan phai nop to ticn 5d'i ->o hoit loi. \,i\ ilifin niueu llui siru ihue luine ne nen
ddi sdng nit khd cue. Viio diiu the ki XIX. nliinig diiu Ineu khung hoiini: CUA nen kinh
Ie ur nhien ngii> cant: id ro. Tinli tmng mat muii. doi kem lien iK-p \,i\ ra. IVon"
511 nam. lU 17P0 den I S4n. o Nluil Ban d.i \,i> rii 2J lan mai inuii. luin dn\ hao irum
phiin km diil nude.

Nghe thil cdng nhu det lua, det vai, Iam giay. nau rupu. nau duirng. khai mo...
phat trien manh d nhieu lanh dja phfa tay nam. Song tinh trang cat cu liim ,\uat hien
hang rao thue quan, da anh hudng den su phat trien cdng, thuong nghiep.
Den mua ihe ki XIX. so edng iruimg thu cdng len ldi Iumg tram nhung eong nghiep
ehe liio \dn chua rii ddi. Ti le san pham eong nghiep eua Nhiit so \(ri ihe gidi khPnt:
daiie ke, neaiih diie ddng elu eldein khoang d'< \ii neanli s.m xuai li' idling elu nioi
eluem liVc cua ihe gidi (lSd7l.
va mat xa hpi, Chinh phu Sdgun van duy tri che dp dang cap. Tdng h'fjj Daimyo
gOm nhung quy tpc phong kien ldn, quan li cac vimg lanh dia trong nude, cd quyan
lire tuyet ddi trong lanh dja ciia hp : cd che dp thue khoa. luat phap va quan dpi
rieng. Tdng Idj? Samurai (Vd sl), chimg hon 1 trieu ngudi. khdng cd rudng dat. chi
phuc vu eae daimyo bang viee huan luyen va chi huy cae dpi vQ trang de hudng
bong ldc. Nhung trong mpt thdi gian dai khdng cd ehien tranh. dja vi ciia Samurai
bj suy giam. luong bdng that thudng, ddi sd'ng khd khan. Nhieu ngudi rdi khdi lanh
dja. tham gia boat ddng thuong nghiep. md xudng thii cdng... dan dan tu san hoa,
trd thanh lire lupng dau tranh chdng che dp phong kie'n ldi thdi.
Do bj ap buc, bdc lot nang ne, cac tang ldp nhan dan lao ddng, chii yeu la ndng
dan. thj dan, lien tiep ndi day ehdng phong kidn.
Nam 18.'i3. mdt ham dpi ciia Ml do Dd ddc Pe-ri chi huy tdi uy hiap viing ven
bien Nhat Ban. Nam 1854, trudc up lue ciia Mi. Mac phii budc phai ki hiep udc.
theo dd md 2 cira bian Si-md-da va Ha-kd-da-te eho ngudi MT ra vao budn ban.
Sau dd, cac nudc Anh. Phap, Nga, Dire dau dat dupc nhiJng hiep udc tuong tu.
Viae chinh quyen Td-ku-ga-oa budc phai md cua vdi nhirng diau kien bat bmh
dang da khoi day ldng bat man vd'n cd trong nhan dan. Phong trao bai ngoai dang
eao. du luan khap noi ddi dudi ngudi nudc ngoai va tap trung mui nhpn da kich vao
che dp Td-ku-ga-oa. Tir dd, xuat hien phong trao "Dao Mac" - lat dd Mae phii
T6-ku-ga-oa - da bao ve nen doc lap va phuc hung qude gia. Phong trao bimg ian
manh me deae cdng qudc phia tay nam (Chd-su. Sat-su-ma. Td-xa...). Chinh quyan cho
quan trail ap nhung cung khdng ngan dupc lan sdng chdng Mac phii Td-ku-ga-oa.
^ ^ Hay tnnh bay nhCtng net cd ban ve tinh hinh Nhat Ban tU nda dau the ki XIX
den trudc nam 1868.
Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 89

2. Cuoc Duy tan Minh Tri

Thang 12 - 1866. Thien hoang Kd-may qua ddi. Miit-xu-hi-td. luc dd mdi
15 tudi. ian lam vua. hieu la Minh Trj. Minh Trj la dng vua cd tu tudng duy tan,
chu truong ndm lai quyan luc va tien hanh eai each. Tu dd. phong trao
"Dao Mac" cang phat trian dudi ngpn cd ciia Thian hoang. Ngay 3 - 1 - 1868.
Thien hoang Minh Tri thanh lap chinh phii mdi. cham dut thdi ki thdng trj ciia
ddng hp Td-ku-ga-oa.
Ngay khi ndm lai quyen luc, Thien hoang Minh Trj da tie'n hanh cai each
hanh chfnh va tha che. cai tao nan kinh te, giao due va xay dung lire lupng quan su
Ve chinh tri. Nhat hoang luyen bd cha'm dut che dp Mac phii, thanh lap ehfnh
phil mdi. xoa bo tinh trang cat cu. dua Nhat Ban thanh mpt qudc gia thdng nha't
thudc quyen chi dao ciia ehfnh phii trung ucfng. Kinh dd dupc ddi tCr Ki-d-td va
E-do (sau doi thanh Td-ki-d). Chfnh phii dupe td chirc lai theo kieu chau Au.
gdm 12 bd, cd dai dien quy tdc. tu san tham gia. nhung ddng vai trd quan trpng
la Ciie quy tdc tu san hoa (Samurai) viing Tay Nam.
t hmh phu ra lenh bo r.mh gioi eae cong L[UOC. \oii bo dac qu)'en va tude hieu quy
loc. \lueu quiin chuc Chinh phu dupe diio liio tir phumig Tiiy. ddng thdi sir dung cae
cluoen jia ngoai quoc nhu : .\nh. Phiip. Due. Ml \c ciic linh \Uc ma ho ed the' manh.
Nam 1889. Hien phap dupc ban hanh. che dp quan chii lap hien dupc thiet lap.
Thian hoang la nguyan thu tdi eao. ed quyan ban rat ldn. Qude hpi gdm hai vien :
Thupng vien va Ha vien. Dai bieu Thupng vien do Thian hoang chpn trong sd
nhung hoang than, nhirng ngudi ddng thue cao nhat va cd cdng trang dac biet. Dai
biau Ha vien do bau cir vdi diau kien han che (cir tri la nam gidi tren 25 tuoi, ddng
thua eao, cu tru dn djnh). Tran thuc te. chi 1% dan sd cd dii diau kien bau cir.
\'(' kinh le. Chinh phu thi hanh nhiau cai each nhu : thdng nhat tian te, thdng
nha't thi trudng. eho phep mua ban rudng dat. phat trian kinh te tu ban chu nghia
d ndng thdn. xay dung co sd ha tang, dudng sa. cau cdng phue vu giao thdng lian
lac. Nha nudc ndm giu viec khai md (than. dong. vang...) v.v...
Nhd nhirng cai each dd ma chi g^n 30 nam sau khi Minh Tri cam quyen
(1868 - 1895). Nhat Ban da cd budc phat trian vupt bae va cdng thuong nghiep.
Ljeh sugpi giai doan nay la eude each mgng eong nghiep Idn thix nhat d Nhdt Bdn.

Ve gido due. Chfnh phu Minh Tri dac

biet coi trpng linh vuc nay, xem nhu la ehia
khoa cho edng cudc hien dai hoa. Cha do
giao due bat budc dupc thi hanh. Ndi dung
khoa hoc va kl thuat dupc tang cudng trong
chuong trinh giang day. nhung thanh nian
uu tu dupc cu di du hpe d phirong Tay...
Ve qudn .su. Nhat Ban xac djnh bien
phap chil ye'u de vuon len trong the gidi tu
ban chil nghla la tien hanh chien tranh
gianh giat thude dja. md rdng lanh thd. Vl
the, quan dpi dupc to chiJc va huan luyen
Hinh 44. Thien hodng Minh Tri theo kiau phuong Tay, chu trpng phat trian
(1852-1912) cdng nghiep ddng tau ehien. san xuat vu
khf va dan dupe. Cac chuyen gia quan su ngudi Due giiip v6 lue quan. ngudi Anh
giiip va hai quan. Nhd sire manh va quan su, Nhat Ban da tien hanh thdng Ipi hai
cupc chie'n tranh Trung - Nhat (1894 - 1895) va Nga - Nhat (1904 - 1905).
^ ^ Neu va nhan xet ve nhUng chinh sach cai each ciia Minh Tri.
3. Nhat Ban chuyen sang giai doan de quoc chu nghia

Sau cupc chien tranh Trung - Nhat (1894 - 1895). nhd so tian boi thudng va
cua cai cudp dupc d Triau Tian va Ddng Bae Trung Qud'c. kinh ta Nhat Ban cang
phat trien manh me. Trong vdng 14 nam (tir 1900 den 1914), ti ie gia trj cdng
nghiep trong nen kinh te qudc dan da tang tCr 19% len 42%. Viec ddy manh cdng
nghiep hoa da keo theo sir tap trung trong cdng nghiep, thuang nghiep va ngan
hang. Nhieu cdng ti ddc quyen xuat hien nhu Mft-su-bi-si, Mft-xui, giu vai trd to
ldn trong ddi sdng kinh te, ehfnh tri d Nhat Ban. Cae cdng ti nay sd huu nhieu ngan
hang, ham md. xf nghiep, dudng sdt, tau bian... Ljeh sir Nhat Ban gpi giai doan nay
la cugc cdch mgng edng nghiep ldn thu hai (1895 - 1912).
Budc sang the ki XX, gidi cain quyen Nhat Ban day manh ehfnh sach xam lupc
va banh trudng. Chiad Uanh Nga - Nhat (1904 - 1905) kat thue vdi su that bai ciia de
qudc Nga. Nhat chie'm ban dao Lieu Ddng. cang Lir Thuan va nam dao Xa-kha-lin ;
nam 1910, thdn tfnh toan bp ban dao Triau Tian. Nam 1914, Nhat Ban diing vu luc
de md rdng khu vue anh hudng d Trung Qudc va chiem Scfn Ddng. Nhat trd thanh
mdt de qudc hiing manh d chau A.

- d I '7l901)N /-• ^
A >' Tham DiJong - ' /
Bic Kinh
LlEliB^lWr"
LQ Thuan
^ ^ HanThari^
\(1914),
Si-m6-n6-x6-ki
THAI
BINH
^huc Chau
DUONG
(1K95)
Lanh thd Nhat Ban nam 1812 Oat chiSm nam 1905
Dat chiem nam 1872-1879 Daichi^mnam 1910
Oatchi^m nam 1895 Dai chiem nam 1914
Pham vi anh huong
Hinh 45. Lirgc do ve su bdnh trirdng cua de qud'c Nhdi Bdn

cudi the ki XIX- ddu thekiXX
Mac dil tien lan con dudng tu ban chii nghla, song Nhat Ban van duy tri quyen
sd him rudng dat phong kidn ; tdng ldp quy tde. dac biet la gidi vd sl Samurai, vdn
cd im the ehinh trj rat ldn. Nhirng dieu dd lam cho ehii nghla de qudc Nhat ed dae
diem la chii nghla dequdc phong kien qudn phiet.
Su phat trien eua kinh te cdng thuong nghiep lam cho giai cap cdng nhan
Nhat Ban ra ddi va khdng ngimg phat trian. nhung ddi sdng rat khd cue. Cdng nhan
Nhat phai lam viee mdi ngay tir 12 den 14 gid. trong nhung diau kien rat tdi te, ma
tien luong lai thap htm d cac nudc Au - MT rat nhieu. Do dd, ho dau tranh ddi tang
luong va cai thien ddi .sd'ng. ddi quyan tu do, dan chii. Cac chfnh dang ePn^ nhan

ra ddi, tiep thu hpe thuydt Mac. Nam 1901, Dang Xa hdi dan chu Nhat Ban thanh
lap dudi su lanh dao cua Ca-tai-a-ma Xen.
Ca-iai-a-m;i Xen \uiil lluin Uong mdi gia dinh nglieo : nam 23 luoi. hun cdng nhiin in
dTd-ki-o, OiTj Iham eia hoiit ddng irong phong Irao cong nhan. Niim I SdS. ong liinh
dito cdn>! nhan ikrimy sal biii cdng thiing loi sau hang ihaiig iLui uanh. Ong la mdt
trong nhung kinh iii ndi tieng eua phong triio edng nluin Nhai Ban : sau na_\ Ui biin
cua Ngu\en Ai (Juoc trong Quoc le Ci»ng siin.
Tir nam 1906, dudi anh hudng ciia Caeh mang Nga 1905, phong trao edng nhan
d Nhat Ban phat trien manh hon. Phong trao dau tranh ciia ndng dan va cac tdng
ldp lao ddng khae chdng td, thue, nan ddt dd... cung dian ra rdng khdp va quyet liet.
^^ Nhi^g diem nao chting to vao cuoi the ki XIX - dau the kl XX Nhat Ban da
chuyen sang giai doan de quoc chu nghTa ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Trinh bay nhCrng net chii ye'u ve tinh hinh Nhat Ban trudc cuoc Duy tan Minh Trj.
2. Lap bang thong ke ve nhQng chinh sach cua Minh Trj theo cac noi dung sau :
Chfnh sach Ndi dung Y nghia
3. Hay trinh bay theo luac do qua trinh banh trutjng cua Nhat Ban cudi the ki XIX -
dau the ki XX,
PHAN DOC THEM

Nam Idi tuyen the cua Minh Tri Thien hoang :
a) Qudc hpi phai dan chii va theo cong luan quyet dinh viec nude.
b) Tren dudi ddng long lo viec nudc.
c) Tir quan chuc van, vd de'n nhan dan dû phai theo dudi chi nguven de' trong
nudc khdng cdn ndi bat man.
d) Phii bd nhung tap quiin xau. mpi cdng viec theo phap luat chung.
d) Ti^'p thu tri thue iren the gidi d^ chan hung su nghiep cua hoimg trieu.
(Theo : VQ Duong Ninh - Nguyen Van Hdng,
Lich sd the gild can dgi. Sild. tr. 314)
93
AN DO
Tir gi Oct tho ki \ l \ . flo t h i n h sach thdng tri ha khAc t u a thiu d.in Anh,
mail t h u j n uid.i nh.in (Lin An D d voi thirc dan Anh lr(x nvw \i> c ung s.ui
s.U. Nhieu ( uot tiau tianh gianh riot lap dan tdt dien ra tiiivul Net duoi
n h i i i i hmh ihiu , ihu hut tidng dao nhan tian iham gia. Uit-n hmh Li
( uiir Lh(ji nghia .\ipa\ (1817 - Ui")'-)i, phong trao < ua giai cap lu san
dan Ud sp ra doi t u a Dang (.)iiot dai, t u d t bai cong t u a cong nhan
Bonvbas ndm 1908...
1. Tinh hinh kinh te, xa hoi An Op nua sau the ki XIX
An Dp la qudc gia rdng ldn va ddng dan, ndm d phfa nam chau A. Budc vao ddu
thdi ki can dai cua lich su the gidi, dan sd An Do cd khoang 100 trieu ngudi thupc
nhiau dan tde khae nhau, cd nan kinh te kha phat trian va nan van hoa lau ddi.
phong phii. Song ttr dau the ki XVII, cupc tranh gianh quyen lire giira cac chiia
phong kie'n trong nudc lam cho An Dp suy yeu. Lpi dung co hpi nay, cac nudc
tu ban phuong Tay, chii yeu la Anh va Phap, dua tranh xAm lupc An Dp. Den gitra
the ki XIX, thuc dan Anh doe chiem va eai tri An Dp.
VV kinh te. thuc dan Anh tien hanh cudc khai thac An Dp mdt each quy md, ra
sue vo vet cac ngudn nguyan lieu va bdc lot nhan cdng da thu lpi nhuan tdi da.
An Dp trd thanh thudc dia quan trpng nhat ciia thuc dan Anh.
An Dp phiii eung ciip nga> eiing nhieu luong Ihue. ngipen lieu cho chinh qudc.
O nong ihoii. chinh qiixen ilurc iliin dii lien hiinh time time, cudp doui ruoiu: diil ile
kip i1on dien. i)iil liai. tiong co. rung cua cone \;i hi (.iiieiii lio.il. No luui clione dial
buoc nguoi nong J;m pluii g.in Jen m.uiii dal eudi cim^; \'ii chiu hnh tanh \ o i nine lo
6(1' I hoa Kvi. Do \ ; i \ . nhan d'du A n Do hi ban eiing \a chcl doi nga\ c Jiie nhieu (I rone
25 nam m o i ihe ki \ 1 \ . co mi 2'i n"ieu ngudi hi chei diiii. IVtmg kin .tn. An Dii \,in
ph.ii cung cap nga\ ^JIIL: nlucii liume tlurc cko nUoC .-\nh.
\'e ehinh (ri - .\d hgi. Chinh phii Anh ndm quyen cai tri true tiep An Dd.
De tao ehd dua vung chdc cho nan thdng tri ciia minh, thuc dan Anh da thuc hian
chinh sach nhupng bd tdng ldp cd the luc trong giai cdp phong kien bun xir.

Anh tuyan bd tdn trpng
quyan lpi, danh du, tai san
va dac quyen ciia quy tpc,
thuc chat la hpp phap hoa
eha dp ddng cap. bien cac
quy toe phong kie'n ban xti"
thanh tdng \ap tay sai ciia
ihuc dan Anh. Ngudi Anh
cdn tim each khoi sau
them sucach biet ve chiing
tpc, ddng cap va tdn giao d
AnDd. Ngay 1-1 - 1877,
trong mpt budi la cd ddng
dao quy tdc ngudi An
tham gia, Nii hoang Anh
Hinh 46. Cdnh ngudi ddn bi doi a An Do Vfch-to-ri-a tuyan bd ddng
thdi la Nir hoang An Dp.
^ ^ Hay neu nhCtng net Idn trong chinh sach thong tri cOa thuc dan Anh
d An Do.
2. Cuoc khoi nghia Xipay (1857 - 1859)

Sir kien tiau bieu md ddu cho phong trao dau tranh nira sau the ki XIX la cupc
khdi nghla ciia binh Ifnh Xipay va nhan dan d Mi-rut.
Xipay lil Ic'ii goi nhung dim vi binh linh nguin An Do Irong quim diii ,\nh. \hic tiii
dpi quim Xipay lii mdt irong nhitng cdng eu ximi luoc \ii thong iri cua ikuc dan.
nhirng nhung hinh linh nay cung khdng iriinh khdi bi si (.juan ngudi Ank ddi .\u
tiin te. LuiTng ciia nidt si quan An Do chi biing l/d lircrng si quan ,Ank ciing eiip biic.
ngudi An Dd khdng dutK giuchue \u eao iron;: t|Uiiii dm. Liiili \ipa> |iluii song irong
Ciie Joiiiih Irai lot lim. Ii'iii neuiic \di eanh soiiu suiiii lue cua bnin knh .\ii!i. Dac biel.
sau khi cdng eude \iim luoc An Do koan ikiiuk. ngudi Imk .\ipa\ time bi eoi le.
Kkon;; nkiine ike. iinh than dim loc. on ngucrne iPn giiio eua lio lai h\ \uc pliiini
ULikiem none kin ko niiiii dime c.ie dan nluio cii hoe Lîav l;mi md bd. md Ion Mui>n
95
bdn loai d;ui niiy. hp thuttng pkiii dimg riing de \e ciie loai gia'y dd. trong kki nkung
ngucfi linh Xipay theo diio Hindu ihi kieng ikit bd vii theo diio Hdi ihi kieng ikii h.ni,
I Ip dii chdng lenh ciia Ihuc dan Anh. Dd lii nguyen cd liun bung len eutic khoi nghla.
Hinh 47. Cndc khdi nglua Xipay
Rang sang 10 - 5 - 1857, d Mi-rut (gdn De-li), khi thuc dan Anh sdp ap giai
85 binh linh Xipay trai lenh thi 3 trung doan Xipay ndi day khdi nghTa, vay bdt bpn
chi huy Anh. Ndng dan cac vung phu can cung gia nhap nghla quan. Thira thdng,
nghTa quan tien va De-li. Cudc khdi nghTa nhanh chdng lan rdng ra nhiau dja
phuong thupc mien Bdc va mian Trung An Do. NghTa quan da lap dupc chfnh
quyan d indt sd thanh phd ldn. Cudc khdi nghTa duy tri dupe 2 nam thi bi thuc dan
Anh ddc toan luc dan ap rat da man. Nhiau nghTa quan bi trdi vao mieng ndng dai
bae. rdi bj bdn cho tan xac. Mac dii that bai. cudc khdi nghTa Xipay dupc coi la
cudc khdi nghTa dan tdc, tieu bieu cho tinh than yeu nudc, y chf chdng xam lupc
ciia nhan dan An Dp.
^^ Tai sao ndi cugc khdi nghTa Xipay la cugc khdi nghTa dan tqc ?
3. Oang Quoc dai va phong trao dan tpc {1885 1908)

Til giUa the ki XIX, giai cap tu san va tdng ldp tri thdc dan tt)c d An Dd da xuat
hien vadan ldn manh. Hp md nhiau xi nghiep det dcac thanh phd ldn hoac lam dai
ll cho eae hang budn cua Anh.

Tu san An Dp mudn phat trian kinh te ur ban chu nghTa va ddi hdi dupc tham gia
chinh quyan, nhung bi thuc dan Anh kim ham bdng mpi each.
Viio khoang nam ISSd. ed 56 xucnig del bt>iig, 40 \Uoiig del day. PU mo ikaii vii nhieu
\i ngkiep cuii lu siin ngudi An, Mdi sd ddng IKKII done \ e ikiiong UKII. don dien \ii
ngim kiing, Timg ldp In ikiie An Dd gom Ciic nliii kiiil hoc. bae si y kkoii, tha\ giiio
\ii vien ekuc cao cap,.,, ho liep ihii \aii hoa phuimg Tii\ nkung \ a n nuoi tiudng > ihiie
diin Idc.
Cud'i nam 1885, Dang Qud'c dan dai hpi (gpi tdt la Dang Qudc dai) dupc thanh
lap. Dd la ehfnh dang ddu tian cua giai cap tu san An Dp. Nd danh dau mpt thdi
ki mdi - thdi ki giai cap tu san An Dp budc ian vii dai ehfnh tri.
Trong 20 nam ddu (1885 - 1905), Dang Qudc dai chii truong diing phuong
phap dn hoa de ddi chfnh phu thuc dan cai each va phan dd'i phuong phap dau tranh
bdng bao lire. Giai cap tu san An Dp chi yau cau Anh ndi rdng diau kien de ho dupc
tham gia cac hdi ddng tu tri, giup dd hp phat trien kT nghe, thuc hien mdt sd cai
each va mat giao due, xa hdi. Tuy vay, thiJc dan Anh vdn tim each ban che boat ddng
cua Dang Qude dai.
That vpng trudc thai dp thoa hiep
eiia nhtrng ngudi lanh dao Dang Qud'c
dai va chfnh sach hai mat ciia chfnh
quyen Anh, mpt phai dan chii cap tien
do Tl-ldc dung ddu xuat hien, thudng
dupc gpi la "phai cue doan". Phai nay
phan ddi dudng ldi thoa hiep eiia "phai
dn hoa", ddi hdi cd thai dp kien quydt
chdng Anh.
Bill! Criin-d.i-klKi Ti-lac lii nkii iienn niju hoc

nhii su kiK. d.i lap kop nkung iri lliiii. iien bo.
Ll' link ikan ckong Ank, u o e n iiip.eii > ilnic
dan UiL \ii klioi d;i\ long \ e u iiuoi Uong nhan
Hinh 48. B. Ti-ldc
(1856- 1920) dan. d.ie biei lii (ang liV[-- ikank nien. OIIL: phan
do. (.krone loi ' d n koii". tku liUoU;_ pluil ddng
nhiin dan Lu do iich mong iri cua Ank. \;(V
dune inoi quoe eia tiot la|i. tian cku.
7LICHSU l l - N C - A 97
Nhdm ban che phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan, thang 7 - 1905 chfnh quyan
Anh thi hanh chinh saeh "ehia da tri". ban hanh dao luat chia ddi xii"
Ben-gan : mien Ddng ciia nhirng ngudi theo dao Hdi va mien Tay ciia nhumg ngudi
theo dao An. Diau dd lam bring lan phong trao dau tranh chdng thuc dan Anh, dac
biet d Bom-bay va Can-cut-ta. Ngay 16 - 10 - 1905, ngay dao luat chia edt
Ben-gan ed hieu luc. nhan dan coi la ngay qudc tang. Hon 10 van ngudi keo den
bd sdng Hang, ddng sdng linh thiang ciia ngudi An, lam la tuyen the, hat vang bai
Kinh chdo Ngudi - Me hien To qude dt td y chf doan ke't, thdng nha't. Khdp noi
vang len khdu hieu : "An Dp ciia ngudi An Do V\
:K
^ V-
TRUNG QU(3C
'••^'rMt
BEN-GAN y^>mk.y'^^%^y
\Giff^ciJt-ta^^'
V / N H
B E N - a A N
•Klrung tam
phong trdo cflng nhSn
J ^ Trung tam
XRIi LAN-CA C-3 phong trao nong dan
Bien gidi
quoc gia ngay nay
.4 A^ DO D WONG
[ I Mpt tinh cua An Dp
.° MAN-DI-VO thuoc Anh
Hinh 49. Luoc do phong trdo cdch mang

d .An Dd cudi the kl XIX - ddu theki XX
NhiUig ngudi "dn hoa" hoang sp. Cudi nam 1907. hp tuyen bd khai tru Ti-ldc
ra khdi Dang Qudc dai. Thang 6 - 1908. thuc dan Anh bdt dng. ket an 6 natn tii
98
Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 7UCHSUlt-NC-B
Vu an Ti-ldc lam biing len mdt dpt dau tranh mdi. Hang van edng nhan d Bom-bay,
tien hanh tdng bai cdng 6 ngay phan ddi viec Ti-ldc bi kai an 6 nam til. Hp cdn xay
dung chien luy, thanh lap cae don vi chien ddu chdng lai quan dpi Anh. Nhan dan
cac thanh phd kbac cung hudng dng. Cupc da'u tranh lan den dinh eao. budc thuc
dan Anh phai thu hdi dao luat chia cdt Ben-gan.
Phong trao dau tranh 1905 - 1908 the hien tinh than yau nude, chdng thuc dan
Anh ciia nhan dan An Dp. Phong trao do mdt bd phan giai cap tu san lanh dao,
mang dam y thue dan tdc, muc tiau dau tranh vi mdt nudc An Do ddc lap va dan
ehil. Day la net khae biet chii yeu so vdi nhung phong trao dau tranh trude do. danh
dau su thirc tinh ciia nhan dan An Dp, hoa vao trao luu dan toe dan chii ciia nhieu
nudc chau A trong nhirng nam dau the ki XX. Cdng nhan An Dp Idn ddu tian tham
gia phong trao dau tranh dan tdc. Song, do chfnh sach chia re eiia thuc dan Anh va
sir phan hoa trong Ddng Qudc dai nan phong trao tam ngimg.
4Sr Hay trinh bay su thanh lap va phan hoa trong Dang Quoc dai.
CAU HOI V A BAI TAP
1. Dang Qudc dai co vai trp nhu the nao trong phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan
An Dp ?
2. Hay neu nhCrng net chfnh vg phong trao dau tranh a An Dp tir nam 1905 den
nam 1908. Tinh chat va y nghla.
PHAN DOC THEM
Cupc ldng biii cdng ci Bom-ba_\ nam lyflS hi mot cudc dim irank ckink iri Uin tliiu tien
eiia giai cap vd s;in An Dp. Cdng nhim dii xudng dutflig bieu dirong luc luong vii benh
vue nkdng ngudi liinh d;io ciia phong iriio \eu nudc. Nd chirng lo ning : "Ciiai ciip \o
Viin An Do dii irudng iliiink. ed the dieu hanh eucic dim trunk chinh tri lu giac m:ing
inih chili quiin chiing" (l_e-nin>.
(Theo : Vii Duong Nink - .Ngu\c'n Van Hdng.

Lich .\ii the gioi can ihii. Sdd. Ir. ?\\)
99
TRUNG QUOC
S.UI cuoc c h i e n li.mh thue'x phien ' 1 8 4 0 - 1842), lich Mr Trung Qudc
chuven ''ling niol thiri ki m a i . D o la thoi ki Trung Q L U X bi c at nucrc do
c|iidc All - M i flii.T nhau \ a m ILICK- sa t hi,i \ e ; ( u n g la thdi ki nhan d.in
Triuig (.,)uo( tinh dung riau tranh c hong xam l u a t , chong phong kien
Man Ihanh nia i l i n h c ao la c uot Cac h mang Tan H o i 11 9 I 1).
1. Trung Quoc bi cac nudc de quoc xam luoc

Tir the ki XVIII va nhat la sang tha' ki XIX, cac nude tu ban phucmg Tay
tang cudng xam chie'm thi trudng the gidi. Nhieu nudc d chau A nhu An Dp
In-dd-na-xi-a. Ma Lai, Mien Dien... da trd thanh thupc dia ciia cac nudc de qud'c
Anh, Ha Lan. Trung Qudc, mdt nudc ldn va ddng dan nhat chau A, giau tai nguyan
khoang sdn, cd truyen thd'ng van hoa lau ddi, eung dung trudc nguy co trd thanh
"mieng mdi" cho cae nudc da qudc phan chia, xau xe.
De xam chiem Trung Qudc, eae nude tu ban phucmg Tay, trudc tien la Anh, tim
mpi each ddi chinh quyan Man Thanh phai "md cira", ddi tu do budn ban thudc
phien, mdn hang mang lai nhieu lpi nhuan cho gidi tu ban.
Nan ikiiiK pkicii ii.in \ a n liLi[iL: (,^LUIL li.i pha huai doi song ,\ii kdi niPl ciick triim
Uoiii], Nlum dan liuni.' QLIOL hcM sire bill bmh \:i kicn i|ii\el clii>ng Ie iiiin ihudc pkieii
dam. hii\ Imai dm soiiij \.il d i a l . linh IIKIII eua ko. l a m "iiic Tii. Kkiiin sai diii lliiin
lai (,>ii;mg Ckaii. dai bieu cuii Umg kVj-i diii di;t d m co link lliaii dim uie. dil dua uio lUc
IU(>IIL: euii nkiin d.ui. kien L[u\ci lime hien d m i k s a d i Lain ihuoc phien. (>ivj ni lenh
cho ihuo'Mg UIKIII ,\nli \ii cac nuoc khiu phai n(i|i IK 1 so ihuoL phien. neu iKii lenk sc
nL:liicni ill Dong llioi. ong Imot ikuo'iiij nkan nunc ngoiii c;mi kei ivlnmi: bao e id cho'
ihiKic pliicn den bim o I n m e Quoc. liiaVc tii;ii do 1. icn i|u>el cu.i I..mi lac lit \ii siic
miinh eua i|u.m d u m g nhiin dim. IIIUOIIL: nhan .Vnh buoc phai d e m nop loim bo so
ihu'H phien \ o i hon 2 \aii Imin \ a so IIIUMC |iliien do bi ikicu liu\ MUU 211 n!:a\ dem
Uon;j Meii'j rc^ hi' phan khoi cua nil.in ilaii.
Kkong diiii nui; nguon loi ]dn d o . ikik dan ,\nli \ a bon i]ii;!ii lai Mini 1 liank can kei
Mii nkau. Ckink plui .Ank lii\ van di_ IIUKV, pliu'ii lam i ai eo gii\ i,i cuoc i kicn uanh
vam lito. 1 nin'.' (,liiov
Cupc chien tranh xam lupc do thuc dan Anh gay ra ttr thang 6 - 1840 va ket thtic
vao thang 8 - 1842 gpi la Chien tranh thude phien. Bi that bai trong chien tranh,

chfnh quyen Man Thanh phai chap nhan kf Hiep udc Nam Kinh vdi cac diau khoan
nang ne theo yeu edu ciia thuc dan Anh.
Iliep UiVc Niiin Kinli IS4J i|U\ dinli : Irung Quoc phiii mo .^ cUa bien d i o ihiione nhan
.Anh \iio buon han, pk.ii boi ikuong ekien I rank d m .\nk. [iliiii nkuonij cho Ank \ung
dal Hone t i m e . . .
Hinh 50. Cdc nudc de iptdc xdu xe "cdi hdnh ngot" Tnmg Qudc
Hiep udc Nam Kinh la hiep udc ddu hang ciia trieu dinh phong kien Man
Thanh, la xiang xfch dau tian ma cae nude de qudc trdng vao cd nhan dan Trung
Qudc. Nd danh dau mdc md ddu eiia qua trinh bien Trung Qude tir mot nudc phong
kien ddc lap dan trd thanh indt nudc nira thudc dia. nira phong kien.
Sau Chien tranh thudc phien. cac nude de qude timg budc nhay vao xau xe
Trung Qudc. Cho den eudi the ki XIX. Due xam chiem vimg Son Ddng : Anh chiem
vimg chau thp song Ducmg Tir (Trucmg Giang) : Nga, Nhat Ban chiein ddng vimg
Dong Bae : Phap chiem viing Van Nam. Quang Tay. Quang Ddng...
^ ^ - Tai sao ggi cugc chien tranh xam lUdc cua thuc dan Anh vao Trung Quoc
la Chie'n tranh thuoc phien ?
~ Xac dinh tren ban do Trung Quoc (treo tudng) nhCtng vung bi cac nudc
de quoc chiem dong.
2. Phong trao dau tranh cua nhan dan Trung Quoc tir giua the ki XIX
den dau the ki XX
Trude sir xam lupc ciia cac nudc de qude va thai dp thoa hiep ciia triau dinh
Man TTianh, tir giua the ki XIX. nhan dan Trung Qudc lian tuc ndi day dau tranh
chdng thuc dan. phong kie'n.
101
Cudc khdi nghia Thdi hinh Thien qude dudi su lanh dao ciia Hdng Tii Toan,
nd ra ngay 1 - 1 - IK5I tV Kim Dian (Quang Tay). sau dd phat trian rdng ra nhieu
dia phuong khae. Day la phong trao ndng dan ldn nhat trong lich sir Trung Qudc.
Cudc khdi nghia keo dai sudt 14 nam. tCr nam 1851 den nam 1864. da xay dung
dupc chinh quyan d Thien Kinh {tire Nam Kinh) va thi hanh nhiau chfnh sach tien
bd. Chinh sach rudng dat binh quan. ehfnh saeh xa hpi. quyan binh ddng nam nir
ldn ddu tian dupc da ra trong lich sir Trung Qude.
Ngay 19 - 7 - 1864. dupc sugiup ddciia cac nudc da qude. chfnh quyan Man
Thanh da tan edng Thian Kinh, dan ap phong trao. Cupc khdi nghia Thai binh
Thien qudc that bai.
Cudi the' ki XIX, trong bdi canh cae nudc de qudc tang cudng xau xe Trung
Qude. mdt sd si phu tie'n bp Trung Qudc chu truofng tia'n hanh cai each de cuu van
tinh the. Dd la cupc van dgng Duy tdn nam Mau Tuat (1898) do hai nha nho yau
nudc Khang Huu Vi va Lucmg Khai Siau chii truong vdi su ddng tinh, iing hd ciia
vua Quang Tu. Phong trao phat trien chu yeu trong cac tdng ldp quan lai. si phu co
y thuc tie'p thu tu tudng tien lien nhung khdng di vao nhan dan lao ddng, khong
ddng vien va cung khdng mudn dimg luc lupng nhan dan lam hau thuan. Vi vay,
cudc van dpng Duy tan da nhanh chdng thai bai khi vap phai su chd'ng dd'i manh
me ciia phai thii cuu trong giai cap phong kie'n do Thai hau Ttr Hi cdm ddu.
Quang Tusinh nam 1S72. ien ngdi niim IS7.S khi mcri 3 ludi, Tuy liim vuii nhinig chi lii
iiu \i. thuc qusen deu nam uong ta\ Tluii kiiu Tir Hi - cki rudt cuii me cuii Quang Tu,
Ngay 21 - 9 - 1898. khi phong trao Duy tan mdi dian ra hon 100 ngay.
Thai hau Tir Hi lam cut)c ehfnh bien, ra lenh bat vua Quang Tu. tieh thu an tin, bdt
va xir tir nhirng ngudi lanh dao phai Duy tan. Khang Hifu Vi va Luong Khai Siau
phai lanh ra nudc ngoai.
Gan nhu ddng thiri vdi phong trao Duy tan, mot cudc khdi nghia vu trang cua ndng
dan chtj'ng de qude da dien ra d mien Bae Trung Qudc - phong irdo Nghla Hod dodn.
Bimg no o Scm Dong, jihong irao nliank chdng lan rong ra True l,e. Son Tii>. Luc dim.
irieu dinh Miin Thanh ha lenh dim iip eupc khcii nghia nhung vc s;iu kii iim ciieh loi
dung phong tr.ô. diiy cudc khdi nghia den xung dot vii trang vdi de qudc. N>dna quiin
tim cong Ciic suquiin nutVc ngoiii o Bae Kink, i.iip ure lien quan N nuoe : Anh. Nhat
Biiii. Due. Vfl. Ngii. Pliiip. Ao - Hung, l-ta-li-a uen quan \ao Biie Kink dim iip [ihone triio.
Nghia Hoa doan da anh dung chie'n da'u chdng quan xam lupc nhung cudi cung
bi danh bai vi thieu su lanh dao thdng nhat, thieu vu khf. Nha Man Thanh lai mdt

ldn nira dau hang de qudc. Ly Hdng Chuong thay mat cho triau dinh kf ket vdi cac
nude de qudc Diau udc Tan Siru (1901). theo dd Trung Qudc phai tra mpt sd tian
bdi thudng chien tranh khdng 16 va phai de cho cac nudc de qudc dupc quyan ddng
quan d Bdc Kinh. Vdi Diau \x6c Tan Siru, Trung Qudc da trd thanh nude nira thupc
dia, nua phong kien.
Hinh 51. Lugc dd phong trdo NghTa Hod dodn
^ p Khdi nghTa Thai binh Thien qudc, phong trao Duy tan va phong trao NghTa Hoa
doan CO y nghTa lich sCfgi ? Vi sao cac phong trao do that bai ?
3. Ton Trung Son va Trung Quoc Dong minh hoi

Su banh irudng ciia chii nghia tu ban vao Trung Qud'c, mpt mat pha vd nan kinh
te thli cong nghiep d thanh thi va kinh ta' gia dinh ciia ndng dan. mat khae lai thuc
ddy cdng thuong nghiep, kich thfch su phat trian cita chii nghia tu bdn d Trung Qudc.
Giai cap tu san Trung Qudc ra ddi tu cudi the ki XIX va da ldn manh lan rat nhiau
vao dau the ki XX. Hp bi chen ep. kim ham bdi bpn thuc dan va triau dinh phong
kien Man Thanh. Dua vao cae eude dau tranh ban bi lian tuc ciia qudn chung
103
nhan dan. giai cap tu san Trung Qudc bdt ddu tap hpp lue lupng. thanh lap cac t6
chuc chfnh tri ciia minh. Tdn Trung Son la dai dien uu tu va la lanh tu kiet xuat cua
phong trao each mang theo khuynh hudng dan ehii tu san d Trung Qud'c.
Ion "liiing Sim sink ui Uong niol gia dinh ndng
diin o link Quiing Ddng. Nam 13 ludi. dng dfn
koc o HcMio-lu-lu (Ihi-o.iil \i ei> nguifi anii
budn biin o day. .Sau dd. dng uep lue koc d
Hdng Cong, rdi koc \ kkoa o Quang Chiiu.
Ong dii di nkieu nudc iren ihe gitVi. ed diû
kien liep xiic \di ur lucmg dim chu An - MT
mpl Ciich cd he ihcing. Dung irudc ngu> eo eiia
dim tlie ngiiy cimg Irani trpng. dng nhin thay rd
sir ilidi Uiil eiia ekinh quyen Man Tliiink. smu
na\ nd IU lUcTng liil dd trieu Tliank. \;i\ dimg
mot \ii hdi inc*i.
Ddu nam 1905, phong Irao da'u
Hinh 52. Ton Tnmg S<m tranh chdng de qud'c. chd'ng phong
(1866 - 1925) kien ciia nhan dan Trung Qudc da lan
rpng khdp cac tinh. Hoa kiau d nudc ngoai cung nhiet liet hudng ung phong trao.
Trudc tinh hinh dd, Tdn Trung Scm ttr ehau Au va Nhai Ban, ban vdi nhirng ngudi
diing ddu cac id chuc each mang trong nudc da thdng nhat lire lupng thanh mpt
ehfnh dang. Thang 8 - 1905, Trung Qude Ddng minh hgi., chfnh dang ciia giai cap
tu sdn ra ddi.
Tham gia to chuc nay cd tieu tu san. dia chii, than s! bat binh vdi nha Thanh
ciing mot so dai bieu cdng nhan, ndng dan. nhung ddng nhai vdn la trf thuc tu sdn
va tiau tu sdn. Cuong linh chfnh tri ciia Dong minh hpi dua Iran hoc thuyet Tatn ddn
ciia Tdn Trung Son la : "'Dan tdc ddc lap. dan quyen tu do. dan sinh hanh phuc".
Muc tieu ciia Hpi la danh do Man Thanh, khdi phuc Trung Hoa, thanh lap Dan qudc
(che dp cpng hoa), thuc hien quyan binh ddng rudng dat.
Dudi su lanh dao ciia Ddng minh hdi, phong trao each mang Trung Qudc phat
trien them mot budc. Trung Qude dung trude mpt cupc each mang dan ehii tu san.
Tdn Trung Scm va nhieu nha hoat d()ng each mang khae da tfeh cue chudn bi moi
mat cho mdt eude khdi nghla via trang.
^ ^ - Theo em. chu trUdng. chinh sach cua Trung Quoc Dong minh hoi cd nhiyng
tien bg va han che gi ?
- Neu nhan xet ve chu nghTa Tam dan cua Ton Trung Sdn.

4. Cach mang Tan Hpi (1911)
Ngay 9 - 5 - 1 9 1 1 , chfnh quyen Man Thanh ra sdc lenh "Qudc hiin hoa duirng
sdt" nhung thuc chai la trao quyan kinh doanh dudng sdt cho cac nudc de qudc,
ban re quyen lpi dan tdc. Su kien nay da gay nen mot lan sdng cam phdn cdng khai
trong qudn chiing nhan dan va trong tang ldp tu san. chain ngdi cho mdt cupc
each mang.
hugng Hal
THAI
BINH
DUONG
vLoan
Nai each mang bung n6

Pham vi each mang
lan rgng
Noi chinh quyen
nha Thanh con ton tai
Hinh 53. Lugc do Cdch mgng Tan Hoi
Ngay 10 - 10 - 1911. Ddng minh hpi phat dpng khdi nghia d Vu Xuong. Cudc
khdi nghia thdng lpi nhanh chdng rdi lan rdng ra tai ca eae tinh mien Nam va mien
Trung Trung Qudc.
05
Cudi thang 12 - 1911. Qudc dan dai hdi (gdm dai bieu cac tinh n6 ra each
mang) hpp d Nam Kinh, tuyan bd thanh lap Trung Hoa Dan qud'c va bdu Tdn Trung
Son lam Dai Tong thdng. dung ddu Chinh phii lam thdi. Mdt Hien phap Uim thdi
dupe thdng qua. cdng nhan quyan binh ddng va quyan lu do dan chii ciia cdng dan,
nhung khdng de cap den van de rudng dat ciia ndng dan nhu da dupc ghi trong
Cuong linh eiia Ddng minh hpi.
Trude thdng lpi budc dau ciia each mang, mpt sd ngudi lanh dao Ddng Minh h6i
chil truong thucmg lupng vdi Vien The Khai khi dd la Tong ly Npi cae (Thii ludng),
ciia nha Thanh. Theo thoa thuan, sau khi ep budc vua Thanh ia Phd Nghi phai thoai vi,
Tdn Trung Son budc phai tiir chire. ra nudc ngoai; Vian The Khai da tuyan the nham
chdc Dai Tong thd'ng ciia Trung Hoa Dan Qudc {3 - 1912). Cach mang
Tan Hpi Iran thue te da eham dut.
Cach mang Tan Hpi la cupc each mang dan chii tu san, do nhirng ngudi Iri thdc
cap tien Irong giai cap tu san va tieu tu san lanh dao, da lat dd triau dai Man Thanh,
cham diit che do quan chii ehuyen che tdn tai lau ddi d Trung Qudc, md dudng
cho chil nghia tu ban phat trian. ed anh hudng nhat dinh ddi vdi cupe dau tranh
giai phdng dan tpc d mpt sd nudc chau A. Song, cudc each mang nay da khdng thu
tiau thuc su giai cap phong kie'n, khdng dung cham den eae nudc de qudc xam lupc
va khdng giai quydt dupc van da rupng dat eho ndng dan.
^ ^ Dua tren lugc do, tnnh bay diSn bien chinh cija cugc Cach mang Tan Hdi.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Neu ket qua cua Cach mang Tan Hpi. Vi sao goi cupc each mang nay la cuoc
each mang tu san khong triet de ?
2. Lap bang thong ke cac su kien chinh trong phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan
Trung Qudc tCr Chie'n tranh thudc phien de'n Cach mang Tan Hpi.
3. Hay nhan xet ve phong trao dau tranh ciia nhan dan Trung Qudc tCr giiJa the ki
XIX den dau the ki XX.
PHAN DOC THEM

Vien The Khai cmVp doat thanh qua each mang
Nhii Thanh ngay li^r diiu da pkiii nhiû ludng linh vii himg van quan di diip lat each
mang. Song trudc khi the dang len eiia quan chiing, bpn luiVng linh biVt tiii \i, qu^p

hnh biic nhupc ciia chung khdng dem lai kdt qua gi. Trigu dinh Man Thanh lien nghi
den Vien The Khai, mdt ten quan phiet cd nhiû kinh nghiem dan iip, dang dudng
b^nh o H a Nam...
Vien The Khai tir lau da co am muu nam quy^n. nhan co hpi trieu dinh Man Thanh
khiing hoang, lien budc nha Tiianh phai cir Vien liim Tdng Ii ndi ciie (Thii ludng
Chi'nh phu).
Vien diing ciich miing de doa nat nha Thanh vii dung quiin su irong tay de- uy hiep
each nuing. Khi dupc tin each mang se nhudng chirc Dai Tong thting, Vien li^n tim
moi each tain cdng vao chi'nh quy^n mdi thanh lap. Bon phiin each mang va de qude
cdng kich Ton Trung Scm. khdng cdng nhan Chinh phu cpng hoa. thu hei quan Ihue.
gay khd khan vc kinh te cho phai each mang...
Vua Thanh bude phai thoai vi ngiiy 12 - 2 - 1912. Ngiiy 13, Vien Tire Khiii dien eho
Tdn Trung Scm va Le Nguyen Hong biet "cdng lao" cua dng ta, cd y Ihiic ep
Tdn Trung San tii chiic Tong thdng. Sau khi tiep dupc dien bao cua ViSn. Tdn Tmng Sim
lien tir ehue Dai Tdng Ihdng lam thdi. Vien The Khai dupc biiu liun Dai Tdng thdng,
Le Nguyen Hong liim Phd Tdng thdng.
(Theo : Vu Ducmg Ninh - Nguyi^n Van Hdng,

Lich sir the'gldi can dal. Sdd, tr. 366 - 367)
07
CAC Nirdc DONG NAM A

(Cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX)
Tu niKi >aLi ihc ki \ l \ , c at naot de puot mcx rdng \,i ho,m ih.mh \ iec
thong In khu vuc U(.)ng Nam A. Hau hcl tac nucrc trong khu vuc deu
tro thiinh thuoc cha, tru Xiem ' la t;iu tlirac doc lap nhinig hi le (hupc
nuor ngo.ii ve nhieu mat. Su xam ktai va dd bd cua cac nirdc de qudc
thut: dan dA gav nc^-n nhdng c hii\'en bicn Icrn Irong \a hoi crcM nucjc Ddng
Nam A, (lira dvn nhung phong trao d.m Iranh manh md vt clcx la|) \a lien
i)d xa hPi.
1. Qua trinh xam lupc cua chu nghia thut dan vao cac nuoc
Dong Nam A
Tir giua the ki XIX. khi cae nudc ehau Au va Bde IVIi can ban hoan thanh each mang
tu san. dua nhau banh trucrng the luc. .xam ehiem thudc dia thi d hdu het cac nudc khu
vuc Ddng Nam A. ehe dp phong kien van giir dia vi thdng tri. nhung lam vao cudc khiing
hoang trien mien ve chinh tri. kinh te. xa hdi. Nhan cohdi nay. cac nudc thuc dan phuong
Tay md rdng \'a hoan thanh \ ic?c xam lupc cac nudc Ddng Nam A. trir Xiam.
0 In-dd-ne-xi-a. ngay tir the ki XV - XV! thuc dan Tay Ban Nha. Bd Dao Nha.
Ha Lan da co mat va timg budc ehiem ITnh thi truitng. Dan giua the ki XIX. Ha Lan
hoan thanh \ iec xam chiem \a thiet lap su thdng tri tran dat nude nay.
Phi-lip-pin bi thuc dan Tay Ban Nha thong tri ngay tir giira tha'ki XVI. Sau cupc
ehien tranh vdi Tay Ban Nha nam 1898. de qude MT lien tien hanh cupe chidn tranh
xam lupc Phi-lip-pin (ISQ9 - 1902) va bidn quan dao nay thanh thudc dia ciia Mi.
0 Mian Dien (nay la Mi-an-ma). thuc dan Anh da ba ldn tien himh chien tranh
xam lupc. Nam 1883. .-Xnh thon tinh Mien Dien. bian nudc nay thimh mdi tinh ciia
An Dp thude Anh.
Ma Lai (nay thupc Ma-lai-xi-a va Xin-ga-po) sdm bi eae nude tu ban nhdm
ngd, can thiep. Dan dau tha ki XX. Ma Lai trd thanh thudc dia eiia Anh.
Ba nude Viet Nam. Lao. Cam-pu-chia la ddi tupng xam lupc ciia thue dan
Phap. Den eudi the ki XIX. Phap da hoan thanh qua trinh xam lupc va bat ddu thi
hanh chinh sach bdc lot. khai thac thudc dia.
I 1 I Iir n.im P'.^^'J. IUIPL Xiem dLTpi.- Joi len thimh Thai Lan.

MALW BRU-NAYm^-_ _J^.^

(*)• •• / ' .' T
I V.A - t ' 4 I --X I • A--)' 1 \
(A) Thudc Anh

(P) ThuecPhSp
(H) ThuOc Ha Lan
(T) ThuOc TSy Ban Nha
|B| ThuOc B6 oao Nha
fuM/wNiTen qudc gia ngay nay
_ — BiSngidi quflc gia a^~g:s-c=7.:-^>^'^Y^G
ngay nay
Hinh 54. Lugc dd Ddng Nam A cuoi the ki XIX- ddu thekiXX
Vao cudi the ki XIX, Xiem trd thanh "viing dem" giifa de' qude Anh va Phap.
Nhung vdi ehinh saeh ngoai giao mam deo, khdn kheo eiia Ra-ma V nen Xiam la
nudc duy nhat d Ddng Nam A giu dupc nan ddc lap tuong ddi ve chinh tri.
•^ Dua vao lUdc do, hay trinh bay qua trinh xam lUdc cOa cac nUdc de quoc
d Dong Nam A.
2. Phong trao chong thuc dan Ha Lan cua nhan dan In-do-ne-xi-a
O In-dd-ne-xi-a, sau cupc khdi nghTa Di-pd-ne-gd-rd {1825 - 1830) bi that
bai. nhan dan A-cha da anh dung chien da'u chd'ng lai 3000 quan Ha Lan dd bd
len viing nay vao thang 10 - 1873. Da chdng lai dpi quan xam lupc Ha Lan.
nhan dan In-dd-na-xi-a da tien hanh cudc chien tranh du kich. Quan Ha Lan
tuy ehiem dupe hoang cung nhung vdn khdng chinh phuc dupe A-cha. Tiep dd la
cac cupe khdi nghTa dTay Xu-ma-to-ra (1873 - 1909). Ba Tac { 1 8 7 8 - 1907).
Ca-li-man-tan (1884 - 1886)... De'n nam 1890, no ra cudc khdi nghTa ndng
dan do Sa-min lanh dao.
09
Sa-min khdng ihua nhan nen llidng iri ciia Ha Lan nen da van ddng nhan dan. ehu
_\eu lil ndnj; dan. chong lai nliung lliu thue vd li i.ua bon ilurc ilan. I log >-lm irucTiig
.\a\ ditn^^ niol dal nUoV ma moi ngucti deu cd vice kun. dilov lufone hanh plmc. Trong
khi nliung; irao luu ur lUong lieu ho lio'ii chua the \iial hien lin Jiinli lu uitviig iia> dii
ed lae ilung lieli cue nliai dinh. la \ii klii tuyen iru\en. doiiLi \ieii. ui ehue i]uan ehung
nhan i.kin chdne lai .ti.li <\p hue. bi'ie lot, bai eon^.
Cud'i the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX. xa hdi In-dd-na-xi-a cd nhieu bien ddi. Viec
dau tu. bdc lot eiui tu ban Ha Lan ngay cang manh me, va khach quan da tao nan
nhunig tien de xa hpi eho giai cap cdng nhan va giai cap tu san In-dd-na-xi-a ra ddi,
y thdc dan tde phat trien.
Phong trao cdng nhan cung sam hinh thanh vdi su ra ddi cua cac td chirc : Hiep hpi
cdng nhan dudng sdt {1905). Hiep hdi edng nhan xe lira (1908). Thang 12 - 1914.
Lien minh .\d hgi ddn ehii In-dd-nc-.\i-a dupc thanh lap. tuyen truyan ehii nghTa
Mac trong cdng nhan. dat co sd cho Ddng Cgng sdn ra ddi (5 - 1920). Giai cap
tu sdn dan tdc. tdng Idp trf thuc tiep thu tu tudng dan chu tu san chau Au. ddng vai
trd nhat dinh trong phong trao yeu nudc d In-dd-na-xi-a ddu thd ki XX.
^ ^ Hay neu nhCfng cugc khdi nghTa idn trong phong trao dau tranh chong thuc
dan Ha Lan ctJa nhan dan In-dd-ne-xi-a cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX.
3. Phong trao chong thuc dan 6 Phi-hp-pin

Tir giua the ki XVI. thuc dan Tay Ban Nha da chiem qudn ddo Phi-lip-pin lam
thupc dia. Trong hon 300 nam dd hp nude nay. ngudi Tay Ban Nha da ra sdc khai
thac ddn dian, ham md, ndng san... phue vu cho chinh qude. Vien Toan quyen
ngudi Tay Ban Nha dirng ddu bd may hanh chinh. Viee eai tri eae tfnh cung nam
trong tay cac tdng ddc ngudi Tay Ban Nha. Hau het cu dan theo dao Tliien Chua
do ngudi Tay Ban Nha truyen den. Chi cd mdt sd it cu dan d phfa nam (dao
Min-da-nao) theo dao Hdi. ho bi phan biet ddi xir rat tdi te. Mau thudn giua nhan
dan Phi-lip-pin vdi thuc dan Tay Ban Nha ngay cang trd nen gay gat.
Nam 1872. nhan dan thanh phd Ca-vi-td ndi day khdi nghTa. hd vang khdu hieu
"Da dao bpn Tay Ban Nha \". tan cdng vao cac ddn trii, lam ehii Ca-vi-td trong
3 ngay. Cudi citng. eupc khdi nghTa that bai. nhung ngudi lanh dao bi bat va bi
xu tir. han 200 ngudi hi di day.
Vao nhung nam 90 ciia the ki XIX, d Phi-lip-pin xuat hien hai xu hucrng chi'nh
trong phong trao giai phdng dan toe :

Thii- nhat la xu hudng eai each cua Hd-xa Ri-dan. Nam 1892. Hd-xe Ri-dan
thanh lap Lien mtnh Phi-lip-pin. thu nap nhieu tri thiirc yau nudc, dia ehii va tu san
tien bd ciing mdt sd dan ngheo. Lien minh chii truong tuyen truyan. khoi day y thuc
dan tpc, dau tranh ddi cho ngudi Phi-lip-pin dupc hudng quyan binh ddng nhu
ngudi Tay Ban Nha. dupc tham gia chfnh quyen. tu do kinh doanh va phat trien van
hoa dan tpc. Hoat ddng cua Lian minh da thuc tinh tinh than dan tpc trong cae tang
ldp nhan dan, chudn bi tu tudng cho cao trao each mang sau nay.
H d - \ e Ri-dan la nha llio, ilia\ ilumc nh;i ho:it liong
ehinh iri, ed linh than dan loe r.il L:H'. MI,' one hi mi'u
Iri thi'rc _\cu nucV. nhieu km bi eliinti ijiiven ihue dan
giam giu, Dicu do siVni co anh luiong ik'ii luiuong \a
unh cam cua dng. Irong ihoi gian du lim o r:i\ H,in
Nha. ong \'iel 1 UIL [ilKini noi lieiig ki Ihiic.^ 1/0//1; vttn
loi VJ Kc phan Ixji. Icn an loi ac eu.i bon ihile tian \a
neu len linh canh khd cue CULI neuoi dan ijue huong
minh. khoi da> linh iluin >eu nuoc Uong iluiiih nien \a
iihanLlaii. Lii ngudi lanh dao Lien miiili I'hi lip-pin. nng
bi ihuc dan Ta\ Ban Nha bai giaiii, LUOI nam I K'-)(i hi
Hinh 55. Hd-\e Ri-dan \ u IU. Tai noi dng hi h.inh hinh. nga> iia\ ngUcî la da
(1861 - 1896) \a\ (.kmg quang IrUoliL! l l d - \ e Ki il.iii 0) llui dii
Ma-ni-lai cdi hue luvnig ngudi anh liiine ilaii loc cua
nlian dan Phi-lip imc
Thir hai la xu hudng bao dpng eiia

Bd-ni-pha-xi-d. Khdng tan thanh dudng ldi
cai each dn hoa cua Hd-xe Ri-dan, thang
7 - 1892 Bd-ni-pha-xi-d tach khdi Lien
ininh Phi-Ii'p-pin. thanh lap Lien hiep nhung
ngifdi eon yen quy eiia nhan ddn. viat tat la
KATIPUNAN.
Hinh 56. Bo-ni-pha-.xi-d
Bo-ni-pha-xi-o Mial ihaii tir lane l(Vp ngheo kho. siVm
(1863 - 1897)
phai lao done de kiem song, gan gCn \Oi qiian Lhunu
lao ilong nen duoc goi lii "Ngudi binh dan \1 dai ". Ong chii iruoiig i.lau ii.inli bai' luc
de lal dd ach ihong iri ilurc ilan. \.'i> Jung moi i]iioc gia doc la[i, biiili liaiisj. benli \ ut
ngudi ngheo, Lcii keu i>oi cua dng : "Hanh pliiic \ii \ inh qiiane la i hci chu sir iiLjIuep
cUit ninVc" Iro llianh loi iu\eii ihe cua K M II'I \ ' W
Ngay 28 - 8 - 1896. Bd-ni-pha-xi-d phat lenh khdi nghTa vdi khdu hieu "Chien
thang hay la chei !" dupc nhan dan hudng ung nhiet liet. Phong trao khang chien
111
chdng thue dan lan rdng toan quan dao. Tai nhiau vimg giai phdng da thiet lap
chinh quyan nhan dan do KATIPUNAN lanh dao, chia rudng dat cho ndng dan. tieh tdi
thanh lap nan cpng hoa. Phong trao dang tren da thdng loi, mdt phdn tir tu siin canh hihi
la A-ghi-nan-dd da ra Ifnh bdt rdi sat hai Bd-ni-pha-xi-d. giai tan KATIPUNAN (1897).
Vao Ilie nay. de qudc MT dang tim each banh trudng sang bd Tay Thai BTnh Duong
nan da khdng bd Id ca hpi. Thang 4 - 1898, MI gay chien vdi Tay Ban Nha. Dudi danh
nghia iing hp cudc ddu tranh ehdng thuc dan ciia nhan dan Phi-lip-pin. thang 6 - 1898,
MT dung A-ghi-nan-dd len lam Tong thdng nudc Cpng hoa Phi-lip-pin. Sau khi
Tay Ban Nha thua tran, quan MT dd bd chiem Ma-ni-la va nhieu noi tran qudn dao.
NghTa quan chuyen sang dau tranh chdng MT xam lupc. Cupc khang chien ciia
nhan dan Phi-lip-pin chdng MT dian ra trong tinh trang khdng can sdc, keo dai den
nam 1902 thi hi dap tdt. Tir day, Phi-lip-pin trd thanh thupc dia ciia MT.
Cudc khdi nghia nam 1896 d Phi-lfp-pin la cupe each mang mang ti'nh chat
tu san. ehdng de qudc ddu tien d Ddng Nam A, danh da'u su thirc tinh cua nhan dan
Phi-lip-pin trong cupc dau tranh gianh dpe lap cho To qudc.
^ ^ - Lap bang so sanh nhdng diem giong va khae nhau giCta hai xu hudng
dau tranh d Phi-lip-pin vao cuoi the kf XIX.
- Neu diin bien cua cugc Cach mang nam 1896 d Phi-lip-pin.
- Am muu va thu doan cija MT doi vdi Phi-lip-pin nhuthe nao ?
4. Phong trao dau tranh ch6ng thuc dan Phap cua nhan dan
Cam-pu-chia
Vao nira sau the ki XIX, ddng thdi vdi cudc chien tranh xam lupc Viet Nam,
thuc dan Phap timg budc xam chiem Cam-pu-chia va Lao.
Nam 1863, Phap gay ap luc budc vua Cam-pu-chia la Nd-rd-ddm phai
chap nhan quyan bao ho eiia ehung. Sau khi gat bd anh hudng cua Xiam ddi vdi
triau dinh Phndm Penh. Phap bude vua Nd-rd-ddm kf Hiep udc 1884. thuc sir bien
Cam-pu-chia thanh thudc dja ciia Phap.
Aeh thdng tri ciia thuc dan Phap da gay nen ndi bat binh trong hoang tdc va
cac tdng k'rp nhan dan. Nhiau cupc khdi nghla ehdng thue dan Phap dian ra sdi n6i
trong ea nude.
Md ddu la cudc khdi nghTa ldn ciia Hoang than Si-vd-tha keo dai hon 30 nam
(1861 - 1892).
112
SI-\O-IIKI la em ciiii^ clui khae me \di No-ro-ilom. H.il huih luioc lliai do nhu iiliuoc
cua Irieu dinh \di quan Xiem \a quan Phap, ong d.i lap hop done dao quan ilmiie
nhan dan noi da\ khoi nghia. lan cong ihang viio quan Phap o I done vj
Phndm Penh, nu'r rimg dia ban hoai ddng. Den Ihang 1(1 - \W2. one qii.i do\ \i benh
n:ine. sau dd phone Mao su\ veil ih'in.
Cupc khdi nghTa ciia A-cha Xoa (1863 - 1866) la cudc khdi nghTa k'tn. dian ra
d cac tinh giap vdi bian gidi Viet Nam. da gay cho thuc dan Phap nhiau tdn that
to ldn.
A'Cha .Xoa ltic dau Iham gia cudc khcVi nghla cua Si-vd-ili;i : hi diui ap. Tme va nhieu
nghia quan pluii phieu bat sang Viet Nam. o viing Chau Ddc. linh Hien. So [ihan cua
neudi llan \'iei Nam luc nav cung giong nhu neudi i.lan Kho-me. nen cunc van done
khoi nghia cua .\-clia Xo.i gap nhicu Ihuan loi, Mian dan N'iei Nam da san s.ine eiup
dd .X-cha Xoa chong lai ilurc ilan Phap va irieii dinh Khn-nic.
Til vime nui Tli.il Son. A-cha Xoa lav Chau t.)i)c. Ha lien lam ban d.ip danh \ e
C.im-pu chi.i. Nam IS64. co lan nghia quan J a chiem duov luih Cain-|iol \a aji sai
Phndm Penh. Hoat ddng eua nghia igian trong e:ic nam 1 Sb4 - 1 SdS ciiiie manh me.
Bicn gidi Viet Nam - Cam-pu-chia hien ihanh \iine can eu cho cuoc khoi neliia
A-cha Xoa, Tlurc ilan Phap lliav bai loi. ben ep buoL nha NL;ii\eii bai .\-LIKI Xoa
nop cho cluing. Ng.iv P> - } - iSdd, do hi llurong nane. .A-clia Xoa loi \;to lav
llllll. d a n PlKi|i.
Cupc khdi nghTa ciia Pu-cdm-bd (1866 - 1867) khdng chi tha hien tinh thdn anh
dung, ba't khuat ciia nhan dan Cam-pu-chia ma cdn la biau tupng ve lien minh chidn
dau giua nhan dan Viet Nam va nhan dan Cam-pu-chia trong cupc dau tranh ehdng
ke thil chung la thuc dan Phap xam lupc.
Pu-cdm-bo la nha si[ co uv lin irone nhan ilan. di\ limg l.mli nan iv Nam l.ao n o n e
17 nam. N.im IXbd. ong phai ddng cuoc khoi nghia chong Phap \a la|t t a n (. tr o
Tav Ninh. Nghia quan bao gdm ngUiri Kho-me. nguoi Cham, nguoi Xiieng. iieuiri
Kinh. TiUcrng Quven (con Truong Dinhi \ a \ d Duv Duong (Thien hd Diioiiei d.i lien
kei vdi nghia qii.in Pu-coni-hd irong nhung liaii li.uih Ph.ip. Khi Uk hrone \dn ina.nli.
Pu-com-bo lien t.\nAn \ c nuoc. kiem so:ii P.i-man. lien cong kmh ifo t ii I -lioite
11 7 - 1 2 - 1 S(>di. Ml,in llan V'iel Nam o ba luili mien I a\ Nam Ki lhudng \ u v e n i uiie
cap luong thue. vn khi eho nghia quan, Ng.iv 3 - 12 • lSh7. Pu-com-bo hi sinh Ciioi
chiL-n dau cua Pu-eoin-bd da kei thue mot each c)anh iiei.
;UCH sir ll-NC-A 113

^ - Trinh bay diSn bien chinh cac cudc khai nghTa chong thuc dan Phap cda
nhan dan Cam-pwchia.
- Su doan ket ehien dau giCta nhan dan Viet Nam va nhan dan Cam-pu-chia
dUdc bieu hien nhu the nao trong cac cuoc khdi nghTa cua A-cha-Xoa va
Pu-c6m-bd ?
5. Phong trao dau tranh chong thuc dan Phap cua nhan dan Lao
dau the ki XX
Khi tie'n hanh xam lupc Viet Nam va Cam-pu-chia, thuc dan Phap da tfnh den
viec thdn tfnh Lao. Nam 1865. nhieu doan tham hiam ngudi Phap di ngupe sdng
Me Cdng lan thupng ngudn di tham dd kha nang xam lupc Lao, gay sire ep budc
triau dinh Ludng Pha-bang phai cdng nhan nen thdng tri eiia Phap. Tien hanh dam
phan vdi Xiam, Phap dat dupc Hiep udc 1893, theo dd Chinh phii Xiam thira nhan
quyen cai tri ciia Phap d Lao. Tir day, Lao thuc sir bien thanh thudc dia ciia Phap.
Ngay tir dau the ki XX, nhan dan Lao da tien hanh nhieu eupe dau tranh bat
khuat tren toan lanh tho de chd'ng lai ach nd dich tan bao ciia thuc dan Phap.
Md ddu la eupc khdi nghTa ciia nhan dan Lao dudi su chi huy ciia Pha-ca-dude
{1901- 1903). Phong trao da phat trien nhanh chdng, giai phdng Xa-van-na-khet,
md rpng sang ca viing bian gidi Lao - Viet.
Dac biet kien cudng la cudc khdi nghTa tran cao nguyan Bd-ld-ven, keo dai
37 nam {1901 - 1937), do Ong Keo va Com-ma-dam chi huy tien hanh chie'n tranh
du ki'ch, gay cho dich nhiau tdn that.
Khong ihc dim a|i duoe nghia i.|u.in. ihuc dan Pluip eio iro "dam |>h.in"". One Keo
nhan loi ticn ho|i de iham do Ihai do eua dich. Iheo quv d m h . khdiie ai duoc
mane \ u khi vao cuoc hop. Mac du hai ben da kh.im \ e l lan nhau iruoc khi vao
hop, nhune h'l dung phong luc cua dan loe Lao I h o n g la c.'im so \iio dau neUcti
khae. Con): su Phen le da giau siing luc irong cincc mu noi dane doi iren d;iu.
Khi irone |ilidng chi i d n hii hai ngucri. Phen-le d.i rui sune ban chei One Keo
(ngav \} - 10 - |<)M7|, Sail khi Ong Keo hi sal hai. nghi.i qiiaii \i"in iicp lue ehien
d;ui duoi str I hi huv cud (T'om-ma-dam.
Cae eude khdi nghTa ehdng Phap ciia nhan dan ba nudc Ddng Duong cudi the ki
XIX - dau the kl XX. mac dii rat sdi ndi, quyet liet, tha hien tinh thdn dau tranh
bat khuat vi ddc lap tu do ciia mdi dan tpc. song deu that bai. Nguyan nhan la do
cae phong trao nay dau mang tfnh chat tu phat. thieu dudng Idi dung ddn va thia'u
114 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 8LlCHsCr K-NC-B

td chuc vung vang. Nhihig cupe chie'n dau dd tha hien tinh thdn yau nudc va
tinh doan ket ciia nhan dan ba nudc Ddng Ducmg trong cupc chien dau chdng
thuc dan Phap.
^ - Lap bang thd'ng ke cac sUkien tieu bleu trong phong trao chong Phap cua
nhan dan Lao.
- Cuoc khdi nghTa cua Ong Keo va Com-ma-dam di^n ra nhu the nao ?
6. Cong cuoc cai each 6 Xiem giua the ki XIX dau the ki XX
Vao gitra the ki XIX, cung nhu cac nudc d Ddng Nam A, Vuong qudc Xiam
dung trude su de doa xam nhap ciia thuc dan phucmg Tay, nhat la Anh va Phap.
Trieu dai Ra-ma thiet lap nam 1752 theo duoi chi'nh saeh ddng cira, ngan can
thuong nhan va giao sT phuong Tay vao Xiem. De'n thdi vua Mdng-kut {Ra-ma IV,
tri VI tir nam 1851 den nam 1868) chii truong md cira budn ban vdi ban ngoai. dua
vao sir kiam che ldn nhau gitia cac nudc tu ban de bdo ve nan dde lap eiia dat nudc.
Ka-ma 1\' Li vua Xiem dau lien gioi licng ,\iih. ueiig l.aiinh. neliien cuii sa liep Ihu
nen van minh phuong lav. lieji xiic vdi cae nha iruven giao .\u - Mi va dac hiei clui
V den duivng ldi doi ngoai cua \ uong quoc.
Nam 1868, Chu-la-long-con Ien ngdi (Ra-ma V, tri vi tir nam 1868 den nam
1910). La ngudi uyen bae, hap thu van hoa phucmg Tay, tiep nd'i chi'nh sach cai each
ciia vua cha, dng ra lenh xoa bd hoan toan che do nd le vi np, gidi phdng ngudi lao
dpng de ho dupe tu do lam an sinh sdng, ddng thdi xoa bd nghTa vu lao dieh bdt
bupe 3 thang tren cac edng trudng nha nudc, giam nhe thue rudng cho ndng dan.
Nhiing bien phap tran da ed tac dung tfeh cue ddi vdi san xuat ndng nghiep :
nang cao nang suat lua, tang nhanh lupng gao xua't khau ; viec xuat khdu gd tech
cung dupc ddy manh.
l u o n g gao vuat khau nam 1 SSS la 22.5 \aii lan. nam IS'-))) la 4S vun uin. nam
]X95 \l\ Ab.5 v.m lan. nam P'OU la 5(i van um. Luong ed vua! kluiu irong nhung nam
ISS.S - IS'JS UIIIL: ga|i 4 lan. Ill 1.^.2 iiehin lan len dl..^ nehiii lan,
Nha nudc khuyen khfch tu nhan bd vdn kinh doanh cdng thuong nghiep. xay
dimg nha may xay xat lua gao. nha may cua. md hieu budn ban va ngan hang.
Nam IS'-)(I, o Bang Coc ci' 2.S nlui mav vav \ a l . 4 iilia IIILIV CULI. duong \ c ilieii diioc
\av (.lune som nhai o i)oiie N.tiii A i INS7i.
Nam 1892. Ra-ma V da tien hanh hang loat cai each theo khudn mdu cac nudc
phuong Tay nhu edi each hanh chinh. eai each tai chinh. td chuc lai quan dpi va trudng
hoc... tao eho nudc Xiem mot bd mat mdi theo hucrng phat trian tu ban chii nghia.
115
Voi chinli such cai caeh hanh ehinh. vua \an lit neuivj cit c|uven luc loi c.io song ben
canh Vila l o 1 loi done Nhii iiUiVc, dong \ai ird hi co qii.in Iir van. khoi ili.to luai phap,
hn.ii done eaii nhu la moi nelii \ icn. Ho mav himh [iluipcua men dmh duoi. ih.iv bang
Hoi don'j Chuih phn gom 12 ho iruone. do cac hoaiiL! ihan du hoc o plurong Tav ve
dam nhiem. Ile ihong loa iin. Iruong hoc deu duoc lo dure lai ihco kicii chau ,û.
Oiian doi diroc U.ine bi \a huan lu\cii llico luron^ hicn LILU. l u b.m iufO<. neoai duoe
phjp d.m III kmh iloanh o Xiem .
Ra-ma V dac biet quan tam de'n boat ddng ngoai giao. Nhd chfnh sach ngoai
giao mem deo, Xiem vira lpi dung dupe vi trf nude "dem" giua hai tha' lire de qudc
Anh - Phap. vira edt nhupng mpl sd viing dat phu thupc {vd'n la lanh thd ciia
Cam-pu-chia, Lao va Ma Lai) da giu gin chii quyan eiia ddt nude. Nhd vay, Xiem
khdng bi roi vao tinh trang thuoc dia nhu cac nudc trong khu vuc, ma vdn giu dupc
ddc lap mac dii ehiu nhiau le thude v6 ehinh tri va kinh te vao Anh va Phap.
^V - Hay neu nhCfng chinh sach cai each cua Ra-ma V.
- Chinh sach cai each cija Ra-ma V cd y nghTa nhu the nao doi vdi suphat then
cua VUdng quoc Xiem ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Hay neu nhung net chinh ve tinh hinh cac nuiJc Oong Nam A vao cudi the ki XIX -
dau the ki XX.
2. Nhan xet ve hinh thirc dau tranh giai phong dan tpc i^ Dong Nam A cudi the ki XIX -
dau the ki XX.
3. Vi sao trong khu vuc Oong Nam A, Xiem la nudc duy nhat khong trd thanh thupc
dia cua cac nudc phuong Tay ?
PHAN DOC THEM

Vao nhung luun eudi the ki X I X . khi clui nghla thue dan phucmg Ta\ dfi hoiin thanh
cdng vice llidn tinh. ap dal ach thdng tri len eae nucte Odng Nam A, thi vice chuye'n
IU cudc dau tranh ur ve sang eucic dau tranh giai ph«nig la sir ndi tiep tat yeu. Trong
qua trinh dau Iranh giai ph('>ng. cac lunh Ihuc. eae con dudng, cac .\u hird'm> cUU nudc
da ducTc ihe nghiem vii iluoc tiep lue su dung trong thdi ki dep theo. Su ihav Ihe ciic
phone iriio mang >' ihue he phong kien bang phong Irao e() \ u hutfiig lu san va sau do
chinh la cac iriio Uai tu san irong cudc dau tranh ddi ddc lap dan loc cua ciic nuik
Ddng Nam A cung la nhung sir iliav the lal veu. vi ni> ihe hien ,\u hudiiL' di len ciia
phone trao giai phdng dan ldc.
(Tlieo ; l.ucrng Ninh (Chu hien), Lich suDong Nam A,

N X B Ciiao due, H.. 2(iO,S, tr. 335)

Chuong V
CAC NUOC CHAU PHI,
Mi LATINH THOI CAN DAI
CHAU p m
Chdu I'hi Id lut clici IcVn, giLiu co ve tdi nguven liiien nliieii, cn nvn vdn
hoa Idu dcxi. \\s •îu.i (he ki XIX, c dc nucVr iir h,in c hau -\u clov iiumli v iec
x.im krcxc t h d u Phi. Neu vao gida thap men 711 c iia tht- ki XIX moi i l i i
( o I0,8"o dat dai t hau t'hi bi chiem, tin den (\,ii\ the ki XX c o loi d(l,4".-
dien hch ku dia nay tro thanh thudt dj.i cua Anh, Phap, Otu , Hi,
l-ta-!i-a. Bo b)ao Nlia... Ciic;)c dau iranh c hont^ c lui niihia lIuu rian, iîai
phong (lan t(>t no ra manh me, tieu h i t i i la phong bao o i ac nuoc
An-gie-ri, Ai C ap, Xii-dan^, E-li-o-pi-a...
1. Vai net ve chau Phi truoc khi bj xam lupc

Chau Phi la mdt trong nhung cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai. song d thdi ki co
dai, ngudi ta chi biet ed Bae Phi. Qua viec phat kien dia If, di sau ddn vao lue dia,
ngudi ta mdi tim thay cac mien khae ciia chau Phi. Sang dau thdi can dai, ehau Phi
dupc chia iam hai mien chfnh : Bdc Phi va Nam Phi. Hai mian dd cd sir khae nhau
rat ldn trong su phat tria'n xa hpi, kinh te. cung nhu che dp chinh tri.
Bdc Phi lia vimg dat tir Bdc Xa-ha-ra den Dia Trung Hai. Nhan dan d day theo
dao Hoi. Bdc Phi bao gdm nhiau che dp xa hpi khae nhau. Trong khi mot sd thanh
phd da bdt ddu xuat hien nhijng mdm mdng ciia chii nghla tu ban thi cd noi vdn cdn
giir cha dp bd lae, nhung bao triim tat ca la quan he phong kien.
Nam Phi la viing da't tir Nam Xa-ha-ra de'n mui Hao Vpng. Co eau kinh te. xa
hdi va td chiie chfnh tri cQng cd nhiau khae biet. Nhiau mien thude Tay Xu-dang
va Ma-da-ga-xca, quan he phong kien la quan he xa hpi chii yeu. Nhiau noi ecm giu
tan tfch eiia che dp bd lac va nd le.

d day bian gidi chua dupc xac dinh rd rang nan thudng xay ra xung dot gii?a
cae qude gia, cac bd lac vdi nhau.
Trudc khi ngudi chau Au xam chiem va phan chia chau Phi. phdn Idn nhan dan
d day da biet dimg dd sdt. nghe det va nghe gdm phat trian, nganh chan nudi va
trdng trpt phd bien. Tir nira sau the ki XIX. cudc sdng yen dn, tai nguyan phong
phii va nen van hoa lau ddi ciia hp da bi thuc dan chau Au xam pham. cudp bdc va
tan pha.
2. Cac nubc de quoc xam lupc va phan chia chau Phi
Vao nhirng nam 70 - 80 ciia the ki XIX, sau khi hoan thanh kenh dao Xuy-a,
cac nudc tu ban phuong Tay dua nhau xau xe chau Phi.
Hinh 57. Luoc do thudc dia cua cdc nudc de qudc d chan Phi ddu the ki XX

Nam 1882, Anh dde chia'm Ai Cap, kiam soat kanh dao Xuy-e sau cupe canh
Uanh quyet Uet vdi Phap. Tiep dd, Anh chiem Nam Phi, Tay Ni-gia-ri-a, Bd Bien Vang,
Gam-bi-a, Ke-ni-a, U-gan-da, Xd-ma-li, Ddng Xu-dang va mpt phdn Ddng Phi...
Phap dimg hang thir hai trong viec xam chiem thupc dia d chau Phi (sau Anh),
bao gom mpt phdn Tay Phi, mien Xfch dao chau Phi, Ma-da-ga-xca, mdt phdn
Xd-ma-li, An-gie-ri, Tuy-ni-di, Xa-ha-ra.
Dlic chiem Ca-mo-run, Td-gd, Tay Nam Phi, Tan-da-ni-a.
Bi lam chu phdn ldn Cdng-gd.
Bd Dao Nha gianh dupc Md-dam-bich, Ang-gd-la va mdt phdn Ghi-na.
Den ddu the ki XX, viec phan chia thupc dia giua cac nudc de qudc d chau Phi
can ban da hoan thanh.
^ ^ set dung lUdc do chau Phi dau the ktXX d€ xac dinh cac vung thuoc dia cda
cac nudc de qudc.
3. Phong trao dau tranh chong thirc dan cua nhan dan chau Phi
Che dp eai tri ha khde va su bde lot vd ciing da man cua chii nghla thuc dan
lam biing len ngpn lua ddu tranh gianh ddc lap ciia nhan dan chau Phi.
O An-gie-ri. eupc khdi nghia ciia Ap-den Ca-de keo dai ttr nam 1830 den nam
1847, thu hiit ddng dao nhan dan tham gia. Sau khi Ap-den Ca-de bi bdt, eude dau
tranh giai phdng dan tpc ciia nhan dan edn tiep tuc trong nhiau nam, dac biel d viing
sa mac. Thuc dan Phap phai mat nhiau thap nian mdi chinh phuc dupc nudc nay.
O Ai Cap, nam 1879 mdt sd tri thirc va sT quan yeu nudc da thanh lap to chiic
chfnh trj bi mat "Ai Cap tre", de ra nhCrng cai each mang tfnh chat tu san, do
Dai ta At-met A-ra-bi lanh dao. Cac nudc de qudc phai can thiep inanh da ngan
chan cudc ddu tranh yau nude ciia nhan dan Ai Cap. Ngay 13 - 9 - 1882, nhieu
ngudi yau nudc Ai Cap bi bdt, A-ra-bi bi di day. Phong trao that bai.
OXii-ddng. ngay tirnam 1882, thuc dan Anh da vap phai su khang cu manh me
eiia nhan dan dudi sir lanh dao ciia nha truyen giao tre Mu-ha-met At-met. Muc tieu
ciia phong trao la giai phdng Xu-dang thoat khdi ach thdng tri ciia nudc ngoai. lam
trong saeh dao Hdi, xoa bd mpi thu thue, thiet lap sir binh ddng cho mpi ngudi. Dau
nam 1885. nghTa quan da lam chii hdu khdp ddt nudc, chiem dupc Khac-tum -
Thil dd Ddng Xu-dang, giet chet vian tudng Anh chi huy d day. Nam 1898, thue
dan Anh dupc cac nudc da'qud'c giup dd, bao vay Xu-dang, chiem dupe Khac-tum.
Phong trao bi dan ap ddm mau va that bai.

Ndi bat trong cupc dau tranh eiia nhan dan ehau Phi chdng thuc dan phuong Tay
la cupc khang chien chdng ngoai xam eua nhan dan E-ti-d-pi-a. E-ti-d-pi-a la muc
tiau quan trong eua cae nude phucmg Tay trong viec xam lupc chau Phi. Nam 1885,
l-ta-li-a dem quan danh chiem, song bi nhan dan dja phuong danh bai. Nam 1889,
quan l-ta-li-a lai tien sau vao npi dia, danh chiem mot sd vung d E-ti-d-pi-a.
Bpn thuc dan da vap phdi su khang cu quyet liet eiia nhan dan. Ngay 1 - 3 - 1 8 9 6 ,
quan I-ta-li-a that bai nang na d A-dua. 3 000 quan tu tran, hon 3 000 linh hi bdt
lam til binh. nhieu vu khf dan dupc bi mat. Quan dpi E-ti-d-pi-a cting bi tdn that
nang. song hp da gianh ehien thang, bdo ve dupc nan ddc lap eiia To qudc. Ciing
vdi E-ti-d-pi-a, Li-be-ri-a cung la nudc giir dupc dpe lap d chau luc nay trudc sir
xam chiem ciia cac nudc thuc dan phuong Tay hdi eudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX.
Nhin chung, phong trao dau tranh chd'ng thuc dan ciia nhan dan chau Phi tuy
sdi ndi, biau hien tinh thdn yau nudc cao nhung do trinh dp to chiie thap, su chanh
lech ve lire lupng kha rd rang nan bi cue nudc phuong Tay dan ap. Cudc da'u tranh
giai phdng dan tdc vdn tiep tuc va phat trien trong the ki XX.
^# Hay trinh bay nhUng cugc dau tranh tieu bleu chong thuc dan cda nhan dan chau Phi
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Nhan xet ve phong trao dau tranh chdng thuc dan cua nhan dan chau Phi trong
the'ki XIX.
2. Suu tam tai lieu, tranh anh ve cac lanh tu tieu bieu trong phong trao dau tranh cua
nhan dan chau Phi thdi ki nay.
PHAN DOC THEM

50 vc'Ji chau A, qua trinh xam lupc ciia thuc dan chau Au d chau Phi d^ dang hon, gap
phai sir khang cu it hon va khdng quyet liet nhu chau A, boi vi. nhin chung chau Phi
cdn trong tinh trang lac hau hcfn chau A... Cung cd net gicVng chau A, hoat ddng cua
cac nha truyen giao ddng vai trd khdng nhd trong qua trinh chiem doat chau Phi.
Nhung vimg dat dai cd bdng doan ngudi nudc ngoiii den tham hi^m dgu cd mat giao
51 ngay tCr dau. Ngudi chau Phi neu len mpt hinh anh sinh ddng va chua chat rang :
"Khi trude chiing tdi cd dat trdng, ngUdi chau Au ed Kinh Thanh, it lau sau. ngudi la
ddi cho chung tdi lay Kinh Thanh edn ho thi lay ruc>ng daV.
(Theo : Dd Thanh Binh, Lich sir phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc the ki XX
NXB Dai hoc Su pham Ha Npi, H., 2006. tr. X9 - 90)

KHU v u c MI LATINH
Khu vut Ml Lalinh la mdt bd phan lanh thn rong Icrn iu,-] chau M i . gom
moi phan Bae Xti, loan IXT Trunt; M i , Nam Mi \<\ c ac ([uan d^m o u m g
bien Ca-ri-ht'. Oen rlau the ki \ l \ , d.\ sn cac nitoc Mt latinh dc'U la
Ihuoc dL\ c ua Ta\ H.m Nha va Bo Dao Nha. ( hu nghia time d^\n dd thiei
lap a cat thuf>c dia M i Latinh t h e dp thong in rai phan (li>ng, gav ra
nhici'U [pi ac dd man. Vi vay, t u d t dau Iranh gi.ii phong dan hic cua
nhan dan M I Latinh didn ra quyet Net va nhieu mure d.i gianh diun dot
lap ngay to dau the ki XIX.
1. Che do thuc dan 6 khu vuc Ml Latinh

Trudc khi Cri-xtdp Cd-ldm-bd tim den chau MT. md ddu qua trinh chinh phuc
ciia eae nude thuc dan chau Au vao khu vue MT Latinh. d day da cd thd dan da dd
(ngudi In-di-an) sinh sdng. Hp cd truyen thdng lich sir lau ddi, da tirng xay dung
nan nhung qudc gia hiing manh vdi nan van hoa phat trien rue rd. Cae dan tpc
May-a, In-ca, A-do-tech... da lai nhieu cdng trinh kidn trtic do sc) gidng nhu
Kim tu thap d Ai Cap. nhieu thanh co. den dai nguy nga va nhieu tae pham nghe
thuat tran vach da vdi nhung net khae tinh xao.
Ttr cudi tha ki XV - dau the ki XVI. ngudi chau Au. chii yad la ngudi Tay Ban Nha
va Bd Dao Nha, da xam nhap va timg budc thdn tfnh viing Trung - Nam Mi. Ngoai
ra, Phap va Anh ehiem mdt sd ddo thudc vtmg bian Ca-ri-ba. Guy-a-na hi ehia edt
thanh thudc dia ciia Anh, Phap. Ha Lan. Thuc dan phuong Tay tan sat dan ban dia.
dPn dudi ho vao rtmg sau de chiem dat. Up ddn dien trdng lua mi. ngd. khoai tay.
ca pha, thudc la va bdng. VI thieu nhan cdng. bon thue dan mua ngudi da den ttr
chau Phi sang da lam nd le trong cac ddn dian. Do vay, ban canh thd dan da dd. d
chau luc nay da xuat hien nhihig edng ddng ngudi da trang. da den. Hp cimg chung
sdng tran mdt lanh thd va hinh thanh nhtmg dan tpc rieng biet d Trung. Nam MT va
mpt phdn Bae MT (Ma-hi-cd), ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha hay Bd Diio Nha thudc ngir
he Latinh {phan biet vdi cu dan vtmg Bae MT ndi tiang Anh va Phap).
Ddu the ki XIX. dan sd trong eae thupc dia ciia Tay Ban Nha tang ian dang ka,
y thire dan tdc ddn dupc hinh thanh, nhu cdu phat trian kinh te va van hoa riang biel
da thuc ddy cudc dau tranh chdng thue dan da thiet lap cac qudc gia ddc lap.

^ - Trinh bay nhCfng net cd ban ve su xam lUdc cda thuc dan chau Au vao
khu vuc MT Latinh.
- Vi sao vung Trung, Nam MT va mgt phan Bic MT (Me-hi-cd) dUdc ggi la khu
vuc MT Latinh ?
2. Phong trao dau tranh gianh dqc lap dan toe dau the ki XIX
Ttr cudi the ki XVIII, dudi anh hudng to ldn cua cudc Chien tranh gianh dpe
lapd Bdc Mii 1776) va Cach mang tusan Phap (1789), nhan dan MT Latinh da ndi
day dau tranh quyet liet chd'ng chii nghTa thuc dan, thanh lap cac qudc gia ddc lap.
eU-BA ^pMl
--if"^'
O^ ?N..^ do-LOM-Bw'"'
/ - .1819 : " • - '
6-cu-A-Eip , - , ;
THAI 1830 > . '
pe-RU '
liS21 ', ,
HINH
D If ONG
BRA-XIN Ten ni/dc

1622 va nam gianh deoc doc lap
Bien gj(ji qudc gia ngay nay
Hinh 58. Lugc do khu vuc MJ Latinh ddu the ki XIX
Nam 1791, d Ha-i-ti biing no cudc dau tranh Idn ciia ngudi da den dudi sulanh
dao cua Tut-xanh Lu-vec-tuy-a. Cupc dau tranh gianh dupc thdng lpi, budc quan
Anh phai rut khdi dao. Nam 1804, Ha-i-ti thanh lap nudc cdng hoa da den ddu tien
d MT Latinh, xoa bd ehe do nd le va ban hanh quyan binh ddng giua ngudi da den
vdi ngudi da trdng. Tuy nhien, nan ddc lap ciia Ha-i-ti xac lap chua dupe bao lau

thi quan Phap trd lai dan ap, bdt giir Lu-vec-tuy-a. khdi phuc nan thdng tri thue dan.
Mac du that bai. cudc khdi nghTa d Ha-i-ti da gay tieng vang ldn, cd vu manh me
phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d MT Latinh.
Cudc dau Uanh iiiai plii'mj: ei'> qu\ mo liVn nhai o Me-lii-eo nd ra \ao lliang d - I SKI,
iluoi sU kinli I.1.10 eua Linh mue Mi-êii lli-tlan-gd. da loi cuon dupe liang van nghia
quan. ehu veu la ndng dan. dau tranh gianh ddc lap eho dal nihV. Nam IS2I. Me-hi-co
da lu>cii hd ilijnh lap nen cdng ho;i.
O Ac-hen-li-na. nam I S Id hung nd cudc khoi nghia \ li liang. den nam I S I d ilii ho.ui
Ihanh Ihang \o\. \ndc Cdng hoa ,Ae-hen-li-iia duoc ihanh kip.
Duivi sU liinh tiao cua Si-mdn Eio-li-\a. nglua qu;in da kin lu(*i gi.ii ph('ing vii ilumh lap nin'f
Cc>ng hoa oCd-lcSm-hi-a I ISIdi. nuri;fng Pe-ru (1825) sju diii ien ih.'inh B(i-ti-\i-a.
Nam 1 S22. khi eaih mane hung no o" khap LJC ihuoc tiia Mi k j l i i i h ihi Bra-\in eiiiie
Ihoiil khoi .leli ihdng iri eua Bd Dao Nha. Song i]udc gia dde ki|i na> khdng nif Ihanh
nUtTc cdng hoa ma \aii giu ihe ehe mdt nuiie i]uan ehu. (.'he do nn le o da\ khong hi
tlui lieu. Do vay CUCK dau Uanh cho nen ecmg hoii. \ i lu do dan ehu. ehoiie kii nen
i|uan (,hu \a i he do mi iC \an liep dien o' Bi.i-vin,
Nhu vay, qua 2 thap nian ddu the' ki XIX dau tranh quyet liet, cac qud'c gia ddc
lap d MT Latinh ldn lupt hinh thanh. Day la mdt thdng lpi to ldn ciia nhan dan
MT Latinh trong cudc da'u tranh chdng chii nghTa thuc dan ehau Au. Chi cdn mdt
vai viing ddt nhd nhu Guy-a-na, dao Cu-ba, dao Pu-ec-td Ri-cd, qudn dao
Ang-ti... vdn d trong tinh trang thudc dia.
^ ^ Neu y nghTa cugc dau tranh chong thuc dan Anh, Phap cda nhSn dan Ha-i-ti.
3. Cac nuoc MT Latinh sau khi gianh doc lap va chinh sach
banh trudng cua Mi
Sau khi gianh dupc ddc lap, nhiau nude MT Latinh da cd nhirng budc tien bd
va kinh te, xa hdi.
Bi.i-\in Irong nhieu bong, eao MI va eung cap moi iiu.i so ca phe iren ihi iruong ihe
gidi. Ae-hen-lina san \ual len, da ciru \a ihii ho \ i n i khau s.mg .\nii. Cac nuoc
Trung M i \a Ca-ri-be \ual khau ca phe. cluidi. im.i. Bo-li-\i-a khai iluic mo l">.ic \a
nhieu kim lo;u khae...
Cac don dien lidng Ilia ini vii ea\ cdng nghiep cung nganh chan nuoi l.i\ sUa. ihil \a
Idng [ili.il uien rai manh. ln> ihanh ngudn hang \iuil khau ci'> gia irl CILI nhieu nuoc
Mi l.;ilinh.
Dan sd d cac nudc MT Latinh thdi ki nay cang tang nhanh do viee di dan ciia
ngudi da trdng, viec nhap cu ciia ngudi da den sang lam nd le va sir gia tang dan sd
tu nhien.

(.) Bm-vin. nam I S.M) co 5.7 irieu dan, nam I S72 co III irieu Jan : A c - h e n n na. nam
ISdd CO 1.2 ineu tian. lUim l d l 4 cii 7 inou dan.
Tuy nhien. nudc MT mudn ddc ehiem vting lanh thd giau cd nay. Nam 1823, MT
dua ra hpe thuyet Monro - "^Chau MT ciia ngudi chau MT". Den nam 1889. to ehirc
"Lian minh dan tdc cae nudc cpng hoa chau Mi" dupe thanh lap, gpi tdt la
"Lian Mi", dudi suchi huy ciia ehinh quyan Oa-sinh-ton. Nam 1898. MT gay chie'n
vdi Tay Ban Nha. chiem Phi-lip-pin. Cu-ba, Pu-ec-td Ri-cd... Ttr ddu the ki XX, MT
ap dung ehfnh sach "Cai gay ldn" va "Ngoai giao ddng ddla" da chie'm Pa-na-ma
(1903). Dd-mi-ni-ca-na. Ni-ca-ra-goa. kia'm soat Hon-du-rat (19111. chiem Ha-i-ti
(1914 - 1915) va hai ldn dem quan danh Ma-hi-cd (1914 va 1916). Dudi chieu bai
doan ket vdi cae nudc chau MT, chfnh quyan Oa-sinh-ttm da khdng che khu vuc
MT Latinh. bien noi day thanh "san sau" cua nudc MT.
^» Dua theo lUdc do, trinh bay nhdng net Idn ve diin bien va ket qua cda cugc
dau tranh gianh dgc lap cda cac nudc d khu vUc MT Latinh dau the kt XIX.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Ve lupc do cac quo'c gia doc lap d khu vuc MT Latinh dau the ki XIX.
2. Lap nien bieu cupc da'u tranh gianh doc lap cua nhan dan Ml Latinh dau the ki XIX
theo thir tu : ten nudc, nam gianh doc lap.
3. Trinh bay chinh sach banh trucing cua Ml ddi vdi khu vuc IVIT Latinh.
PHAN DOC THEM
Ndi dung hoc thuyet Mefnrd dupc the hien tren ba phucmg dicn sau :
1. MT phai quan tam den cac cudc tranh chap d khu vuc Mi Lalinh.
2. Vi ll do an ninh ciia nudc Ml. MT se cd hanh ddng can thiep vao cac cuoc xun2 dot
hoac ehicn tranh giua cac nudc vdi nhau cung nhu chien tranh giua ho vdi cac nudc
ben ngoai. MT cung se iham gia vao cac cudc tranh chap kinh te. chmh tri a ehau MT.
3. MT lu cho rdng phai cd "trach nhiem bao vc" an ninh eua ca chau lue \-d su nhdm
ngd lis ben ngoai.
(Theo : Vu Ducfng Ninh (Chu hicn). Lich .siiquan he gudc te.
Tap 1. NXB Ciiao due, H.. 2005, tr. 90)

Chuong VI
^/
CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU NHAT
(1914- 1918)
CHIEN TRANH THE G l d l THlT NHAT

(1914 - 1918)
Tu n.im iMl 4 den ndm 1"-) 1 B, nh.in lo.n d.i phai trai qua mpl c udc c hit'n
ticinh ihe gioi l.in khoe , loi { unn wio vong chien h.ini; chuc nunc , c hu
yeu hi o ( hau An, gay lU'ii niTiing thit't hai to Ion vc nguoi va c ua.
I - QUAN HE QUOC TE CUOI THE KI XLK - DAU THE KI XX.

NGUYEN NHAN CUA CHIEN TRANH
Su phat trian khdng deu ve kinh te va chfnh tri cua chu nghia tu ban cudi the ki
XIX - ddu the ki XX da lam thay ddi sau sdc so sanh luc luong giua cac nudc da'
qudc. Ban canh eae de qudc "gia" (Anh. Phap) vdi he thdng thuoc dia manh mdng
la cac de qudc "tre" (MT. Due, Nhat Bdn) dang vuc^ len manh mc va kinh ta nhung
lai CO qua ft thudc dia. Mau thudn giiJa cac nudc de qudc ve van da thuoc dia la
khong tranh khdi va ngay eang gay gdt. Gidi cdm quyen Dire da vach ra ke hoach
lian hanh chie'n tranh nhdm gianh giat thuoc dja, chia thi trudng. Nhat Bdn va MT
cung rao riet hoach dinh ehien luoc banh trudng cita minh. Vi vay, ngay tir cudi the
ki XIX - dau the ki XX. nhung cudc ehien tranh de qudc ddu tien da xdy ra de tranh
gianh thude dia.
S.iU CTiien ll.inh Trung - Nhali IN'M - ISd.Si. Nhai B.ui gianli duoc ban dan hieu l i e n .
Miin ( h a u Dili Loan, Banh Hn,
Sau Chien iranh \ t i - 1 a\ Ban Nh.i i 1N')S|. Mi (.hieni I'hi hp-piii. ( u-b,i. Phi-lip-puj.
Pu-ee-lo Ki'Cd...
Sail Chien Iranh .Anh - Bi")-o''' l IS'-l'-i - I')ll2i. .\iih ehiem duov Mine d,il \ . i i n I'hi
Sau Chien U-anh Nga - Nhat d^-'IU - l''()5l. NhJI Ban gal Nga ile khang dmh
q 11 veil I hone Iri eu.i minh Ir^'ii h;in d.io Tneu lien, \l.di Cliau \ ;i nam ihio .N.i-klKi-lm.
(I I Ngudi B6-0 gom nhicu ilif he ngitdi goc H.'i l.an di cu deu \d sinli song a cue Nam eluiu Phi. da kip ra
hai qiidc gia eiia ho la O-iang-gio vii To-rang-\\aii.
125
Trong cudc tranh gianh thudc dia. de qudc Dire la ke hung hang nhdt vi cd tiem
luc kinh te va quan su nhung Iai ft thude dia. Thai do ciia Due da lam thay ddi quan
ha qudc te d chau Au, trd thanh ddu mdi ciia mpi mau thudn, moi sir tranh chap
phuc tap va eang thdng giira cac nude de qudc vdi nhau.
l u n h i i n g nam Nil CUA the k i . M X . g i o i c a m q u v e n D u e tlii vach ra ke hoaeh chien
ir.mh nham c h i e m hau hei i h a u . \ u . \uon ILI e;ie ihude dia eu.i ,Anh. Pluip o chau Phi
va ehau A , Nam ISS2. Due l u i i g ,Ao - l l u n e va I-la-li-a thanh lap lien m i n h ta\ ba. duoc
goi \li phe Lien mtnh. Sau n a \ . 1-la-li-a rui k h o i L i e n m i n h ( l d l S| xa chont; lai Due.
D d i |ihii \d'] :ini n i u u eua Duc. . \ n h ii"ing ehuan hi kc hoaeh Linen u a n h . Luc nav. Ph.ip
eung m u o n doi D u e ira lai hai v i m g A n - i k i l va L o - r e n . N g a ung h o cae nuoc Baii-eane
chong lal .An - I lune. \ i ihe. . \ i i l i . Pha|i. Nga luv co n.mh chap ve ihuoc dia nlunig
[ihiii nhan n h u o l i g Ian nhau. ki nhung ban l u e p uirc lav d o i : Phap - Ni:a i l X d ( l ) ,
Anh - Phap I lî()4i. \ n h - Nea 11^071. h m h i h a n h / i / ? c Hiep uoc.'^'
I I Cac nudc phe Lien minh

I'.". "I Cac nudc phe Hiep udc
Hinh 59. Luoc do hai khdi guan su irong Chien iranh

the gidi thu nhat
I I) Sau na\. plie Lien minh co lliem n i o Nlii K i (10 - U n 4 ) va Bun-ga-ri ( I I I - ]'>I4). Plir Hiep irdc cd [hem
Nluil BaiiiS - 1414). l-ta-ll-a c"^ - 1415). Ru-ma-ni (H - 1916). MT (4 - 1917),

Nhu vay, de'n ddu the ki XX, chau Au da hinh thanh hai khdi quan sir ddi ddu
nhau. Ca hai khdi nay dau dm mdng xam lugc, cudp doat lanh thd va thuoc dia ciia
nhau, dau dian cudng chay dua vu trang. Cuoc chien tranh gitra cac nudc de qud'c
la khdng tranh khdi. Nd bdt ngudn tir quy luat phat trien khdng dau ve kinh te.
chfnh tri ciia cac nudc tu ban chu nghTa va da dugc chudn bj trong nhieu nam.
Chfnh mau thudn giira cac nude de qude va van de thuoc dja, trudc tian la giu'a
de qudc Anh vdi da qud'c Dde, la nguyan nhan eo ban ddn den cudc chien tranh.
Tinh hinh cang thdng d Ban-eang tirnam 1912 den nam 1913 da tao cd cho chien
tranh biing nd. Ngay 2K - 6 - 1914, Thai tir Ao - Hung bi mdt ngudi Xee-bi am sat
tai Bd-xni-a. Gidi quan phiet Dire, Ao chdp lay co hdi dd da gay ra cuoc
chien tranh.
^^ - Neu d$c diem noi bat trong quan he quoc te cuoi the kl XIX - dau
theki XX.
- Hay cho biet nguyen nhan sau xa va duyen cd true tiep din den cugc
Chien tranh the gidi thU nhat.
II - DIEN BIEN CUA CHIEN TRANH
1. Glaj doan thu nhat ( 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 6 )

Ngay 28 - 7 - 1914, Ao - Hung tuyan chien vdi Xee-bi. Ngay 1 - 8. Dtic tuyan
chien vdi Nga va ngay 3 - 8 . tuyan chien vdi Phap. Ngay 4 - 8 . Anh tuyan ehien
vdi Due. Chien tranh de qudc da biing no va nhanh ehdng lan rdng thanh chian
tranh the gidi.
Md ddu cudc chien. Dire du dinh danh bai Phap mdt each chdp nhoang. sau dd
quay sang tien cdng Nga. Vi vay. Due tap trung phdn Idn binh lue d Mat tran phi'a
Tay va ngay trong dam 3 - 8 - 1914 da tran vao Bi - mot nudc trung lap - rdi danh
thoc sang Phap nhu vu bao. Due chan ca con dudng ra bian khdng cho quan Anh
sang tiep vien. Pa-ri bi uy hiep. quan Phap cd nguy co bi tieu diet.
Giua Ilie dd. d Mat tran phia Ddng. quan Nga tan cdng vao Dc)ng Phd, budc Ditc
phdi dieu bdt quan tCr Mat tran phi'a Tay ve chdng lai quan Nga. Pa-ri duge ciru
thoat. Lgi dung thdi co, ddu thang 9 - 1914, Phap phan cdng va gianh thdng Igi
127
tren sdng Mac-no. Quan Anh eung dd bd lan luc dia chau Au. Ke hoach "danh
nhanh thdng nhanh" ciia Dixc da bi pha san. Quan hai ben riit xudng chien hao edm
eu vdi nhau dai ddng tren mdt chien tuyan dai 780 km - ttr Bian Bae tdi bian gii^
Tluiy ST.
Thdy chua ha ngay dugc Phap. nam 1915, Dire don binh luc sang phfa ddng,
cimg quan Ao - Hung tan edng Nga quye't Iiet, am muu de bep Nga. Che do
Nga hoang dang khimg hodng nghiam trgng, nhung Due khdng dat dugc muc dfch
loai Nga ra khdi chien Iranh. Cudi nam. hai ben dau d trong the cdm cu tran mgt
mat tran dai I 200 km, tu sdng Do-nhi-ep den vinh Ri-ga.
Trong nam thu hai ciia cudc chien tranh (1915). ca hai ben dau dua ra nhirng
phuong tien chien tranh mdi nhu xe tang, phao tam xa. sir dung may bay da trinh
sat va nem bom. tham chi dung ca hoi dgc,... Vi tha hai ban deu thiet hai kha nang
ne, nan kinh ta bi anh hudng nghiam trgng.
Nam 1916. do khdng danh bai dugc quan Nga, Du:e lai chuyen trgng tam hoat
dgng ve Mat tran phfa Tay. md ehien dieh Vec-doong hdng tiau diet quan chu luc
ciia Phap. Chien sir d day dian ra het sdc quyet liet. keo dai 10 thang (tir thang 2
den thang 12 - 1916), gdn 70 van ngudi chet va bi ihuong. Cudi cimg, quan Due
vdn khdng ha ndi thanh Vec-doong. bugc phai nit lui.
Nam 1916, hai ban vdn duy tri the cdm cu. Tir cudi nam 1916 trd di. Dire,
Ao - Hung tir the chii dgng da chuyan sang phdng ngu d ca hai mat tran.
Trong giai doan thir nhat ciia cugc chien tranh. su khdn cimg eiia nhan dan lao
dgng ngay eang them tram trgng ; ddi ret, benh tat va nhung tai hoa do ehien tranh
gay ra ngay cang nhieu. Trong khi dd, bgn triim cdng nghiep chien tranh da giau
lan nhanh chdng nhd budn ban vu khi. Mau thudn xa hdi trong cac nude tham chien
trd nen vd ciing gay gdt. Chi hon 2 nam chien tranh. da cd gan 6 trieu ngudi chet
va hon 10 trieu ngudi bj thirong. Phong trao cdng nhan. phong trao qudn chung
phan ddi ehien tranh phat trien nhanh chdng. Den eudi nam 1916. tinh the each
mang da xudt hien d nhiau nudc ehau Au.
^ ^ - Tnnh bay diSn bien chinh giai doan thUnhat cda ehien tranh.
- Theo em. giai doan nay eo nhdng diem gi noi bat :?

2. Giai doan thu hai (1917 - 1918)

Thang 2 - 1917. nhan dan Nga dudi su lanh dao ciia giai cap vd san. vdi cac
khdu hieu "Da dao ehien tranh !". "Da dao Nga hoang !". "Bien chien tranh de qudc
thanh ngi chiad each mang !".... da lien hanh cudc each mang dan chii tu san thanh
cong. Che do Nga hoang bj lat dd. Chfnh phu lam thdi tu sdn duge thanh lap va vdn
tiep tue theo dudi ehien tranh.
Luc nay, Due mudn cdt dui dudng tiep te tran bia'n ciia phe Hiep ude, lien sir
dung phuong tien mdi la tau ngdm. Cudc "chie'n tranh tau ngdm" gay cho Anh
nhiau thiet hai.
C h m h sach b.m d.iu eua M i la eiU ihai do " i r i m e k i p " in>n'j cliieii l i a i i h . I hire ra. M i
union loi d u n g chien iranh ile han \ u k i n eho ca hai jthe \ a khi chien n a n h kei lime.
d i l ihang ha_\ bai. cac nude i h a m ehien deu bi s u \ v e u . dieu do g i i i p M i sc khaiie d m h
Uu ihe eiia m m h . D e n n a m l ' ) | 7 . k h i p h o n g iriio each inaiii: oc:\c nutic dang can. M i
ihav can phai ke! I hue chieii u a n h \ ii dunî \ e phe Hie[i troi
Lay cd tau ngdm Due vi pham quyan tu do thuong mai tran biein, tan edng ea
vao tau budn cap ben cac nudc thudc phe Hiep udc, ngay 2 - 4 - 1917 MT tuyen
chien vdi Ddc. Su tham chien ciia MT cd lgi cho phe Anh, Phap, Nga.
IVong nam I'M 7. nhung ciide phan edng eua phe H i e p uoc deu khdn-.: ih.mh cone.
Phap va .Anh co pha \ d phdng luv en eua D u e \ a giai loa \ o n g vav bd h i c n . nlurng ih.ii
bai. N h u n g eude lan c d n g eua Nga c u n g bai i h a n h . .Ao - I lung In K I n.m n i m g i n u n n
Ciiu lio.V nlurng N g a v;i 1-la-li-a edn n h i c u i h a m v o n g . k h o n g elia|> nhan i h u o n g
t l i u v e l . Ddc Lii d d n luc lUifiie danh Ng. i va loai l - l a - l i a i.i khoi vdne ctii.. n
Tliang 11 - 1917. nhan dan Nga dudi sir lanh dao ciia Le-nin va Dang Bdnsavich
tien hanh thdng Igi cudc each mang xa hdi chii nghTa. Nha nudc Xd vie't ra ddi. thdng
qua Sde lenh hod hinh, keu ggi chinh phii eae nudc tham chien eham dut chien tranh.
Ldi keu ggi hoa binh ciia Chfnh phii Xd viet khdng dugc cac nudc Hiep udc hudng
ung. vi Anh, Phap, MT mudn ket thuc chien tranh tren the thdng. Trong tinh the dd.
de bdo ve chfnh quyan non tre. Nha nude Xd viet budc phdi kf riang vdi Due bdn
Hoa udc Bret - Litd'p (3 - 3 - 1918). Nudc Nga ra khdi ehien tranh de qudc.
Trong nira ddu nam 1918, tranh thii thdi co quan MT chua sang den chau Au,
Dire da md lian tiep 4 dgt tan cong vdi quy md ldn tren mat tran Phap. Mot ldn nira,
Chi'nh phil Phap chudn bi rdi khdi Pa-ri. Nhung de'n thang 7 - 1918. 65 van quan
MT dd bd viio chau Au cung nhiau vu khf. dan dugc. MT true tie'p tham chien khi ca
9.L1CHSU I l - N I A 1 29
hai phe bj thiet hai qua nhieu. da bet sdc mdi met nen trd thanh nudc dung ddu phe
Hiep udc thay Anh. Nhd dd. quan Phap va Anh quay lai phan cdng manh me
quan Dire tran cac mat tran.
Nga> IS - 7 - I'JiS. i|uan Phap \d\ fidO \c lane pha \d phone luveii song Mac-no
cua Due. bai .>
' van iii hmh. Ngiiv S - N. IIL-H cûan Anh - Phap \oi 40li \e iang dap
lan piione luven snug ,\cn, licu diel I ("> su doan quan Due. Neav 12 - ^K hen quan
Phap - Mi danh Xanh Mi In-cn. mdi [ilidiig luven cgian iron'i cua Dife.
TCr cud'i thang 9 - 1918, quan Ddc lien tiep that bai, phdi bd chay khdi lanh thd
Phap va Bi. Cac nudc ddng minh eiia Dixc cung bj tan cdng lian tiep budc phai dau
hang : Bun-ga-ri (29 - 9). Thd NhT Ki (30 - 10). A o - Hung (2 - 11).
Hinh 60. Difc ki hiep dinh dan hdng. ket ihuc Chien tranh the [;i(>'i thu nhdt
Trudc nguy eo that bai. chfnh phu mdi dugc thanh lap d Due (3 - 10 - 1918)
de nghj thuong lugng vdi MT. nhimg da khdng dugc chap nhan vi MT mudn danh
den eiing da huge Due phdi ddu hang khdng dieu kien. Trong tinh trang khiing
hoang nghiam trgng. ngay 9 - II - 1918) each mang bimg nd d Due. vua Vin-hem II
phai bd chay sang Ha Lan. Ngay 11 - 11 - 1918. Chinh phu Due hude phdi ki
hiep djnh ddu hiing khdng diau kien. Chien tranh ket thuc vdi sir that bai hoan toan
cua phe Due. Ao - Hung.
^^ Net noi bat trong giai doan thu hai eua Chien tranh the gidi thu nbat la gi ?
Vi sao MT tham gia chien tranh muon ?
130 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 9UCMSLni.NC-B

Ill - KET c u e CIJA CHIEN TRANH THE GI6I THlT NHAT

Chien tranh the gidi thir nhat (1914 - 1918) da gay nan nhirng tham hoa het
sue nang ne dd'i vdi nhan Ioai ; 38 nudc vdi tdng sd quan la 37 trieu ngudi va 1,5
ti dan bj ldi cudn vao vdng khoi lira ; 10 trieu ngudi ehet, tran 20 trieu ngirdi bj
thucfng. Nhieu thanh phd, lang mac, dudng sa, cau cdng, nha may bi pha buy. Sd
tian cac nudc tham chien chi phf cho chien tranh lan tdi 85 ti ddla. Cac nudc chau
Au deu bien thanh eon no ciia MT. Riang nudc MT duge hudng lgi trong ehien
tranh nhd budn ban vu khf, dat nude khdng bj bom dan tan pha, thu nhap qude
dan tang gap ddi, vdn ddu tu ra nude ngoai tang 4 lan. Nhat Ban chiem lai mgt
sd dao ciia Dire, nang cao vj the d khu vuc Dong A va Thai Binh Duong.
Trong qua trinh chien tranh, thdng Igi ciia Cach mang thang Mudi Nga va viec
thanh lap Nha nudc Xd viet danh ddu mdt budc chuyan Idn trong cue dien chinh trj
the gidi.
^^ Chien tranh the gidi thU nhat da gay ra nh&ng hau qua nhu the nao ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Lap nien bieu ve di§n bien chinh cua Chien tranh the gidi thir nha'L
2. Trinh bay tinh chat va ke't cue cua Chien tranh the gidi thCr nhat
PHAN DOC THEM
Ve tinh chat ciia cudc Chien tranh the gidi thd nhat. Le-nin da chi id : "Ve ea liai piiia.
eude ehien tranh dd diu lii ehien tranh de qudc chu nghTa. dieu dd hien na> khdng
cdn phai ban eai gi nua ... Chien tranh vd luan la do giai cap tu san Due lioac iIo giai
cap lu san .Anh - Phap. ciing deu nham eui^ bde eae nude khae. hdp nghei cae dan
tdc nhuoc ticu. thdng tri the gidi v^ mat liii chinh. chia vii ehia lai thudc dia...'.
(Theo : Vu Duitng Ninh - Nguyen Van Hdng,
Lich .su the gidi cdn dai. Sdd. tr. 28S)

vydi/doC'tAem/
NHCNG THANH TUU VAN HOA
THdl CAN DAI
NhOng hien dont! l i ' h sn tu d.iu thcri < nn f!,n dc^n ( uoi l l u ' ki XIX - dciu
ihe kt XX ta( d o i r j ni.inh inc don linh hmh \dn hoa. Nhicu Ihanh tun d.i
cLiI duin trons^ ( .u linh VLU van hm - n^^he Ihu-il, In Uiong.
1. Sir phat trien cua van hoa trone buoi dau thoi can dai
Vao buoi ddu thdi can dai, van hgc, nghe thuat, tu tudng cd vai trd quan trgng
trong viec tan cdng vao thanh tri cua ehe do phong kie'n va hinh thanh quan diam,
tu tudng ciia con ngudi tu san.
Ve vdn hge, day la thdi ki xuat hien nhiau nha van, nha tho ldn.
C5 phuong Tay, tiau biau la d Phap, trong the ki XVII da xuat hien cac nha van,
nha tho ldn. Code-nay (1606 - 1684) la dai bieu xua't sdc cho nan bi kjeh co dien
Phap. La Phdng-ten (1621 - 1695) la nha ngu ngdn va nha van co dien Phap ; cac
tac phdm ciia dng cd tac dung giao due ddi vdi mgi Ida tudi, mgi thdi dai.
Md-Ii-e (1622 - 1673) la tae gia noi tie'ng ciia nen hai kjeh ed dien Phap ; cac tac
pham eiia dng the hien khat vgng edng bang, cudc sdng tdt dep ciia loai ngudi.
Ve dm nhgc cd Bet-td-ven - nha
soan nhac thien tai ngudi Dire. Sang
tac cua dng tham dugm tinh than
dan ehil. each mang ; noi tieng la
nhirng ban giao hudng so 3, so 5,
sd 9. Ngoai ra cdn cd Mo-da
(1756 - 1791) - nha soan nhac vT dai
ngudi Ao, ngudi cd nhung cd'ng hie'n
to ldn cho nghe thuat hgp xudng.
Vd hgi hog. Renvbran (1606 - 1669)

la hoa sT. nha dd hoa Ha Lan ndi tieng
the ki XVll \6 tranh chan dung, tranh
Bet-to-ven (1770 -1827, P'^'^^'iy ^^^''"1^ ^'*^ "hiau chat lieu - son
ddu. khdc kim loai...
132
Ve'tutudng. trao luu Triet hgc Anh sang theki XVII - XVIII da sdn sinh ra nhiau
nha tu tudng Idn. ed vai trd quan trgng trong sir thdng lgi ciia Caeh mang Phap cud'i
the ki XVIII va str phat trian tu tudng cua chau Au. Dd la Mong-le-xki-o
(1689 - 1755), Vdn-te (1694 - 1778), Ru-xd (1712-1778). nha tu tinyng cap tien
Ma-li-a va nhdm Bdeh khoa todn thu do Di-drd dung ddu.
Cac nha Triet hgc Anh sang the ki XVll - XVIII dugc xem nhu "nhirng ngudi
di trudc dgn dudng eho Cach mang Phap 1789 thdng lgi".
2. Thanh tiru cua van hoc. nghe thuat tir dau the ki XIX
den dau the ki XX
a) Ve vdn hge
Tlidi ki tir giiJa the ki XIX den ddu the ki XX danh dau su thdng Igi hoan toan
ciia chil nghTa tu bdn ddi vdi che do phong kidn Iran pham vi the gidi va chii nghTa
tu bdn chuyen sang giai doan de qude ehii nghTa.
6 phuong Tay, khi giai cap tu san ndm quyan thdng trj va md rgng viec xam
chiem. dd hd cac nude thude dja thi ddi sdng ciia nhan dan lao ddng bi ap buc
ngay ciing khdn khd. Nhiau nha van, nha tho. nhirng ngirdi hoat ddng tran ITnh
vuc nghe thuat da phdn anh kha ddy dii, loan dien hien thuc xa hdi trong tae phdm
ciia minh.
Vfch-to Huy-gd (1802 - 1885) la nha tho, nha tieu thuyet. nha vie't kjeh Phap.
Cac tac pham ciia dng, dac biet xua't sdc la tiau thuye't NhCmg ngudi khdn kho. tha
hien ldng yau thuong vd han ddi vdi nhung con ngudi dau kho, mong tim nhirng
giai phap dem lai hanh phuc eho hg.
Lep Tdn-xtdi (1828 - 1910), nha van Nga, ndi tieng vdi cac tac pham : Chieii tranh
vd Hod hinh. An-na Ka-re-ni-na. Phue sinh. Vdi chii nghTa hien thuc pha phan. qua cae
tac phdin ciia minh, Tdn-xtoi da ehdng lai trat tu xa hdi phong kien Nga hoang. ca nggi
pham chat ciia ngudi dan Nga trong cong cudc xay dimg va bao ve Td qudc. Le-nin da
danh gia cac tae phdm cua Tdn-xtdi nhu "tam guong phdn chieu each mang Nga".
Mae Tuan (1835 - 1910) la nha van ldn cua MT vaothc ki XIX -ddu the ki XX.
vdi cae tac phdm ndi tieng nhu : Nhirng ngudi Lnd-.\dng di du tieh., Nluliig eiige phieu
lifu eiia Tom Xoay-<f. Bang ngdi but trao phiing. hai hude, mang tinh thdn phe phan sau
sdc. Mae Tuan da miau td chan thue cudc sdng xa hdi MT liic bay gid, the hien Idng
yeu thuong vdi eon ngirdi. trude het lii nhan dan lao ddng ngheo khd.
Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com L33

Ngoiii ra. edn cd nhieu nha van. nha Iho ndi tieng khae. nhu Pu-skm (Nga,
17dd - 1X37), Ban^dac (Phap. 17dd - ISSOi. .An-dec-\en (Dan Maeh. IM'^ - 1S75);
edn eii the ke den Mo-pal-.\ang i Pluip. 1 S5n - \W^). Se-khdp (Nea. l^dll - 1404).
Ciiae l.on-d(vn i Ml, IS7() - \d\h]. Bcc-t<tn Brech (Due. 1 KdS - \of'iM. .. Cae lae pha!m
eua ho da phan anh kha rd ncl ddi song nhan dan duoiiL' ihdi. d.ic biel lii cua nhirng
n^2ud] lao ddng ngheo khd
0 cac nudc phuong Ddng. van

hgc cung ed nhirng bude tien bd rd
ret. phdn anh cudc sdng ciia nhan
dan dudi aeh thtrc dan phong kian,
ldng khat khao va y chf anh hiing,
quat khdi trong ddu tranh cho dgc
lap. tu do.
Ra-bin-dra-nat Ta-go la nha van
hoa ldn ciia An Do. Ong da lai 52 tap
tho. 42 vd kich. 12 cudn tiau thuyet,
nhieu truyen ngan. luan van. but kf,
ca khue va tranh ve, tiau bieu la tap
Tho' Ddng (doat giai Ndben nam
Ta-go (1861 - 1941)
1913). Cae sang tac ciia dng the hien
rd Idng yau nude, yau hoa binh va
tinh thdn nhan dao sau sdc.
Ld Tad (1K81 - 1936) la nha
van each mang ndi tieng cua
Trung Qudc. vdi cae tac phdm l(5fn
nhu : Nhat ki ngifoi dien. AQ ehinh
fritven...
Hd-\a Ri-dan. nhii van. nha tho
krn cua Phi-lip-pm. vdi tac phdm tiau
bieu nhu Didiii dong vdo toi, da td eao
tdi ae cua ke ihii xam luge vii miau td
cugc khang chien gi^nh ddc lap ciia
nhan dan Phi-lfp-pin.
lld-.xe \hu-ii il823 - 18931 Hd-\e Mac-ti. nhii v.m Cu-ba,
tieu bieu chu linh ihiiii iluii nanh,
.34 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com

niam tin vao thdng lgi ciia euoc dau tranh cho ddc lap dan tdc va tien bd xa hgi cua
nhan dan Cu-ba cung nhu khu vuc MT Latinh.
b) Ve nghe thudt
Thdi can dai, dac biet vao cudi the ki XIX - ddu the' ki XX, cac ITnh vuc nghe
thuat nhu kien true, am nhac, diau khdc... cung rat phat trian. Cung dien Vecxai
(Phap) dugc hoan thanh vao nam 1708, tiep tuc dugc hoan chinh va trd thanh mot
cong trinh nghe thuat kien triic dac sdc. Nhieu tae pham mT thuat ndi tieng trong
Ijch sir nhan loai dugc trung bay trong cac bdo tang ldn ra ddi vao thdi can dai.
Cudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX, d Pa-ri (Phap) da tu hgp nhiau nha van hoa
ldn, trong dd cd cac hoa sT danh tieng nhu Van Gdc (Ha Lan), Phu-gi-ta (Nhat Bdn).
Pi-cat-xd (Tay Ban Nha), La-vi-tan (Nga)...
Bi'fc tranh "Thdng Ba " cua Le-vi-tan
va am nhac, ndi bat la Trai-cd'p-xki (1840 - 1893) - mgt trong nhung dicn
hinh ciia nan am nhac hien thuc the gidi thdi bay gid. Tac pham noi tieng ciia dng
CO vd dpara Con ddm pich. cae vd bala Ho thien nga. NgUdi dep ngii trong rtdn.^...

3. Trao luu t u tuong tien bp va su ra doi, phat trien cua chu nghTa
xa hoi khoa hoc tir giOa the ki XIX den dau the ki XX
Su phat trien eiia chii nghTa lU ban tir
HM^'
R^>J!Hk giua the ki XIX gay ra nhieu dau kho cho
. 9' nhan dan lao dgng. Trong hoan cdnh ay,
^^3M
mgt sd nha tu tudng tie'n bg duong thdi da
^ \ 1.
nghT den viec xay dung mgt xa hdi mdi,
#''^-v^^ khdng cd che do tu hiiu, khdng cd bdc lot,
^ ^ K Ê^ nhan dan liim chit cac phuong tien san xuat
W ^ j l p •* ^^^^
ciia minh. Ndi tieng nha't la cac nha
tu tudng Xanh Xi-mdng (1760 - 1825),
He-ghen (1770- 1831. Phu-ri-e (1772 - 1837) d Phap va 6-oen
(1771 - 1858) d Anh. Dd la nhirng nha xa
hgi khdng tudng, vi tu tudng cua hg khong
tha thuc hien dugc trong diau kien chu
nghTa tU ban vdn dugc duy tri va phat trien.
He-ghen va Phoi-o-bach la nhiiTig nha
triet hgc noi tieng ciia DUc. Ha-ghen la
nha triet hgc duy tam khach quan. cdn
Phoi-o-bach luy dung tren lap trudng ehii
nghTa duy vat, nhung sieu hinh khi xem
nhirng thdi ki lich su xa hgi loai ngudi
Phoi-o-hdch{!804- 1872]
khdng ha phat trie'n ma chi cd su khae
nhau do su thay ddi va tdn giao.
Hgc thuyet kinh te chfnh trj lu sdn e6
dian phat sinh d Anh vdi cac dai biau ndi
tie'ng la Xmit vit Ri-cac-dd (1772 - 1823).
Tuy ed cdng trong viec md ddu "If luan ve
gia tri lao ddng". nhung hai dng chi nhin
thay mdi quan he giua vat vii vat (himg hoa
nay ddi lay himg hoa khae) chu chua nhin
thay mdi quan he giua ngudi vdi ngudi
A-dam Xnit<1723 - 1790) ddng sau SU trao ddi hang hod.

Ciing vdi su phat sinh va phat trian ciia giai cap vd sdn, phong trao cdng
nhan. hgc thuyet chii nghTa xa hgi khoa hgc ra ddi. do Mac va Ang-ghen sang lap.
duge La-nin phat trien trong diau kien chii nghTa tu ban chuyan sang giai doan
dequdc ehii nghTa va phong trao ddu tranh ciia cdng nhan phat trien manh me.
Hgc thuyet chii nghTa xa hgi khoa hgc la sir ke thira cd chgn lgc va phat trian
nhirng thanh tuu khoa hgc tu nhian va khoa hgc xa hgi ma loai ngudi da dat dugc.
chil yeu tir ddu tha ki XIX. Trong nhiing thanh tuu ay. ndi bat la dinh luat bdo toim
va ehuyen hoa nang lugng, thuyet te bao, thuyet tien hoa eiia cac gidng loai. cac
trao luu triet hgc ed dien Dire, hgc thuyet kinh te chi'nh tri tu sdn cd dian Anh va If
luan ve ehu nghTa xa hdi khdng tudng Phap. Cac tac gia kinh dien ciia chii nghTa
xa hdi khoa hgc xay dung hgc thuyet ciia minh tran quan diem, lap trudng ciia giai
cap cdng nhan. thue ticn dau tranh eua phong trim each mang vd san the gidi, tir dd
hinh thanh he thdng If luan mdi. vua each mang vtra khoa hgc. Hge thuyat eiia cae
ong bao gdm 3 bd phan chfnh : triet hgc. kinh te chfnh tri hge va chii nghTa xa hdi
khoa hgc.
Chil nghTa Mae - Lenin la cuong ITnh each mang eho cudc dau tranh ehdng ehii
nghTa tu ban. xay dung chii nghTa cgng san va md ra mot ki nguyen mdi eho su phat
trian ciia khoa hoc (ea khoa hoc tu nhien va khoa hoc xa hiji - nhan van).

ON TAP LICH Sir THE G l d l CAN DAI
I - THANG LOI CUA CACH MANG TlT SAN

VA St; XAC LAP CHU N G H I A TU" BAN
1. Che do phong kien da ngan can sir phat trien cua sdc san xuat tu ban chii nghTa.
Dd la nguyan nhan sau xa ddn dad cac cugc each mang tu sdn.
^ ^ Neu nhCmg su kien cd ban chung to s u can trd cua che do phong kien doi vdi
su phat then chd nghTa tu ban d Ha Lan, Anh. BSc hJTi, Phap, DUc, l-ta-li-a,
Nga, Nhat Ban.
2. Do diau kien cu tha va tucfng quan Iuc lugng d mdi nudc ma each mang ur
san nd ra d"udi cac hinh thirc kbac nhau. nhung ve ban chat deu la nhiJng cudc each
mang tu sdn.
^^ Tnnh bay hinh thUc, di§n bien cda cac cugc each mang tusan da hgc.
3. Cach mang tu san d cac mdc do khae nhau da lat dd nan thdng trj ciia giai
cap phong kien. thiet lap he thdng nhd nude tu sdn hoac cai to nha nudc phong kie'n
theo thiat cha tu bdn. Chu nghTa tu bdn tir giai doan tu do canh tranh chuyan sang
giai doan dde quyen - chii nghTa de qudc.
^^ - Trinh bay nhung ket qua cua cac cugc each mang tu san tieu bleu.
- Suphat tnen ktnh te diSn ra nhu the nao d cac nudc tu ban Anh, Phap. DUC. t\M ?
4. Viec eimg ea va phat trian ciia ehii nghTa tu ban ddi hdi phai xay dung
nen kinh te vung manh. dua tren sU phat minh va ting dung cac thanh uru cua
khoa hge - kT thuat.
Nhung ket qua nghian cuu trong nhieu ITnh vuc ciia khoa hoe xa hdi va nhan
van. cung nhu cae sang tao trong van hge ~ nghe thuat da gdp phan tao nan nhung
chuyan bian kin trong ddi sd'ng tinh thdn vii vat ehat ciia con ngudi.
^ ^ - Hay neu mdt thanh tUu cua khoa hgc - kt thuat co tac dung thuc day
san xuat xa hdi.
- Tim hieu mot thanh tt/u cua khoa hoc xa hgi va nhan van gop phan thUc
day suphat then lieh sd loai ngudi.

n - NHITNG M A U THUAN CO BAN CUA CHE D O

TU BAN CHU NGHIA. PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN.
PHONG TRAO CHONG T H U C DAN XAM LUOC
1. Mdt trong nhirng mau thudn co ban trong xa hdi tu ban la mdu thudn giua tusdn
va vd sdn. biau hien bdng cac cugc ddu tranh ciia vd sdn chd'ng tu san. Tuy nhian. hinh
thire, mtJC tieu eiia cudc dau tranh nay cung phat trien qua cac giai doan khae nhau.
HTnh thiirc dau tranh luc ddu la nhitng cugc tranh chap giira ehu va thg, tir viae "dap
pha may mdc" den cae phong trao dinh cdng, bai cdng : tir nhirng eude khdi nghTa
trong timg vimg, phat trien thanh nhung cudc ddu tranh vu trang ke't hgp dau tranh
ehfnh trj, cudi cimg la tdng khdi nghTa cudp chfnh quyan. Muc tiau da'u tranh ciia
cong nhan eung tir nhtmg ddi hdi va tang lucmg, gidm gid lam, cdi thien diau kien
lam viae va dieu kien sdng, phat trian len thanh nhtrng eude ddu tranh ddi quyen
chfnh trj va thiet lap nan chuyen chfnh vd san.
Su kien danh ddu budc phat trian ciia phong trao cdng nhan la su nhan thtrc
sif menh lieh sdcud giai cap minh trong viec lat dd hoan toan cha do lubdn va xay
dung che do xa hdi chu nghTa.
^^ Trinh bay cac hinh thifio dau tranh cda vd san chong tusan trudc nam 1848.
2. Tren co sd phong trao cdng nhan ngiiy mgt phat trien manh mc, ehii nghla
\d hot khoa hge ra ddi ma Mac va Ang-ghen la ngudi sang lap. Chit nghTa xa hdi
khoa hgc lac ddng trd lai vdi phong trao cdng nhan va ddn dat phong trao timg budc
giiinh thang lgi. Chit nghTa xa hdi khoa hgc cung dau tranh chdng nhung quan diem
sai trai. phan dgng eiia ehu nghTa eo hdi. chii nghTa xet lai... nham dua phong triio
edng nhan di cheeh miic tiau ciia minh.
Vao nhung nam eudi the ki XIX - ddu the ki XX. phong triio cdng nhim the
gidi phat trian vdi cae eude ddu tranh manh me dian ra d nhicu nudc lU ban. dan
den su ra ddi eua eae td chUc qudn chting vii ehfnh dang ciia giai cap cdng nhan.
viec thanh lap va boat ddng eua Qude te thtr nhat, Qudc te thu hai... Tuy irai qua
nhung that bai khdng nho. song phong trao cdng nhan tha gidi thdi can dai cung
giiinh duge nhung thang lgi ldn nhu : Cdng xa Pa-ri. cudc ddu tranh ciia cdng nhan
Si-ca-gd ngay 1 - 5 - 1886. Caeh mang Nga 1905 - 1907 v.v...
^# - Lap bang thong ke cac su kien chinh trong phong trao dau tranh cua cong
nhan the gidi nda sau the ki XIX - dau the ki XX.
- Lap bang so sanh nhUng quan diem ca ban cue chd nghia Mac - Lenin
va chu nghTa ca hgi, chu nghTa xet lai ve cugc dau tranh cua cong nhan.

3. Su phat trien ciia chii nghTa tu bdn gdn lian vdi viae xam chiem va thdng trj
thude dja. VT vay. cting vdi phong trao cdng nhan, cage ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn
igc ciia nhdn ddn ede nude thuoc dia vd phu thuoe eilng dien ra soi ndi.
Ngay tir khi thuc dan. de qudc den xam lugc. nhan dan cac nudc bj xam lugc
da chien dau ngoan eudng chdng lai chung. Phong trao giai phong dim tdc dian ra
lien tuc. riim rg d cae nudc. Tu\ nhian. do thieu dudng Idi dau tranh diing ddn.
khong cd giai ciip tian tien lanh dao nan phong triio cuu nude Idn \\xai that bai.
Cdng cugc cdi each, duy tan ddt nudc theo con dudng tu ban phucfng Tay da thanh
cdng a Nhat Ban. dat dugc mot sd thanh tim d Xiem. nhimg lai that bai d nhieu
nude khae do cac the lue bdo thii. phdn dgng cdn trd.
Tu dau tha ki XX. do su phat trien ciia tinh hinh trong nudc va anh hudng tu
tudng ur san tir ngoai tran vao. phong trao yau nude d nhiau nudc phucmg Dong da
ed su ehu\en hien. danh ddu bdng sif thue tinh eiia ehdu A trong phong trao giai
phong dan tde d cac nudc phuong Ddng vao ddu the ki XX. Chinh diau dd da
tao nen nhirng tian da cho cac nha yau nudc ducmg thdi budc vao giai doan dau
tranh mdi sau Cach mang thang Mudi Nga nam 1917 va sau khi Chian tranh the
gidi thir nhat ket thiic.
^^ NhCmg nguyen nhan nao lam cho phong trao chong xam lUdc va giai phong
dan tgc d cac nudc thugc dia va phu thudc vao cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX
khong thanh cdng ?
A. Su phat tria'n ciia ehii nghTa tu ban ddn tdi tinh trang phat triein khdng dau
giua cue nudc da qude. Diau nay lam nay sinh mau thudn trong ndi bg chu nghTa
tu ban the gidi. ma diam ndi bat la cae cudc chien tranh da giiinh giat thude dja.
phan chia lai the gidi. Day la nguyan nhan chii yeu dan tdi Chien tranh the gidi
thu nhat. gay ra nhCmg tdn that to Idn eho loai ngudi.
Trong bdi eanh lich sir a\. Cach mang thang Mudi Nga nam 1917 bimg nd va
thime loi. Lich sir the îdi budc sans thdi ki mtVi - thdi hien dai.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Lap nien bi§u ve mot sd sir kien coban ciia lich sir thegidi can dai.
2. Cach mang tu san co tac dung ti'ch cue va han che nhu the nao doi vdi su phat
then lich sir ?
3. Neu nhCrng net chu ye'u trong phong trao cong nhan thdi can dai.
4. Ve lugc do the gidi va xac dinh khu vuc thuoc dia ciia cac nudc tu ban de quoc.

E
han hai
LICH SLTTHE G I O I
HIEIXl D A I
• •
(PHAIV TLriVAiV11917
DEIM IVAM 1 9 4 5 )
41
ChUdng V I I —
CACH MANG THANG MUOI NGA
NAM 1917 VA CONG CUOC
XAY DUNG CHU NGHlA XA HOI
bLIENX0(1921 - 1941)
CACH MANG THANG MlJdl NGA NAM 1917

VA c u d c DAU TRANH BAO VE CACH MANG
w^M (1917-i92n
Nam 1917, d nuor Nga da didn ra hai cuoc each mang : Cach
mang dan chu tu san thang Hai va Cach mang xa hoi chu nghia
thang Mu'cri. Thang loi cua Cach mang thang Muoi dd dan den su
ra ddi ciia nha niroc xa boi chu nghia dau tien hen the gidi, md
ra mdt thai ki moi trong Ijch su nu<'rc Nga va lich sii the gi<Vi.
I - CACH MANG T H A N G MUCJI NGA NAM 1917
1. Tinh hinh nuxjc Nga triroc each mang
Ddu the ki XX. Nga van la mot nudc quan chu chuyan eha, dting ddu la Nga
hoang Ni-cd-lai 11. Cha dd quan ehii Nga hoang cimg vdi sir ldn lai nhtmg tan ti'ch
phong kien lae hau da kim ham sir phat trien ciia chu nghia tu ban d Nga. Viee Nga
hoimg tham gia Chien tranh the gidi thir nha't (1914 - 1918) da gay nan nhtrn^ hau
qua nghiem trgng cho ddt nudc, phoi bay su lae hiiu ve kinh te. chi'nh tri vii liun cho
nhung mau thuan xa hdi ngay eimg gay gat.
S;iii 3 n.iin llici) (hioi chien ir;inh. den dau nam IMi? ncii kinh lc ULIOC dan hoim loan
kicl que. san xuat cntiLi nsihicp vii nuni; nyhicp (hnh tton. Nan i h j l n^jhicp i j i i ' j nhanh.
nan diii \ a \ la Irani iruiiLi o nliicii no\. \\o\ nin khu dc nany k-n I.,K larii: Inn nli;in
dan. dac biel l;i noii;j dan. COIIL; nhan \a hdii KH) dan I I K kh;ic \n>nii dc qiinc N-;i

Nen kmh Ic cua iiirnc Ni:a lac hau. khoni: chiu dirni: duov unh uaiiy Laiii; ihaui! aia
chien iranh, Nyoiii mat Iran, quin doi lien liep ihai hai. 1 mh den dau nam IM17. cn
ii'i l.> ineu mjiriii chet vii ircn 4 incu IIL-UI'I hi Ihifnni;
Hinh 6L Nai a ciia nhdn ddn Nga ndm 1917
x^ ^:^r
Hinh 62. Nhung ngudI linh Nga ngodi mat trdn. thdng I - 1917
Phong iiiio phan dd'i chien tranh. ddi lat dd che do Nga hoimg lan rgng khap
ntfi. Chinh phu Nga hoang ngiiy ciing trd nen bat luc. khdng eon kha nang tiep tuc
Ihdng tri nhu eii dugc nua. Nudc Nga da tien sat ldi mdt eude each mang.
^ ^ Hay nhan xet ve tinh canh cua ngudi dan Nga truvc caeh mang qua cac hinh tren.
143
2. Cach mang dan chu tusan thang Hal

Thang 2 - 1 9 1 7 (theo ljeh Nga)''', Cach mang dan chu tu sdn da biing nd d Nga.
Md ddu la cugc bia'u tinh ngay 23 - 2 (ttre 8 - 3 theo duong ljeh ) ciia 9 van nir
edng nhan d Pa-to-rd-grat (nay la Xanh Pa-tec-bua). Ngay 27 - 2 (12 - 3), cugc
tdng bai cdng lan rdng khdp thanh phd. Dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang Bdnsevich,
cdng nhan chuyan tir tong bai cdng chinh trj sang khdi nghTa vti trang.
•u
Hinh 63. Tudo cho nudc Nga (tranh vc ndm 1917 ve Cdch mgng ihdngHai)
Hon 66 000 binh linh dugc tuyan truyan giac ngd da diing ve phia each
mang. Quan khdi nghTa chiem toan bd eae edng sd quan trgng nhdt, nha ga,
cau. buu dien... Nga hoang Ni-cd-lai II tuyen bd thoai vi. Che do quan chii
chuyan che sup dd. Phong trao each mang lan rdng khap trong nude, qudn
chting noi day bdu ra cac Xd viet dgi hieu cdng nhdn. ndng ddn vd binh linh.
Thang 3 - 1917, loan nudc Nga cd 555 xd viet. Ciing thdi gian dd, giai cap tir
san thanh lap Chinh phii lu sdn ldm thdi.
Cach mang dan ehii tu sdn thang Hai thang Igi. Tuy nhian, mdt tinh hinh chinh
tri chua tirng co da dian ra d nudc Nga. dd la tinh trang hai chfnh quyen song song
tdn tai : Chinh phii tu san lam thdi va Xd viet dai bia'u cdng nhan, ndng dan va binh
linh. Hai ehinh quyan nay dai dien cho lgi ich ciia cac giai cap khae nhau nen
khong the eimg tdn tai. Trudc tinh hinh dd. La-nin va Dang Bdnsavich Nga da
chuim bj ka hoaeh tiap tuc lam each mang lat dd Chinh phu tu san lam thdi.
( h t i Nga. irifoe lluing .^ - I'JIS dung liLh eu. so vai dLTtnig lich cham 13 ngay. SGK ghi iihCrng sit kicn Irirdc
thiiny .1 - l')|S ilicu lieh Nga cu. c6 ghi ehii phin linh theo du<mg lich trong ngoac d<Tii.

^ Cach mang dan chd tUsan thang Hai nSm 1917 da giai quyet duge nhung
nhiem vu gi ?
3. Cach mang xa hoi chu nghia thang Muul

Thang 4 - 1917, La-nin trinh bay trudc Trung uong Dang Bdnsevich ban bao
cao quan trgng "Nhiem vu ciia giai cap vd san trong cugc each mang hien nay" (sau
nay da di vao ljeh su vdi ten ggi Lugn eucmg thdng Tu), chi ra muc tieu va dudng
Idi chuyan bien tir each mang dan chii tu san sang each mang xa hdi chu nghTa.
Luan CLrcfiig i l i a n ^ I u' neu i n : ' D a c d i c m cua I m l i h m h hicn n a \ (( NLILI la /';/"( </ii(i
do nt giai ilogn thu nhat cua cach n u i i i i : . ki tiiai doan da d e m lai c h i n h q u \ c n cho i:iai
cap t u >ian d n t r i n h do giiic ngo \ ; i to chifc cua giai ea|i vo -.an L O I I lluip. licn Icn '.;iai
dium thu Ihii cua cach m a n g . ki g i a i dnaii phai d e m \.n i.hinh q u \ c n e l m 'JKH t a p \ n
sail, nhumg tang lop iiglieo \ i i eho n o n g diin".
Trai qua 8 thang da'u tranh, tir dau tranh hoa binh nhdm tap hgp luc lugng qudn
chting ddng dao de dii strc lat dd giai cap tu san, Dang Bdnsevich da chuyen sang
thdi ki khdi nghTa vu trang gianh chinh quyen. Ddu thang 10 - 1917, khdng khf
each mang bao triim khdp nudc Nga. Ngay 7 - 1 0 (20 - 10), La-nin bf mat rdi
Phdn Lan va Pa-to-rd-grat, true tiep chi dao each mang. Nhting ddi Can ve dd
ra ddi. Trung tam Quan su each mang dugc thanh lap de lanh dao cudc khdi nghTa
trong ea nudc. Ke hoach khdi nghTa dugc vach ra cu the va dugc quyet djnh het sire
nhanh chdng.
Cudc khdi nghTa bdt ddu tir dem 24 - 10 (6 - 11). Cac don vi Can vedd da ehiam
dugc nhung vj trf then chdt ciia Thii dd va bao vay Cung dien Miia Ddng. noi an nau
cudi cung ciia Chinh phii tu san lam thdi. Dam 25 - 10 (7 - 11). quan khdi nghTa tan
cong Cung dien Miia Ddng, cac bd trudng ciia Chfnh phii (trir Thii tudng
Ke-ren-xki) bj bdt giu. CXidc khdi nghTa d Pa-to-rd-grat gianh duge thdng lgi hoan toan.
Vat) luc ^) gio 4(1 plan dem 25 - ID. ti.ii hac cu.i cac don w (.'an \ c do hai ikiii na d.m
vim C u n g d i c n M u a f J n n g , Cae c h i e n si Can \ c i l o ur 4 piiia irilL then lan L o n g . nhanh
ehnng choc i h u n g phong t u \ c n hen n g n a i . \ o n g \iio conn ehinh cua Cuii'^ i h e i i . i >cii
I gii* 50 phut sang 2(1 - 1(1. (.anh cua gian p h o n g . mri cac hn i n r o n g an nap. da hi \\u
l u n g - N g u n i chi l i u \ d n i Can \ c dn .An-In-iiop Op-sen kn d n i i g dac l u \ c n l>ii •Ah.m
danh C \ han Q n a n su cacli m.ing \ n v icl P e - i o - i o - g r i i i . i n i (uveii hn C i i i n h I'lm in s.m
l a m i h o i da bl lal t i o ' .
lOLICHSlJ ll-NC-A 143

Tiap theo thdng lgi d Pa-to-rd-grat, Chfnh quyen Xd viet dugc thanh lap
d Mat-xco-va dau thang 11 - 1917. Sau thdng lgi d hai trung tam quan trgng la
Pa-to-rd-grat va Mat-xco-va. eude khdi nghTa gianh chinh quyan d cac dia
phuong dian ra manh me.
.,'— - . i . ..
• • • f , ' ; * -
Hinh 64. Cuoi tan cong Cung dien Mua Ddng
Cudi thang 11 - 1917. Chinh quyen Xd viet da dugc thanh lap d 28 tinh (trong
tdng sd 49 tinh) thugc phdn lanh thd chau Au cua nudc Nga. Den cudi thang
3 - 1918. Chfnh quyan Xd viet da gianh dugc thdng lgi hoan loan tran khap dat
nude Nga rgng ldn. Dd la thdi ki '"tien quan thdng lgi rue rd" eiia Chi'nh quyan
Xd viet nhu nhan dinh ciia Le-nin.
^ ^ - Luan CUdng thang Tu cua Le-nin cd y nghTa nhu the nao doi vdi thing tdi
cua Cach mang thang Mudi Nga ?
- Vi sao a nudc Nga nam 1917 lai co hai cuoc each mang ?
- Lap bang thong ke cac sUkien chinh tuCach mang thang Hai den Cach mang
thang Mifdi.
146 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 10 UCH SLf 11-NC-B

n - CUOC DAU TRANH XAY DT/NG

VA BAG VE CHINH QUYEN XO VIET
1, Xay dung Chinh quyen Xo viet

Sau thdng lgi eiia Cach mang thang Mudi. nhiem \ai hang ddu cua Chi'nh quyan
Xo vie't la dap tan bd may nha nude cu ciia giai cap tu sdn vii dja chii. khdn truong
xay dung bd may nha nude mdi ciia nhtrng ngudi lao ddng.
Ngay trong dam 25 - 1 0 - 1917 (7 - 11 - 1917). Dai hdi Xd viet loan Nga Idn
thu hai khai mac d Dien Xmd-nui. ra tuyan bd thimh lap chfnh quyen Xd viet do
Le-nin dung ddu. Cac sac lenh ddu tian ciia Chfnh quyan Xd viet da duge thdng
qua - Sde lenh hod hinh va Sde lenh rugng ddt - dap I'mg nhtmg nguyen vgng cap
thiet nha't ciia qudn chting nhan dan. Chfnh quyan Xo viet nhanh chdng thuc hien
cae bien phap nhdm thii tieu nhtrng tan tich cua che do phong kien. xoa bd sir phan
biet dang cap, nhung dae quyan ciia Giao hdi ; thue hien nam nu binh quyan.
Sdc lenh hoa lunh Icn an cuoc ehien Iranh de t]UOC li"i"mni Ini ac ioii nhai <.Ini \ni nh.m
loai" vil de nghi cac luroc Iham chien ha\ nhanh chong diim pluin de ki mot hoa iroe
daii chu vil ct)ng hang - khong co thon tinh dai dai vii hoi ihunng chien iranh. Sdc
lenh I licng dal lu\en ho lich ihu ruong dal cua dia chu. quy loc va tiia() lii>i. qunc huu
lu\i inaii ht) runiig dai. lir miia \uan nam 19 IK. .Sac lenh ruong ihii hai dau liuni. Ilurc
hien. Nong (.lan da diroc nhan luvn 150 iricu hecla rut>ng dal. ihuc Inen mn unv lu lati
doi cua niinh.
Hinh 65. Hdi dong cdc Dan uy {Ho trudng) dau lien cua iinfc .V -.â .\i') viei
{Dicn \ino-nUi. ihdng I - I9l8i

Cac eo quan trung uong va Xd viet cac dja phuong dugc thanh lap : chfnh
quyen tu sdn. dja chii cae edp dau bj bai bd. Hdng quan cdng ndng dugc thanh lap
da bao ve chinh quyan mdi. Chfnh phii Xd viet cdng bd ban Tuven ngdn ve quyen
cdc elan tdc d Nga. khdng djnh nhting nguyan tdc can ban ve quyen dan toe tu
quyet. su binh dang va chii quyan ciia tat ca cac dan tdc d Nga.
Tir cudi thang 11 - 1917. Chfnh quyan Xd viet bdt ddu qudc btin hoa cac nha
may, xf nghiep eiia giai cap tu sdn. Thang 12 - 1917, Hdi ddng Kinh te qudc dan
tdi cao duge thanh lap, nhdm qudn If toan bg nan kinh te qude dan va thuc hien chuc
nang xay dung nen kinh te xa hgi chii nghTa.
^^ Nhiyng viec lam cda Chinh quyen Xo viet dem lai idi ich cho ai ?
2. Bao ve chinh quyen Xo viet

Thdng lgi ciia Cach
mang thang Mudi va su ra
ddi cua Nha nude Xd viet
lam cho cac nudc de qudc lo
ldng, tim each tap hgp lire
lugng da tieu diet nudc Cdng
hoa Xd viet non tre. Tmh
hinh nudc Nga Xd viet cue ki
khd khan : quan ddi 14 nudc
da qudc cau ket vdi bgn phan
each mang trong nudc md
cudc tan cdng vu trang keo
dai trong 3 nam - tir ddu nam
1918 den cudi nam 1920.
Nhan dan Nga tap trung toan
bd sue luc tiad hiinh cugc
chien tranh each mang ehdng
thil trong. giac ngoiii trong
Hinh 66. .Ap phich ndm 1920 - "Bgn dd ghi nhtrng diau kien vd cimg khdc
ten linh nguyen chifa ? " - ken ggi thanh nien
nhdp ngil. hdo ve ddt ntfdc
liet de gitr vting Chfnh quyan
Xo viet non tre.
Trong hoan canh da't nudc bi bao vay, tir nam 1919. nudc Nga thuc hien Chinh
sdch cgng sdn ihdi chien (Nha nudc kiam soat toan bd nan cdng nghiap. truniz thu
luong thuc thda ciia ndng dan, thi hanh cha do lao ddng bat budc ddi vdi toim dan
(tir 16 den 50 tuoi)...) nhdm huy ddng td'i da va sir dung hgp If mgi ngudn eua edi,
nhan lire ciia dat nudc, phue vu eho cudc chien dau chdng thii trong. giac ngoai.
Che d n m j h i a \ u q u a n sirdifoc ihirc hien t r o n g ca nUtVc. l l n n g quan dii \ a \ dting dime

d.'i q i u m l i e n .S I n e u chien si i h a m gia c h i e n d a u , N i l a chien dau Mia \ . i \ d i r n g . l l n n g
i-|uan \ a nhan dan X o \ iel da \ irnl qu;i lUrnv n h u n g l l u i ih.ich circ ki h i e m n g h e n. lung
hutvc da\' lui Ciic cunc l.in cniig cua ke i h i i .
Nam 1919 da dien ra budc ngoat can ban ciia cugc ndi chien, tao diau kien de
gianh thdng Igi hoan toan vao eudi nam 1920. Thang 11 - 1920. Hdng quan danh
tan dgi quan Bach ve (gdm 6 van quan) eua tudng Vran-ghen. eham diit ehien sU.
Nha nudc Xd viet dugc bao ve va giir vung.
^^ Vi sao nhan dan Xd viet phai thuc hien Chinh sach cgng san thdi chien ?
Ill - Y NGHIA LICH SCT CUA CACH MANG

THANG MUCil NGA
Cach mang thang Mudi cd y nghTa ljeh sir trgng dai ddi vdi nudc Nga va the
gidi. Mdt ki nguyan mdi da md ra lam thay ddi hoan toan tinh hinh dat nude va sd
phan hang trieu ngudi d Nga. Ldn ddu tian trong ljeh su nudc Nga, giai cap cdng
nhan. nhan dan lao ddng va cae dan tde duge giai phdng, thoat khdi mgi gdng xieng
no la. dting lan lam chii da't nudc va van menh ciia minh. Ljeh sir nudc Nga da sang
trang : mdt che do xa hgi mdi dugc thiet lap vdi muc dfch cao ca la xoa bd che do
ngudi bdc lot ngudi, xay dung mgt xa hdi tu do, hanh phtic va cdng bdng cho ngudi
lao dgng.
Cach mang thang Mudi cd anh hudng manh me den tien trinh lich sir va cue
dien the gidi. Thdng lgi ciia Cach mang thang Mudi da pha vd tran tuydn ciia chii
nghia tu ban, lam cho nd khdng cdn la mdt he thd'ng hoan chinh bao triim the gidi.
Su xuat hien ciia nha nudc chuyan chfnh vd sdn ddu tian tran the gidi da tao ra mdt
che do xa hdi ddi lap vdi he thd'ng xa hgi tu ban chii nghTa.
Cach mang thang Mudi da ed vu manh me phong trao each mang cua giai cap
cdng nhan qudc te, chi ra cho hg con dudng di tdi thdng lgi trong cugc dau tranh
chdng chil nghTa tu ban. Thuc tian cua Cach mang thang Mudi khdng nhting da
thuc tinh, co vu y chf ddu tranh ma cdn md ra con dudng gidi phdng cho cac dan
tgc bi ap btrc tran toan the gidi.

• Neu y nghia lich set cda Cach mang thang Mudi.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Neu nhirng viec lam dau tien cOa Chinh quyen Xo vie't.
2. Vi sao nhan (Jan Xo viet bao ve nhOng thanh qua cita Cach mang thang Mi;di ?
3. Suu tam tai lieu noi ve y nghla cua Cach mang thang Mudi.
PHAN DOC THEM

Tinh hinh nirac Nga trirac Cach mang
... Khong ihe song dugc nira. Khong co an. Khong co mac. Khong co gi d^ siroi am.
O ngoai mat Iran la mau, la thucmg tat, la chet choc. Het dot bat linh nay den doi bat
hnh khae. con em chung ta hi liia den 16 sat sinh danh cho con nguoi. Khong the im
lang duoc nUa !
Hay keu goi lat ca mpi ngudi dau iranh. Tha chet vinh quang vi dau tranh cho su
nghiep cong nhan con hon la bo mang ngoai mat Iran vi doc lap ciia bon tu san hay
tan ta vi doi va vi lam viec qua siic.
(Trich truyen dcfn cua BCH Dang bp Bonsavich Pe*to-r6-grat
ngay 25 - 2 - 1917. DSn iheo : A. Na-na-r6-c6p.
Lich sif cdch mgng thdng Mudi Nga, tr. 49 - 50).
Cach mang thang Miroi if Pe-to-ro-grat
... I gia 25 phiit ngay 25 - 10, cac don vi chien dau da chiem Buu dien trung tam.
Hai gia sang, binh sT cua lieu doan cong binh sd 6 chiem nha ga Ni-c6-lai-ep-xki.
may tieng d6ng ho tru'd'c do cac binh sT cung da chiem ga Ban-ti'ch... Khoang 8 gio
sang, nha ga Vac-sa-va dupc chuyan giao duoi su kiem soat cua Uy ban quan su each
mang. Ngan hang nha nu6c va ban bien tdp cac bao trung uong cung do quan each
mang kiam soat iCr 6 gici sang... Sang ngay 25 - 10. hau nhu toan bo Pe-ta-ro-grat da
nam trong lay nhiJng nguai khai nghTa. trir Cung dien Miia Dong va Quang truang
l-xa-ac... Dem 25 - 10. Cung dien Miia Dong bi bao vay va cuoi ciing da bi Quan
each mang kiem soat sau mot Iran cong kich...
(Theo : A. Ne-na-ro-cop, Sdd. tr. 251 - 252)
Y nghia lich su cua Cach mang thang Mutri
Giong nhu mat trtri choi lpi, Cach mang thang Mudi chieu sang khap nam chau. thtic
linh hang Irieu hang trieu nguai bi ap biic, boc lot tren Trai Dat. Trong lich sir loai
nguai chua tirng co cupc each mang nao co y nghia lo lon va sau xa nhu the.
(Theo : m Oil Minh. Todn tap. Tap 12. NXB Chmh tri Quoc gia.
H.. 1996. tr 300)

LIEN XO XAY DUNG CHU NGHIA

XA HOI (1921 - 1941)
Vai Chinh sach kinh te mdi (19J1 - I d 2 i ) . nhan dan Xd vidt da
hoan thanh khoi phuc dat nuor sau chien tranh WT bat dau (lion
khai cong cuoc xay dirng chii nghTa xa hdi. Bang vie( thai hien
cac ke hoach .S nam, Lien Xo da dat duoc nhieu thanh tuu !o Ion
v^ mpi mat va tro- thanh ni{)t cirong c|LK)r cong nghiep \a hoi
chil nghia.
I - CHINH SACH KINH TE M 6 I VA CONG CUOC

KHOI PHUC KINH TE (1921 - 1925)
1. Nubc Nga Xo viet sau chien tranh
Sau khi ehien thang thu trong. giac ngoai, nain 1921, nude Nga Xd viet budc
vao thdi ki hoa binh. xay dung dat nirdc trong hoan canh he't sire khd khan.
Bdn nam chien tranh de qudc va 3 nam noi ehien keo dai da de lai nhtrng hau qua
nang na eho da't nudc. Nan kinh te qud'c dan bi tan pha nghiem trong. vdi tdng thiet
hai lan den 39 ti nip, b^ng 1/4 toan bd tai san qude gia nam 1913.
Bdng thdng ke sdn luong mgf so sdn phdm kinh te eiia mfde Nga (I91S - 1923)
^^r~~~~~~-r~~~.~^ Nam 1913 1921 1923

San pham^^----....^^^
Ngu cdc (trieu tan) 81,63 37,6 56,6

Gang (trieu tain) 4,8 0,1 0,3
Thep (trieu ta'n) 5,2 0,2 0,7
Vai soi (trieu met) 2582,0 105,0 691,0
Dien (trieu kW/h) 1,9 0,55 1,1
Ben canh nhtrng khd khan ve kinh te la nhtrng thaeh thue nghiam trong ve
chinh tri, tao nan mdt eude khung hoang kinh te - ehi'nh tri. de doa sir tdn tai ciia
Chinh quyen Xd viet.

( a c hic liMng plum cich mang dien cuong ^hons: ph.i. hen iicp ga> h.m loan 6
nhicn iii'i, \hicii \img \a\ ra nan doi tr.im trung do ihicii luong llii/c. I"inh trang
di'i kcni him pluin uin \a MI\ giam Iinh than dpi nuu coiiii nhan. Trong nong dan. xuai
hicn ihai do hai hinh \ivi \icc irung tlui lu(tn>j iluri_ ihif.i. Cimc iini loan 6
phao Jai Crong-Mai ig.in Fc-io-ro-gral i ihang 3 - l'-l2 I. vin ..ai. ihc luc phan each
ni.ui'.' ,aiii ihiii da kich diMii] \a loi keo ihu\' hinh ihLiin L:KI
^ * - Nude Nga Xd viet gap phai nhOng khd khan gi ve kinh te. chinh tn ?
- Neu nhan xet ve tinh hinh kinh te nudc Nga nam 1921 so vdi nam 1913- nam
phat then cao nhat cua nudc Nga Sa hoang - qua bang thong ke tren day.
2. Chinh sach kinh te moi

Nham khdc phuc khung hoang. nhanh chdng han gin cac vet thuong chien tranh
va phat trian kinh te. Dai hdi ldn thur X Dang Bdnsavich Nga. thang 3 - 1921,
da quyet dinh chuye'n ttr Chinh sach cdng san thdi ehien sang Chinh saeh kinh te
mdi (NEP) do V. I. La-nin da xirdng.
Chinh sach kinh te mdi bao gdm cac chfnh sach chu ye'u va ndng nghiep, cong
nghiep, thuong nghiep va tian te.
- Ti-ong ndng nghiep. Nha nudc thay the che do trung thu luong thirc thira bang
thu thue lucmg thtrc. Thud lucmg thire nop bing hien vat. Sau khi nop du thue da
quy dinh ttr trudc mua gieo hat, ndng dan duoc toan quyen su dung sd du thda va
tir do ban ra thi trudng.
- Trong cong nghiep. Nha mrdc tap trung khdi phuc cdng nghiep nang. cho phep
tu nhan dugc thua hoac xay dung nhirng xi nghiep loai nhd (dudi 20 cdng nhan)
dudi sir kiam soat ciia Nha nudc, khuyen khich tu ban nude ngoai dau tu. kinh
doanh d Nga. Nha nude nam eae nganh kinh te'ehu chdt : giao thdng van tai, ngan
hang, ngoai thuong... Nha nudc chan chinh viee td chuc, quan If san xua't cong
nghiep : phan ldn cac xf nghiep chuyan sang che do hach toan kinh te, cai tien che
do tian luong nham nang cao nang suat lao ddng.
- Trong linh vue thuong nghiep vd tien re. tu nhan duoc tu do budn ban, trao
ddi : Nha nude md lai cac chg. khdi phuc va day manh mdi lian he kinh te giira
thanh thi va ndng thdn. Nam 1924, Nha nudc phat hanh ddng rup mdi thay cho cac
loai tien cu.
Chinh saeh kinh te mdi da dua nudc Nga vugt qua cugc khting hoang kinh te,
chi'nh tri. Chfnh saeh thue luong thuc lam cho ndng dan pha'n khdi san xuat, nang
cao nang suat lao ddng. San xuat ndng nghiep duge phuc hdi nhanh chdng, dam
bao eung cap luong thuc eho nhan dan va ngudn ndng phim cho cac trung tam

edng nghiep. Tren co sd
do, san xuat cdng
nghiep va boat ddng
thuong nghiep duge
phuc hdi va phat trien.
Tinh hinh chfnh tri, xa
hdi dan din cJn dinh, ddi
sdng nhan dan ngay
cang dugc cai thien.
Chfnh sach kinh te
mdi the hien su chuyan
doi kip thdi ttr nan kinh
Hinh 67. Mot ngdn hdng te ma Nha nude nim
do nhd nifdc qudn li doc quyan va mgi mat
sang nan kinh te vdi nhieu thanh phan va tu do buon ban, nhung Nha nudc vin nim
cac vi trf then ehdt da thuc hien vai trd kiam soat va dieu tiet kinh te. Chfnh vi the,
Chfnh sach kinh te mdi da da lai nhiau kinh nghiem ddi vdi cdng cudc xay dung
chu nghfa xa hgi d mdt sd nudc sau nay.
^^ - Vi sao viec thi/c hien Chinh sach kinh te mdi lai bM dau tit ndng nghiep ?
- Dua vao so lieu nam 1921 va nam 1923 trong bang thong ke d muc 1,
hay neu tac dgng cda Chinh sach kinh te mdi doi vdi nen kinh te.
3. Su thanh lap Lien bang Cpng hoa xa hoi chu nghia Xo viet
Cudi nam 1922, sau khi lanh thd Xd viet dugc hoan toan giai phdng, edng cudc
xay dung va bao ve da't nudc ddi hdi cac dan tdc phai lian minh chat che vdi nhau hon
nhim tang cudng sde manh va mgi mat. Dudi su chi dao true tiep ciia Le-nin,
Dai hdi lan thu" nhat eae xd viet toan Lian bang, dian ra cudi thang
12 - 1922, da tuyan bd thanh lap Lien bang Cdng hoa xa hgi ehu nghla Xd vie't
(ggi lit la Lian Xd) gdm 4 nudc Cgng hoa Xd viet diu tian la Nga, U-crai-na,
Ba-lo-riit-xi-a va Ngoai Cap-ca-dd".
M.ic dil CO su chenh lech ve trinh do phat trien kinh le. \c dicn iich \a ilan ô giira
cac nuoc cong hoit. nhung lu luong chi dao co' ban cua Lc-nin trong \ ice thanh laji
Lien .\>i la sU binh dang ve mpi mat \a pii_\cn tu qu\ct cua cac Jan inc. su giup J n
(1) Den nam 1940. Lien Xo bao gOm 15 nuoc cone hoa.

hin nhau cimg phat trie'n vi nuic tieu ehung la xay dimg thanh cong chti nghia xa hpi.
Sue manh ciia iinh doan kei \a sir h<rp tac giiip da giua ciic dan toe da ian dieu kien
cho sir piuil nien nhanli chong cua lal ca cac nutV cone hnii.
De'n eudi nam 1925, nhd su nd lue cua cae nudc cgng hoa, Lian Xd da hoan
thanh \6 ca ban cdng cugc khdi phuc nan kinh te sau chien tranh.
Ngay 21 - 1 - 1924, La-nin, lanh tu vi dai cua giai cap vd san, ngudi ddng dau
Dang va Nha nudc Xd vie't, qua ddi. Dd la mgt tdn thit vd cung to ldn ddi vdi nhan
dan Lien Xd, giai cap cdng nhan qudc te va cac dan tdc bi ap btrc tran toan the gidi.
Ngudi ke tuc cuong vi lanh dao Dang va Nha nudc Lien Xd tii nam 1924 den nam
1953 la Xta-lin.
^ - Lien bang Xd viet dudc thanh lap nhu the nao ?
- Vai trd cda V. I. Le-nin trong cdng cugc khdi phuc kinh te va phat then
dat nudc sau chien tranh.
II - CONG CUOC XAY D U N G CHU NGHIA XA HOI

6 LIENXO (1925-1941)
1. Nhung ke hoach 5 nam dau tien

Sau khi hoan thanh cdng cugc khdi phuc kinh te, Lian Xd vin chua ra khdi tinh
trang san xuat lac hau, vdi nen ndng nghiep chiem tran 2/3 tdng san phim qud'c dan.
Da xay dung chu nghla xa hdi, nhan dan Lian Xd phai thuc hien nhiem vu cdng
nghiep hoa xa hdi chu nghia.
Khong chi c6 cong nhan ma ca nong dan cCing ung ho phat trien nganh cong nghiep
nang. Ho quan lam lam sao co nhicu ma\ keo. nhieu n In. nhicu mav hen hiip. nhicu
phan b(')ii. nang kfiriig dicn va nhd Jo phat trien san xuat nong nghiep. nang cao mitc
song. Nhung nam dim sau each mang, trong danh muc hang e i n phai mua cua nudc
ngoai CO ca cai cnoc, mot dung cii thong thui'mg mii chi can trong nira gio hat ki 16
ren niio a nong thon cung lam Juoc...
Dai hdi lin thii XIV Dang Bdnsavfch (12 - 1925) da xac dinh dudng ldi va
nhiem vu eo ban ctia cdng cudc cdng nghiep hoa, nhim bien Lian Xd tu nudc nong
nghiep trd thanh nudc cdng nghiep. Trgng tam ciia cdng nghiep hoa la phat trien
cdng nghiep nang, gdm cac nganh : cdng nghiep cha tao may mdc va edng cu, cdng
nghiep nang lugng (dien, than, diu md...), cdng nghiep khai khoang, edng nghiep
qude phdng.

Trong 2 nam dau lien ticn hanh cong nghiep hoa (I92h - )9:7). Lien Xn Ja urng
hUiVc giai (|Li\cl Ihanh cong cac van de von dau lu. dao lao can hn ki ihu.tl. cnng HIKIII
lanh nghe... \a ihu Juoc nhung ihiinh lich quan imng. San \ual cong nghiep
chiem 42'; trong nen kmh ic quoc Jan. dai loc Jo phai Inen l^:'-, Ke hoach Jicn kin
hoa (GOliLRO) Jo I.e-nin Jc ra iir nam 1920 d.î Juoc iricn khai ihang loi,
Cdng cugc cdng nghiep hoa ngay cang md rgng ve quy md, ddi hdi phai cd
nhung ke hoach dai han, vdi nhtrng muc tieu cu tha eho ttmg thdi ki. Dd la nhting
ke hoach 5 nam phat trien kinh te - xa hgi.
Ke hoaeh 5 ndm ldn thu nhdt (1928 - 1932) cd muc tiau co ban la bia'n
Lien Xd ttr mdt nudc ndng nghiep trd thanh mgt nude cdng nghiep, ed kha nang
trang bi lai kf thuat cho nan kinh ta'qudc dan. Trong ndng nghiep, nhiem vu eo ban
la tien hanh tap tha hoa, dua ndng dan vao con dudng lam an tap the. Viec hoan
thanh ke hoaeh 5 nam lin thir nhat trude thdi han 9 thang la budc md diu thing lgi cua
viec thuc hien cac ke hoach 5 nam tiep theo, dua Lien Xd ttr mot nude ndng nghiep trd
thanh mot nude cdng nghiep. San xuat cdng nghiep chie'm 70,7% tong san phim
qudc dan. Cdng cugc tap the hoa ndng nghiep duge hoan thanh ve co ban.
Ke hogch 5 ndm ldn thit hai (1933 - 1937) nhim tiep tuc cdng cugc edng
nghiep boa, hoan thanh viec trang bi eo sd kl thuat hien dai cho toan bd nan kinh
te qud'c dan, hoan thanh tap the hoa ndng nghiep trong ca nudc. Ke hoach 5 nam
lin thu hai da hoan thanh trude thdi han 9 thang.
1 E-iIO-ni-a 3 LiUa 5 UK;rai-na 7 Ac-me-ra-a 9 A-decDaigen 11 U.do-be-tii-ilan 13 Kilc-glii-fli-a

2 LSl-vi-a 4 Bft-W-niHi-a 6.M6n-d6-v3 8 Gru-di-a 10. Tufic-mfl.ni-a 12 Ta(-gi-ki-«1an
Hinh 68. Luoc do Lien Xd ndm 1940
Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com .55

Vdi khiu hieu "Vugt trudc thdi gian", hang trieu ngudi dan Lian Xd da lao
dgng quan ininh da hoan thanh nhiing nhiem vu etia ke hoach 5 nam.
Hinh 69. Nhd mdv lien hoj? luyen kim Ma-nhi-td-godc-.\co

duoc .\dv dung trong nhifng ndm 1929 - 1934
Ng.i\ .M - S - I'-l.i.'s. ngiroi lh(T mo .\. .\Ia-klia-nop da khai thac Juoc 102 uin Ihan
irnng mnl ca. gap 14 lan Jinh mUc. J.il ki luc ihc gioi \c nang sual lao dong. Ki luc
iia\ iiri khoi Jan cho iilinng Iran thi Jua .\la-kha-nnp lan rong kha[i Jai nuoc.
^ ^ - Hay cho biet vi sao de xay dt/ng chd nghTa xa hgi, nhan dan Lien Xo phai
thuc hien nhiem vu cong nghiep hoa.
- Cac ke hoach 5 nam lan thUnhat va lan thUhai nhSm dat nhQng muc tieu gi ?
2. Nhung thanh tuu cua cong cuoc xay dung chu nghia xa hpi
Qua 2 ke hoach 5 nam, cdng cudc xay dung chti nghia xa hdi da dat dugc nhieu
thanh tuu to ldn, dua Lian Xd ttr mot nudc ndng nghiep lae hau trd thanh mgt cudng
qude edng nghiep xa hdi chti nghTa. Nam 1937, san lugng cdng nghiep chiem
77,4% tdng sin pham qud'c dan.
Ve ndng nghiep, 93% sd ndng hg vdi tran 90% dien tfeh eanh tac da dugc dua
vao nan ndng nghiep tap tha hoa, cd quy md san xuat ldn va co sd vat chat - ki
thuat dugc eo gidi boa.

Bdng thdng ke sdn luang nwt sd san phdm eong nghiep eua Lien Xo
(1929 - 1940) (da^n vi : trieu td'n)
7^~^~~-^^^ N a m 1929 1938 1940

San pham^^-.^.^^
Than 40,1 132.9 164,9
Gang 8,0 26,3 14.9

Thep 4.9 18.0 18,4
Bdng thdng ke sun lugng mgt sd sdn phdm eong nghiep

eua Lien Xd, Anh vd Phdp niim 1940
^"-"^^^ Nganh Gang Thep Than Dien
nudc ^^^^^^ (trieu tan) (trieu tan) (trieu tan) (trieu kW/gicr)
Lien X6 14,9 18,4 164.9 39.6
Anh 6,7 10,3 227,0 30,7
Phap 6,0 16,1 45,5 19,3
Ve vdn hod, gido due,

Lian Xd da thanh toan
duge nan mu chti", xay
dung he thd'ng giao due
qudc dan thdng nhat,
hoan thanh pho cap giao
due tiau hgc trong ca
nudc va thuc hien pho
cap giao due trung hgc
CO sd d Ciic thanh phd.
« i ^
Rff'^'SL 'A Dgi ngii tri thiic Xd viet
^
lan tdi 10 trieu ngudi vao
*
nam 1937.
Ciing vdi nhung bien
;i$-
fl ^r^^ .a ddi ve kinh te, eo cau giai
cap trong xa hdi cting cd
Hinh 70. Lien minh cdng ndng - hien luong
sue mgnh dodn kei ciia Uen hang Xd viei thay ddi to ldn. Cac giai
.57
cap bdc lot bi xoa bd, chi cdn lai hai giai cap lao ddng la cdng nhan va ndng dan
tilp the cting ting ldp tri thuc xa hdi ehu nghTa.
Ttr nam 1937, nhan dan Lien Xd tiep trie thuc hien ke hoach 5 nam lan thd ba,
nhung cdng cugc xay dung chii nghfa xa hdi tam thdi bi gian doan bdi cugc chien
tranh xam luge cua phat xfl Dtre.
Trong qua trinh xay dung chu nghTa xa hdi. Lien Xd eung pham mot sd sai
lam. thieu sdt nhu : ndng vdi. quan liau, menh lenh, khdng tdn trgng diy du quy
tuat phiit trian khach quan ve kinh te... Tuy vay. cdng cudc xay dung chu nghla xa
hdi d Lien Xd trong nhirng nam 1925 - 1941 vin did dugc nhung thanh tuu to Idn.
tiio nan nhung bien ddi ve nhieu mat. cd lgi cho nhan dan.
^# - Qua hai bang thong ke tren, em cd nhan xet gi ve thanh tuu ma Lien Xo dat
dugc trong ITnh vuc cdng nghiep ?
~ Neu nhC^g thanh tUu cda cong cugc xay dung chu nghTa xa hgi a Lien Xd
qua hai ke hoach 5 niim.
3. Quan he ngoai giao cua Lien Xo

Trung thanh vdi nguyen tic ngoai giao ciing tdn tai hoa binh, sau Caeh mang
ihiing Mudi, Chfnh quyen Xd viet da ttmg budc thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi mot
sd nudc lang giang d chau A nhu : I-ran. Thd NhT Ki, Mdng Cd. Trung Qudc... va
ehiiu Au nhu : E-xtd-ni-a. Lit-va. Lat-vi-a. Phin Lan. Ba Lan... Mac du. ldn tiii
trong vdng vay thu dich eiia chii nghfa tu ban the gidi. Lian Xd da kian iri va ben
hi difu tranh trong quan he qudc te. nham pha \ d chinh sach bao vay. cd kip va kinh
le va ngoai giao cua cac nudc da qud'c.
Bang nhung hien [ihap Jan tranh kien qu\ct vii mem deo, chi Irong \dn'!i 4 nam
(1922 " 1925). l.icn Xo da dupc cac cuong quoe lu han nhu : Due. Anh. l-iaJi-a.
Phap. Nhai Ban lan lirpi cong nhan \ a Ihici kip L|Lian he ngnai gi.to. Dau nam
1925. Lien X o Ja thiet lap quan he ngoai giao chinh Mure \ a i hon 20 quoc gia
tren ihe gioi. Do la thang loi to ldn eua nen ngoai gian , \ o \ i e l . khang dinh uy
lin iii:a\ cimg can cua Lien Xo Iren truong qnnc le. Den iiani 1933. M i cung phai
ihua nhan \ a ihici lap quan he ngoai gian \ n i Lien Xo.
^ TU natn 1922 den nam 1933. Lien Xd da dat dildc nhCfng ket qua gi trong
quan he ngoai giao ^

CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Lap bang so sanh nhu'ng npi dung chu ye'u cua Chinh sach cpng san thai chien
va Chinh sach kinh te'mdi.
2. Hay neu nhCng bien doi ve mpi mat cua Lien Xo sau hai ke hoach 5 nam dau tien.
PHAN DOC THEM

V^ Chinh sach kinh le moi
Thuc chat cua Chinh sach kinh le moi... lii sir lien minh ciia giai ciip vo sim \ d i nong
dan, lil su lien minh giiia dpi tien phong eua giai cap vo san voi quang dai quan chiing
nong dan.
(Theo : V. I. Le-nin. Todn lap. Tap 44. NXB Tien hp.

M., 197S, lr. 395 - 3 9 6 )
Ve cac ke hoach 5 nam xay dung chii n^hia \ a hui
Cae cong trudng xay dung moi ciia cae ke hoach 5 luim Jau lien deu hat dau giong
nhau : tir lû bat, nhii ham, lan go vii nliiing ngiroi cong nhan vdi eong eu chii yeu la
xeng, euoc chim. xii heng. xe ha gae. Khdng cd nhung can cau cao. xe iii cdng suat
kVn va d id tu dd quen thudc nhu ngiiy nay. Nhung dii ed nhiilig con ngUdi ma trong
ta\ lin nhirng cdng cu thd so Jii trd thiinh nhCmg tinn ha\ manh me lal nhiio the gidi
cu. Nhirng eon ngudi dd da ihuc hien thang loi kc hoach ciia Lc-nin \e Jien khi hoa
nudc Nga. Vuot qua gid lanh va bao luyet. trong vdng chua day 5 nam (192H - 1932)
hp dii xay dimg Nhii nuiy thuy Jien Do-nhi-cp kVn nhiu chiiu Au luc do ma cac chu\ cn
gia nudc ngoiii cho rang |ihai nuii ii nhiu N nam moi \ a \ Jung \(>ng. Bimg JPi tay
ciia minh. ho dii xay dung nen nhung Id cao ciia Nha nia\ lien hop lii\en kim
Ma-nhi-td-godc-\cO. nam 1932 da san xuiit himg trieu tail thep...
Chinh quNcn Xd viei hat ta> viio \ice giai qu\et \iin dc giao due mupn hon nhieu so
vdi cae nirdc tu ban phat trien. V i du. d .Ml. dao hiiit ve phd cap giao liiic duoc ihdng
qua trong nhiing nam 1K52 - 1900. a Phap - ninn ISS2. o Anh - ninn IS7I1. Niuing
nhip Jd thuc hien dao kiat niiy d Nga nhanh liivn nhicu so \'(ri bin ki mdt nudc phucmg
Tay nao.
r i l i e o : A. Nc-na-id-cdp. SdJ. tr. 353, 354, 361)
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Chuang VIII
CAC NUOC TU BAN CHU NGHIA
GIUA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH
THE GIOI ( 1 9 1 8 - 1939)
KHAI QUAT VE CAC N l / d C TlT BAN

CHU NGHIA G I I T A HAI CUOC
^ ^
CHIEN TRANH THE GICJI (1918 - 1939)
Trong vdng 20 nam giua hai cuoc (hion tranh thd gi(>i, t h u ngbia
tu ban da trai c|ua nhCini; buac thang tram va bien dong. Neu nhu
trong hon 1 (i nam cljii (I •-) I H - l 4 J 9 ) , c a ( nuot tu l)an limg buoc
on dinh \ a dat duoc mux tdng truong cao ve kinh te, thi Irong
H) nam ûu ( I 9 2 d - l'^).')9) da Lim vao cuoc khung hodfvg tram
trgng, dan tai ehien tranh the giai.
I - CAC NUdc TU" BAN CHU NGHIA

TRONG NH0NG NAM 1918 - 1929
1. Nhung net chung
Chien tranh the gidi thd nhat ket thiic. cac nudc tu ban da td chuc Hdi nghi hoa
binh d Vec-xai (1919 - 1920) va Oa-sinh-tcfn (1921 - 1922) de ki ket hoa udc va
cac hiep udc phan chia quyen lcri. Mot trat tu the gidi mdi duoc thiet lap thdng qua
cac van kien duoe ki ket tai Vec-xai va Oa-sinh-ton, thirdng duoc goi la he thdng
Vecxai - Oasinhtem.
\o\ tie ihnng \ e c \ a i - OaMnhinn, lial lu ihc eini nmi J L I I \ i h k i lap. plum .inh sn
sanh liK- luong moi giua cac nmVc lU han. Cac niioe ihang lian niroi hcl la .-Xiih. Pliap.
Ml, l-laJi-a. Nhai Ban. gianh Juoc nliicn qii\en Ini \c kinli ?,• \,i y;,,, )jp sir ap Jai.
nn J I L I I itni \ o i ca^ nUoe hai Iran, da., hicl i,i âc Jan inc ihiinc dn \.i plui ihnoc. Ddni!
llini, pe.i> gnia cac nutV i u l \ i n ihang lm cung na^ siiiti nhirn>j h.u duu'.^ Ju m.m ihuan
\c qu\en Ini. Chmh \ i ihc. tjiiaii he hoa huih giua (.ac nunc lu han liou'^ JKÎ ^ j j , , ^^ly
i_h) la lain llmi \,i nmiie iii.mh.

Nh^m duy tri trat tu the gidi mdi, Hdi Qudc lien - mdt to chuc ehinh tri mang
tmh qud'c te ddu tien - dugc thanh lap vdi su tham gia cua 44 nudc thanh vien.
CHAUAUNAM 1914
OUONG r ^ . - - ' ' ^ •^Bl; ' ^ - , _ _
P .''•""I "0 .HUNG^^.Rl
în/t 7/. 5i/ r/j(7v tfof /)a/; dd chinh tri ehdu Au

theo he thdng Vecxai - Oasinhian
Trong 10 nam dû sau chi6'n tranh, cac nudc tu ban deu trai qua 2 giai doan
phat trien : giai doan 1918 - 1923 va giai doan 1924 - 1929.
Trong nhiJng nam 1918 - 1923, phan ldn cac nudc tu ban (trit Mi) deu lam
vao cudc khung hoang kinh tS', chmh tri, bieu hien d su suy sup ve kinh te va eao
trao each mang biing len manh me d chau Au cung nhu d nhieu nudc thudc dja
va phu thude.
Trong nhiJng nam 1924 - 1929, cac nudc tu ban budc vao thdi ki on dinh ve
chfnh tri va dat muc tang trudng cao ve kinh te. Nhieu nganh cdng nghiep vuot xa
miic trudc chie'n tranh, nhu khai thac nhien heu, luyfn kim... Mot sd nganh
cong nghiep mdi, nhu dien lue, san xuat d td, may bay, hoa chait..., phat trien nhanh
chdng. Tuy nhien, sU phat trien kinh te dien ra khdng ddng deu giila cac nude tu ban.
.UCHSU l l - N C - A 161
Bdng thdng ke san lugng than vd thep cua mdt sd'nudc luhdn chdn Au
11920 - 1939) (Dan vi : tneu tdn)
Than Thep
Nudc
1920 J 929 1933 1939 1920 1929 1933 1939
Anh 233,0 262,0 210.0 235,0 9,2 9.8 7,1 13.4
Phap 25.3 55.0 48.0 50,2 2,7 9,7 6,5 8.0
Du-c 22,0 337.0 237,0 400,0 7,8 16,2 7,6 23,7
^# - Di/a vao lUdc do, hay so sanh su thay doi lanh tho cac nudc chau Au
nam 1923 so vdi nam 1914.
- Neu nhan xet ve sU phat then san xua't cdng nghiep cua mgt so tU ban
chau Au qua so lieu cda cac nam 1920 va 1929.
2. Phong trao each mang 1918 - 1929 6 cac nubc t u ban

Do hau qua eua Chien tranh the gidi thu" nha't va tac dong cua Cach mang thang
Mudi Nga nam 1917, mot cao trao each mang da biing nd d hau khap cae nudc tu
ban chau Au trong nhiing nam 1918 - 1923.
Phong trao dau Iranh khdng chi Jung iai iV nhung yeu sach kinh te ma cdn nham ung
hd nude Nga Xd \iet. Dinh cao cua phong trao la su thiinh lap cac nudc Cdng hoa
Xd viet d Hung-ga-ri (3 - 1919). d Ba-vi-e (Dire. 4 - 1919). ih^ hien khat vpng eua
quiin ehung lao Jong vd mdi xa hdi cdng hang, dan chu. Tu_\ khdng gianh duoc thing
loi. nhung phong irao da de' lai nhimg hlii hoc kinh nghiem quy bau cho cudc dau
tranh eua giai cap cdng nhan,
Sau cao trao each mang 1918 - 1923, X\x nam 1924, cac nudc tu ban budc vao
thdi kl on dinh, phong trao cdng nhan tam thdi ldng xudng. Tuy the cac cudc bai
cdng ddi cai thien dieu kien lam viec, che do tien luong, ddi tu do, dan chu vdn tie'p
dien. Cudc tong bai cdng cua cdng nhan Anh thang 5 - 1926 vdi sir tham gia
eua 5 trieu ngudi, lam te liet cac khu cdng nghiep ldn cua nudc Anh la mot su kien
dien hinh.
Hinh 72. Cudc ldng hai cdng cua edng nhdn dudng sdt
d Pa-ri ngdy'1 -5 - 1920
162 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com ll.UCHSlj n-NC-B

^ Neu nhCtng net noi bat cda cao trao each mang 1918 - 1923 d cac nudc tuban
chau Au.
3. Quoc te Cong san

Trong cao trao each mang 1918 - 1923, cac dang cdng san da ducrc thanh lap d
nhieu nudc nhu Due, Ao, Hung-ga-ri, Ba Lan, Phan Lan, Ac-hen-ti-na... Su phat
trien cua each mang the' gidi ddi hdi phai cd mot to chuc qudc te de tap hgp lire
lucmg va chi dao phong trao theo mot dudng ldi dung dan. Thang Icti cua Cach
mang thang Mudi Nga va su tdn tai cua Nha nudc Xd vie't la dieu kien thuan lgi de
thuc hien yeu cau dd.
Vdi nhirng nd luc cua V.I. Le-nin va mot sd nha boat ddng each mang qudc te,
Dai hoi thanh lap Qudc te Cong san (cdn gpi la Qudc te thu ba) dugc tien hanh tai
Mat-xca-va thang 3 - 1919. Trong thdi gian tdn tai tir nam 1919 den nam 1943,
Qudc te COng san da lien hanh 7 l^n dai hoi, de ra dudng ldi each mang phii hop
vdi tiJmg thdi ki phat trien cua each mang the gidi.
Dai hdi II (1920) giu mdt vi tri ndi bat trong lich sir hoat ddng eiia Qudc te Cong san
vdi viec thdng qua Lndn cuong ve vai trd ciia Ddng Cdng san. Lugn cuimg ve van de
ddn tdc vd thudc dia. do Le-nin khdi ihao.
Tai Dai hdi V I I (1935). Qudc te cpng san da chi rd nguy cacua ehii nghla phat xfl va
keu gpi cae dang Cdng san ti'ch cue dau tranh thiinh lap cac mat tran thdng nhat cdng
nhan vii cac lire lumig licn hd nham muc lieu chdng phiii \ h . chdng chien iranh.
Nam 1943, trudc nhirng thay doi ciia tinh hinh the' gidi, Qudc te Cong san
tuyen bd nx giai tan, sau khi da cd nhiJng ddng gdp to ldn trong phong trao each mang
thegidi.
^ ^ Qua cac ngi dung boat dgng cda Dai hgi II va Dai hgi Vll, hay nhan xet ve vai
trd cda Quoc te Cgng san doi vdi phong trao each mang the gidi.
n - CAC Nl/dC Tir BAN CHU NGHIA

TRONG NHCTNG NAM 1929 - 1939
1. Cuoc khung hoang kinh te the gioi 1929 - 1933
va hau qua cua no
Trong nhimg nam 1924 - 1929, cac nudc tu ban budc vao thdi ki on dinh ve
chfnh tri va dat mirc tang trudng cao ve kinh te. Tuy nhien. sir phat trien kinh te'
dien ra khdng ddng deu giiia cac nudc tu ban. Hem nGa, su phat trien kinh te manh
me nhung thieu ke hoach, khdng tucmg xiimg vdi su cai thien ddi sd'ng ciia da sd
nhan dan, da dan tdi khung hoang kinh te.
163
Thiing 10 - 1929, khiing hoang kinh te biing nd d Mi. sau dd lan ra toan bd the
gidi tu ban. cham din thdi ki dn dinh va tang trudng ciia chii nghTa tu ban. Cudc
khiing hoiing keo dai gan 4 nam, tram trpng nha't la nam 1932.
Cudc khiing hoang ehdng nhii'ng tan pha nen kinh te ma cdn gay ra nhirng hau
qua nang ne ve ehinh tri. xa hpi. Hang ehue trieu cdng nhan that nghiep, ndng dan
mat rudng dat. sdng trong canh ngheo ddi. tiing quan. Nhirng cudc dau tranh. bie'u
tinh. tuan hanh eua nhimg ngudi that nghiep dien ra d khap cac nudc.
Khiing hoang kinh
te da de doa nghiem
trpng sir tdn tai ciia chit
nghla tu ban. De cdu van
tinh the, cac nudc tu ban
phai xem xet lai eon
dudng phat trien ciia
minh. Trong khi cac
nudc Mi, Anh, Phap tien
hanh nhu'ng cai each
Hinh 73. Mat cugc dl ho cua edng nhdn Anh tif kinh te - xa hpi de khae
Gia-rdu den Lndn Ddn ddi viec ldm phuc hau qua eua eupc
khiing hoang va ddi mdi qua trinh quan If. td churc san xuat thi cac nudc Diie, I-ta-li-a.
Nhat Ban lai tim kie'm ldi thoat bang nhtrng hinh thuc thdng tri mdi. Dd la viee thiet
lap cac che dp ddc tai phat xit - nen chuyen chinh khiing bd edng khai cua nhiing
the luc phan ddng nha't, hie'u chien nha't.
Due. I-la-li-a. Nhat Ban lii nhung nudc cd it thupe dia. ngay cang thieu vdn. thieu
ngn\en lieu â thi trudng. dii di iheo con duttng phat xi't hoa ehe do chmh iri de eiiu
\iin nnh irang khung hoang nghiem irong cua mmh. Quan he giua cac cuctng qudc
IU han chuyen bien ngiiy cang phuc tap. Sir hinh thiinh hai khdi de qude ddi lap :
mdt hen lil M i , Anh. Phap vdi mot ben lii Due. l-ta-li-a. Nhitt Ban vii cucie cha_\ dua
\ i i irang di^n ra rao riet da bao hieu nguy ca cua mdt cudc chien tranh
the gidi mdi.
^ Nguy Cd cda mgt cugc chien tranh the gidi mdi xuat hien nhu the nao ?
2. Phong trao Mat tran Nhan dan chdng phat xit va nguy co chien tranh
Ngay tir dau nhung nam 30 cita the' ki XX, dudi su chi dao eua Qudc te Cdng
san va cae dang cdng san, phong trao ehdng phat xi't, chd'ng nguy co chien tranh

lan rdng d nhieu nudc. Nhimg ngudi cdng san da thiet lap dupe sir thdng nhat hiinh
dpng vdi cac dang xa hdi dan ehii. cac luc lupng yeu nudc, thanh lap Mat tran Nhan
dan chd'ng chu nghTa phat xft d Phap, I-ta-li-a, Tiep Khae, Hi Lap, Tay Ban Nha vii
nhieu nudc khae.
Thang lpi ciia Mat tran

Nhan dan Phap trong
nhimg nam 1936 - 1939
la su kien noi bat trong
cudc dau tranh chdng chii
nghia phat xft. Trong cuoc
tong tuyen eu thang
5 - 1936. Mat tran Nhan
dan Phap gianh dupe
thang lpi va thanh lap chfnh
phu do Le-dng Ba-lum
diiTig dau. Phong trao Mat
tran Nhan dan da bao ve
dupc nen dan chii. dua
Hinh 74. Le-dng Bo-lum (phdi) - nguiri
nudc Phap vupt qua hiem
difng ddu Chinh phu Mdi trdn Nhdn ddn Phdp
ndm 1936 hoa ciia chu nghTa phat xit.
CJ Tay Ban Nha, Mat tran Nhan dan cung gianh dupc thang lpi trong cudc tdng
tuyen cir va Chfnh phii Mat tran Nhan dan dupe thanh lap vao thang 2 - 1936. Tuy
nhien. trudc anh hudng ngay cang ldn ciia nhirng ngudi cdng san trong Chfnh phu
va cac bien phap cai each tien bd, cac nudc de qudc da tang eudng giiip dd the luc
phat Xlt do Phran-co cam dau gay npi chien. nham thu tieu nen cpng hoa.
Cupc chien tranh chdng phat \i't cua nhan dan Ta\ Ban Nha (193h - 193^)) nhiin Juoc
su ling hd to kiai cua phong triio each mang the gidi. 35 1)00 chien s"i tir 53 qudc gia
tren ihe giiî Jii linh ngu\en chien Jau ban \e nuoc Cong hoit Ta\ Ban Nha, Tii\
nhien. do so sanh luc lutmg giua each mang \ii phan each mang qua chenh lech. Jo
su can thiep eiia phat xit Due. l-ta-li-a \ii su nhuiiiig bd ciia cac nude ur ban. cudc
chien tranh ehdng phat xit cua nhiin Jiin Ta\ Ban Nha cudi ciing hi that bai,
^ Mat tran Nhan dan Phap da gianh dUdc thing lai nhu the nao ?
65
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Trinh bay cac giai doan phat trien chinh cua chu nghla tu ban gii/a hai cuoc
chien tranh the gidi (1918 - 1939).
2. Neu nhC^ng hau qua ve chinh trj, xa h6i cua cupc khijng hoang kinh te (1929 -
1933) doi vdi cac nudc tu ban.
3. Phong trao Mat tran Nhan dan chong phat xft va nguy co chien tranh di§nranhu the nao ?
PHAN DOC THEM ••«"'^'f.i t . « * '
Ve chu nghla phat xit
Chu nghla phat xit la ndn chuyen chinh khung bd cdng khai ciia nhiJtig phSn tu phan
dpng nhai. sdvanh nhait, d^' qudc chii nghla nha't cua tu ban tai chinh...
Viec chu nghia phat xit len nSm quydn khdng phai la mdt su thay the' thudng le ciia
mdt chi'nh phii tu san nay cho mpt chinh phii tu san khae, ma do la su thay the mdt
hinh thii'c nha nudc ihdng tri giai cap cua giai cap t u s a n - c h e ' d d dan chii tusan, bang
mdt hinh ihiic khae ciia su thd'ng tri a'y, la chS dd chuySn chfnh khiing bd cdng khai.
Ve Mat tran Nhan dan chong phat xi't
Di6u chil yeu, dieu quyet dinh de thiet lap Mat tran Nhan dan chd'ng phat xit, chinh
la hanh dong kien quyet ciia giai ca'p vd san each mang de bao ve nhirng yeu sach cua
cac tang ldp xa hdi va dac biet la ciia giai cap ndng dan lao ddng, nhiing yeu sach ay
phil hop vdi nhUng loi ich ca ban ciia giai cap vd san va cin phai duoc ket hop vdi
nhirng yeu sach ciia giai cap cdng nhan trong qua trinh dau tranh.
(Theo : G. Di-mi-to-rdp. Tuyen lap, NXB Su that, H., 1962)
Ni/dc DLfC GIITA HAI CUOC

CHIEN TRANH THE Gl6l (1918 - 1939)
Sau that bai nang ne ciia Ode trong Chien tranh the giai thd nhat,
mpt cao trao each mang bung no va lan rong k h i p nirac Dde vao
nhCmg nam 1918 - 1923. Cuoe khung hoang kinh te (1929 - 1933)
da cham dut thai ki phue hoi ngan ngui ciia nen kinh te va dtra
dat nuac buoc vao mot thdi ki den tdi : thai ki thong tri va ehuan bi
phat dong chien tranh the giai eija ehii nghia phat xit Due.

I - Nirdc Dire T R O N G NHITNG N A M 1 9 1 8 - 1929
1. NuDcDifc va cao trao each mang 1918 - 1923

Cuoi nam 1918, nuac Dire bai tr^n hoan toan. bi suy sup ve kinh te, chfnh tri va
quan su. Tai hoa ciia chie'n tranh lam cho mû thuan xa hoi ngay cang gay gdt, d^n
ldi su biing no cuoc Cach mang dan chu tu san thang 11 - 1918.
Ciich mang bting nd ngiiy 3 - 11 - I Ml 8 bang cudc khoi nghia cua thuy thu o Ki-en.
Chi irong \dng I tuin 1^. each mang lan rdng ra ca nudc. Vua Due VinJiem II budc
phai thoai vi, nen quan chii hi lat dd. Theo guong each mang Nga. ciic \i> viet dai hieu
cdng nhan \ii hinh linh duoc thiinh lap. Tu> nhicn. cudi cung iiioi ihiinh qua cach
mang lai rai viio lay giai cap tu san. Miia he nitni ]9\9. Qudc hoi Lap hicn dii hop tai
thanh phd Vai-ma. thdng qua Hien phap. dat cosd phap li cho suihiei liip che do cdng
hoii d Due - thuiîg duoc goi la nen COUQ hod \ aima.
Thang 6 - 1919, Chfnh phu Diic budc phai kf ke't Hoa udc Vecxai vdi nhiJng
dieu kien het sire nang n^. Vifc thuc hien hoa udc nay lam cho da't nudc von da kiet
que sau 4 nam chien tranh cang trd nen rdi loan.
Vdi Hoii udc \ e c \ a i . nude Difc miu di
1/K Jien lich Jai Jai. 1/12 Jim sd.
1/3 md sal. 1/3 md ihan. 2/.^ âii luoiig
gang. 1/3 san luong ihcp \ii mdi
khoan bdi ihuimg chien jihi khdng
Id... Toiin bd ganh nimg cua Hoii uoc
Je nang len \ai quiin ehung lao ttdng.
Nudc Due Iam \iKi cudi khung hoang
kinh le. liii chinh loi le chua lung Ihiiy.
Ddng mac sut gia nghiem liong
(nam 1914 : 1 Jdia .Ml tuifiig Jucnig
4.2 mac. ihang d - |M23 : I Jola Nil
lU(.fng Juefng W SdlHHK) mac).
Trong bdi canh do, cuoc

dau tranh ciia nhan dan lao
dpng tiep tuc dang cao. Dang
Cong san Dtic (thanh lap thang
Hinh 75. Lam phdt a Difc - tre em Idm
dieu bdng nhCfng ddng mdc mat gid 12 - 1918) da true tiep chi dao
vao ddu ndm 1920 each mang. Phong Irao lan rong
trong toan qudc va keo dai den
cudi nam 1923.
167
"Piang 4 - 1919. cdng nhim thiinh phd Muy-nich (Ihu phii cua vung Ba-vi-e) ndi day
khoi nghia giiinh chinh qu>en. ihici liip nunc Cdng hoii Xo \ i c l Ba-vi-e. Tu\' chi tdn
lai irong nmi ihoi gian ngan, nhung su ra ddi cua nudc Cdng hoii Xd viel Ba-vi-e la
Jinh cao cua CAO irao each mang I91X - 1923 d Due.
lliang It) - 1923. cudc khdi nghla vQ trang d Hiim-budc biing nd dudi sU lanh dao
cua nhung nguifi cdng san. Khdi nghia Ham-budc lii am hudng eudi ciing cua bao lap
(.X'KII nianii \i'> situ o' Due.
^# Em cd nhan xet gi ve tinh hinh nudc DUc trong nhi/ng nam 1918 - 1923 ?
2. Nhung nam 6n dinh tam thoi (1924 - 1929)

Cudi nam 1923, nudc Due da vuot qua tbdi ki khung hoang kinh te va chfnh tri
sau chien tranh. Chfnh quyen tu san da day lui phong trao each mang cua qudn
chung, tiing budc khAc phuc tinh trang hdn loan vd tai chfnh, tao da cho ndn kinh
te khoi phuc va phat trien.
Vdi su ung hd vii (ic[i sue ciia eae nudc M l . Anh. ihdng qua kc hoach Da-oet (1924)
vil Y-tmg (iy2S). giai cap lu san Due da sir Jung nhirng khoan lien va> de hien dai
hoii ni>n cdng nghiep. nang cao nang luc san \uiit. Tirnam 1925. san xuat cdng nghiep
Due phai trit^n manh vii den nam 1929 da viuyi qua Anh, Phap. dimg dau ehau Au.
Qua Ilinh lap irung san xniit Jien ra manh me. cac liip doiin tu ban ddc quyen [an xuat
hien. iliiin idni nhCfiig ngimh kinh le chinh cua nutVc Due.
Wi chfnh tri, che do Cong hoa Vaima duoc ciing cd, quy^n luc ciia gidi tu ban
doc quyen dugc tang cudng. Chfnh phu tu san thi hanh chfnh sach dan ap phong
trao da'u tranh cua cong nhan. Cac dang tu san cong khai tuyen truyan tu tudng
phuc thli cho nudc Due. Ve ddi ngoai, vi tri qudc te cua nudc Diic dan dan dugc
phuc hdi vdi viec nudc nay tham gia Hoi Qudc lien, kf ket mgt sd hifep udc vdi cac
nudc tu ban chau Au va Lien Xo.
^ Neu nhCtng diSm noi bat cda tinh hinh nUdc DUc trong nhCtng nSm 1924 - 1929.
n - NU"6C DLTC TRONG NHCTNG NAM 1929 - 1939
1. Khung hoang kinh te va su thiet tap che do phat xit

cua Oang Quoc xa
Cugc khiing hoang kinh te( 1929- 1933) da giang ddn nang ne vao ndn kinhte
DlTC. Sau 3 nam dinh tre, nam 1932 san xua't cong nghiep giam 47% so vdi trudc
khiing hoang. Hang nghin nha may, xf nghiep phai ddng ciia. Sd ngudi that nghiep
tang vgt. Hang trieu ngudi lao dgng d thanh thj va nong thon lam viio canh ngheo
doi va that nghiep.
Sd'ngUdi that nghiep oDife :
Nam 1928 1930 1932
S^ ngudi I 368 000 3 076 000 5 250 000
Mau thuan xa hgi va cugc da'u tranh cua quan chiing lao dgng da dan tdi khiing
hoang chfnh tri tram trgng. Giai cap tu san cam quyen khong dii siJc manh dei duy
tn che dp cgng hoa tu san, khong th6 dua da't nudc vugt qua cugc khiing hoang.
Trong bdi canh dd, cac the luc phan dgng hie'u chie'n. dac biet la Dang Cong
nhan qudc gia xa hgi (ggi tat la Dang Qudc xa, thanh lap nam 1919) da tang cudng
cac hoat dgng tuyen truyen mi dan, nham md rgng anh hudng trong quan chting.
Cac thli ITnh Dang Qudc xa, dung dau la Hft-le, da lgi dung tam If bat man cua
ngudi dan Due ddi v6\ Hoa udc Vecxai de kfeh dgng chu nghTa phiic thu. chii nghia
chdng cgng va phan biet chiing tgc, chii truong phat xft hoa bg may nha nudc. thiet
lap che do dgc tai khung bd cong khai.
Trong khi gidi dai tu
ban ngay cang iing hg luc
lugng phat xft. Dang
Cgng san Dire da chi ro
chu nghia phat xft la nguy
CO ldn ddi vdi nhan dan
Due va keu ggi quan
chiing da'u tranh thanh lap
Mat Iran thdng nhat
chdng phiit xft. Tuy nhien.
Dang Xa hgi dan chii -
dang cd anh hudng ldn
trong nhan dan lao dgng -
Hinh 76. Tdng thdng Hin-den-bua trao quyen
da tiJ chdi hgp tac vdi
Tint tudng cho Hit-le ngdy 30 - 1 - 1933
nhung ngudi cgng san. Dieu
d6dataodieukienchocac the luc phat xft len cam quyen 0 Dlic. Ngay 3 0 - 1 - 1933.
Tdng thdng Hin-den-bua chi dinh Hi't-le lam Thu tudng va thanh lap chfnh phii
mdi, md ra mgt thdi ki den tdi trong lich sir nudc Diic.
^ Vi sao chd nghTa phat xlt thing the a DUc ?
,69
2. Nunc Due trong nhCmg nam 1933 - 1939

Sau khi nam chfnh quyen, Chfnh phii Hft-le rao net thiet lap nen chuyen chfnh
dgc tai. cong khai khiing bd cac dang phai dan chii tien bg, tnJdc bet la Dang C6ng
san Dlic.
Thang 3 - 1933, Hit-le nam trong tay ca quyen hanh phap va lap phap, mgi hoat
dgng khong bi Qudc hgi kiem soat. Sau khi vu cao nhijng ngudi cgng san trong vu
ddt chay nha Qudc hgi, Chfnh quy6n phat xft dat Dang Cgng san ra ngoai vong
phap luat va bat giam 10 van dang vien cgng san. Tat ca cac dang phai d6u bi giai
tan. hang nghin nha khoa hgc, van nghe sT bi true xuat khdi nudc Dire. Nam 1934,
Hin-den-bua qua ddi, Hft-le tuyen bd buy bd Hie'n phap Vaima, tu xung la Qudc
trudng sudt ddi. Che do Cgng boa Vaima hoan toan sup do.
y6 kinh te. chfnh quydn phat xfl tien hanh td chiic nen kinh te theo hudng tap
trung, menh lenh, nham phuc vu nhu cau quan su. Thang 7 - 1933, Hft-le thanh lap
Tdng hgi ddng kinh te, bao gdm dai dien cua nha nudc phat xft va 18 tap doan tu
ban dgc quyen ldn nha't, thau tdm toan bg ddi sdng kinh te dat nudc.
Duoi su Jieu liaiili cua Tong hoi dong kinh lc. cac nganh cdng nghiep Jan diin duoc
phuc hdi \ii hoai ddng het siic khan trUoTig. diic biet lii ngiinh cdng nghiep quiin su,
Ciic ngiinh giao ihdng van tai. xiiy dung dmrng sa duoc tang cuctng de giai quyg't nan
that nghiep va phuc vu nhu cau quan su. Ndng nghiep cung duac cai td theo hudng
phuc vu ehien tranh. N^n kinh te Due thoat khdi khiing hoang : nam 1938. ldng
san luong cdng nghiep tang 2ii7c so vdi trutic khiing hoang vii vutft qua mdi sd nudc
tu han ehiiu Au.
Bang thdng ke .sdn luong mgt so sdn phdm cong nghiep

cua Anh, Phdp, I-ta-li-a, Difc ndm 1937
Nudc
San pham
Anh Phdp I-ta-li-a DiJfe
Than (triû iSn) 244,3 45.5 1.6 239,9
Dien (ti kW/gid) 33.1 20,0 15,4 49,0
Sî (trieu tain) 4,3 11,5 0,5 2,8
Thep (trieu tain) 13.2 7,9 2.1 19,8
0 td (nghin chie'c) 493,0 200,0 78,0 351.0
Vi ddi ngoai, chfnh quyen Hft-le tang cudng cac boat ddng chuan bi chidn
tranh. Thang 10 - 1933, nudc Diic tuyen bd nit khdi Hgi Qudc lien de' dugc tu do
hanh dgng. Nam 1935, Hft-le ban hanh lenh tdng dgng vien, tuyen bd thanh lap dgi
quan thudng true va bat dau trien khai cac boat dgng quan sir d chau Au.

Thang 3 - 1936. Hit-le Jua quan chiem Jong khu phi quan su song Ranh.
Ngay 25 - 11 - 1936. Due ki vdi Nhat hiep udc ••Chdng Qudc te Cong san"". sau dd
l-ta-li-a cunt: tham gia hiep udc nay. hinh ihiinh hen minh chinh iri - quim su,
chuain bi chien tranh the gidi. Den nam 1938. vdi mdi dpi quiin 1 5{KI (KH) ngudi cung
30 (HH) \e Iimg vii khoang 4 (KX) may hay. nudc Due tnr thiinh mdi trai linh khdng li>,
du sue tien hanh cae ke hoach gay chien tranh xam iuoc.
Hinh 77. Cudc duyet binh ki niem 5 ndm ngdy Hit-le ndm chinh quyen
(Bec-lin. thdng 1 - 193H]
^^ - Neu nhan xet ve tinh hinh kinh te nudc DUc so vdi cac nudc chau Au khae
qua bang thong ke tren.
- Chinh sach ddi ngoai cda Hit-le dugc the hien nhu the nao ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Lap bang he thong kien thiic ve cac giai doan phat trien cua nudc OCfc
giiia hai cu6cchie'n tranh thegidi (1918 - 1939).
2. Hit-le I6n nam quyen d Diic trong boi canh nhu the nao ?
3. Trinh bay nhang chinh sach ldn cua nudc Oiic Irong nhQng nam 1 9 3 3 - 1939.
171
PHAN DOC THEM

Ve chij nghia phat xit Due
Loai ehu nghia phat xit phan ddng nhat la chii nghTa phat xit k'\iu Diic. Nd tro trao
lu xung lil chii nghla xa hdi - qudc gia nhung khdng h6 ed mot chiit gi gidng vdi
chu nghTa xa hdi. Chu nghTa phat xi't kieu Hft-le khdng phai ehi lii ehii nghTa dan
tdc tu san. dd la mdt thii chii nghia sdvanh day thii tinh. Dd la mpt che dp cai trj
theo Idi an cudp v^ chinh tri. mpt che dp khieu khfch va hanh ha giai cap edng
nhan ciing nhung phan tir each mang trong ndng dan, trong giai cS'p tiû tu san va
trong tri ihlrc. Do la che do da man, lan bao kidu trung cd. Do la mot ehe dp xam
Iuoc "tha cira" doi vdi cac dan tdc khae va cac nude khae.
Chii nghTa phat xit Due td ra la mdt ddi xung kfeh phan each mang qud'c te. la ke ehii
yeu gily ra ehien tranh de qudc chii nghTa. la ke am muu td chirc cudc thao phat chdng
Lien Xd - To qude vT dai cua nhiJng ngudi lao ddng trfin loan thfi gidi.
A-don-pho Hit-le
Hit-le sinh nam 1889. gd'c ngudi Ao. la sT quan quan ddi Dire trong Chien tranh the
gidi thii- nhiit (1914 - 1918). Hft-le gia nhap Dang Qudc xit thang 8 - 1919. La mpl
ngudi cd nhiû tham vpng vii thii doan, Hit-le nhanh chdng trd thanh thii ITnh Dang
Qud'c xa va de ra Cifong ITnh 25 dieu ciia dang nay.
Nam 1923. Hft-le td chirc dao chinh d Muy-nich nhung that bai va bi ket an 5 nam
til. Trong tii. Hft-le viet cudn Cudc ddi chien ddu ciia tdi. trinh bay mot each hoiin
ehinh li luan va dudng ldi ciia chu nghia phat xit Ddc. Cudn sach dupc xem nhir
Cuong hnh ciia chii nghTa phiit xit. Sau dd. Hit-le dupe tu do. Sau khi len cam quy^n.
nam 1933 Hft-le ihiet lap che dp phat xit. bien nudc Due thanh nha tii va trai linh.
kfeh ddng tinh than dan tpc "sieu dang" trong nhan dan Dire, tuyen bd xoa bd Hoa
udc Vecxai. gay Chien tranh the gidi thu hai vdi tham vgng ba chii the gidi. Hit-le la
tdi pham chien tranh hang dau the gidi, la ke chu muu sat hai tii binh va dan thudng
tai Ciic khu vue phat xii Due chie'm ddng. Hit-le tu sat ngay 30 - 4 - 1945. khi quin
dpi Lien Xd tien vao Bee-lin.
iTheo : Phan Ngpc Lien (Chii bien). Tif dien tri thifc lich sir phd thdng thekiXX.
NXB Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, H.. 2002. tr. 376).

NUdc Ml GliTA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH

THE Gldl (1918 - 1939)
Trong nbirng nam 1918 - 1939, nuac M i da trai qua nhdng birdc
thang Irani, tusu phdn vinh cua nen kinh te nhung nam 20 (\en cuoc
khung boang va suy thoai nang ne chua tung thay trong l i t h su vao
nhung nam 1929 - 1933. "Chinh sach m a i " cua Tdng thdng
Ru-da-ven 6d chra nuac M I thoat ra khoi can khung hoang va duy
tri su phat trien cua chu nghia tu ban.
I - Nirdc MI TRONG N H I T N G NAM 1918 - 1929

l.Tinh hinh kinh t^
Nudc MT tham gia Chien tranh the gidi thii nhat ttr thang 4 - 1917 va ra khdi
chie'n tranh vdi tu each mot nudc thdng Iran. Do nen kinh te dat miic tang trudng
cao trong sudt nhirng nam trong va sau chien tranh. Mi trd thanh nudc tu ban giau
manh nha't. Ciing vdi loi the dd, viec cai tie'n ki thuat, ihuc hien phuong phap san
xua't day chuyen va md rong quy md san xuat da dua n^n kinh te MT budc vao thdi
ki phon vinh trong thap nien 20 cua the ki XX. Sir phdn vinh cua kinh te MT duac
ihi hien d mirc tang trudng cao cua cac nganh kinh te. Chi trong vdng 6 nam
(1923 - 1929), san luong cdng nghiep tang 69%.
Nam 192S, MT chiem 4H'7c san lupng edng nghiep the gidi. vuift qua san lu(vng ci'mg
nghiep eiia ,*> cudng qudc Anh. Phap. Due. l-ta-li-a vii Nhat Ban cdng lai. MT Jung Jau
the gidi ve cac ngiinh cdng nghiep san xuat d td. thep. diiu md... Diic biel. >u hung no
eua ngiinh san \uat d td Ja tac ddng manh me den cac ngiinh cdng nghiep khae. Neu
nhu nam 1919. nudc MT cd 7 irieu d id thi nam 1924 la 24 trieu chiec.
Ve tai chfnh, tir chd phai va\ na ciia chau Au 6 li ddla M i irudc chien iranh. M i dii
trd thiinh chii no cua the gidi (rieng .'Xnh vii Phap no MT III ii John. Nam 1929.
MT niim (SI)''; sd vimg iJu trir cua the gidi.
Mac du dat miic tang trudng cao, nhung ngay ca trong thdi ki phdn vinh nay
nhiû nganh cong nghiep MT chi sir dung 60 - 80% cdng sua't. Su phat trie'n
kinh te chay theo loi nhuan, theo chu nghla tu do thai qua da dua de'n su phat trien
khong ddng bd giira cac nganh cdng nghiep. giua cdng nghiep vdi ndng nghiep, va
noi chung, khdng cd ke hoach dai han cbo su can ddi giira san xua't va tieu diing.
^ Hay neu nhan xet ve nen kinh te Mi trong nhCtng nam 20 cda the ki XX.
173
2. Tmh hinh chinh trj, xa hpi

Thdi kl tang trudng cao cua kinh te MT trong thap nien 20 gdn li6n v6\ su
cam quydn cua cac tdng thdng thudc Dang Cong boa. Chinh phii ciia Dang
Cdng hoa ra sire ca ngoi su phdn vinh cua n^n kinh te. ddng thdi vdn thi hanh
chi'nh sach ngan chan cdng nhan da'u tranh. dan ap nhiing tu tudng tien bo trong
phong iriao cong nhan.
Nga\ ca trong ihoi V\ hoimg kim cua kinh te MT. nhiing ngudi lao Jong van thudng
\ u \ e n phai Jdi miu \ d i nan thiil nghiep. bill cdng xa hdi \ a nan phiin biet chiing tdc
Jdi \0i ngudi Ja den, Dac biei. cudc sdng cua Jim irai (ndng Jan MT) riii khd khan do
gia ndng van ha riu Ihap \a e ihira. Ddi sdng ngudi lao Jong ngiiy ciing giam siit. dieu
Jd Jii kieh lliich phong iriui dim iranh cua ho.
Phong trao dau tranh cua cong nhan diln ra sdi noi trong cac nganh cong nghiep
than, luyen thep. van tai dudng sdt... Thang 5 - 1921. Dang Cong san MT thanh lap
tren ca sd hap nhat Dang Cong san cdng nhan MT va Dang Cong san MT ra dcri
trudc dd (1919), danh dau budc phat trien cua phong trao cdng nhan MT.
j . > - - . j i ^ ^ 3 - ^ * S i j f e ; " j L - -. - —
Hinh 78. Nhd d cua ngudi ngheo d MT
^ ^ Vi sao phong trao cdng nhan v§n diin ra ngay trong thai ki phon vinh cda
kinh te MT ?
II - N i r d C MI TRONG NHITNG NAM 1929 - 1939
1. Cuoc khung hoang kinh t e d 929 - 1933) 6 MT

Trong khi giai cap tu san MT dang bet ldi ca ngoi su phdn vinh ciia nin kinh le
tht cudc khung hoang kinh te chua tiing thay bat ngd bung nd vao thang 10 - 1929,
cham dut thdi ki hoang kim ciia kinh te MT.

Cudc khung hoang bdt dau trong IThh vuc tai chinh, ngan hang. Ngay 29 - 10 - 1929
la ngay hoang loan chua tiing cd trong Ijch su thi trudng chirng khoan Niu Ode. Gia
cua mot loai cd phieu duac coi la dam bao nha't sut xudng 80%. Hang trieu ngudi
da m^'t sach sd tien ma ho tie't kiem ca ddi. Vdng xoay cua khung hoang tie'p diin
khdng gl ngan can noi, pha huy nghiem trong cac nganh san xua't cdng nghiep,
nong nghiep va thuang nghiep cua nudc MT.
Nam 1932 la nam cuoc khung hoang kinh te triim Irong nhiit : san luimg cdng nglnep
ehi cdn ,^3.89^ (so vdi nam 1929), 1 \5 (XM) edng li iliutmg nghiep. 5S cdng li dutmg
sat bi phii san. 100 CKKl ngan hang (chiem 40% tdng sd ngim himg) ddng cira,
75*^ dan irai bi pha san... Sti ngudi that nghiep len tdi hiing chuc irieu. Phong iriio
dau tranh ciia cac iang U'fp nhan dan lan rdng toim nudc MT.
Tri$u nguvi
1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 (N3mJ
D Sfi lirong nguOi thit nghigp —e— Ti 16 % trong li/c lirong lao dfing
Hinh 79. Bieu dd v^ ti le thd't nghiep d MT 11920 - 1946)
^ Quan sat hinh 79 va 81. neu nhan xet ve hau qua cda cudc khdng hoang
kinh te the gidi doi vdi nudc ti/IT.
175
Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com ^
2. "Chinh sach moi" cua T6ng thong Mi Ru-do-ven

D^ dua nudc MT thoat ra khdi cudc khung hoang. Tdng thdng mdi ddc cu vao
cudi nam 1932 - Phran-klin Ru-do-ven - da de ra mot he thdng chinh sach. bien
phap cua Nha nudc tren cac ITnh vuc kinh te - tai cbinh va chi'nh tri - xa hpi. duoc
goi chung la Chinh sdch mdi.
Bdng StJ can thiep tich cue cua
Nha nudc vao ddi sdng kinh te,
Chi'nh phil Ru-da-ven da thuc hien
cac bien phap giai quyd't nan that
nghiep. phuc hdi sir phat trien kinh
te thong qua cac dao luat ve ngan
hang, phuc hung cdng nghiep : trong
dd Dgo lugt phue hioig cong nghiep
la quan trpng nha't. Dao luat nay quy
dinh viec to chiic lai san xua't cong
nghiep theo nhiing hgp ddng chat che
Hinh 80. Tdng thdng MT Ru-da-ven ê san phdm va thi trudng tieu thu
cdng Ix'y Chinh sdch mdi qua dai phdt thanh
Chinh sdch mdi da giai quyet
dugc mpt sd van de ca ban cua nudc MT trong con khung hoang nguy kjeh. Nha
nudc tang cudng vai trd ciia minh trong viec ciiu trg ngudi thai nghiep. tao them
nhiû viec lam mai. khdi phuc san xuat. xoa diu mau thuan giai cap va gdp phan
lam cho nudc MT duy tri che dp dan chii tu san. Chfnh vT the. Ru-do-ven la ngudi
duy nhat trong lich su nudc MT trung cu Tdng thdng 4 nhiem ki lien tiep.
Ve ddi ngogi. Chinh phii Ru-do-ven de ra "Chinh sach lang gieng than thien".
nhdm cai thien quan he vdi cac nudc MT Latinh. vdn dugc MT coi la "san sau" ciia
minh va thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Lien Xd.
l.>oi \oi ciiL nuoc MT Lalinh. lir nam 1934 Chinh phu Ru-da-\en chiim dut cae eupc
can thiep \u trang. lien himh ihutTng luimg. hua hen irao ira dde lap. nham \oa diu
cuoc dim tranh chdng MT \ii cung cd \i tri cua NTT o klui \uc tiii>, Sau Id niim theo
Juoi lap trutmg chdng Lien \ d . thang 11 - 1933 (Thinh phu Ru-Jo-\en Jii chinh thuc
cdng nhim \ii thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vdi Lien Xd. Viec liun nii\ \uiii phat lii
nhimg hti ich cua NTi. Tren thuc tc. chinh quy^n Ru-do-\en \un khong lu bo lap
trUiifnu chdnc conn san.

Ti ddla Mi (USD)
100-
NBm
1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941
Hinh 8L Bieu do thu nhdp qudc ddn cda Mi (1929 - 1941)
Ddi vdi cac van di qudc te, trudc nguy ca cua chu nghTa phat xft va chien tranh
bao trum toan the gidi, Qud'c hdi MT da thdng qua nhieu dao luat de giS vai trd
trung lap trong cac cupc xung dot quan su ben ngoai nudc MT. Chfnh sach dd da
gdp phdn khuye'n khfch chu nghTa phat xft tu do hanh dpng, gay ra cupc Chie'n tranh
the gidi thii hai.
^ ^ - Dua vao bleu do, neu nhan xet ve diin bien thu nhap quoc dan d fvfTva giai
thich hi$n tifdng dd.
- Neu ngi dung chd yeu cda "Chinh sach lang gieng than thien" cda t\/tT.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Vi sao kinh t^ MT bung phat trong thap nien 20 cua the ki XX ?

2. Nhiing diem ca ban trong chinh sach thoat khoi khung hoang kinh t^ (1929 - 1933)
cua MT la gi ?
12LICHSIJ ll-NC-A .77

PHAN DOC THEM

Trong Chinh sach mdi ciia Ru-do-ven, dang luu y la cac dao luSt v^ ngSn hang, cdng
nghiep va ndng nghiep.
Dgo lugt ngdn hdng (dupc Qude hpi Mi thdng qua thang 3 - 1933) nhdm ddng cira
tai ca cac ngan hang, sau dd cho md lai mdi sd ngan hang cd kha nang phuc hoi vdi
su ki^m soat chat che ciia Chinh phii va thiet lap che dp bao dam tdt ddi vdi ti^n giri
ciia khach hang. Viec mua ban chirng khoan dupc dat dudi su giam sat ciia Chinh phii.
Dao luat quy dinh nhung nguyen tdc thuang mai cdng bang d^ cham dut nhimg hinh
thiic canh tranh gian lan va dat ra cac miic thue khae nhau tuy theo thu nhap cua eae
cdng ti va ca nhan.
Dgo ludt Phuc hifng cdng nghiep (dupe Qudc hdi MT thdng qua thang 6 - 1933) nh4m
muc dich td chiie lai san xuai, cai thien quan he giua ehii va thp. Dao luat quy dinh
viec td chtrc cac xi nghiep ciing nganh thanh nhiing lien hiep xi nghiep, thdng qua
hop ddng v6 san xuS't va lieu thu. quy dinh viec cdng nhan cd quyfen cir dai bieu
thuong lupng vdi chu \i miie iuong va ehe dp lam viec...
Dgo ludt diiu chinh ndng nglnep (duac Qudc hdi MT thdng qua thang 5 - 1933) nham
cai thi^n tinh hinh ndng nghiep bang each : nang cao gia ndng san, giam bdt ndng
pham thiia, cho vay dai han ddi vdi dan trai... Theo dd. nhijtig dan trai nao chiu giam
bdt dien tich ddc canh lam cho dat bae mau, thay vao dd nhiJng loai cay trdng khae
cd th^ bao ve dp mau md ciia dat se duac nhan phu cap ciia Chinh phii. Tuy nhi^n.
iren thuc te dao luai nay chi ed Ipi cho nhirng chii trai ldn va tuong ddi phat dat.
NhCmg dan trai nhd, ft rudng khdng dupc quy^n loi gl dang ke.
... Trong thdi gian dau, khi cupc khiing hoang kinh te dang trong con nguy kich. giai
cap tu san MT img hd (iTiinh sach mdi cua Ru-do-ven. Nhung khi n^n kinh te timg
budc phuc hdi, ho phan dd'i Chinh sach mdi vl eho rang quy^n lpi ciia hp da bi
xam pham.
(Theo : Nguyen Anh Thai (Chii bien), Lich stf the gidi hien dgi
NXB Giao due, H., 2001. lr. 112 - 113)
178 I2.LICHSL;II-NC-B
NHAT BAN GitTA HAI CUOC

CHIEN TRANH THE G l d l (1918 - 1939)
Nhat Ban la nuac tbu lgi nbidu trong Chien tranh the giai thu nhat.
Qua nhCrng nam dn dinh ngan ngui sau chien tranh, cuoc khung
hoang kinh te (1929 - 1933) da giang nhimg don nang ne vao nudc
Nhat. Oe tim Idi thoat ra khoi cuoc khung hoang, gioi quan phiet
Nhat Ban tien hanh phat xit hoa bg may nha nuoc, bien Nhat Ban
thanh mgt 16 Ida chien tranh 6 chau A va the giai.
I - NHAT BAN TRONG NH0NG NAM 1918 - 1929

1. Nhung nam dau sau chien tranh (1918 - 1923)
Chien tranh the gidi Ihii nhat da thiic day nen kinh te Nhat Ban phat tiien manh
me. Trong khi cac nudc chSu Au trd thanh bai chie'n trudng thi hang hoa cua
Nhat Ban tran ngap thi trudng nhi6u nudc chau A. Nhd nhung don dat hang
quan su, san xua't cdng nghiep tang trudng rai nhanh.
Chi trong vdng 6 nam (1914 - 1919), san luong cdng nghiep tang ga'p 5 l^n,
tdng gia tri xuai khdu tang gap 4 l^n, du tru vang va ngoai te tang gap 6 lan.
Tuy nhien. sU tang trucmg nhanh chdng ciia nen kinh te clii keo dai IN ihang sau khi
ket thiic chien iranh. Den nhirng nam 1920 - 1921. Nhat Ban lai him vao khung
hoang. Nhirng hau qua ciia Iran ddng dat nam 1923 d Td-ki-d vii mirc lang dan sd qua
nhanh da lam cho tinh hinh kinh le cang trd nen khd khan. Nen kinh te lui ddc, nhieu
edng li liim an thua Id. pha san. S<S ngudi that nghiep len K'ri 1 2 \'an.
Wi ndng nghigp, nhung tan du phong kien cdn tdn tai nang ni a ndng thdn da
kim ham suphat trien cua kinh t^'ndng nghiep. Gia lucfng Ihuc, thuc pham, nhat la
gia gao, vd ciing dat dd. Ddi sdng ngudi lao ddng khdng duoc cai thien.
Phong trao da'u tranh cua cong nhan va ndng dan biing len manh me trong
nhirng nam sau chie'n tranh. Mua thu nam 1918, quan chiing nhan dan ndi day
danh pha cac kho thdc, md dau cuoc "Bao ddng lua gao" lan rdng trong ca nudc,
loi cudn khoang 10 trieu ngudi tham gia. Ddng thdi, nhung cudc bai cdng cua
cdng nhan cung lan rdng d cac trung tam cdng nghiep ldn nhu Cd-be, Na-gdi-a,
6-xa-ca... Chi rieng nam 1919, da cd de'n 2 388 cudc bai cong cua cdng nhan. Tren
co sd su phat trien cua phong trao cdng nhan, thang 7 - 1922, Dang Cong san
Nhat Ban duoc thanh lap.
179
^ ^ Tinh hinh Nhat Ban trong nhung nam dau sau Chien tranh the gidi thCf nhit
nhu the nao ?
2. Nhung nam on dinh 1924 - 1929

Trong nhung nam 20 cua the ki XX, khi nudc MT budc vao thdi ki phon vinh
thi nudc Nhat chi dat duoc sir dn dinh tam thdi. Sau khi khae phuc nhijng hau qua
cua cuoc khung hoang nhiing nam 1920 - 1921, de'n nam 1926 san lucfng cdng
nghiep mdi phuc hdi trd lai va vuot miic trudc chie'n tranh. Tuy nhien, nin cdng
nghiep chu yeu dua vao xua't khau ciia Nhat Ban ngay cang gap nhiû khd khan
trong viec canh tranh vdi MT va cac nudc Tay Au.
Tir mdi nudc cd sUc san ,\uat va miic .\uat khau tang qua nhanh Irong chien iranli.
budc \ao thap nien 20 cua the ki XX. Nhat Ban phai nhap khau qua muc do khan
hiem nguven lieu \a nhien lieu. Nhung khd khan na\ ciing lang len khi cudc khung
hoang lai chinh nam 1927 bimg nd dThu dd Td-ki-d. Cung trong nam nii>, phim kin
cac \i nghiep cdng nghiep chi sir dung tir 20*7^ den 25'7( cdng suai. Sd ngudi thai
nghiep tang manh. ndng dan hi biin ciing hoa, sire nuia ciia ngudi dan suy giam liim
cho thi trirdng trong nudc ngay cang thu hep.
D6 ddi phd vdi nhung khd khan ve kinh te, Chinh phu Nhat Ban da thi hanh
mot sd cai each chfnh tri (nhu ban hanh luat bau cii phd thdng cho nam gidi,
cat giam ngan sach qudc phdng...) va giam bdt cang thang trong quan he vdi
cac cudng qudc ben ngoai. Tuy nhien, tir nam 1927 Tudng Ta-na-ca - mot phan tu
quan phiet - len ndm chfnh quyen, da thuc bien chfnh sach ddi ndi va ddi ngoai
hieu chie'n.
Oiinh phu Ta-na-ca ehu truong dung \u luc de banh trudng ra ben ngoiii nham giai
quyei khd khim trong nudc. Ciing vdi viec quan su hoa dat nude. Ta-na-ca da vach ru
kc hoach chien iranh toan cau dudi hinh thirc mpl ban Tau thinh de trinh len Thien
hoimg. Theo ke hoach nay. Nhat Ban se danh chiem Trung Qudc. sau dd chiem
chiiu A \ii cudi cimg la toim the gidi. Chinh phu Ta-na-ca dua quim sang xiim lupc
Son Dong (Trung Qudcl 2 lan (viio cac nam 1927 \a 1929) nlumg deu hi that bai.
^ ^ Ttnh hinh Nhat Ban trong nhUng nam 1918 - 1929 cd diem gi khae so vdi tinh
hinh nudc MT cung thdi gian nay ?
II - NHAT BAN TRONG NHlJNG NAM 1929 - 1939

1. Khung hoang kinh t e d 9 2 9 - 1933) 6 Nhat Ban
Cudc khiing hoang kinh te the gidi (1929 - 1933) da giang nhiing ddn nang ni
vao n^n kinh te cdn chua phuc hdi ciia Nhat Ban. San xuat cdng nghiep giam siit
nhanh chdng. Khiing hoang xay ra nghiem trong, nha't la trong ndng nghiep.
180
Thi trudng trong va ngoai nudc cua Nhat Ban thu hep d miic do chua timg cd. san
xua't dinh ddn.
S»i \ d i n;im 192'-), san luimg cdng nghiep nam 193 I giam ?.2.5'/c. ngnai ihuong giam
H(K/r. ndnL! phiim tiiam 1.7 li ven. ddng yen sui giii nghiem trong. Khimg hoang dien
ra tram trpng nhai vao nam 1931, giiy nen nhihig hau qua .\ii hpi tai hai : ndng dan lii
pha san. mat miia va ddi kem. cdng nhan that nghiep len tdi 3 Irieu ngirdi. Man ihuan
xa hpi vit cupe dau iranh eua nhimg ngUdi lao ddng dien ra qu>el het.
Khiing hoang kinh te da day manh them qua trinh tap trung san xua't, tang cudng
quyen lire cho cac tap doan tu ban ldn. ndm gifl cac vi trf then chdt trong
nin kinh te (duoc goi theo tie'ng Nhat la daihdtxid). Cac daibatxui ldn nhu
Mft-su-bi-si. Mft-xui. Su-mi-td-md... kiem soat cac nganh tai chfnh, khai khoang,
cong nghiep nang va cac ITnh vuc hien dai khae cua n^n kinh te, ddng thdi chi phdi
ddi sdng chfnh tri, xa hdi d Nhat Ban.
^ ^ Neu tac dgng cda cugc khdng
hoang kinh te the gidi (1929 - 1933)
doi vdi nudc Nhat.
2. Qua trinh quan phiet hoa

bp may nha nuoc
De dua nudc Nhat thoat ra khdi
cudc khiing hoang kinh te. giai
quye't nhirng khd khan do thieu
ngudn nguyen lieu va thi trudng
tieu thu hang boa. gidi cam quyen
Nhat Ban chti truong quan phiet hoa
bd may nha nudc. gay chien tranh
xam luoc. banh trudng ra ben ngoai.
Khae vdi Dire - qua trinh phat
Hinh 82. Qudn ddi Nhat chiem xft hoa di^n ra thdng qua su chuyen
Mdn Chau (9 - 1931} ddi tit che dd dan cbii tu san dai
nghi sang che dp chuyen che ddc tai phat xft - d Nhat Ban, do da cd sdn che do
chuyen che Thien hoang nen qua trinh nay di^n ra thdng qua viee qudn phiet hod
hg md\ nhd nude va tien hdnh ehiidi tranh xdm luoc thuge dia. Qua trinh quan
phiet hoa d Nhat Ban keo dai trong nhung nam 30 ciia the ki XX la do cd nhiing
mau thudn va bai dong giua phai "sT quan tre" (duoc quan chirc cap thap va tu san
mdi ung ho) vdi phai "sT quan gia" (dugc quan chiic cap cao va cac tap doan tu ban
lau ddi ling bd). Cudc dau tranh giQa hai phai di6n ra quyei liet trong nhiJng nam 30

va kei thiic bdng thai bai cua phai "sT quan tre". Nhung sau dd, chu truong nhanh
chdng phat ddng chien tranh xam lugc cua phai "sT quan tre" dugc ddy manh. Tir
nam 1937. gidi cam quy^n Nhat Ban da cham dih cudc da'u tranh ndi bd, tap trung
vao qua trinh quan phiet hoa bd may nha nudc.
Cling vdi viec quan phiet hoa bd may nha nudc, tang cudng chay dua vu trang,
gidi cam quyen Nhat Ban ddy manh cudc chien tranh xam lugc Trung Qudc.
Tir kiu. Trung Quoc co \ i tri dac biet quan trong ddi vdi sp phai trien kinh te cua
Nhat Ban. Nam 193 I. S2'~(- tdng sd vdn dau tunudc ngoiii cua Nhai Ban tap Irung \ao
Trung Qudc. chu \eu lii dThuang Hai \a Miin Chau, Thang 9 - 1931. Nhat Ban danh
chiem \iing Ddng Bae Trung Qudc \ a bien toiin bd \ung dat giau ed na\ thiinh thudc
dia. Nam 1933. Nhiu Ban dung Icn chfnh phu bii nhin. dua Phd Nghi. hoang de cudi
ciing cua Trung Qudc. len diimg dau cai gpi lii "Man Chau qude". Sir kien Man (Thau
chinh lil ngdi lira eua cudc chien tranh xam iuoc Trung Qudc vdi quy md ngay eang
rdng l m . danh dim \iec hinh thanh Id lua chien tranh o chau A va tren the gidi.
^ ^ Vi sao quan Nhat danh chiem Trung Qudc ?
3. Nhan dan Nhat Ban dau tranh chong chu nghia qudn phi^t
Trong nhung nam 1929 - 1939, cudc da'u tranh chdng chu nghTa quan phiet cua
nhan dan Nhat Ban. ma hat nhan lanh dao la Dang Cong san, da diin ra dudi nhidu
hinh thiic. Tii nhiing cugc biiu tmh, tudn hanh phan ddi chfnh sach hie'u chien.
xam lugc ciia gidi cam quyen da ddn de'n phong trao thanh lap Mat tran Nhan dan,
bao gdm ddng dao cac tang ldp quan chiing tham gia. Cugc da'u tranh ciia nhan dan
Nhat Ban da gdp phdn lam cham lai qua tiinh quan phiet hoa bg may nha nudc 6
Nhat Ban.
Tir nam 1929. nhieu cudc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan da biing nd d nhQng khu cdng
nghiep tdn îi uo ihiinh nhirng cupc chien dau chdng chinh phii. Gidi cam qu\en
dim ap da man phong iriio each mang. tru\ liing \ii >.al hai cac lanh tu ciia Dang
Cong ân nhu Oa-ia-na-be. 'i-a-nid-td-xe-chi...
\'iio giira nhCmg nam 30. phong trao ihiinh lap Mai Iran Nhim dan phai irii^n rdng
khap. lap hiTp cac id chuc cua cdng nhan. ndng dan. gidi tri thuc \it mot bd phan
giai cap tu san. Ket qua cua cudc bau cU Nghi \icn nam 1937. \a\ 37 ghe nghi sl
ihupe \e nhimg ngudi .\a hdi - dan chu chdng chien tranh. dii ndi len sure manh ciia
phong iriio chdng chu nghla quim phiei.
Phong trao nay cdn ldi cudn ddng dao binh Ifnh va si quan Nhat tham gia.
Nam 1939. da diin ra tren 40 cugc da'u tranh chd'ng chien tranh cua binh sT trong
quan ddi Nhat Ban.
^ Nhan dan Nhat Ban dau tranh chong chd nghia quan phiet nhu the nao 7

CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Lap bang h$ thong ve cac giai doan phat trien chinh cua Nhat Ban giQa hai cupc
chien tranh the gidi.
2. Vi sao su dn (3jnh ciia Nhat Ban nhumg nam 1924 - 1929 chi la tam thdi va bap benh ?
3. Neu nhung dac diem cua qua trinh quan phiet hoa d Nhat Ban.
PHAN DOC THEM

Nhat Ban sau Chien tranh the gidi thii nhat
Chien tranh the gidi thii nhat da thiic d% n6n kinh te Nhat Ban phat trien. Cd the ndi
day la cudc chien tranh "tdt nhai" trong lich su Nhat Ban. bdi le su tham gia v^ quan
su cua Nhai vao cupc chien thi rat nhd, nhung Ipi ldc thu v6 lai rat ldn... MT va Nhat
chia nhau doe chiem cac thi trudng chau A. Ttr chd np nudc ngoai 1,1 ti yen
nam 1914, Nhat trd thanh chii no 2,7 ti yen nam 1920... Quyen luc ciia gidi tu ban
ddc quy^n ngay cang dupc tang cudng va cimg cd trong bd may nhii nudc vdn cdn
mang nhiû tan tich phong kien, chi'nh quy&n d Nhat la ehfnh quy^n ciia giai cap dai
tu san lien minh vdi giai cap phong kien quy tdc. Thien hoang liic nay vira la mdt dia
chil Idn nhai, vtra la mot nha tu ban kech sti. The luc ciia giai cap quy tdc Nhat trong
chinh quyen cdn kha manh : cac bd quan trpng nhu Bd Hai quan, Bp Luc quan dat
dudi quyen ciia Thien hoang chii khdng thupc quyfin ciia Npi cac ; cac Vien Quy tdc.
ViSn Ca mat van duoe duy tri...
(Theo : Phan Ngoc Lien (Chu bien), Lich su Nhdt Bdn.

NXB Van hoa - Thdng tin. H.. 1997, tr. 1 3 6 - 137)
Quan Nhat danh chiem Man Chau
Trong euoc hpp cua cac tu l^nh su doan ngay 4 - 8 - 1931, Bp trucmg Chien tranh
Nhat Ban Mi-a-mi da tuyen bd rdng cdn phai giai quyei "van 66 Man Chau va Mdng
Cd" bang site manh quan sir. Phat bi6u nay ciia Mi-a-mi dupc cdng bd rdng rai. Viec
lira chpn thdi diem chien tranh trong nam 1931 khdng phai la hoan toan ngJiu nhien.
Cae cudng qudc tu ban phuong Tay, ddi thii canh tranh chii yeu ciia Nhat Ban trong
vah di Trung Qud'c, dfiu dang vudng ban vao cupc dai khiing hoang kinh te
(1929 -1933). Cdn ban than Trung Qudc liic nay lai dang dien ra cudc ndi chien dtr
dpi gitra Qud'c dan dang va Dang Cdng san.
Vao liic 10 gid tdi 18 - 9 - 1931, lire lupng Nhat thude dao quan Quan Ddng da bi
mat danh min doan dudng sat d Lilu Dieu Cau, phia bae Tham Duong, rdi dd ldi cho
quan dpi Trung Qud'c, tao cd tain cdng xam lupc Trung Qudc. Ngay khi dupc tin nay,
Chinh phil Nam Kinh eiia Tudng Gidi Thach tuyen bd se ed gang giai quyei de vu
viec khdng phat tri^n thanh xung ddt lan rdng. Nhung luc lupng quan Nhat ddng d
Man Chau da khdng dem xia den diSu nay. Sang 19 - 9 - 1931, cd Nhat da keo len
d Tham Duong.
(Theo : Le Van Quang, Lich sif quan he qudc tc 1917 - 1945.
NXB Giao due, H.. 2001. tr. 114)

Chuong IX
CAC NUbC CHAU A
GIUA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH
THE GIOI ( 1 9 1 8 - 1939)
PHONG TRAO CACH MANG

d TRUNG QUOC VA AN DO (1918 - 1939)
Trong nhiing nam 1918-19.^9, phong trao cach mang aTrung Qudc
Vd An 0 6 dd cd nhirng chuyen bien to l(7n. Phong trao Ngu tir
(1919) dci ma dau tliai ki cach mang dan chu mai a Trung Qudc.
0 An 0 6 , cupc dau tranh chong thuc dan Anh, doi doc lap dan
tpc do giai cap tu san, dung dau la M. Gan-di, da vucyt qua nhieu
thu thach va dat duac nhung budc tien m a i .
I - PHONG TRAO CACH MANG 6 TRUNG QUOC (1919 - 1939)

1. Phong trao Ngu tCr va sir thanh lap Dang Cong san Trung Qu6c
Thdng lai ciia Cacb mang thang Mircfi Nga nam 1917 va sir ket thiic Chien tranh
the giai thii nhai da lam biing nd mot cao trao each mang n\ai a Trung Quoc, mo
dau bdng phong trao Ngu tiJf.
Ngay 4 - 5 - 1919. han 3 000 sinh vien yeu nyac a Bdc Kinh da dimg len dau
tranh. phan doi quyei dinh bai cong cua cac nirdc de quoc ve viec chuyen giao
nhung dac quydn cua nirac Dire d tinh Son Dong (Trung Qudc) cbo Nhat Ban.
Phong trao lan rong khdp 22 tinh va 150 thanh phd trong ca nuac. loi cudn dong
dao cac tang lap nhan dan tham gia, dac biet la giai cap cong nhan.
Phong Irao giuong cao cac khau hieu dau iranh ; ""'1 iung Quo., Lua nguifi Trung
QLIOL". "Xoa bo 2\ dicu" (la hiep udc cua cac nuoc dc quo^ i t u j in. nham \au xe
liLmg Qudc). •"Giei hei hpn giac ban nudc"... Nhung cudc bai Long chmh iri to kVn
cua cong nhim Thucmg Hai. Nam Kinh. Tliien T.in. Himg Chau... da dwj phonu trao
nhanh chdng gianh duoc thang lpi.

Phong trao Ngu tir da md dau cao trao each mang chdng de qudc va chdng
phong kien a Trung Qudc. Lan ddu tien, giai cap cdng nhan Trung Qudc xuai hien
tren vu dai chi'nh tri vdi tu each la mot luc lugng each mang doc lap. Phong trao
Ngu tii danh dau budc chuyen cua each mang Trung Qudc tir each mang dan chu
tu san kieu cii sang each mang dan chu tu san kie'u mdi.
TIT sau phong trao Ngu tir, viec truydn ba chii nghTa Mac - Lenin vao
Tmng Qudc da phat trien nhanh chdng, sau rong. Tdng ldp tri thirc tien bo, tieu bieu
la Ly Dai Chieu (Giao su Trudng Dai hoc Bdc Kinh), da tich cue tuyen truyen,
pho bien chu nghTa Mac - Lenin vao Trung Qudc. tao didu kien thuan Igi cho sir
thanh lap Dang Cong san Trung Qudc. Nam 1920, mot sd nhdm cgng san da ra ddi
vdi sir giiip dd ctia Qudc te Cgng san. Tren ca sd cac nhdm nay, thang 7 - 1921,
Dang Cgng san Trung Qudc dugc thanh lap, danh dau budc ngoat quan trgng cua
each mang Trung Qudc. Tir day, giai cap vo san Trung Qudc da cd chi'nh dang cua
minh dd tiing budc ndm nggn cd lanh dao each mang.
^ ^ - Tif cac khau hieu dau tranh neu trong bai, em thay phong trao Ngu tU cd diem
gi mdi so vdi cac phong trao dau tranh vao nCfa sau the ki XIX d Trung Quoc 7
- Dang Cgng san Trung Quoc dugc thanh lap nhU the nao 7 Y nghTa cda st/
kien nay la gi 7
2. Chien tranh B^c phat (1926 - 1927) va Noi chien Quoc - Cong
( 1 9 2 7 - 1937)
Trong nhifng nam 1926 - 1927, Dang Cgng san hgp tac vdi Qudc dan
dang tid'n hanh cugc ehien tranh each mang nhdm danh dd cac tap doan
qu^n phiet Bdc Duang dang chia nhau thdng tri cac vung d midn Bdc
Trung Qudc (ggi la "Chien tranh Bdc phat").
Duoc >,u ung ho manh me cua nhan dan. trong vdng 6 thang. quim doi each mang dii
giai phdng duoc mot vimg rdng ldn d lim vuc sdng Trudng Giang. chiem cac thimh
phd ldn nhu Nam Kinh, TTiupng Hui... Trong khi chien tranh each mang dang lien
trien thang lpi, cac phan tir canh hu'u trong Qudc dan dang do Tuimg Cndi Tliach cam
diiu dii cau kci vdi cac the luc de qudc, phong kicn. chdng lai phong trao each mang.
Ngiiy 12 - 4 - \921. Tudng Giiri Thach lien hanh cudc chmh bicn e*Tlur(vng Hai, liin
sat. khung bd dam m;iu nhung ngudi cdng san. mci dim cho cac hoai i.tdng edng khai
chdng pha cach mang a nhieu dia phucfng khae. Ngii\ IS - 4 - ld27. Tuitng Gidi
Thach thanh lap chinh phii tai Nam Kinh. dai dicn cho qu\en loi cua dai dia chu. dai
lu Siin d Trung Qudc. Den ihimg 7 - 1927. chmh quven hoan toan roi \iio las Tmmg
Giiii Thach. (.'udc Chicn liiinh Bae phai den da\ eh.ini Jin.
Sau Chien tranh Bdc phat, qudn chiing each mang, dudi sir lanh dao ctia Dang
Ct^ng san Trung Qude, da tien hanh cugc chien dau chdng Chinh phu Qudc dan
dang, ggi la Ndi chidn Qudc - Cgng, didn ra trong nhung nam 1927 - 1937.

Sau khi cugc khdi nghTa Vu Xuang (1 - 8 - 1927) va nhirng cugc khdi nghTa d
cac thanh thi midn Nam thai bai. Dang Cgng san chuydn hudng lay nong thon lam
trung tam each mang, phat dgng ndng dan ndi day, thanh lap chfnh quydn Xo vid't,
Hdng quan cdng ndng va tien hanh each mang rugng dat.
Tutnig Gidi Tliacli da to chirc 4 lan \ a \ quel kVn nham tieu diet ciic khu xd viei nhung
deu Ihai bai. Trong cudc va_\ quel kin ihii nam (1933 - 1434). cac khu xd viei hi tan
cdnsi. luc lULTng each mang hi thiet hai nghiem irong
Thang 10 - 1934. Hong quan cong ndng phai tien hanh cugc pha vay, nit khoi
can cii dia each mang, tien ldn phia bdc. trong lich sir ggi la cugc Vgn li trudng
chinh. Trdn dudng trudng chinh, tai Hgi nghi Tuan NghTa (tinh Quy Chau), hgp
thang 1 - 1935. Mao Trach Ddng trd thanh ngudi lanh dao Dang Cgng san
Trung Qudc. Thang 10 - 1936, cugc Van li trudng chinh vugt qua chang dudng dai
ban 5 000 km. ddy gian khd hi sinh cua Hdng quan Trung Qudc da ke't thiie thdng lgi.
Thang 7 - 1937, gidi quSn phiet

Nhat Ban phat dgng cugc chidn tranh
x^m lugc nhdm thdn ti'nh toan bo
Trung Qudc. Trudc nguy ca dan tgc.
Dang Cgng san Trung Qude chu
ddng dd nghi Qudc dan dang dinh
chidn. ciing hgp tac, t^p trung sire
manh chdng ngoai xam. Do ap luc
dau tranh ciia quan chiing, Qudc dan
dang bugc phai hgp tac vdi Dang
Cgng san dd thanh lap Mat tran dan
Hinh 83. Mao Trgeh Ddng tgc thdng nhat chdng Nhat. Cach
tren dudng Van li trudng chinh mang Trung Qudc chuydn sang thdi
kl khang chidn ehdng phat xft Nhat.
^ ^ Neu dien bien chinh cua each mang Trung Qud'c nhOrig nam 1926 - 1937.
II - PHONG TRAO DOC LAP DAN TOC 6 AN DO

( 1 9 1 8 - 1939)
1. Phong trao doc lap dan toe trong nhung nam 1918 1929
Trong Chien tranh the git^ thir nhat. thue dan Anh da tnit toan bg ganh nang chi
phf chien tranh cho cac thudc dia, nhai la An Do - thugc dja Idn nhai cua de qudc Anh.
Sau chien tranh, chfnh quyen thirc dan tang cudng bdc lot thudc dia, ciing cd bg
may cai tri va ban hanh nhOng dao luat phan ddng... lam cho mau thudn xa hgi ngay
cang cang thdng. Mgt lan sdng dau tranh chdng thuc dan Anh dang cao khdp
An Do trong nhung nam 1918 - 1922.
Tiir cac cugc bai cdng kinh te nam 1918 dd'n cac cugc ndi day ciia quan chiing
nhan dan d cac thanh phd, phong trao dat den hinh thuc cao nhai la kbdi nghTa vu
trang d Pen-giap. Net dac bidt cua phong trao trong thdi ki nay la sir tham gia ciia
dong dao cac tang Idp ndng dan, thi dan va dac biet la cdng nhan. Chi trong 6 thang
dau nam 1920, d An Do da nd ra 200 cudc bai cdng vdi 1,5 tridu cdng nhan tham
gia. Phong trao dau tranh lan rgng khdp trong nude vdi mgt siie manh mdi, dudi su
lanh dao ciia Dang Qudc dai.
Chfnh (rong thdi gian nay, sir xua't hidn cua Md-han-dat Ca-ram-cha-da Gan-di,
dugc nhan dan An Do suy tdn la Ma-hat-ma Gan-di, cung vdi dudng Idi each mang
cua Ong. da tao ra budc ngoat vd cung quan trgng cho each mang An Do. La lanh
tu CO uy tfn Idn, Gan-di cd anh hudng sau rgng ddi vdi nhan dan An Do.
Xuiit phai tu diic dicm vian ldc \a ton giao cua
,An Dp. Gan-di de ra chu truimg vii phuiTiig phap
diiu Iranh "b:Vt bao ddng"" \a "biii hirp tiic". tap
hpp ddng dao cac t.ing kVp nhim dim viio cudc
dau irLinh chdng lai ach ihong ir; ihuc dim. ihu
lieu moi tiin tfch phong kien can iro su phai
trien eiia chu nghia lu bim dim Idc. \ a \ (.limg dal
nudc An Do phdn thnih. Ctan-di keu goi nen
himh diiu Uanh bang cac bien pha[i hoa hmh.
khdng su dung bao luc (nhu bieu Imh lio.i bmh.
bai edng d eae nhii nia_\. cdng Mt. biii khoa d cae
Irudng hpe. lay cha\ himg hoa Anh. khdng nop
thue...). Phong triio bat bao ddng. bin Inip tac do
Gan-di \ i i Dang Qude dai liinh dao nham muc
tieu giimh quven lu iri. tien ldi giiinh ddc lap
Hinh 84. M. Gan-di hoan toim cho An Dd duoc cac Iimg liVp nhim
(1869 - 1948)
dim An Dd huong img.
Cung tiJ ddu nhiing nam 20 cua the ki XX, d An Do da xuai hidn nhiing nhdm
cpng san dau tien. Ciing vdi sir trudng thanh ciia giai cap cdng nhan va phong trao
cong nhan. thang 12 - 1925 Dang Cdng san An Do dugc thanh lap. Sir kien nay da
gdp phan thiic ddy lan sdng da'u tranh cua nhan dan An Do chd'ng thuc dan Anh.
^ ^ Neu nhiyng diin bien chinh cda phong trao each mang An Do sau Chien tranh
the gidi thU nha'L

2. Phong trao doc lap dan toe trong nhung nam 1929 - 1939
Nhung hau qua nang nd ciia cugc khiing hoang kinh te the gidi (1929 - 1933)
da lam biing ldn lan sdng dau tranh mdi etia nhan dan An Do. Phong trao keo dai
trong sudt thap nidn 30. thdng qua cac chien dich bat hgp tac vdi thuc dan Anh do
Gan-di va Dang Qudc dai khdi xudng.
Dim n.im I 930. ehien dich bill lurp lac lai bimg nd vdi vice Gan-di ihuc hien mpl cudc
hanh trmh lich su tiiii 300 km d^ phan ddi chinh saeh ddc qu\en mudi ciia thuc dan
.•\nh. Hiang 12 - 1931. dng lai phai ddng chien dich bat hiTp lac mdi. Thuc dim Anh
tang cudng khung bd. dim ap va ihuc hien cae bien phap mua chude chinh tri nham
chia re himg ngii cach mang. Bat chap cac Ihu doan hai mat cua ehinh quven thuc dan,
phong trao dim tranh viin dien ra soi ddng \ i i lan rdng trong ca nudc. lien kei duoc till
CLI cac lire kntng chinh tr; ihimh mpl mill Irim thdng nhiii iren ihuc te.
Thang 9 - 1939. Chien tranh the gidi thir hai bung nd. chfnh quyen Anh tuydn
chien d chau Au va tuyen bd An Do la mdt bdn tham chidn. Phong trao each mang
An Do chuydn sang mdt thdi ki mdi.
^ Ngi dung chu yeu cda phong trao dgc lap dan tgc d An Do vao nhCtng nam 30
cua the kiXX.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Vi sao noi phong trao Ngu tir (4 - 5 - 1919) md dau cupc each mang chdng de
quo'c va cho'ng phong l<ie'n o Trung Qud'c ?
2. Npi chien Qudc - Cpng (1927 - 1937) dien ra nhu the nao ?
3. Neu nhi/ng diem l<hac nhau ve giai cap lanh dao, con tJuong va phuong phap dau
tranh cua phong trao giai phong dan tpc d An Dp so vdi Trung Qudc trong nhiing
nam giua hai cupc chie'n tranh the gidi.
PHAN DOC THEM

Phong trao Ngu tiir (4 - 5 - 1919)
Chiû 4 - 5 - 1919. hem 3 000 hoc sinh sinh vien ciia 13 trudng dai hpe d B^c Kinh
da tap hop trudc Thien An Mdn. giuong cao khdu hieu : "Xoa bd 21 diû !". "Tra ta
Thanh Dao !". "Tha chei, dau tranh den ciing". "Giei hei bpn giac ban nudc Tao
Nhir Lam. Chuang Tdng Dudng. Luc Tdng Du !" (ba ke than Nhat trong Chinh phii
quan phiet Biie Duong). Tai cudc mit tinh da cdng bd ban Tuven midn eiia hoc sinh
sinh vien Bae Kinh : "Dat dai Trung Qude ed the bi ehinh phuc ehii' khdng th^ bi cat
cho. Nhan dan Trung Qudc cd the bi giei ehu khdng th^ eiii dû. Nudc da mai rdi '
Ddng biio hay viing len I"... Ngay 19 - 5, hoc sinh. sinh vien bat dû tdng bai khoa

Dau thang 6, phong trao dau tranh lan rdng ra ca nudc. tdi eae t^ng liTp nhan dan :
cdng nhan. ndng dan. gidi nhan sT. Khap noi hoc sinh bai khoa, thuong nhan
bai thi. cdng nhfln bai edng...
(Theo : Nguyen Gia Phu - Nguyen Huy Quy.
Lich sirTrung Qudc. NXB Giao due. H.. 2001. tr. 262 - 263)
M. Gan-di ( 1 8 6 9 - 1948)
M. Gan-di. nha yeu nude An Dp. dupc suy tdn la Ma-hat-ma, cd nghTa lii "Tam hdn
vi dai". Nhan dan gpi ong lii Thanh. M. Gan-di la liinh tu Dang Qudc dai, ngudi lanh
dao phong trao giai phdng dan tdc An Dp theo dudng Idi bat bao ddng. bai hop tac.
Sinh ra trong mpt gia dinh kha gia d Tay An Dd, dng tdi nghiep dai hpe Luat d Anh.
sau dd lam ed van phap luat cho mpt cdng ti d Nam Phi. tham gia nhifng hoat ddng
chdng ehe do phSn biet chiing tdc vachii nghia thuc dan. Dau nam 1915 dng ve nude.
van ddng cudc da'u iranh chdng thue dan Anh. Ong bi thue dan Anh bat giam hai Un
vao cac nam 1922 va 1930. Sau khi An Dd dupc trao tra ddc lap (15 - 8 - 1947).
M. Gan-di da tiep tuc dau tranh ngan chan eupc chien tranh huynh de tucmg tan giua
nguoi Hdi giao va An Dp giao. Ngay 30 - 1 - 1948. M. Gan-di bi mot phan tir phan
ddng sat hai.
(Theo : Phan Ngpc Lien (Chii bien).

TTrdien tri thirc lich sif phd thdng thekiXX. Sdd, lr. 327)
CAC Nirdc DONG NAM A

GltTA HAI c u d c CHIEN TRANH
THE Gldl (19li8 - 1939)
Sail Chien tranh the gii'/i thd nhat, cimg vai nhCrng chuyen l?ien
quan trgng ve kinh te, chinh tri, xa hpi, phong trao doc lap dan
tpc dien ra soi noi 6 khu vuc Ddng NaiTi A. O nhieu nuac trong
khu vuc, giai cap \\j san nam quyen lanh dao cugc dau tranh giai
phong dan tpc. T d t b a p nien 20 ciia the ki XX, giai Ceip vo san tre
tuoi l)at dau birdc len vii dai chinh tri, m d ra mpt trien vpng moi
cho phong trao giai phong dan tpc 6 khu vi,rc nay.
189
I - TINH HINH CAC NUOC DONG NAM A

SAU CHIEN TRANH THE GI61 THLT NHAT
1. Tinh hinh kinh te. chinh tri, xa hoi
Trong nhung thap nien dau the ki XX. d cac nudc Ddng Nam A da didn ra nhiing
chuydn bidn quan trgng ve kinh te. chfnh tri va xa hgi.
\ 'e kinh te. phan ldn cac qudc gia Ddng Nam A da trd thanh thugc dia cua cac
nudc de qudc. la thi trudng tieu thu hang hoa va nai eung cap nguyen lieu cho
chfnh qudc.
Ve ehinh tri. mac dii the che d cac nudc cd khae nhau, nhung dac trung ca ban
la do chinh quyen thuc dan thdng tri (trir Xiem). Toan bg quyen hanh ddu tap trung
trong tay chfnh quyen thuc dan.
Ve xd hgi. su phan hoa giai cap didn ra ngay cang sau sac. Giai ca'p tu san dan
tgc ldn manh ciing vdi su phat tridn cua kinh te cdng thuang nghiep. Giai cap nOng
dan, luc lugng chid'm da sd trong xa hdi, ngay cang bi ban ciing hoa va san sang di
theo cac giai cap tidn tien lam each mang. Giai cap cdng nhan dan dan trudng thanh
ve sd lugng va y thiic each mang.
Ciing vdi nhirng chuydn bid'n cua tinh hinh trong nudc, thang Igi cua Cach mang
thang Mudi Nga va cao trao each mang the gidi sau chien tranh da tac dgng manh
me den phong trao dgc lap dan tgc d Ddng Nam A.
^ ^ Neu nhdng chuyen bien chd yeu cda cac nt/dc Dong Nam A trong nhiyng
thap nien dau the kiXX.
2. Khai quat ve phong trao doc lap dan toe 6 Oong Nam A
Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nhai. phong trao each mang d Ddng Nam A budc
vao mdt thdi ki mdi. Ciing vdi su ldn manh cua giai cap tu san dan tgc, phong trao
dan tgc tu san cd nhiiTig budc tid'n ro ret.
\ e u nhu Irudc do. hoat dpng chmh in cua giai cap lu san dan ldc chi nham muc dieh
"khat in de chan himg qudc gia" thi den luc na> muc lieu gianh ddc lap dan tdc duoc
de \uat rd rang : ddi quy^n tu chu ve chinh iri. qu>en tudo trong kinh doanh. quy^n
diing tieng me de trong giao due... Mpt sd chfnh dang tu san duoe ihanh lap vii cd anh
huimg xa hoi rdng ldn nhu Dang Dan toe d ln-dd-ne-\i-a. id chiic Phone traoTliakin
o Mien Dicn. Dai hdi loan Ma Lai... >
Tir ihap nien 20 ciia the ki XX, ciing vdi su trudng thanh cua giai cap vd san va
vide truydn ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao cac nudc Ddng Nam A. mgt sd dang

cong san dugc thanh lap. dau tidn la Dang Cdng san In-dd-nd-xi-a (5 - 1920). Tiep
theo, trong nam 1930, cac dang cgng san lan lugt ra ddi d Viet Nam, Ma Lai, Xiem
va Phi-lfp-pin.
Dudi su lanh dao ûa Dang Cdng san. phong trau doc lap dan loc dien ra soi noi. ndi
bai lil cupc khin nghia vu trang d In-dd-ne-.\i-a (1926 - 1927) vii phong irao caeh mang
1930 -1931 d Viet Nam. ma dinh cao ia X d viet Nghe - T7nh. Rieng o Viet Niini, iir
thang 2 - 1930 quy^n lanh dao each mang chuyen \ao tay chinh dimg ciia giai eiip
vd san.
^ ^ Phong trao dan tgc d Ddng Nam A giu'a hai cugc chie'n tranh the gidi
(1918 - 1939) CO nhCtng diim gi mdi 7
II - PHONG TRAO D O C LAP DAN T O C 6 IN-DO-NE-XI-A

1. Phong trao doc lap dan tpc trong thap nien 20 cua the ki XX
Sau Qiid'n tranh the gidi thii nhai, su phat tridn ciia phong trao cdng nhan cCing vdi
vide truydn ba chu nghia Mac - Lenin vao In-dd-nd-xi-a da ddn tdi vide thanh lap chfnh
dang cua giai cap cdng nhan (5 - 1920). Duge su ung hg eiia ddng dao quan chiing.
Dang Cdng san nhanh chdng nudng thanh va lanh dao phong trao each mang d
In-do-ne-xi-a trong thap nidn 20 cua the ki XX.
Phong Irao dau Iranh ciia cdng nhim vii ndng dan
ilii^n ra soi ndi irong nhifng nam 1920 - 1925.
Trudc khi the cach mang nga\ ciing len cao cua
quan chiing nhim dan. Dang Cdng san da phiit
ddng khcri nghia vu trang o Ciia-\a \ii Xu-ma-io-ra
trong nhimg nam 14.26 - 1927. Mae du khivi
nghia that bai nlurng con ban uip cach mang cua
quiin cluing dudi sU liinh dao cua Dang Cdng san
dii liim rung chuven nen ihong in eua lliifc d.in
Hit Lan it ln-dd-ne-\i-a.
Hinh 85. A. Xu-ede-nd Sau thai bai ciia Dang Cdng san. tir
(1901 -1970) nam 1927 quyen lanh dao phong trao
each mang chuydn vao tay giai cap tu san dan tgc. dirng dau la Ac-met Xu-cac-nd,
lanh tu Dang Dan tgc In-dd-nd-xi-a. Vdi chu truang chdng dd qudc. doan kdi cac
luc lugng dan tgc, tidn hanh dau tranh gianh dgc lap bang bien phap hoa binh va
bang phong trao bat hgp tac vdi chfnh quydn thuc dan. Dang Dan tgc da nhanh
chong gianh dugc uy tin chinh tri va trd thanh luc lugng dan dat phong trao giai
phong dan tgc d In-dd-ne-xi-a.
^ Bien phap dau tranh cda Dang Dan tgc cd diem gi khae so vdi Dang Cgng san
In-dd-ne-xi-a 7
191
2. Phong trao doc lap dan tpc trong thap nien 30 cua the ki XX
Dau thap nien 30 cua the ki XX, phong trao dau tranh chdng thuc dan Ha Lan
tiep tuc dang cao trdn da't nudc In-dd-nd-xi-a, tidu bieu la cugc khdi nghTa cua cac
thuy binh d cang Su-ra-bay-a vao nam 1933. Sau khi dan ap tan khdc nhOng ngudi
khdi nghla, chfnh quyen thuc dan tang cudng khung bd, bat giii cac lanh tu cua
Dang Dan tgc (tir nam 1929 la Dang In-dd-ne-xi-a) va dat Dang ra ngoai
vdng phap luat. Phong trao each mang tam thdi lang xudng trong nhung nam
1933- 1937.
Cudi thap nien 30 ctia the ki XX. trudc nguy ca cua chu nghla phat xft, nhimg
ngudi cdng san da kei hgp vdi Dang In-dd-nd-xi-a thanh lap Lien minh chinh tri
In-dd-nd-xi-a, nham doan kdi cac liJc lugng dan tgc ciing xay dung mgt mat tran
thdng nhai chdng phat xft. Thang 12 - 1939, Lien minh chfnh tri In-dd-ne-xi-a,
dung dau la Xu-cac-nd, da trieu tap Dai hgi dai bieu nhan dan, bao gom dai bieu
ciia 90 dang phai va cac td chiic chfnh tri tham du, bieu thi su thdng nhai dan toe
trong cugc da'u tranh gianh dgc lap.
{kn hoi dil Ihdng t]iia Nghi quyet \e ngdn ngii (Bahasa Inddnexia). Qudc ki (edmiiu
dd vil irang), Qude ea (bin Inddne.via Haya). Dai hdi dii luyen bd lii eo quan ihuimg
true ciia Mat Iran diin ldc thdng nhat. Tliang 9 - 1941. Hdi ddng nhan dan
ln-dd-ne-\i-a dupc thiknh lap vii biiy td ngu>en vong eiing http lac vi'ri ehinh quyin
thirc dim ehdng phai xit Nhai. Tren eo sd dd. In-dd-ne-xi-a se dupc trao tra ddc lap tir
thuc dim Hii Lan.
Chfnh quyen thuc dan da tii chdi nhiiTig yeu cau chfnh dang cua phong trao dan
tgc In-dd-nd-xi-a. Tir day, nhan dan In-do-ne-xi-a budc vao cugc khang chien
chdng phat xft Nhat.
^ ^ Neu nhiyng diin bien chinh cda phong trao dgc lap dan tgc d In-dd-ne-xi-a
giCta hai cugc chien tranh the gidi.
Ill - PHONG TRAO DAU TRANH CHONG

THUC DAN PHAP d LAO vA CAM-PU-CHIA
1. Phong trao chong Phap trong nhung nam 20 cua t h ^ ki XX
Sau Chien tranh the gidi thu" nhai, thuc dan Phap tang cudng chi'nh sach khai
thac thugc dja. dac bidt la d cac nudc Ddng Duang, nai dugc coi la quan trgng va
giau cd nhai trong he thdng thugc dia cua Phap. Cbinh sach khai thac tan bao va
chd do thue khoa, lao dich nang ne da lam bimg nd phong trao da'u tranh chdng
Phap d Ciic nudc Ddng Duang.

dLdo, cudc khdi nghla ciia Ong Keo va Com-ma-dam didn ra Irong han 30 nam
dû the' ki XX. Cudc khdi nghia ciia ngudi Meo do Chau Pa-chay lanh dao keo dai
trong nhiJng nam 1918 - 1922 d Bae Lao va Tay Bae Viet Nam.
d Cam-pu-chia, phong trao chd'ng thue, chdng bat phu biing len manh me trong
nhihig nam 1925 - 1926 d cac tinh Pray-veng, Cdng-pdng Cham, Cdng-pdng
Chd-nang... Tidu bidu la cudc n6i day cua ndng dan thugc huydn R6-ld-phan d
Cdng-pdng Cha-nang. Tif da'u tranh ehdng thud', chdng bat phu, phong trao chuyan
sang da'u tranh vu trang chdng thuc dan Phap. Chi'nh quyen thuc dan dan ap dim
mû phong trao, ban 400 ngudi bi tra tan dd'n chd't.
2. Phong trao chong Phap trong nhung nam 30 cua the ki XX

Tir nam 1930, su ra ddi cua Dang Cdng san Vidt Nam (td thang 10 - 1930
la Dang Cdng san Ddng Duang) da md ra thdi ki mdi trong phong trao each mang
b Ddng Duong. Nhutig ea sd bf mat ddu tidn cua Dang dugc thanh lap d Lao
va Cam-pu-chia. Tuy nhien, sau khi thuc dan Phap dan ap dirge phong trao each
mang 1930 - 1931 d Viet Nam, chiing tap trung lire lugng dan ap da man nhiing
ngudi cdng san, pha vd cac ca sd each mang d hai nudc nay.
Trong nhCmg nam 1936 - 1939, Mat tran Dan chu Ddng Duong dugc thanh lap,
da tap hgp ddng dao cac tang ldp nhan dan vao cudc da'u tranh chdng bgn phan
ddng thudc dia, chdng phat xit va ehdng chidn tranh.
Phong trao Mat Iran Dan chu Ddng Duong da kich thich su phat tri^n ciia phong trao
da'u tranh dim ehu d Lao va Cam-pu-chia. Nhiimg ngirdi cdng san cd dieu kien hoat
ddng cdng khai. xiiy dung eo sd each mang cua Dang o nhirng thimh phd Idn nhu
Vieng Chan va Phndm Penh... Cac luc luong dan ldc chu nghla cung tang eudng hoat
ddng. phe phan che dp thudc dia. chii trircmg giiinh dde lap mdt each dn hoii tir lay
ngudi Phap. tieu bieu la nhdm Piic Chudng. Son Ngpc Tliimh o Cam-pu-chia.
Thang 9 - 1940, phat xit Nhat vao Ddng Duong, phong trao each mang d
Lao va Cam-pu-chia chuyan sang thdi ki da'u tranh chdng phat xft Nhat va
thuc dan Phap.
^ ^ N&u nhOng diin bien chinh cua phong trao each mang d Lao va Cam-pu-chia
trong thdi gian giCta hai cudc chien tranh thegidi.
i3,qcH si; n-NC-A 193

IV - c u o c DAU TRANH CHONG THU'C DAN ANH

6 M A L A I V A M I E N DIEN
1. Phong trao ch6ng thuc ddn Anh 6 Ma Lai

Tu dau the ki XX. phong trao da'u tranh chdng thuc dan Anh da lan rgng trdn
khap ban dao Ma Lai. Ach ap buc nang nd ciia chii nghia thuc dan, ganh nang ng
nan chdng chai da lam biing nd nhung cudc dau tranh ciia ndng dan ngudi Ma Lai
ban dia va ngudi Ma Lai gdc Hoa, gdc An. Giai ca'p tu san dan tgc thdng qua t6
chiic Dai hdi toan Ma Lai da Idn lieng dau tranh ddi ddng tieng Ma Lai trong nha
trudng, ddi thuc hien quydn tu do dan chu trong kinh doanh. Nhieu cugc bai cdng
ldn cua cdng nhan biing nd ddi tang luang, cai thien dieu kidn lam vide.
Nhirng nam 20 ciia the ki XX. d Cu-a-la Lam-po da xuat hien cac nhdm macxft
va cac nghidp doan dan chu. Trdn co sd dd, Uy ban each mang Cdmanhdan dugc
thanh lap dd lanh dao phong trao. Su phat tridn ciia phong trao cdng nhan da dan
tdi su ra ddi ciia Dang Cgng san Ma Lai vao thang 4 - 1930. Trong nhung nam
1934 - 1936, cac cugc tdng bai cdng lien tiep didn ra, chfnh quydn thuc dan phai
di den thoa thuan tang luong cho cong nhan. Tuy nhien, nhiing khae bidt ve I6n
giao va dan tgc d Ma Lai da bi thuc dan Anh Igi dung de pha hoai su thdng nhait
luc lugng trong phong trao dau tranh dan tgc.
2. Phong trao chong thuc ddn Anh a Mien Dien

O Mien Dien, nhiJng nam dau the ki XX da didn ra nhirng cugc ndi day cua nong
dan, cdng nhan ndng nghidp va binh Ifnh chdng lai ach thdng tri cua chfnh quydn
thuc dan Anh. Vao dû thap nidn 20, cac nha su tre, diing dau la Ot-ta-ma, da khdi
xudng phong trao bat hgp tac, khdng ddng thud' va tiy ehay hang hoa Anh. Phong
trao loi cudn ddng dao cac tang Idp nhan dan tham gia.
Trong thap nidn 30, hgc sinh, sinh vien Mien Didn da phat dgng phong trao
Thakin (phong trao ciia nhiing ngudi lam chu da't nudc) ddi cai each quy chd' dai
hgc, thanh lap trudng dai hgc ridng cho Mien Didn, ddi tach Mien Dien ra khoi
An Do va dugc quyen tu tri. Trudc ap luc dau tranh manh me cua qu^n chung, nam
1937, Mien Didn dugc tach ra, eham dut ban mia the ki la mdt tinh cua An D6
thudc Anh.
^ Phong trao giai phdng dan tgc d Ma Lai va Mien Dien diin ra nhu the nao ?
194 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 13.L|CHSiJ n-NC-B

V - CUOC CACH MANG NAM 1932 6 XIEM

La nudc duy nhai d Ddng Nam A khdng bi roi vao tinh trang thugc dia, nudc
Xidm trdn thue te cOng khdng giu duge trgn ven n^n dde lap cua minh, bi phu thugc
vd nhiû mat vao Anh va Phap. Su bai man ciia cac t^ng ldp trong xa hgi ddi vdi
chd'dd quan ehu Ra-ma VII ngay mgt tang len.
Mua hh nam 1932, mdt cudc each mang da xay ra d Thu dd Bang Cdc dudi su lanh
dao ciia giai ca'p tu san, dung dau la Pri-di Pha-nd-mi-dng.
Pha-nd-mi-dng lii ihn linh Dang Nhim dan.
hnh hon cua cui>c Cach m.mg nam 1932. Ong
vach ra chirong trinh cai tao \a hdi qua 3 giai
doan, nhiim cai cach nen chinh tri o Xiem iheo
phuang Ihue dan chu phucmg Tay. Tu\ nhien.
dng khong chu tririiig di loi mdt nen dan chii
triet de mil \iin du\ iri ngdi vua ciing vdi sU
ihiei lap nghi vien. vay dimg che do quan chii
lap hicn \ii tien hanh nhiing cai each kinh le -
\a hoi thei> huimg tu sim.
Nhin chung. cudc Cach mang nam

Hinh 86. Pri-di Pha-nd-mi-dng 1932 khdng dem lai kdt qua nhu Pri-di
(1900-1983)
Pha-nd-mi-dng va nhan dan mong
mudn. Nhung quyen han cua giai cap phong kie'n, quy tgc van dugc duy tri. Tuy
nhidn, cudc each mang da tang cudng dia vi ciia giai cap tu san trong cae linh virc
kinh t^ - xa hgi, thay the' chd' do quan chu bang che do quan chii lap hien, tao didu
kidn tid'n hanh cac cai each theo hudng tu san. Cung tir day Xidm bude sang mgt
thdi ki phat trien mdi.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. N6u nhijng didm mdi trong phong trao dSn tOc d OOng Nam A giQa hai cuoc chl^n
tranh th^ gidi.
2. Su Ii6n minh chien dau ch6ng Phap cua nhan dSn ba nudc D6ng Dirong di/pc the
hi6n qua nhang sir kien tifiu bilu nao ?
3. Hay nhan xet ve cupc Cach mang nam 1932 d Xi6m.

PHAN DOC THEM

Xu-cac-no (1901 - 1970), lanh tu phong trao giai phong dan tdc In-do-ne-xi-a
Xu-cac-nd sinh ngay 6 - 6 - 1901 tai Bli-ta. thanh phd Su-ra-bay-a thudc Ddng Gia-va,
con mdt nhii giao. Ong tdt nghiep dai hpe Y khoa. Nam 1927. dng sang tap Dang DSn
ldc In-dd-ne-xi-a. Vdi tu each la Chii tich Dang, Xu-cae-nd nhieu lan tuyen b6 doi
thuc dan Ha Lan trao tra ddc lap cho In-dd-ne-xi-a. Cudi nam 1929, Xu-cac-nd va cic
nha lanh dao Dang Dan tde bi chi'nh quyan thire dan bai giam. Thang 8 - 1930, thuc
dan Ha Lan md phiSn toa xet xir Xu-cac-nd. Vdi tai hung bi&n. dng da tu bSo chfla
truoc toa bang bai phat biû ndi tiS'ng "In-dd-ne-xi-a id' cô", len an tdi ac va su thdng
tri cua thuc dan Hii Lan. Bai chap du luSn phan ddi a trong va ngoai nudc, chi'nh
quy^n thuc dan kei an Xu-cac-nd 4 nam tii giam. Do cudc da'u tranh ciia nhan
dan In-dd-ne-xi-a va ban be qudc ta'. ngay 31 - 12 - 1931, dng dupc ra tu trudc thdi
ban va tiep tuc lanh dao phong trao ddc lap dan tdc a In-dd-na-xi-a.
Tliang 8 - 1933. Xu-cae-nd lai hi thuc dan Ha Lan bat va luu day tai dao KS-xin. sau
dd la dao Ben-cu-len.
Xu-cac-nd la Tong thdng dau tian ciia nudc Cdng hoa In-dd-ne-xi-a (1945 - 1965).
Ong la nha hoat ddng chinh tri. lanh tu xuai sdc ciia phong trao giai phdng dan tdc
In-dd-ne-xi-a.
(Theo : Phan Ngoc LiSn (Chii bien).
Tif dien tri thurc lich sit pho thdng ihekiXKSdd, tr. 876 - 877)
Cupc each mang "ngap ngimg" nam 1932 a Xiem
Khdng khf ehinh tri d Xiem ngdt ngai nhu cai ndng oi biic ciia miia he nhiet ddi. Ldng
bat man vdi che dd quan chii Ra-ma VII bdc Id cdng khai Irong cau chuyan thudng
ngay cua quan chii'c, tri thirc va si quan cao ca^p.
Sang sdm 24 - 5 - 1932. ngudi dan thanh phd Bang Cdc ngae nhian khi tha'y mdt sd
don vi phao binh va bd binh bao vay cung dien nha vua va cac ca quan Chinh phii.
TTiii dd bi dat vao tinh trang bao ddng. dudng phd' vang ngat, hieu budn dong ciia, chp
biia khdng cd ngucri. nhung khdng mdt tieng nd, khdng mdt via I6n xdn. Cac hoang
than lang le tap trung dudi su kiem soat ciia quan ddi.
... NhiJng ngudi dai dien Dang Nhan dan giri de'n vua mdt biic thu, ed ngucri gpi dd la
"tdi hau Ihu", viei rang : "Dang Nhan dan khdng h^ cd y dinh xam doat bang bait cii
each nao tai san ciia Hoang gia. Muc dich chinh la thiei lap che' dd quan chu iSp hie'n.
VI vay, chiing tdi yfiu cdu Hoang thuong tro v^ kinh dd de' tri vi chinh th^ mdi do
Dang Nhan dan thiei lap la che dd quan chii lap hie'n...".
Biic thu mang chu kf ciia 3 vi dai ta cdm ddu quan ddi. Rd rang la muc tiau ciia
Dang Nhan dan khdng nhdm dat tdi n^n cdng hoa cd the' che' dan chu ma chi mong
mudn chuyan tir n^n quan chii chuyen che' sang quan chu lap hie'n. Ngay tir phiit ddu.
tie'ng ken cdch mang da td ra ngap ngimg, do du...
(Theo : Vu Duong Ninh. Lich si/Vuong qud'c Thdi Lan,
NXB Giao due, H., 1994, tr. 103 - 105)

Chirong X .
^r
CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU HAI

( 1 9 3 9 - 1945)
CHlfi'N TRANH THE GlOl THlT HAI

(1939 - 1945)
Cbien tranh the giai thu hai (1939 - 1945) la cuoc chien tianh brn
nhat, tan khoe nhat trong lich sd nhan loai. Chien tranh dien ra
tren nhieu mat tran, bao trum hau nhu toan lx> cac chau liic va
dai dirang. Chien tranh ket thiic vc>i si^rthat bai hoan toan cud phe
phat Xlt, dan tai nbCmg bien doi can ban trong tinh hinh the gifxi.
I ~ CON DirdNG DAN D E N CHIEN TRANH.

GIAI DOAN DAU CUOC CHIEN 6 CHAU AU
(Ttr THANG 9 - 1939 DEN THANG 6 - 1941)
1. Con dunngdin den chien tranh (1931 - 1939)
Ti^ cu6c khiing hoang kinh te' tha' gicfi (1929 - 1933), ba nu6c Diic, I-ta-li-a va
Nhat Ban da di theo ducmg I6'i gay chia'n tranh chia lai tha' gidi. Diic v& Nhat Ban
rut khoi H6i Qu6c lien (1933) di cung vdi I-ta-h-a han kai thMi kh6i lian minh ph^t
Xlt Dlic - I-la-U-a - Nhat (1937), duoc mfinh danh la "True Bec-lin - Rd-ma - Td-ki-d",
hay goi tat la phe True. Kh6'i lian minh nay viia chd'ng Qud'c ta' Cdng san (am chi
Lian Xd), vira nham gay chia'n tranh chia lai the' gidfi.
Tir nam 1931 den nam 1937. Nhat Ban mo rpng chien irauli \aui lupc Tmng Qudc,
chiem cac tinh mien Dong : khieu khich hien gidi Trung - Xd, Phat xit I-ia-li-a \am
luoc E-ti-d-pi-a (1935). cimg vdi Due giiip dang phai .\it eua Phran-co ga\ n(>i chien
dTay Ban Nha, lat dd Chinh phu Cdng hoa. Hit-le da> manh chien tranh xam iuoc
huctng tdi mue tieu thanh lap mdt nudc "Dai Diic" hao gdm c;ic lanh thd cd dan
Du'c sinh sdng d chau Au.
Trudfc cic cudc xam luac cua lian minh phat xit, cac cucmg qud'c tu ban dan chu
v& Lian Xd lai khdng co mdt ducmg ldi hanh ddng chung.

Hua Kl la nuoc giau m:uih nhai. nlumg Lij ihco '\ hu ii::hia hiet lap " o Tax han cau.
khdng tham gia Hui Quoc hen \a khdng can thie[> \ao c.ic sU kicn o hen ngoai
chau M I
Lien Xo coi chu nghi.i phai \ i i l:i ke ihu ngu\ hiem nhat. nen dA chu truong hop lac
\ d i cac iiLiiiv Uf h.in il.m chu dc chong phai xit \a nîu cii cliieii liaiih.
,-\nh 1 a Phap cung lo sO su hanh truong cua chu ntihia phai \ i t . dong ihoi van ihii ghei
chu nghla cdng san. \ i ihe. hp khdng lien ket chai che vdi Lien Xd de ciing chdng
phai ,\it. m.i ihtic hien ; /.';',•''; \ai. h nhiO'ii:; / " ' plua .\n de doi l,i\ ho.r hmh.
UAI IV I . \ f^^-^^J
LI£N XO
•ifa
DLfONG
'i BIES
V%N«,»TU r - ' 7 OILS
•f BUN-aW!l V _ ^
CHAU A
.HILAR
I Nirdc thu6c phe Tnjc Nuflc bi phe True ffi6n tinh Phe Tme xSm li/oc
I Lifin minh oJa Phdp Phe Tme can tfiifip -DCrc gay han
Hinh 87. Lugc do Due - l-ta-li-a gdy chieh vd bdnh trudmg

(tif thdng 10 - 1935 den thdng 8 - 1939}
JDi thanh lap nha nuoc "Dai E)uc", trudc hei Hi't-le quyet dinh sap nhap Ac - mdt
nuoc Cling dan tdc vdi Diic - vao nu6c Diic.
Thang 3 - 1938, quan Diic keo vao chiem dong Thii dd Vian "d^ ngan chan mdt
am muu cdng san", roi phe truai ludn Thu tuong va sap nhap Ao vao nudc Dtic

Tig'p do, Hit-le chii trucmg mcf rdng nudc "Dai Diic" bang each yau cû
Chfnh phii Tiep Kbac chuyen giao xir Xuy-det, mot vung bien gidi co khoang
3 triau ngucri gdc Dire sinh sdng. Chinh phii Tiep Khae chap thuan cho Xuy-det
ducic tu tri, nhung chdng lai viec sap nhap xu" nay vao Diic. Van de Xuy-det dan den
su tranh cha'p giiia Diic, Tiep Khdc, Lien Xd, Anh va Phap..., lam cho tinh hinh
tha' gidi tham cang thang.
Tai Hdi nghi Muy-nfch (29 - 9 - 1938) khong co Tiep KhSc va Lian Xo tham
du, mot hiep dinh da dugc kf kai. Theo dd, Anh - Phap irao vung Xuy-det ctia
Tiap Khae cho Du'c, da doi la'y su cam kei cua Hft-le ve viec cham diit moi cudc
thdn tfnh d chau Au.
Nhung ehi 6 thang sau ngay chia'm xong Xuy-det, Hft-le da thdn tfnh toan bd
Tiep Khae (3 - 1939), sap nhap cac xii Bd-ham va Md-ra-va cua nudc nay vao
"Dai Dlic", cdn xii Sld-va-ki-a thi duoc "doc lap" duoi sir bao ho ciia Diie. Noi theo
Hft-le, Mut-xd-li-ni cung cho quSn chiem An-ba-ni.
Chfnh sach nhuong bd cua Anh - Phap da khdng ciiu duoc hoa binh, ma lai
khuye'n khfch bon phat xft day manh chien tranh xam luoc.
Viia chie'm xong Tiep Khae, Hft-le lien doi Ba Lan trao tra cho Diie thanh phd'
cang Dang-dich (nay la Ga-dan-xco) va dai dai d "Hanh lang Ba Lan" nd'i lian viing
Ddng Phd vdi lanh tho Dai Diic. Chfnh phu Ba Lan khudc tir. Anh - Phap hidu rang
khdng tha tia'p tuc nhuong bd tham nua, nan da kf vdi Ba Lan va nhieu nudc chau
Au khae cac hiep udc lian minh. Anh - Phap cUng tie'n hanh dam phan vdi Lian
Xd, nhung sir nghi ki lan nhau da lam cho cac cudc hoi dam khdng di den kai qua.
Dlic quyei dinh danh chiem Ba Lan.
Lien Xd va Due ki Hiep udc khdng xam lupc nhau ngay 23 - 8 - 193d. tam hoa hoan
de tranh chien tranh vii bao ve quyen loi mdi nudc Irong tinh the liic ha\ gid.
Anh - Phap phai ddi dau vdi nudc Dire da san simg xam luoc Ba Lan.
^ ^ - Dya vao lUdc do. trinh bay cac hoat dgng gay chie'n va banh trudng cda
DUc va l-ta-li-a trong nhCtng nam 1935 - 1939.
- Qua cac sukien dien ra trong qua trinh din de'n chie'n tranh, hay phan tich
nguy§n nhan bung no cija Chien tranh the gidi thd hai.
2. Chien tranh the gioi bat dau giua Dut voi Ba Lan va Anh - Phap
(tif thang 9 - 1939 den thang 4 - 1940)
Rang sang 1 - 9 - 1939, quan ddi Diic tan cdng Ba Lan. Hai ngay sau, Anh va
Phap tuyen chien vcfi Dire. The la ba cudng qud'c o chau Au cung vdi Ba Lan chfnh
thiic tham chie'n. Chien tranh tha' gidi bat dû.

Vcti uu the tuyet ddi \i sire manh quan su, quan Diic lan dau tien ap dung chia'n
luoc "Chien tranh chdp nhoang" da nhanh chdng danh tan quan dpi Ba Lan va bao
vay Thu dd Vac-sa-va. Chfnh phu Ba Lan roi khdi da't nudc sang luu vong tai Anh.
Thu dd Ba Lan bi oanh tac tan nat van anh dung khang cu den ngay 28 - 9 - 1939.
Lien quan .\nh - Phap dan Iran doc theo hien gidi phia [a\ nuoc Due. cung cd phdng
iu>en .\1a-gi-nd. nhimg khdng tan cdng Due vii ciing khdng cd hanh ddng quan su
nao dd ddn cho Ba Lan. \ ' i \ a \ . phat .xii Due da ehiem xong Ba Lan sau gan 1 thang
\a sap nhiip nuoc na\ \LIO "Dai Due" i i r u mien Ddng Ba Lam.
Lien Xd da tien hanh nhiJng boat ddng q u ^ su va chfnh tii 6i gianh lai nhirng
lanh thd thudc dequdc Nga trudc day, da bi ma't trong thcfi ki ndi chia'n va can thiap
vii trang ciia nudc ngoai.
Hdng quan lien viio mien Dong Ba Lan (lii ngiiy 17 - 9 - 19391 de dua mien nii\ tra
tai lanh thd Lien X d . Chien iranh giiia Lien Xd vdi Phan Lan (til thang 11 - 1939 den
ihang 3 - 194(li dii buiv Riiin Lan phai chu>en giao cho Lien XP eo dat Ka-re-li.
Ba nudc \img Ban-tich !ii Lit-va. Lai-\i-a vii E-xtd-ni-a lai sap nhiip viio Lien bang
Xo viel (S - 14411), \ u t m g qudc Ru-nia-ni eung budc phiii chuven giao viing
Bet-xa-ra-hi cho l_ien Xo.
^^ Vi sad Ditc cd th4 xim chi§'m Ba Lan mdt each nhanh chdng ?
3. Phe True xam chiesm va thdng trj phan Ion chau Au
Thdng 4 - 1940, phat xft Diic chuya'n hudng tain cdng tir phia ddng sang phi'a tay
bang viae xam chia'm Dan Mach va Na Uy. Cudc tSin cdng ciia Diic cf Mat tran
phfa Tay (tir ngay 1 0 - 5 da'n ngay 4 - 6 - 1940) cung dian ra theo chie'n luoc
•"Chia'n tranh chcfp nhoang", budc Ha Lan, Bi, Liic-xam-bua dû hang, r6i danh
thoc sau vao nudc Phap ; tan quan Anh - Phap phai thao chay sang Anh.
Oiiiih phu Phap bo Pa-ri eha> ve Tua. dua Tiidng che Pe-tanh len cam quv^n de xin
dinh chien \i^l Dire. Nudc Phap da bai Iran sau 6 tudn chien dim.
Tlieo Hiep dinh dinh chien k i ngay 22 - 6 - 1940. nudc Due chiem ddng
3/4 lanh thd Phap. bao gdm mi^n Bae eimg viing ven bie^n Dai Ta> Duonti. Thii dd
P a n cung bi Due chiem ddng. Chinh phii Phap do Pe-tanh liim QuiV irueme ddng lai
ihi irim \ ' i - s i . nam qu>i5n tu iri mdi vimg o phia nam nudc Phap \a lam lav sai
cho Dire.

Tir thang 7 - 1940, khdng quan Dire tien hanh oanh tac nudc Anh, tan pha nang
n^ nhieu thanh phd Idn. Nudc Anh quyei chien dau den cimg. Do Anh van gianh
duoc uu the ve khdng quan va hai quan so vdi Dire, dong thdi tir thang 9 - 1940,
\ n bat dû vian tro cho Anh, nen ke hoach dd bd ciia Dire len nudc Anh khdng thuc
hiSn duoc.
Thang 9 - 1940, Hiep
udc Tam cudfng Dire -
l-ta-li-a - Nhat Ban duoc
kl tai Bec-lin, phan chia
pham vi thd'ng tri ciia
Dlic va I-ta-li-a a chau
Au, eua Nhat Ban a
Vien Ddng.
Tiap dd, phat xft Diic

chuyen sang banh trudng
d Ddng va Nam Au.
Hft-le dbng nhiing thu
doan chfnh tri khdn kheo,
kai hop vdi siic ep quan su
da Idi keo duoc Ru-ma-ni
(10 - 1940), Hung-ga-ri
(11 - 1940) va Bun-ga-ri
Hinh 88. Qudn Ddc hen vdo Pa-ri l6 - 1940) ( 3 - 1941) gia nhap Hiep
udc Tam cudng ciia phe
True, md dudng cho Diic
tie'n quan vao ba nudc nay.
Ditc da thai bai irong viec Idi keo Nam Tu theo phe True ; cdn l-ta-li-a cung thiit bai
trong viee xam lupc Hi Lap (10 - 1940). Trude linh hinh dd. phiii xii Diic lien tiin
cdng Nam Tu vii Hi Lap (4 - 1941). Ca viing Ddng va Nam Au (toim bd ban dao
Ban-eang) thudc ve Dire.
Den giiia nam 1941, phe True da thdng tri phan Idn chau Au.
^ ^ Hay trinh bay qua trinh hinh thanh va cung co lien minh phat xit. Ba nudc Difc,
Ha-li-a va Nhat Ban da phan chia pham vi thong th tren thegidi nhuthenao 7

II - CHIEN TRANH LAN RONG KHAP T H E G I 6 I

(TIT THANG 6 - 1941 DEN THANG 6 - 1944)
1. Due tci'n cong Lien Xo (tir thang 6 - 1941 den thang 11 1942).
Chien su tai B ^ Phi
Ngay 22-6-1941.
phat xft Dire ta'n cdng
Lien Xd, xe bo Hiep
udc Xd - Dlic khdng
xam Iuoc nhau. Tan
dung uu the va trang
thiat bi kl thuat va
yeu td bai ngd, quan
Dlic van tien hanh
"Chia'n tranh ehdp
Hinh 89. Lien Xo phdn cdng trong trdn Mdt-.xcu-va nhoang" du dinh
danh bai Lien Xd
trong vdng tii 6 de'n 8 tudn la. Ba
dao quan Diic gom 5,5 trieu ngudi
dong loat ta'n cong, danh thiet hai
nang quan ddi Xd viei, tien sau vao
chiem mot viing lanh thd rong Idn
cua Lian Xd. Sau 3 thang, dao quan
phfa bae da bao vay Le-nin-grat
(tiic Xanh Pa-tec-bua), dao quan
trung tam tie'n tdi ngoai vi Thii do
Mat-xco-va va dao quan phfa nam
da chiem Ki-ep, phan Idn U-crai-na.
Nhung Lien Xd vdn diing vung.
Thanh phd Le-nin-grat bi bao vay
sudt 900 ngay dam, vdi gan 1 triau
ngudi chei vi ddi ret va bom dan,
Hinh 90. Chien dd'u trong thdnh pho van kien cudng chien dau cho den
Xia-lin-grdt ngay duac giai phdng.
Cudi nam 1941, quan Diic md 2 cudc tan cdng manh liat vao Mat-xco-va hdng
kai thiic chien tranh, nhung da bi quan va dan Lien Xd be gay. Trong mua ddng
nam 9ty, Hong quan do tudng Giu-edp chi huy da phan cong day lui quan dich each
xa Thii dd hang tram kildmet, danh thiet hai nang dao quSn trung tarn, Iam that bai
hoan toan chien luoc "Chien tranh chdp nhoang" ciia Dire.
Sau tha'l bai d Mat-xco-va, mua he nam 1942, quan Dire chuyen mui nhpn tien
cdng xud'ng phfa nam, nhdm chiem viing luong thuc va ddu md quan trong nhai ciia
Lian Xd d day, ddng thdi cdt dut nguon tiep te chti yeu cua Hdng quan. Mudn Iam
chii viing nay, quan Dire phai chiem duoc thanh phd Xta-lin-grat*' *. Cuoc chien da'u
bao va Xta-lin-grat da dian ra vd ciing ae liet sudt hon 2 thang.
d Mat tran Bdc Phi, ngay tir thang 9 - 1940, quan I-ta-li-a tii Li-bi (thuoc
I-ta-Ii-a) da ta'n cdng Ai Cap (thudc Anh). Nhung den cudi nam, quan Anh da danh
bai dich va tien vao Li-bi.
Trong tran En A-la-men (dien ra tir 23 - 10 den 4 - 11 - 1942), quan Anh do
Thd'ng che' Mdng-gd-ma-ri chi huy da danh bai quan Diic - I-ta-li-a d Ai Cap,
gianh lai uu the' d Bdc Phi va chuyen sang phan cong tren toan mat tran.
^ ^ Chien lUdc "Chien tranh chdp nhoang" cda DUc da bi that bai nhu the nao 7
Tai sao chien liygc dd lai that bai trong cugc tan cong Lien Xd 7
2. Nhat Ban khai chien voi MT - Anh. Chien tranh Thai Binh Duong
bung no (tir thang 12 - 1941 den thang 11 - 1942)
Tran Tran Chau cang (7 - 12 - 1941) md ddu cudc chien tranh Thai Binh Duong
giOa Nhat Ban vdi Mi - Anh. Ham ddi Nhat da bf mat, bai ngd tan cdng ham ddi
Thai Binh Duong cua Ml tai Tran Chau cang (thudc qudn dao Ha-oai). Ham ddi Mi
bi thiat hai nang. Mi budc phai tham gia chien tranh tha' gidi.
Ngay 1 - 1 - 1942
tai Oa-sinh-tcfn, 26 qudc
gia (diing ddu la ba
cudng qudc Lian Xd,
Ml, Anh) da kf ban
Tuyen ngon Lien hgp
qudc, khang dinh quyei
tam chien ddu da'n ciing
chdng chu nghia phat
Xlt. Vdi ban Tuyen
Hinh 91. Trdn Trdn Chdu cdng (12 -19411 ngdn nay, khdi Ddng
minh chdng phat xft da chfnh thirc hinh thanh. Cudi thang 11 - 1943, nguyen thii
ciia ba eudng qudc la Xta-hn (Lien xd), Ru-do-ven (Mi) va Sdc-sin (Anh) da hop
tai Ta-ha-ran da thdng nhat dudng ldi tien hanh chien tranh.
(1) Nay la Von-ga-grai.

Ngay tiir thang 9 - 1940, quan Nhat da xam nhap Ddng Duong, budc chfnh
quyen thuc dan Phap phai nhuong bd. Khi chien tranh Thai Binh Duong bung nd,
quan Nhat tiep tuc tien hanh viec danh chie'm khu vuc Ddng Nam A. Nhat Ban keo
quan vao Thai Lan, kf hiep udc lian minh vdi nudc nay va Thai Lan tuyan chia'n vdi
Mi - Anh. Nhat danh chiem Ma Lai (1 - 1942), "dao phao dai" Xin-ga-po
(2 - 1942). Mien Dian (5 -1942), Phi-lfp-pin (5 - 1942).
_J M (wJt * » nm (*n 1ET

iiui NntI otn IW2
'^^Pl' NTitrtjn Iflng
i\ ^*
Olng minh pliin a r ( IIW; IWil
AN DO DUONG Dîginlnhii*ilitK|i»H I M l
utn « Un iflnj (8 - 1Mil
Tian dAnn »
T14nii pHi dl f#n comflVf^tflD^
Hinh 92. Lugc dd chien trudng chdu A - Thdi Binh Duang (1941 - 1945)
Nhat Ban tie'p tuc md rong banh tifdng d Thai Binh Duong.
Tluing 4 - 1442. Nhat Ban chiem phiin kin dao Tan Ghi-ne. tare tiep uy hiep 6-\lray-li-a.
nhung hi quiin Mi chan kn trong tran hai chien d Bie'n San hd (5 - 1942). Tiep dd.
quan NhSl thuc hien ke hoach banh trudng d trung tam Thai Binh Ducmg. nhung bi
Ml danh bai trong triln Mit-u^y - tran hai ehien Idn nhai ciia lich sit chien tranh
l6 - 1942t. Thang 7 - 1942. quan Nhat lieh danh qudn dao Xa-ld-mdng, cung lai bi
quiin MT chan danh lai Gua-dan-ca-nan - dao chii yeu ciia quin diio nay...
Nam 1942, quan phiai Nhat da banh trudng den td'i da, thd'ng tri gdn 8 trieu km^
da't dai vdi 500 trieu dan d Ddng A, Ddng Nam A va Thai Binh Duong.
^ ^ - 7a/ sao Nh$t Ban khai chien vdi tAT - Anh d Thai Binh Di/ang 7 Hay tiydng
thu$t viec khai chien, qua trinh xim lUdc va banh trtfng cda Nhat trin lugc
do chien trudng chau A - Thai Binh Duong (1941 - 1945).
- Khoi Dong minh chong phat xit dUdc hinh thanh nhu the nao 7 Tai sao ba
nudc tAT, Anh, Lien Xd trUdc chie'n tranh khdng cd dudng ldi banh ddng
chung, nhtmg trong chien tranh lai lien kit dugc vdi nhau 7

3. *'Trat tir moi'' cua phe True va phong trao khang chien ch6ng
phat xit
Hiap ude Tam cudng da tuyan bd muc dfch cua phe TriJC la thiei lap "trat tu mdi"
tran the gidi, thay cho trat tu cu da Idi thdi.
Su thd'ng tri cua phat xft Dire da tao ra cai goi la "trat tu mdi" d chau Au.
Ddi vdi cac nude hi ehiem ddng, phat xit Dire thdng tri bang bao luc vii khung bd icua
luc lucmg mat vu Ghestapd, cdnh ve SS va quan dpi Due). Hit-le ra sire vo vet nhan
iuc (hon 7 triû dan d eae nudc chiiu Au hi dua sang Due lam lao diing khd sai) v.i
thang tay bde lot kinh tede phue vu chien iranh. Chinh âch phan hiet chung toe cue
ki tan bao dupc iip dung. Ngudi XIa-vo (Nga. Ba Lan...i hi coi nhu nd le. cd the bi
ban gi6i bat cu liic nao. Rieng ngudi Do Thai hi Hit-lc diinh eho "'giai phap cudi
cung", nghia la lieu diet loan bd. Ho hi ddn viio cae "ghetto" (khu each li) va bi tan
sat hang loat. Cho den nam 1945. htm 5 irieu ngudi Do Thai (tuc 70'^ dim Do Thai
d ehau Au va MWc dan Do Thai tren loan the gidi) da bi giet hai. Ciic trai tap trung vdi
frtidng hcfi ngat va Id thiû ngudi lii san phiiim tieu bieu eho "trat tu mt'n" eiia |)hat xit Diic.
Nhat Ban tuyan bd lap "Khu vuc

thinh vuong chung Dai Ddng A"
vdi khau hieu "Chau A eua ngudi
chau A". Nhung ho da thiei lap d
day ach thdng tti ddy bao luc va
khung bd (bang co quan mat vu
Kempaytai va quan ddi Nhat Ban),
vdi cac chfnh phii bii nhin ban xu*
nhu : Chfnh phu Nam Kinh ciia
Udng Tinh Va d Trung Qud'c
(1940), cac chfnh phii tu tri ciia
Mien Dien va Phi-lfp-pin (1943)...
Phong trao khang chien cua

nhan dan cac nudc chau Au phat
Hinh 93. Tre em trong trai tap trung trian manh dudi su lanh dao ciia
ctia phdt xit Difc
Dang Cong san (duac Lien Xd ung
ho) va cua cac chfnh phu Iuu vong
(duoc Mi - Anh giiip dd).
Tai Phap. Dang Cdng san va nhiû td ehiic khae da thiinh lap lue lupng khang chi^n
trong nudc (F.F.Ii. Tudng Dd Gdn sang Anh lanh dao luc luong Phap Tu do (F.F.L).
205
dua \i\o cae thudc dia cua Phap va su trp giiip cua Anh - M l de chien d.m. Tai Nam
I'u. phong iriio khang chien ciia Dang Cdng san do Nguyen soai Ti-td dung ddu, vdi
30 van quiiii giai phdng dutmg ddu thang loi vdi 24 su d<i;m quan phiu xit. Tai Ba Lan.
Dang Cong san da ihimh lap "Quiin dpi nhan d i n " , cdn lue liremg irung thiinh vdi
chmh phu luu \t)ng la[i ra "Quiin dpi trong nucK." dt^ khang chien. Ngudi Do Tliai d
Vac-sa-va ndi diiy (4 - 1^43) : td ehue "Quan dpi trong nudc" phat ddng khdi nghia
(S - !'-)44l nhirng deu hi dan ap dam mim. Tai Hi Lap. Lla-li-a, .An-ba-ni....
ehien Iranh du kich [^hai irien manh mc.
Tai Lian X6, chien tranh du kfeh trong viing bi dich chiem da lam rung chuyan
hau phucfng quan Dire.
Phong trao khang chien d Ddng A cung len cao.
Tai "Lrung Qude. hitng irieu dim quan. du kich cua Dang Cdng san hoat ddng sau lung
dich. dii giam chiin nua sd quan Nhat d iliiv. Tai Ddng Nam A . Dang Cong san liinh
dao phong triio khang Nhat d Viei Nam (Mat trim Viet Minh). Phi-lip-pin (Phong triio
du kieh Huk-ba-la-hap) vii Ma Lai (Quan dpi nhan dan ehdng Nhiit). Phong iriio d
Mien Dien. Xin-ga-pii va In-dd-ne-xi-a do gidi tri thue liû tu san dung diiu. cd sir
\uiy\ tac eua Dang Cdng san.
^ ^ - Hay trinh bay ve "trat tu mdi" cda phe True d chau Au va chau A. Em cd
suy nghT gi ve trat tu mdi dd 7
- Phong trao khang chien d nhiyng nUdc bi phat xit chiem ddng dien bien
ra sao 7
4, Quan Oong minh phan cong (tir thang 1 1 - 1 9 4 2 den thang 6 - 1 9 4 4 )

Tran phan cong tai Xta-lin-grat (tiingay 19 - II - 1942 den ngay 2 - 2 - 1943)
cua quan ddi Lien Xd da tao nen budc ngoat xoay chuyen tinh the cua cudc chi^n
tranh the' gidi : uu the chuyan tiJ phe True sang phe Dong minh. Trong tran danh
ldn nay, Hdng quan da tan cdng, bao vay, chia cdt de tieu diet va bdt sd'ng toan bd
dao quan tinh nhue cua Diic gom 33 van ngudi do Thdng che Phdn Pao-Iut
chi huy. Ke tii day, Lian Xd va phe Dong minh chuyen sang tan cdng tren khdp cac
mat tran.
Trong tran Cudc-xco (tu 5 - 7 de'n 23 - 8 - 1943), Hong quan da nhanh chong
be gay cudc tdn cdng ciia dich, chuyen sang phan cdng tiau diet va danh tan 30 sU
doan (cd 7 su doan xe tang), Ioai khdi vdng chien 50 van quan Due. Hong quan lian
tuc ta'n cdng, giai phdng lanh thd : tien vao U-crai-na (cudi nam 1943), giai vay
La-nin-grat (1 - 1944)... Den thang 6 - 1944, phdn Idn lanh thd trudc chie'n tranh
cua Lian Xd duoc giai phdng.
206
QuSn Oifc tan cdng PAO-LOT Oao quan Diic

(v(!Ji tuiSng chf huy)
Mattran ngay 18-11-1942 VA-TU-TIN
Dao quan Lj§n Xd (vdi tirdng
chf huy) phan cong
Mat Iran ngay 30-11-1942
(•) Thanh phi5
Hinh 94. Lifgc dd trgn phdn cdng Xta-lin-grdt
Tran Mat tran Bdc Phi, ngay 8 - 11 - 1942, quan MT do bd vao An-gie-ri va
Ma-rde (cd quan Phap Tu do tham gia). Quan Anh (phia ddng) va quan Mi
(phfa tay) ddn dudi quan phat xft d Li-bi chay vi Tuy-ni-di. Ngay 12 - 5 - 1943,
toan bo quan Diic, I-ta-li-a d Tuy-ni-di phai dau hang (20 van quan hi bat lam
til binh), lien quan Diic - I-ta-li-a hi quet sach khoi chau Phi.
Tiep dd, Dong minh do bd danh chiem dao Xi-xi-li-a (7 - 1943), md dû cudc
tan cdng vao I-ta-li-a. Tai Rd-ma, chfnh phii phat xft hi lat do, Miil-xd-li-ni bi td'ng
giam. Thdng che' Ba-dd-gli-d lap chfnh phii mdi d I-ta-li-a, dau hang Dong minh
(9 - 1943) va tuydn chien vdi Diic. Hft-le lien cho quan chiem ddng I-ta-Ii-a de giai
thoat Miit-xd-li-ni nhung che do phat xft I-ta-li-a da sup do. Dong minh tien vao
mi^n Nam I-ta-li-a (tii thang 1 - 1943 den thang 12 - 1943) va Thii dd Rd-ma
(6- 1944).
O Mat tran chau A - Thai Binh Duong cung dien ra nhung chuyen bien quan trong.
Tran lien cdng ciia quan dpi Mi tai Gua-dan-ca-nan (tu thang S - 1942 den thang
1 - 1943) diln ra rai quy^t liet. quin Nhat bi ihiet hai nang. bude phai riit lui.
Tir day. Mi chuyen sang phan cdng tren loan chidn trudng. Bang chien thuat
"nhay cdc". quan Mi ehia'm lai qudn dao Xa-ld-mdng (tir thang 1 - 1943 den
207
thiing 11 - 1943). danh chiem quiin dao Gin-be (11 - 1943) va qudn dao Mac-san
(2 -1944); sau dd. vdi chi^n thuat "nha> eini". danh thang vao dao Sai-pan de chia'm
quan dao Ma-n-an i6 - 1944i. Quan MT cung chidm lai Tan Ghi-ne (tir th^ng
9 - 1943 den thang 7 - 1944).
^m Dt/a vao lUdc do. tudng thuat diin bien cda tran phan cdng Xta-lin-grit.
Ill - GIAI DOAN KET THUC

(Ttr THANG 6 - 1944 DEN THANG 8 - 1945).
KET c u e VA ANH Hl/dNG CUA CHIEN TRANH
1. Phat Xlt Due bj tieu diet
Ngay 6 - 6 - 1944. Iien quan Mi - Anh va Dong minh vdi 3,5 trieu quan d6 bd
vao Nodc-mang-di (Bae Phap), md ra Mat tran thii hai. tan cdng quan Diic d Tay
Au. Ttf day, phat xft
Dlic lam vao tinh
the nguy ngap.
budc phai chia'n
dau ciing mdt liic
tren ca hai mat
tran (phfa ddng
chdng Lian Xd va
phfa tay chd'ng
Hinh 95. Cudc dd bd vdo Nodc-mdng-di ^ " ^"*^^-
Quan dd bp tia'n vao nudc Phap. Ngay 15 - 8 - 1944. quan MT va quan PhapTudo
lai dd bd d Prd-vang-\o (Nam Phapi. Hai canh quan nay dudi quan Diic va bien gidi.
Luc lUOTg khang chien irong nudc Phap (F.F.I) cung ndi day khdi nghia. giai phdng
nhieu vimg rdng km. lam chii Thii dd. Canh quan Mt ciia Tudng Pat-tcm (cd su do^n
Phap cita ludng Lo-cd-lec phdi hc^) tien vao Pa-ri (25 - 8). Chinh phii Lam thdi Phap
do tudng Dd Gdn diing diiu dupe thanh lap. chinh qu\ en Pe-tanh bi giai tan. Toan bd
nudc Phap dupc giai phdng {9 - 1944). Tiep sau. quan Ddng mmh tien vao giai phdng
nhieu nudc Tay Au khae, nhu Bi. Ha Lan. Liic-xam-bua va chuSn bi tan cdng
nudc Dlic.
Chien dich giai phdng Be-ld-rut-xi-a (tir thang 6 - 1944 den thang 8 - 1944) ciia
Lien Xd da danh tan dao quan trung tam manh nhai ctia Diic, tieu diet 17 su doan
dich. Quan Dire bi quet sach khdi lanh thd Lian Xd. Hong quan lien vao giai phdng
cac nudc Ddng Au.

Thang 7 - 1944. Hdng quan Lian Xd tien vao Ba Lan ; thang 8, giai phdng
Ru-ma-ni ; thang 9, giai phdng Bun-ga-ri, tien vao SId-va-ki-a. Thang 10, Hdng
quan tien vao ba nudc vung Ban-tich, phdi hop vdi quan cua Nguyen soai Ti-td giai
phdng Nam Tu, tien vao Hung-ga-n va tan cdng Thti dd Bu-da-pet. Cudc tong tan
cdng dai thang da dua Hdng quan den sat bian gidi nude Dire.
Viudc khi kei iluie ehien iranh vdi Due, Hdi nghi giu;i nguven thu eua ba cUiVng qud'c
Dona minh la Xta-lin. Ru-do-ven vii S(Jc-sin dupc td chirc tiii l-an-ta (Lien Xd. ihimg
2 - 1945) Hdi nghi dii phan chia khu \uc chiem ddng lurdc Dire \a chiiu Au. de ni
duirng Idi id chuc lai the gidi sau chien iranh...
Cuoc tan cdng nudc Dtic d Mat tran phfa Ddng bat dau ngay 12 - 1 - 1945, da
dien ra vdi Iuc luong ctia 5 dao quan Lien Xd (bao gdm 6 trieu ngudi) manh hon
quan Dire ve moi mat. Phat xft Diic van tap trung phan Idn lire luong ve phfa ddng
chdng Lien Xd.
Ba diw quiin ciia cac ngu>en soiii Giu-edp. Kd-nep vii Rd-ed-xdp-xki lien vao nudc
Dii:e. bao vay Tliu dd Bc'c-lin vii tien den sdng En-bo.
Cudc tan cdng nudc Ddc d Mat tran phi'a Tay ciia quan Anh - Mi va cac nudc Ddng
minh kbac, dudi quyen tudng Ai-xen-hao, bat dau ttr thang 2 - 1945. Thang 3 - 1945,
quan Ddng minh vuot sdng Ranh tran vao nudc Dire.
Tran tan cdng Bec-lin (tir 16 - 4 den
2 - 5 - 1945) dian ra vd ciing ac Iiet.
Hdng quan Lian Xd da dap tan su
khang cu cua I trieu quan phat xft.
Quan dpi Anh - MT va quan dpi
Lien Xd da gap nhau tai Todc-gau -
ben bd sdng En-bo (26 - 4 - 1945).
Ngay 30 - 4 - 1945, Hong quan
cam cd chien thang tren ndc toa nha
Qud'c hdi Dire, Hft-le tiJ sat dudi
ham chi huy. Ngay 2 - 5 , Bec-lin
treo cd trang dau hang. Ciing ngay,
quan Dure tai I-ta-Ii-a ciing dau
hang (trudc dd Miit-xd-li-ni bi du
ki'ch I-ta-Ii-a bat va xii tii).
Hinh 96. Hdng qudn Lien Xd Ngay 9 - 5 - 1945, nudc Dire kf
cdm cd chieh thdng tren ndc toa nhd hiep dinh dau hang khdng diau
Qudc hgi Difc
kien, chie'n tranh da cham diit d
chau Au.
14UCHSa ll-NC-A 209

Download Ebook Tai: https://downloadsachmienphi.com 1
Tai nudc Du'c. Hdi nghi Pdt-xdam (tir 17 - 7 den 2 - 8 - 1945) giira cac nguyen
thu cua ba cudng qudc Lien Xd, Mi. Anh dupc td chirc de giai quyei cac van dd sau
chien tranh d chau Au va viec tiau diet hoan toan phat xft Nhat.
^^ Hay tudng thuat diin bien cugc do bg vao Nodc-ming-di va neu y nghTa cua
viec md Mat tran thU hai d Tay Au.
2. Nhat Ban dau hang

Cupc phan cdng tai Mien Dien (tii thang 10 - 1944 den thang 8 - 1945) do lian
quan Anh - An va Mi - Hoa (bao gdm 75 van quan) tien hanh. dudi su chi huy cua
Dd ddc Anh Mao-bat-ton, da lien tiep gianh thdng loi. Quan Dong minh tien vao
Thli dd Ran-gun. quet sach 20 van quan Nhat va giai phdng Mien Dien.
Cudc chien gianh quan dao Phi-lfp-pin (tir thang 10 - 1944 den thang 6 - 1945)
dien ra quyei liet. Dudi sir chi huy ctia tudng Mac Ac-to. quan Mi da tieu diet 30
van quan Nhat phdng thii d Phi-lfp-pin va chiem Iai nudc nay.
Tir cud'i nam 1944, MT tien banh
cac cudc nem bom 6 at xudng Nhat
Ban. Quan MT da danh chiem cac
dao cue Nam thudc lanh thd nudc
nay la I-vd-gi-ma (thang 2 va 3 -
1945) va 0-ki-na-oa (tii thang 4
den thang 6 - 1945), tiau diet phan
Idn luc luong hai quan va khdng
quan Nhat Ban.
Ngay 6 - 8 - 1945, qua bom
nguyan tii dau tien cua MT nem
xudng Nhat Ban da buy diet thanh
Hinh 97. Qudn MT dtfng cd phd Hi-rd-si-ma (8 van ngudi thiet
chieh thdng d l-vd-gi-ma mang, 7 van ngudi bi thuong).
Ngay 8 - 8 . Lian Xo tuyan chien vdi Nhat Ban va tan cdng dao quan Quan Ddng
gdm 70 van quan Nhat d Man Chau. Ngay 9 - 8, MT nem tiep qua bom nguyen tu
thli hai. pha buy thanh phd Na-ga-xa-ki ciia Nhat Ban (giei hai 2 van ngudi va Iam hi
ihuong 3 van ngudi). Ngay 1 5 - 8 , Nhat Ban chap nhan dau hang khdng diau kidn.
^ ^ - Cupc phan cdng cua quan Ddng minh tmng giai doan cuoi cua chie'n tranh
(tUthangS- 1944 den thing 8- 1945) de danh bai Nhat Ban diin ra nhuthe nao 7
- Neu nhan xet ve viec MT nem bom nguyen tCf xuong Nhat Ban.
210 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com M.UCHSIJ n-NC-B

3. K e t cue cua Chien t r a n h t h e gioi t h i r hai

Ket cue ciia ehien tranh la phe Ddng minh danh bai hoan toan phe phat xft va
diet trir tan gde nhiing ke gay chien.
Hau qua ciia chien tranh la vd ciing nang ne ddi vdi nhan Ioai : khoang 60 trieu
ngudi chei, 90 trieu ngudi bi tan phe', nhieu thanh phd, Iang mac va co sd kinh te
bi tan pha. Nhiing gia tri van minh vi nhan quyen, nhan dao va luong tam da hi
xam pham nghiem trpng vi nhirng tdi ac trong ki nghe giei ngudi cua phat xft Diic
(hang trieu nan nhan hi giei d cac trai tap trung), trong cac cupc oanh tac buy diet
nhung dd thi Idn. trong cac vu tan sat hang loat dan thudng hoac lu binh, hoac trong
viae dung bom nguyen tu giai hai dan thudng...
Chien tranh ket thuc da tao ra nhimg chuyan bien to Idn trong tinh hinh the gidi.
Nhd thang loi ctia Lian Xd trong ehien tranh, he thdng cac nudc xa hdi ehii
nghTa da ra ddi d Ddng Au va chau A.
Chien tranh da Iam thay ddi the' va luc trong he thdng cac nudc tu ban chii nghTa :
phat xft Dure, Nhat bi tieu diet; Anh va Phap suy yeu ; chi cd MT them Idn manh,
trd thanh mdt sieu cudng qudc dung dau be ihdng nay.
Chien tranh da tao dieu kien cho phong trao giai phdng dan tdc phat trien. lam
sup dd he thdng thupe dia cua cac de qudc chau Au, lap nen cac qudc gia ddc lap
mdi d chau A va chau Phi.
^m Hay neu kit cue va anh hi^ng cda Chie'n tranh the gidi thU hai.
CAU HOI V A BAI TAP

1. Dudi day la bang thdng ke cac si; doan luc quan Dire va sir bo tri cac si/ doan do
qua cac thdi diem trong cupc Chien tranh the gidi thCr hai:
S6 SD dong d
Tdng s6 su Sd SD tai Sd SD tai cac mat
M6c thcfi gian Dire va cac nudc
doan (SO) mat tran Lifen Xd tran khae
bi Difc chiem dong
22-6-1941 218 63 153 2
1-5-1942 237 52 182 3
1-7-1943 297 93,5 196 7,5
1-6-1944 421,5 120 181,5 120
1 - 1 - 1945 313,5 16,5 179 118
Giai thich li do tang (hoac giam) so su doan bd tri d cac nai qua tirng thdi diem.
Neu ten cac "mat tran khae" qua tirng thdi diem.
So sanh cac cot sd li§u tren vdi nhau de rut ra nhan djnh : Noi nao la mat tran chinh
trong cuoc chi§'n tranh chdng phat xit Dire ? Nudc nao dong vai trd chu yeu trong
viec tieu diet phat xit Dtic ?

2. Duoi day la bang thong ke cac sd lieu cua hai cudc chien tranh the gidi
Chign tranh thg gidi Chi^n tranh thg gidi

Danh myc
thCr nhat ( 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 ) tha hai (1939-1945)
1. Sd nudc tham chien 38 76

2. Sd ngucri gia nhap qu^n dpi (trieu ngudi) 74 110
3. Sd ngucfl ch^l vi chi^n tranh (tri$u ngucri) 10 60
4. Sd ngucfi bi tan ph6 (tri6u ngudi) 20 90
5. Thiet hai v6 vat chat (ti ddla Mi) 338 4000
Trong do chi phi qucin su true tiep (tf ddla Mi) 85 1384
Hay so sanh hai cudc chien tranh the gidi qua cac sd lieu tren de rut ra ket luan.
3. Hay bo sung cac mdc sir kien quan trpng cho sa do sau (dudng mui ten chi chieu
cua thai gian):
GXTA-LIN-GRAT
-z O 9
e)
Au HANG
X
z.
m z.
1939
5
-1941
1945
z. 1
•o
o oo z. 1
o Ol o to •C3
1 to -z.
1
-^
TRANPHA
CM CO
(M i n
8 8 z.
a o
Uu the thudc phe phat xit Uu the thupc phe Dong minh
4. Dudi day la bang thdng ke so ngudi chet vi Chien tranh the gldi thir hai d cac
nudc tham chien chu yeu :
171^ % so vdi dan s6

Nudc QuSn nhan Dan thudng Tdng sfi
n u d c d d nam 1939
Anh 245.000 150,000 395.000 1%

BaLan 320.000 5.500,000 5.820.000 14%
BOt 3.850-000 3.810.000 7.660.000 9%
l-ta-li-a 230.000 150.000 380.000 1%
Lien Xo 8.600,000 17.950.000 26,550.000 16%
Ml 298.000 0 298.000 0,2%
NamTu 410.000 1.400.000 1.810.000 10%
Nhdt B^n 1.520.000 700.000 2.220.000 3%
Phap 211.000 330.000 541.000 1,5%
Tfung Qufic 3.500.000 10-000.000 13.500,000 2,2%
• Hay sap xep lai thCr tu cac nudc theo ba muc dp td'n that sinh mang : tdn that nang
(tcr 9% dan so trd len), tdn that trung binh (tCr 1% den 3%), tdn that nhe (dudi 1%).
• Giai thich nguyen nhan din den su khae nhau ve mirc dp tdn that sinh mang dd.

PHAN DOC THEM

Hiep uoc lien miiih tam eudmg Dure - I-ta-li-a - Nhat Ban <ki ngay 11-9- 1940)
Dieu I - Nhat Ban thira nhan va ton trong six thdng tri cua Diic va I-ta-h-a trong viec
thanh lap mot trat tu mdi d chau Au.
Dieu 2 - Dlic va I-ta-li-a thiia nhan va ton trpng su lanh dao ciia Nhat Ban trong viec
lap trat tir mcfi d Dai Dong A.
Dieu 3 - DiJc, I*ta-li-a. Nhat dong y hop tac vdi nhau tren ca sd da neu d tren. Ho co
trach nhiem ung hp nhau bang tat ca cac phuang tien quan su. kinh te. chinh tri trong
trudng hop mot trong ba ben thoa thuan bi tan cong tif cudng qudc nao ma hien gid
chua tham gia chien tranh chSu Au va xung dpi Trung - Nhat.
Dieu 4 - De thuc hien hiep udc nay, can nhanh chong lap ra cac uy ban ki thuat chung
ma cac thanh vien ciia no se do cac Chinh phii Due, I-ta-li-a, Nhat Ban an djnh.
Dieu 5 - Dtic, I-ta-li-a va Nhat Ban tuyen bd rang thoa thuan nay khdng he gay trd
ngai cho quy che chinh tri hien dang tdn tai giQa mot irong cac ben tham gia vdi
Lien Xd.
Dieu 6 - Hiep udc nay cd hieu lUc ngay sau khi ki ket va keo dai trong vdng 10 nam
ke lir "ngay c6 hieu lire".
{Theo ; Vdn tuyen lich su the gldi hien dgi, Phdn 1(1917 -1945)
NXB Giao due. H.. I965.tr. 181 - 182)
Gi5 dau cua tran tan cdng Bec-lin qua Hoi ki cua Nguyen soai O.K. Giu-edp
... Dung 5 gid sang.
Ngay liic dd hang ngan khSu phao. siing cdi va hoa tien "Ca-chiu-sa" than thoai ciia
chiing ta nha dan lam sang rue cd dia hinh. rdi tiep sau la tieng siing ban dan nd, bom
pha rung chuyen khdng gian. Dong ca may bay nem bom gSm rit lien hdi tren ircri.
Ben phi'a dich trong nhiing phut dSu cdn cd vai tieng siing may nd rdi rae. sau dd
cam bat. Tua nhu ben dich khdng cdn vat gi sdng niia. Sau 30 phtit phao ban cue
manh. dich khdng ban tra lai duac phat nao. Nhu the co nghla la chiing da bi che ap
hoan toan va he thdng phdng ngu ciia chiing da bj rdi loan. Chiing tdi quye't djnh bat
dau tdng cdng kich.
Hang ngan tin hieu du cac mau rach xe bau trdi. Theo tin hieu dd. 140 den chieu dat
mdi cai each nhau 200 met dong loat bat sang len. Han 100 ti nen chie'u sang chie'n
trudng, lam loa mat quan dich, lam cho nhirng muc tieu cdng kich ciia xe lang va bd
binh ta hien ro len trong dem tdi. Canh tuong ay da gay cho tdi mdt an tupng Idn lao,
manh me. va cd le, trong sudt cudc ddi minh khdng cd mpl cam giac nao bang.
... Binh linh Hit-le thuc su bi chim trong bien lira va sat Ihep day dac. Biic tudng bui
va khdi mil mjt ngiit treri. tham chi cd chd den chieu phdng khdng ciia ta khdng xuyen
qua ndi.
(Theo : G.K. Giu-edp. Nhd Igi va suy nghT. Tap 3
NXB Quan dpi nhan dan, H.. 1970. tr. 457 - 458)

ON TAP LICH SLTTHE G l d l HIEN DAI

B ^ (Phan tir nam 1917 den nam 1945)
I - NHLTNG K I E N THLTC C d BAN

VE LICH SLT T H E G I 6 I H I E N DAI (1917 - 1945)
Trong nhijng nam 1917 - 1945. lich sir the giai da chung kien nhieu ddi thay c6
tfnh each mang. Hang loat sir kien lich sir dien ra a khdp cac chau luc, cac quoc gia
tren the gidi. d^n tdi cac cupc each mang, khung hoang, xung dot va chien tranh.
Chung ta hay ciing nhau chon loc nhiJng sir kien lich sir co ban va xay dung mot
bang thong ke cac sir kien do. Dudi day la mot vf du :
Thdi gian S u kien D i l n bien chinh Ket qud, y nghTa
NadC NGA- LIEN XO
2-1917 Cach mang dan chu - Tong bai cdng chinh tri - Lat do che dp
tu san d Pe-td-rd-grat Nga hoang
- Khdi nghTa vu trang - Hai chinh quyen song
- Nga hoang bi lat do song tdn tai
- Cach mang dan chu
tu san kieu mdi
1 0 - 1917
CAC Nl/dC TU BAN CHU NGHIA
'
1
CAC NUdc CHAU A
! 1

II - NHU'NG N O I D U N G CHINH CUA

LICH SLTTHE GI6I HIEN DAI (1917 - 1945)
Trong vong gan 30 nam (1917 - 1945), lich sir the gidi hien dai bao gom nhung
van di chfnh sau day :
1. Thcfi ki nay dd dien ra nhirng chuyen hien c/uan irgng trong nen sdn .xudt vgt
ehdt eiia nhdn logi. Nhiing tien bo vd khoa hoc - kl thuat da thtic diy nin kinh te
the gioi phat trien vdi toe do cao. Sir tang trirdng ciia nin kinh te the gidi da lam
thay doi ddi sdng chfnh trj, xa hoi, van hoa ciia cac qudc gia, dan toe va the gidi
noi chung.
2. Chu nghla .\d hgi difcfe xde lap a mgt nudc ddu tien tren the gidi, ndm giCta
vong vay eua chu nghia tu bdn. Bao tap each mang biing no d nirdc Nga vdi hai
cupc each mang diin ra trong nam 1917 : Cach mang dan chu tu: san thang Hai lat
do che dp quan ehu chuyen che Nga hoang ; Cach mang xa hpi chii nghTa thang
Mudi danh do chfnh phii lam thdi tu san. dua nudc Nga trd thanh nha nudc vo san
dau tien tren the gidi. Trai qua nhixng chang dudng kho khan, gian khP vdi biet bao
tdn that, hi sinh, Nha nudc Xo viet da duac bao ve va tiJng budc di len. Chi trong
mpt thdi gian ngdn, tir mot nudc nong nghiep lac hau. Lien Xo da vuon len, trd thanh
mpt cudng qudc cong nghiep dung thu" hai the gidi, co nen van hoa, khoa hoc -
kl thuat tien tien va co vj trf quan trpng tren trudng qudc te.
3. Phong trao each mgng the gidi hude sang mgt thdi ki phdt trien mdi tit san
thdng loi eiia Cdch mgng thdng Mudi Nga vd sifket time cugc Chien tranh the gidi
thif nhd't. O cac nudc tu ban chau Au, mpt cao trao each mang da bung nd trong
nhung nam 1918 - 1923. Cupc da'u tranh giai phong dan tpc lan rpng d cac nudc
thupc dia va phu thupc. O nhidu nudc, cac dang cpng san ra ddi va ndm vai tro lanh
dao each mang. Nhdm thdng nhat hanh dpng va tap hop lire luong each mang, Qude
te Cpng san dupc thanh lap va hoat dpng trong nhung nam 1919 - 1943. Phong trao
each mang the gidi trai qua nhung budc phat tridn chfnh sau day :
- Cao trao each mang 1918 - 1923 ; Qudc id Cpng san ra ddi.
- Phong trao each mang trong nhimg nam khiing hoang kinh te (1929 - 1933).
- Phong trao Mat tran Nhan dan chdng phat xft, chdng chien Iranh (1936 - 1939).
- Cupc dau tranh chdng phat xft trong Chien tranh the gidi thir hai (1939 - 1945).

4. Chii nghla tu hdn khong cdn la he thd'ng duv nhdt tren the'gidi va trdi qua
nhCfng hudc phdt trien thdng trdm ddy hie'n dgng. Nd'u nhu trong han 10 nam dau
sau chien tranh (1918 - 1929), cac nudc tuban timg budc dn dinh va dat mire tang
trudng cao ve kinh te. thi trong 10 nam sau (1929 - 1939) da lam vao cupc khung
hoang trdm trpng chua timg co. Di thoat khoi cupc khiing hoang. cac nudc tu ban
Anh, Phap va dien hinh la MT da thirc hidn nhung cai each kinh td - xa hpi de duy
tri sir phat trien ciia ehu nghTa tu ban. Trong khi do. cac nudc Du'c, l-ta-li-a.
Nhat Ban da tid'n hanh viec phat xft hoa bp may nha nudc va gay chien tranh xam
lupc, ddn tdi sir bung nd cupc Chie'n tranh the gidi thu" hai.
5. Chien tranh thegidi thu hai (1939 - 1945) Id cugc ehien tranh ldn nhdt, khoe
liet nhdt va tdn phd ndng ne nhdt trong lich sU nhdn logi. Dung trudc Iham hoa ciia
chidn tranh. cac qudc gia co ehe dp ehfnh tri khae nhau da phdi hop vdi nhau trong
khdi Ddng minh chdng phat xft. Nhan dan the gidi da kien trt chidn dau chdng tra
bpn phat xft xam lupc, trong dd cupc chien tranh giu nudc vT dai ciia nhan dan
Lidn Xo dong vai tro dac biet quan trpng trong viec tieu diet chu nghTa phat xft.
Chien tranh kdt thuc da md ra mpt thdi ki phat trien mdi ciia lich sir
the gidi.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Hay lira chpn mpt trong so cac sir kien Ijch sir ca ban cua lich sir the gidi hien dai
(phan tir nam 1917 de'n nam 1945) va trinh bay sir kien do theo each hieu
CLia minh.
2. Trinh bay tom tat nhC/ng npi dung chinh cua lich sir the gi6i hien dai (phan tir
nam 1917 den nam 1945).
3. Neu mpt vi du ve mdi lien he giQa Ijch sir the gidi va Ijch sir Viet Nam trong nhC^g
nam 1917 - 1945 ma em biet.
4. Tim hieu ve tieu sir cua mpt so nhan vat lich sir thupc thai ki Ijch sir nay (co hinh
trong SGK).

E
han ba.
LICH SLTVIET IMAIVI
(1858-1918)

Chuang I
VIET NAM TU NAM 1858
DEN CUOI THE KJ XIX
VIET NAM TRirdC NGUY CO

^ ^ BI PHAP XAM L i r o c
Giua the ki XIX, su phat trien manh me ve kinh te da thuc day cac
nuac tu ban phuang Tay ma nhirng cupc chien tranh gianh giat
thupc dja. Cac qudc gia phuang Dong noi chung, Viet Nam noi
rieng da tra thanh nan nhan true tiep cua cupc chien tranh do.
Thong qua cac moi quan he da cd t u trudc va lpi clung su suy yeu
ciia (he dp phong kien Viet Nam, Chinh phu Phap rao riet xuc
tien viec thon ti'nh nucrc ta.
1. Tmh hinh Viet Nam giua the ki XIX

Trudc khi thuc dan Phap n6 siing x^m lupc, Vidt Nam la mpt qude gia dpe lap,
CO chu quydn va dat dupe nhiing tie'n bp nhat dinh ve kinh te, van hoa, nhung
che dp phong kien cung da bpe Ip nhung da'u hieu ciia sir khiing hoang, suy yd'u
nghiem trpng.
Tir khi thanh lap Vuang trieu Nguydn (1802), Gia Long va cac ong vua ke tid'p
da ra siic khoi phuc, cung cd che dp quan chii chuyen che. Quydn lue tap trung
trong tay vua. Ch6 dua eiia Nha nudc la giai cap dia chii. Tu tudng Nho giao dupc
dd eao. Trat tu phong kie'n dupe coi la bat di ba't dich.
Kinh te nong nghidp, cong - thucfng nghiep ngay cang sa sut. Tai chfnh kho
khan. Mpt sd chii truang, ehfnh sach ciia nha nudc gay bat lpi cho su phat tridn eua
ndn kinh te.
Dudng ldi ddi ngoai sai ldm da khid'n cho Viet Nam ngay cang bi eo lap. Viec
cam dao va bai xfch dao Thidn Chiia tao didu kidn eho ke thii bdn ngoai lpi dung.
Ddi sdng cua nhan dan ngay cang

cue khP. Hang loat eupc khdi nghTa
nong dan nP ra nhu : khdi nghTa ciia
Phan Ba Vanh d Nam Dinh, Thai Binh
(1821), cua Ld Duy Luang d Ninh Binh
(1833). eua Le Van Khoi d Gia Dinh
(1833), cua Nong Van Van d Tuydn
Quang. Cao Bdng (1833 - 1835)...
Kha nang phong thii dat nudc bi

giam siit, qudc phdng ydu kem ; didu
nay da anh hudng true tie'p de'n vide
chdng lai su xam lupc cua cac nudc tu
Hinh 98. Linh hodng thanh
ban phucfng Tay.
^ Ttnh hinh Viet Nam giCta the ki XIX cd dieu gi dang chu y 7
2. Viet Nam trong boi canh cac nuoc phuong Dong bj xam luoc
(giua the ki XIX)
Tix the ki XVI, tu ban phuang Tay da rao riet chay dua sang phuang Dong.
Den giira the kl XIX, mpt loat nudc chau A. trong do co Dong Nam A, bi bie'n
thanh thupc dia. Nudc Viet Nam cung khong tranh khoi bi nhom ngo.
Trong eupc ehay dua giira cae nudc tu ban phuang Tay, cudi ciing tu ban Phap
da "bam sau" dupc vao Viet Nam. thong qua Hpi truydn giao nudc ngoai ciia Phap.
Tir khi that the d Ca-na-da, An Dp..., Phap cang mudn c6 thupe dia d Vidn
Dong, ma trudc hd't la Viet Nam.
^^ Nguyen nhin nao thuc day tu ban phUdng Tay xam lUdc cac nudc
phUdng Ddng vao the ki XIX 7 Ttnh the cda Viet Nam trong bdi canh dd.
3. Thuc dan Phap tim co can thiep vao Viet Nam
Tir the ki XVII ddn nira ddu the ki XIX, da co kha nhieu thuang nhan Phap dd'n
lam an buon ban d Viet Nam. Cac giao sT Phap cung tfch cue boat dpng. gay co sd
6 ca trong Nam Idn ngoai Bde. Mpt sd giao sT sau do da trd thanh nhung ngudi di
tidn phong, vach dudng cho cupc chidn tranh xam lupc eua thuc dan Phap.

Trong the ki XVil. Giam muc A-lech-xang dd Roi hoat dong suot 25 nam d Viet Nam.
Nho cong lao cua ong. Hoi truyen gi:io nif(Tc ngoai ciia Phap duoc thanh lap (1664).
The ki XVIll. Ciiani rnuc Ba Da Loc (G. Pi-nh6 do Be-hen). thong qua \iec giiip do
Nguyen .-Xnh. da ihiet lap moi quan he giua Phap v6i Viei Nam'''. nhimg tinh hinh tai
chinh \ii quan M; kic do chaa cho phep Chi'nli phu Phap lien hanh mot cuoc chien
Iranh \am luoc 0 \'iel Nam.
De'n giiia the ki XIX, khi mau thudn Anh - Phap lam thdi diu bdt de tao lien
minh xau xe Trung Qudc (1856), Chfnh phii Phap quyd't dinh dem quan danh chiem
Viet Nam.
Cupc xam lupc dupe dpn dudng bdng cac hanh dpng khidu khfch lidn tiep ciia
Phap. Thang 9 - 1856. Phap cho tau chidn dd'n Da Ndng, dua qudc thu eho tridu
dinh Hud, nhung bj khudc tir. Quan Phap trdng trpn nd sung bdn pha cac don luy
ciia ta roi Idn bd pha ta't ca sd dai bae phong ve d day.
Thang I - 1857, tau Phap lai tdi xin dupc truydn dao va buon ban, nhung cung
bi tridu dinh nha Nguydn tir chdi.
Cudi ciing. Na-po-le-ong III da quyd't dinh dua quan tdi Viet Nam (7 - 1857).
Lay cd tra thii vide tridu dinh Hue khong nhan qudc thu, lam nhiic qudc thd nudc
Phap va benh vuc dao Thidn Chiia dang bi khimg bd d Viet Nam, Phap da keu gpi
tridu dinh Tay Ban Nha phdi hgp hanh dpng, md cupc tail cong nude ta bdng vu lire.
Sau khi lien quan Anh - Phap danh chid'm xong Quang Chau (Trung Qudc),
bupe tridu dinh Man Thanh kf Didu udc Thidn Tan (27 - 6 - 1858), chidu
3 1 - 8 -1858 lien quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha keo tdi cua bien Da Ndng, chudn bi
no siing xam lupc Vidt Nam.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Hay nhan xet ve tinh hinh Vi$t Nam tn/cfc khi bj thirc dan Phap xam lupc.
2. Thirc dan Phap chuan bi xam lupc Viet Nam nhir the nao ?
(1) Nam 1777. trong khi Iftn tron su truy duoi ciia quan Tay Son. Nguyen Anh gap sd va duoc sa
che cho ciia Giam muc Ba Da Lgc. Nam 1784. Nguyin Anh nha Ba Da Loc mang thu ciing ngadi
con trai ciia minh la Hoang tit Canh lam con tin sang c3u cau nuoc Phap. Ba Da Loc da dai dien
cho Nguyen Anh kf vol dai dien Chinh phii Phap mot ban hiep uac 10 di6u (Hiep uac Vecxai)
nam 17K7. Tlieo do. vua Phap cam ket giiip Nguyen Anh vij quan su d6 lay lai ngai vang, ddi lai
Phap duac quyen so huu cang Hoi An va dao Con Lon, dugc dpe quy^n buon ban 6 Viet Nam

PHAN DOC THEM

Ve tinh hinh binh lire thai Nguyen
... Duai (thai) Ta Due. ngay chiec ihuygn bdng cheo, bing buom (cung) khong con
may niJa ; nhung chiec thuyen ay so vai chiec thuydn buon ciia Phap ihi taa nhu
thuydn nan so vdi mgt thuyen be', dimg noi chi so vPi chiec thuy6n may cua dich.
Minh Mang. Thieu Tri co dong ba loai thuydn may Yen phi, Van phi. Vu phi : con
den Tu Due thi thoi. khong dong thuyen may nira. Su irang bi rat la lac hau : M6i dgi
50 ngudi thi 4 nguai cam vu khf iho so nhu guoni. giao. chi co 5 siing cham ngoi :
m6i nam tap bdn co mpl lan, moi idn ban 6 phiit, chua kef rang khoa cham soc siing
dan ra't kem ; sung gi. dan dm la thuang : Phap biet nhu the nen nhii^n liic chung nhdm
danh liic mua mua. Dai bdc 6 cdc thanh thi kha nhigu nhung bdn gdn. it irting. dan la
nhOtig cue gang hay cue da, triing ai chet ndy, khong n6, khong chei nguai ben canh...
(Theo : Tran Van Giau, Su khiing hodng ciia che'dd phong Iden
nhd Nguxen trudc 185<S. NXB Van hoa, H.. 1958. lr 50 - 51)
Ve viec thirc dan Phap day manh am miru xam lugc Viet Nam truoc nam 1858
... Dong thai vai nhong hoat dgng. can thiep. phd hoai v^ chfnh tri, ihuc dan Phdp ticn
hanh nhirng vii khieu khich v6 quan su. NhiJng nam 1822 - 1825, Phdp cho tau chien
vao Da Ndng doi iriû dinh Hue tha giao sT bi bdt. doi tu do buon bdn...
Thang 3 - 1847, hai lau chien Phdp tdi Da Ndng. Thuyfen iruimg cung giao sT Phdp
ngang nhien di thang vdo cong quan ham doa. Thdng 4 - 1847, lau chi^n Phap lai vao
Da Ndng bdn pha chien Ihuyen ciia triû dinh Hue. O trong dd't li^n, gido sT Phap bdt
bugc mgt so con chien lam tay sai cho chiing. "Bgn giac ngay cang hoanh hoe, thutmg
ngdy len bd, ra vdo thdn 6. Co ke tir trudc da iheo ta dao thudng di Iai nhdm ngo,
ngdm bao tin cho giac. Binh thuyen Tay d ngoai ben cang rang budc. Ihiic giuc chiing".
Ducmg su thuy mgt - Khuyet danh
(Theo : Lich si'rViet Nam. Tap II. NXB Khoa hgc Xa hdi.
H.,1985. tr. 32 - 3 3 )
221
1 c u o c KHANG CHIEN CHONG THl/C DAN PHAP

XAM Ll/OC (1858 - 1884)
Nây 1 - •-> - IH^H, c]Lian Phap no sunjj, ina rliû cupc ^dn cong
\.ini kr(7f Viel Nam. (.)uan dan ta da anh dung ( hien dau chdng
thirc dan Phap.
Sau khi chiem dinrc thanh Gia Djnh, c|uan Phap lan lurM danh chiem ha
tinh mien Dong 11862), roi ba Iinh mien Tay Nam Ki (1867). Di
(M'n dau chiing r u n g vap |)hai su chong ci,r quyet liet ciia nhan
ddn ta. Oen nam 1884 (sau 26 nam tien hanh chien tranh xam luoc),
thtrr dan Phap m(ri tam thdi ap dat dupf n^n bao hp tren toan bp dait
nircxc Viet Nam.
I - KHANG CHIEN 6 DA N A N G VA CAC TINH NAM KI
1. Tren mat tran Da N^ng nam 1858

Chieu 31 - 8 - 1858, lien quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha dan tran trirac cira bien
Da N^ng. Day la tnot vi trf chien Itrgc quan trong. neu chiem dugc se tao diû kitn
thuan Igi cho viec thuc hien ke hoach "danh nhanh thdng nhanh" cua Phap.
Hinh 99. Lien qudn Phdp - Tav Ban i\'ha tdn cong Dd Ndng ndm 1S58
Dil Nang la iiini h.ii anii. sau \a rgng. tau chicn co ihc ra \iio dc ilam;, lai nam tren
dUimg thien li B.K - Nam. Hau phumig Da Ndng la \ung dong ban-: Nam - Ngai co
the Uri ilung de link hien dugc am muu " i a \ chien tranh nu(>i chicn tranh" Da Ndng
chi each Hue khoang 100 km, qua di:o Hai \'an. Tai da\ cd nhieu ni:udi iheo dao
I h i c i i C'liu.i \a inul si> gian diep dgi lot ihay lu hnai dong tii irinVc
222
Luc luinig L|uan Phap va Tay Ban Nha''' vdi khoang ^.^ IKK) quan. duoc ho in licn
14 liiu chicn (irong dd cd nhang tau ldn dugc (rang bi lo'i 50 khau dai baci. Luc luong
quan la o da\ c<> khoang 2 000 ngudi. khi chien sU nd ra dugc tiing Litirn- ihciii 2 OOO
ngudi iu7a. Cac phao dai d Da Ndng duoc phong ihu kha ldl. cd rai iilneu dai hac v .i
vu khf thdne llurdni:.
Hinh 100. Lugc dd lien qudn Phdp - Tdy Ban Nha ddnh chlem Dd Ndng
Sang 1 - 9 - 1 8 5 8 , sau khi dua thu bugc quan tri6u dinh nop thanh nhung khong
dgi tra lcri, lien quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha na dai bae len bcf, roi dd bo len ban dao
Scm Tra.
Quan dan ta anh dung chong tra, nhirng tran chien dau da diin ra cf xa Cam Le
ven bien huyen Hoa Vang (Quang Nam), nhung khong can dugc giac.
Tieng sung xam lugc cua quan Phap nd 6 Da Nang da lam day l^n mgt lan song
dau tranh manh me trong nhan dan de bao ve Td quoc.
(1) Quan Tay Ban Nha tham chien vl cd mgt sd giao si Tay Ban Nha bi trigu dmh nha Nguyin giam
gia va giet hai. Thuc te. Tdy Ban Nha cung dang mudn chdp co hgi de- chia se quy^n Igi d
Vidt Nam.
223
Triû dinh cir Nguyen Tri Phuang lam Tdng chi huy mat Iran Quang Nam. Ong
hu> dong quiin dan ddp luy ngan khong cho giac tien sau vao noi dia. Nhan dan
dugc lenh lam "vuon khong nha trong". gay cho quan Phap nhiû kho khan. Sudt
5 thang liin. quan Phap bi giam chan tai chd, luc lugng hao mon ddn, thudc men.
thuc phdm thieu thdn do tiep te kho khan.
Tu Nam Dnih. Ddc hgc Pham \'an Nghi ddn dau 3(K) quan (chii yeu la hgc ird ciia
Ong I da len dudng \ao Nam. xin \ua dugc ra chien irutrng chien dau. Tai Da Ndng,
ddi nghia binh cua Pham Gia Vinh ngay lir dau da phdi Inrp chat che \di quan dgi
ineu dinh chdng giac.
^ # Phap CO am mdu gi khi md cugc tan cdng Da Ning 7 Chung di that bai nhu
the nao trong viec thuc hien ke hoach "danh nhanh thing nhanh" 7
2. Chien su 6 Gia Djnh va cac tinh Nam Ki tir nam 1859 den
nam 1862
Bi sa Idy d mat tran Da Ndng. quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha bugc phai thay ddi ke
hoach. Thang 2 - 1859. chiing dua phan ldn sd quan tai Da Ndng vao Gia Dinh de
md mat tran mai.
Gia Dinh \a Nam Ki la vua kia cua N'iel Nam. cd \i tri chien luoc quan trong. He ihdng
giao thdng dafflig thuy d da\' rat ihnan kri. Tir Gia Dinh. cd the sang Cam-pu-chia
mgt each dl dang. Chiem dugc Nam Ki. quan Phdp se cai dot con duong tiep le lucmg
thuc cua irieu dinh nha Nguyen, ddng thdi tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho \'iee lam chii
luu \uc sdng Me Cdng cua Phap.
Nga\ 9 - 2 - 1859. ham dgi Phap tap trung d Vung Tau, rdi theo dudng song
Can Gid ngugc len Sai Gon. Vira di. chiing vera bdn pha du dgi cac ddn trai cua
quan ta d hai ben bd va cd sire vugt qua cac chuang ngai vat dugc dung tren song.
Do \'ap phai sire chdng cu quyet het cOa quan dan ta nen mai tdi ngay 1 6 - 2 -1859.
quan Phap m6i den dugc Gia Dinh.
Sang sam 1 7 - 2 . quan Phap v6i hoa lire manh tan cong thanh Gia Dinh. Den
trua. chiing chiem dugc thanh. Mac dii quan dong, vQ khi va luong thuc nhieu.
nhimg quiin trieu dinh da tan ra nhanh chong.
Tuy nhien. ngay sau do giac Phap da vdp phai nhung kho khan moi. Cac doi
nghia quan ngay dem bam sat. tim each bao vay tieu diet dich. Hoang sg, quan
Phap da phai quyet dinh pha huy thanh Gia Dinh va rut xudng cac tau chien.
Liic na\. Phap dang bi sa ldy d cac chien truang I-ta-li-a, Trung Qudc... n6n
khong the tiep vien cho chien truong Viet Nam. Sd quan Phap d Da Ndng va mot
224
Hinh 101. Qudn Phdp ddnh chiem thdnh Gia Dtnh
phan luc lugng d Gia Dinh cung bi dua sang Trung Qudc iham chien. Tai Gia Dinh,
Phap chi cdn khoang 1 000 quan, rai tren mgt chien tuyen dai 10 km.
Thang 3 - 1860. Nguyen Tri Phuang dugc cir vao mat tran Gia Dinh. Ong da
huy dgng luc lugng, gap riit xay dung mgt he thdng phong ngu kien cd. lay Dai ddn
Chf Hoii lam trung tam, di phdng quan dich danh rgng ra.
Sau khi tham gia can thiep vu trang vao Trung Qudc. bugc hiiu dinh Man Thanh
kl Hiep udc Bdc Kinh (25 - 10 - I860), Phap li^n dua quan ve Gia Dinh, liep ttJC
md rgng viec danh chiem nuac ta.
Ngay 23 - 2 - 1861. quan Phap md cugc tdn cong vao Dai ddn Chf Hoa. Quan
tridu dinh Hue chdng cu quyet liet. Nhung trudc hoa luc manh ciia dich, cudi cimg
Dai ddn Chi Hoa da rai vao tay giac. Nguydn Tri Phuang bi thuang. Quan tridu
dinh Hue phai nit chay. Thira thdng, giac Phap lan \ixa\ chiem cac tinh Dinh Tudng
( 1 2 - 4 - 1861), Bien Hoa ( 1 8 - 1 2 - 1861). Vinh Long (23 - 3 - 1862). Nhu vay,
den thang 3 - 1862. ba tinh midn Dong va mgt tinh midn Tay Nam Ki (Vmh Long)
da bi giac chiem.
Ngay tir ddu, nhan dan Nam Ki da diing len khang chidn. Cac toan nghia
quSn ciia Truang Dinh, Trdn Thien Chinh (mgt Tri huydn bi each chirc), Ld Huy
(mpt vo quan bi thai hdi) chien dau rat anh dung, lap dugc nhieu chidn cong.
Ngay 10 - 12 - 1861, Nguydn Trung True chi huy nghia quan danh chim chiec
tau Et-pd-rang (Hi Vgng) ciia giac dau tren song Vam Cd Dong (doan chdy
qua thon Nhat Tao), liim niifc long quan dan ta.
ISllCHSLl l l - N C - A 225
Gifra liic phong trao khang chien ciia nhan dan dang ngay cang phat tridn khid'n
quan Phap vo ciing bdi rdi thi tridu dinh Hue ki vcfi Phap Hiep uac Nham Tudt
(5 - 6 - 1862) gdm 12 didu khoan, trong do co nhCmg dieu khoan chfnh nhu :
nhutmg hdn cho Phap ba tinh midn Dong Nam Ki (Gia Dinh, Dinh Tudng, Bien
Hoa) va dao Con Lon ; bdi thudng 20 tridu quan (khoang 280 van lang bae); md
cac cira hidn Da Ndng. Ba Lal'''. Quang Yen cho thuang nhan Phap va Tay Ban Nha
vao tir do buon ban. kem theo nhidu nhugng bg nang ne khae vd chinh tri, quan su...
^ ^ - NhOng khd khan cda quin Phap khi to chifc danh chiem Gia Dinh la gi 7
Tai sao chung vin dCfng chin dUdc d Gia Dinh de danh chiem cac noi khic 7
- Vi sao trieu dinh Hue kl Hiep udc Nhim Tuat (5 - 6 - 1862) 7 Ndi dung
cd ban vi hiu qua cda Hiep Udc li gi 7
3. Cuoc khang chien t u sau Hiep ubc 1862

Vide trieu dinh Hud ki hiep udc cat dat cdu hoa da gay bat binh trong si phu va
nhim dan ca nudc. Hg bay td thai do ciia minh bang nhidu each, hoac nhu Nguydn
Dinh Chieu. Nguydn Thong diing van tha cham biem bgn Viet gian ban nuac, hoac
tidp tuc khang chidn chdng Phap. bat chap lenh bai binh ciia trieu dinh ma tidu bidu
la Truang Dinh,
Iruoiig Dinh ( IS20 - IS64i que d Binh S<Tn, Quang Ngai, la con cua Truong Cdm,
Ong theo cha vao Nam giua thdi Thieu Tri. khi Truong Cam dugc bd lam Lanh binh
Gia Dinh. Ong da chieu inO nhieu dan ngheo khai hoang lap don dien, duoc phong
chuc Phd Quan ca (nen cdn ggi la Quan Dinh).
TnrtTiig Dinh mg nghTa binh danh Phap ngay lir khi chiing keo tm Gia Dinh (IS59),
lap duoc nhieu chien cdng. Khi Dai ddn Ctif Hoa that ihu. quan Iriû dinh nit vt
Bien Hoii. Truong Dinh dem quan ve Tan Hoa (Gd Cdng).
Truac khi kf Hiep udc 1862, trieu dinh Hue phong cho Truong Dinh chirc
Pho Lanh binh tinh Gia Dinh. Khi Hidp uac 1862 dugc ki kei. trieu dinh ha ldnh
cha Truang Dinh phai giai tan nghla binh mat khae didu ong di nhan chtic Lanh
binh dAn Giang. rdi Phu Ydn. Ong da khang ldnh tridu dinh. d lai cung nhan dan
chdng giac.
Nggn cd "Binh Tay Dai nguyen soai" cua Truang Dinh da mang dd'n cho
nhim dan Nam Ki niem tin tudng. ddng thai khidn he lu cuap nuac va ban nudc
phai khiep sg. Can cir Tan Hoa trd thanh dai ban doanh ciia phong trao toan midn.
Vao nira sau nam 1862, phong trao phat trid'n manh me.
i\} Ba Lgi : cira sdng Hdng dd ra Bien Dong, d giua dia phan hai tinh Tlidi Binh va Nam Dinh.
226 Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com ISbCHSU K-NC-S
Hinh 102. Tnu/ng Dinh nhdn phong .sodi
De ddi phd vdi phong trao. quan Phap phai xin them vien binh. Ngay 2 8 - 2 - 1 8 6 3 .
chiing md cupc tan cong lon vao can cir Tan Hoa. NghTa quan anh dung chicn diiu
sudt 3 ngay dem, nhung sau do phai riit khdi can cu dd bao loan luc lugng. Truang
Dinh cung nghla quan ra siJc xay dung can cir mdi d Tan Phudc. viing ven song
Soai Rap, v6i dia the hiem yd'u. Nhd cd tay sai ddn dudng, giac Phap da bf mat cho
quan lot vao can cu". Bi danh up bdt ngd, Truang Dinh ciing nghia quan da chidn
dau vo cimg anh dung. Bi triing dan gay xuang sdng, khong mudn bi rai vao tay
giac, ong da nit guam tu sat ngay 20 - 8 - 1864. Nam dd ong 44 tudi.
Chu tuong hi sinh, nghla quan bi tdn that nang nhung phong trao khang chien
vdn tid'p tuc. Con trai Truong Dinh la Truong Quyen dua dgi nghla binh Idn
Tay Ninh phdi hgp vai nguai Kha-me va nguai Thugng xay dung ca sd khang chien
mdi, Mgt sd ngudi lanh dao khdi nghla cung dua nghla quan di xay dung can cir d
nhieu nai, nhdm keo dai cugc khang chien.
^m - Trudc vi sau Hiep Udc 1862, phong trao khang chien cda nhin dan ta
da phat then nhu the nio 7
- Cugc khdi nghla cda TrUdng Dinh cd nhiyng net die sic gi 7
4. Khang chien 6 ba tinh mien Tay Nam Ki

Trong luc trieu dinh phong kidn nha Nguydn chi lo ddc toan luc lugng vao vide
dan ap phong trao nong dan d Bdc Ki va Trung Ki, tim each ngan trd phong triio
chdng Phap cua nhan dan Nam Ki, thi thuc dan Phap rao riet chuan bi chidm ndt
ba tinh midn TSy Nam Ki.
227
De dgn duimg cho ke hoach nay. Phap budc ddu thiei lap bd mdy eai tri d ba tinh mien
t>>ng. thdn linh Cam-pu-chia (IS63), cd lapba tmh mien Tay. yeu cdu irieu dinh Hue
giai' not b.\ linh mien Ta\ cho chung ki^m sodt.
Trong khi tneu dinh chu trainig dieu dinh. chi lo vice "chuoc dal" tin tlurc dan Phap
i!ap nil Id chirc cudc ihdn linh bang quan su.
Sau khi chudn bi luc lugng quan su. lay cd tridu dinh Hue vdn ngam ngdm ung
ho phong trao khang chidn d ba tinh midn Dong, quan Phap keo den thanh
Vinh Long. Chiing dua thu budc quan lai nha Nguydn phai nop thanh. Dai didn
trieu dinh d midn Tay la Phan Thanh Gian da phai giao tinh VTnh Long cho Phap,
sau dd cdn ra lenh cho quan quan d hai tinh An Giang va Ha Tien lam theo.
Chi trong vong 5 ngay (tir 20 den 24 - 6 - 1867), quSn Phap da chiem ggn ba ttnh
midn Tay (Vinh Long, An Giang. Ha Tidn) ma khong tdn mgt vien dan.
UNGKI
CAM-PU-CHIA
31'nl mi«n Tay
I Ba Diim 2 Thil OJC . 3 Cr« Gao
- - -• BiingiO5u6cgiansSy"»*
Hinh 103. Lugc dd cudc khdng chieh chdng Phdp d Nam Ki

Truac hanh dgng ciia thuc dan Phap va thai do bae nhugc ciia quan lai trieu
dinh. nhan dan ba tinh midn Tay Nam Ki vdn anh dung dung len chdng giac. M6t
sd nha nho ydu nuac tim dudng ra Binh Thuan (Nam Trung Ki) lap ra Ddng Chau
xa do Nguydn Thong dimg dau dd giup da nhau va xay dung can cir d Tanh Linh
nhdm muu cugc khang chien lau dai. Mgt sd khae kidn tri bam dat, bam dan, tien
hanh cugc dau iranh vii trang quyet lidt v6i quan thii.
Hai anh em Phan Ton, Phan Liem (con cua Phan Thanh Gian) chi huy nghla
quan hoat dgng manh d cac vimg : Ben Tre, Vinh Long, Sa Dec, Tra Vinh trang hai
nam 1867 - 1868. Nghla quan ciia Nguydn Trung True danh chiem va lam chu

Rach Gia (6 - 1867) : khi bi giac bdt va dua ra chem. ong vdn khang khai ndi :
"Bao gid nguai Tay nhd hd't cd nu6c Nam thi mdi hei nguai Nam danh Tay".
Nguydn Hihi Huan bi bdt di day d hai dao. khi dugc tha ve lai liep mc chdng Phap
Cf viing Tan An, Ml Tho. It lau sau bi bdt lai, tren duang ra phap truang, ong vdn
ung dung lam tha khdng dinh y chi bat khuat ciia minh.
Phong trao khang chien cua nhan dan Nam Ki tir ba tinh mien Dong lan sang
ba tinh mien Tay ; liic ddu chi dan thuan la cugc dau tranh chdng ngoai xam. vd
sau cd sir kd't hgp phdn nao vai cugc ddu tranh chdng tridu dinh phong kien dim
hang. Phong trao thu hut dong dao cac tdng ldp nhan dan tham gia. voi nhirng hinh
thuc ddu tranh phong phii. Cudi ciing, do bi trieu dinh bo rai. so sanh luc lugng chdnh
lech, phong trao da thdt bai. Dd'n nam 1875. khong cdn cac cugc khcî nghla lon.
nhung phong trao d Nam Ki vdn tidp tuc keo dai lam cho thuc dan Phap phai lao dao.
^ -Cugc khing chien cda nhan dan ta d ba tinh mien Tiy Nam Ki diin bien ra sao '
- Ttnh the cda cudc khang chien d Nam Ki khi mat ba ttnh mien Tay nhu the nao ?
ll - KHANG CHIEN d BAC KI LAN THL/ NHAT

(1873 - 1874)
L Tinh hinh Viet Nam truoc khi thirc dan Phap danh B^c Ki
lan thir nhait
Chie'm xong sau tinh Nam Ki. thuc dan Phap gap rut bidn Nam Ki thanh ban
dap viing chdc dd tien danh Bdc Ki va Trung Ki. Mgt mat. chiing ra sire ciing cd bo
may cai tri tCr tren xudng du6i, md trudng hgc dao tao dgi ngu tay sai. mat khae
chung tang cucmg bdc lot nhan dan ta de thuc hidn phuong cham "lay chieii tranh
nuoi chien tranh".
Trong khi do, trieu dinh Hue dudng nhu khong con nghi gi den vice chien dau
gianh lai cac viing dat da mat ma van tidp tuc thi hanh nhiing chinh sach thidn can.
Vd ngi tri, nha Nguydn tang cucmg va vet bdc lot nhan dan vira dd thoa man chi
dung, vira de co tidn bdi thucfng chidn phf cho Phap, tid'p tuc khudc tir nhung de
nghi cai each. Cac nganh nong nghidp. cong - thuang nghidp ddu bi bd be. Tai
chfnh Ihem thieu hut. Dai song nhan dan ngay cang sa siil. Mot loat cuoc khai
nghla nong dan da nd ra.

Nhieu cugc khdi nghla nd ra d vung ddnc bdm: nhu khdi nghia ciia Trdn VTnh
I Ha Ddngl. Dd Van Dao. Nguyen Van Nam i Phiic Yen). Le Van Khuong.
Do Chuyen. Nguyen Nhii^m. NguyCn Van Dan (Bae Ninhi, (ûan llioa. Quan Hy va
du dang Ta \'an Pluing (Quang Yen). Lgi dung linh ihc dd. nhicu toan Iho phi, hai
phi urTrung Qudc sang ciri'ip [ilia nhieu noi. Tmh hinh roi loan cang tao dieu kien cho
Pli;ip dem tjuan la B:ic Ki.
Vd mat ddi ngoai. trieu Nguydn vdn mudn diing con dudng thuang lugng nhdm
han che su "chem cdt" ciia thuc dan Phap.
^ ^ Am muu cua Phap sau khi chie'm dUdc Nam Ki nhu the nio 7 Tmh hinh xa hgi
trong giai doan nay cd diem gi noi bat 7
2. Cupc khang chien 6 Ha Npi va cac tinh dong b^ng Bae Ki

Di thuc hidn am muu md rgng xam lugc, ngoai vide cimg cd ca sd d
sau tinh Nam Ki, thuc dan Phap cdn tung gian didp dpi Idt giao sl hoac thuong nhan
ra do tham tinh hinh Bdc Ki, bdt lidn lac vai lai buon Duy-puy liic dd dang hoat
dgng d viing bidn Trung Qudc - Viet Nam va tich cue gay dung co sd ngi ung trong
mgt bg phan dan chiing.
"lining I! - IK72. \ the nlia llianh. Du\-pu\ tu ticn cho tau theo sdng Hdng len
Van Nam hudn ban mac du chua dugc phep cua irieu dinh Hue. Han con ngang ngugc
ddi dugc ddng tiuan tren bd sdng Hdng. ddi cd nhugng dia d Ha Ndi. ddi dugc cdp
than da de dua sang \'an Nam. Linh Phdp va Iho phi dudi lrU(.Tng Du\-pu\' cdn cirdp
lhu>en gao ciia trieu dinh. bai quan. linh \a dan la dem xudng tau, khudc lir Idi mdi
ldl ihuoiig thu\ei ciia Tdng ddc Ha Ngi Nguyen Tri Phuong.
Lay cd giai quyd't "vu Duy-puy" theo ydu cdu cua tridu dinh Hue, thuc dan Phap
d Sai Gdn da phai Dai uy Gac-ni-e dua quan ra Bdc.
Ddu thang 11 - 1873, ngay khi dat chan dd'n Ha Ngi. Gac-ni-d da cho quSn
khieu khich. Chiing danh dap dan chung va binh Ifnh ta, tu tien td chiic thu thue,
doi dugc dong quan d trong thanh va tuyen bd md cira song Hdng.
Sang 1 9 - 1 1 - 1 8 7 3 . Gac-ni-d giri tdi hau thu cho Tdng ddc Nguydn Tri Phuang
ydu cdu nop thanh. Khong dgi tra lai. md sang hom sau (20 - Il - 1873), quan
Phap no siing danh thanh. Nguydn Tri Phuang da ddc Ihiic binh sl chdng cu, nhung
khong gitr ndi thanh trudc sire tan cong ac lidt ciia giac Phap. Khi bi thuang, bi giac
bdt. ong da nhin an. khudc tir sir ciha chifa ciia giac ma chdt. Con trai ong la Nguydn
Lam ciing hi sinh trong chidn dau.
Ngay sau dd. tranh thii liic trieu dinh Hue cdn dang hoang mang, bj d6ng,
Gac-ni-e dua quan danh chiem nhidu nai nhu: Hung Yen (23 - II), Phii Lf (26 - 11),

Hai Duong (3 - 12). Ninh Binh (5 - 12). Nam Dinh (12 - 12). Trong vong 3 tuan
Id, cac tinh thanh thugc ddng bdng Bdc Ki da Igt vao tay giac.
Ngay tir phut ddu khi giac nd sung
danh thanh Ha Ngi, quan dan ta da
chdng tra quyet iiet. Tai cira O Thanh
Ha, dudi sir chi huy ciia vidn Chudng
CO, khoang IOO binh linh tridu dinh da
chien dau va hi sinh dd'n ngudi cudi
cimg (sau nay O Thanh Ha dugc ddi tdn
thanh 6 Quan Chudng). Khi Phap md
rgng danh chidm ra cac tinh d Bdc Ki.
tdi dau chiing cung bi quan dan ta chan
danh. Tai Phii Li, Hung Ydn. Hai
Duong, Nam Dinh. quan Phap bj chan
danh quyet liet. phai riit ve cd thii trong
thanh d cac tinh lj.
Hinh 104. Nguyen Tri Phuong

(1800- 1873i
Hinh 105. Cua 6 Quan Chudng {Hd Ndi) the ki XIX
Tai Nam Dinh. nhieu van than veu nudc nlur Ngu\en Mau Kien. cimg hai ctm ta
Nguydn Huu Cucmg. Nguyen Huu Bdn. t^p hgp hang nghin nghTa qu;in danh giac d
vimg True Ninh (Kien Xuong - Tliai Binh), rdi keo quan sang Nam Dinh phdi li<tp
giu ihanh. Pham Van Nghi chieu md 7 0(J() quan. \ay dung can cu chdng Phap d
An Hoa (Y Yen - Nam Dinhi. Khap niri. cac loan nghia quan ndi len. Ho lap kich.
phuc kich lieu hao lgc lutrng ciia Phap. trung tri bgn ta\ sai, rao lang chien dau...

6 Ha Ngi. thay luc lugng cua giac ye'u va mdng. quan ta xiet chat vong v^y,
bugc Gac-ni-d phdi tire ldc dua quan ve Ha Ngi img ciru. Sang 21 - 12 - 1873, quan
Phap dinh tie'n ra viing Hoai Due. nhung da bj phiic kich tai Cau Giay. vidn chi huy
Gac-ni-d bj gidt chdt tai tran.
Qiid'n ihdng Cdu Giay lam quan Phap d Ha Ngi va cac linh hoang sg, mudn
bd chay. Thuc dan Phap d Nam Ki cung hoang mang. Day la thdi ca thuSn Igi
de danh dudi quan giac. nhung trieu dinh Hue da bd la. Cac dgi quan tridu dinh
dugc ldnh riii ldn San Tay dd tao khong khi "thuan Igi" cho dam phan. Tiep dd. mot
ban hidp uac mai da dugc kf kd't tai Sai Gdn vao ngay 15 - 3 - 1874 (Hiep udc
Giap Tuat).
Ihco b:iii Hiep Lt(Vc n;i\. Phap sc nil khoi Ha Ndi \a cac linh ddng bang Bae Ki. nhimg
ineu dinh Hue cung phai chinh ihuc ihua nhan chu quven cua Phap d sau Iinh Nam
Ki. Lam ket ino cUa T)\\ Nai (Qu\ Nhon). cua Ninh Hai (Hai Phdng), ttnh li Ha Ngi
\a song Hdng cho Phap \ao budn ban. 0 nhimg noi dd. Phap cd quyen md mang cong
nghe. \ay dimg kho umg, ihue muim nhan cdng. dat lanh sU cd quan linh bao ve. Nen
ngoai giao mtdc la cung le iliiiOc vdo dudng Idi ngoai giao cua nudc Phap.
Hidp udc nam 1874 da lam mat mgt phdn quan trgng dgc lap chii quydn ciia
Viet Nam. xac lap dac quyen vd kinh td ciia tu ban Phap trdn khap ddt nudc ta.
^ ^ - Ke hoaeh dinh chiem Ha Ngi nam 1873 dUdc Phap tht/c hien nhuthe nao ?
- Ndi dung, tinh chi't cua Hiep Udc 1874.
3. Tmh hinh niroc ta sau Hiep uoc 1874

Tuy phai rut quan khdi Ha Ngi theo Hidp udc 1874, nhung thuc dan Phap vdn
khong tir bd am muu thon tfnh Bdc Ki, Trung Ki. Chung chd thoi ca dd thuc hidn
da tam nay,
Trieu dinh phong kidn nha Nguydn lir sau khi ki Hidp uac 1874 da vap phai sir
phan ling manh me ciia nhim dan ca nudc. Nhieu cuoc khoi nghla nd ra. vira nhdm
chdng thuc dim Phap xam luge, vira phdn ddi mgt bg phan quan lai phong kidn ddu
hang. Tieu bieu nhat la cugc khdi nghla nam 1874 d Nghd An va Ha Tinh do mot
sd van than. sT phu. nhu Trdn Tan. Dang Nhu Mai. Nguydn Huy Dien... lanh dao
nhung da bj dan ap.

mMi
Hinh 106. Qudn Phdp nit khdi thdnh Hd Ndi theo Hiep udc 1874
Trong thdi gian cac cugc khdi nghTa nd ra khdp nai thi d ngoai Bdc thudng xuyen
xay ra nan giac gia. Bgn thd phi. hdi phi ra sire hoanh hanh d vting bidn gidi. Tridu
dinh phai ddc gdn het lire lugng quan su vao viec ddi pho ; nhieu ldn cdn yeu cdu
nha cam quydn Phap d Nam Ki dem tau chien ra giiip da va cdu ciiu quan Thanh
danh dep. Dat nu6c roi vao tinh trang rdi ren den cue do.
Dirng trudc tinh hinh dd, nhieu sT phu cd tam huyet da tie'p tuc dd nghj duy tan,
nhung hdu hd't cac dd nghj cai each da bj cu tuydt. Ket qud la ndn kinh te dat nuac
ngay cang suy sup ; dai sdng nhan dan ngay mgt co cue. xom lang ngay mgt tidu
didu, thien tai, mat miia didn ra thudng xuydn. Ridng tran ddi ldn nam 1879 da lam
cho hang chuc van ngudi luu tan, chet doi.
Trong gdn 10 nam, ke ttr sau khi thuc dan Phap danh chie'm Bdc Ki ldn thii nhat.
nha nudc chdng nhiing khdng lam gi de ddy manh ndn kinh te ddt nudc, cai thien
ddi sdng nhan dan. ma cdn lam cho dat nudc ngay cang suy yd'u. Trong khi dd. cac
nirdc tu ban phuang Tay dang tid'n nhanh sang giai doan de qud'c chu nghla. ydu
cau banh trudng md rgng thj trudng cang trd nen cap thie't. Ttr nam 1878 trd di. cac
nudc Anh, Dire, Tay Ban Nha ddy manh vide giao thiep vdi trieu dinh Hue. Tinh hinh
do cang thoi thiic thuc dan Phap nhanh tay hanh dgng de chidm toan bg dat nudc la.
^ Tinh hinh Viet Nam tU sau Hiep udc 1874 den trudc khi thuc din Phap dinh
Bic Ki lan thCfhai (1882) cd nhung diem gi dang chu y 7

HI - NHAN DAN B A C KI VA TRUNG KI

T I E P TUC KHANG CHIEN
1. Thuc dan Phap danh chiem Bat Ki lan thur hai (1882 - 1883)
Ttr nhung nam 70 ciia the ki XTX, chii nghla tu ban Phap budc sang giai doan
dd qudc chii nghla. Ndn kinh te Phap cd nhung ddi hdi ngay cang ldn vd thj trudng,
nhan cong va nguydn lieu. Khong chiu dung sau cac nudc tu ban khae, thuc dan
Phap da lao vao cugc chay dua quyet lidt de gianh giat thugc dja.
Vide xam lugc Bdc Ki va toan bg Viet Nam luc nay khdng con la muu dd cua
mgt nhdm thuc dan hidu chien, phieu luu nhu tnJdc, ma da trd thanh chii truang
chung ciia gidi tu ban tai phiet dang ndm quydn d Phap. Ddi vdi chiing, Bdc Ki dan
ddng, nhieu tai nguydn, nhat la than da, la mid'ng mdi ngon khdng thd bd qua.
De can thiep bdng luc lugng vu trang, nam 1882, vidn cd tridu dinh Hue khdng
thi hanh dung cac didu khoan ciia Hidp udc 1874, ngan trd ngudi Phap di lai buon
ban trdn sdng Hdng, cam va giet nhirng ngudi theo dao Thidn CTiiia..., Phap dua quan
ra Bdc.
" Ngay 3 - 4 - 1882, quSn Phap,
do Hang-ri Ri-vi-e chi huy, tid'n vao
Ha Ndi. Binh linh Phap vac sung
nghdnh ngang di lai trdn dudng phd,
tdn chi huy Phap ddi Tdng ddc
Ha Ngi Hoang Dieu phai riit quan ra
khdi thanh de chiing vao ddng quan
va pha huy cac cdng su phdng thu
trdn mat thanh. Tmh hinh Ha Ngi
Hinh 107. Hodng Dieu hd't SlTC c a n g t h d n g.
(1829 - IH82)
Chd khi cd vidn binh ttr Sai Gdn ra, md sang 25 - 4 - 1882, Ri-vi-e giri tdi hau
thu cho Hoang Dieu ddi nop thanh. Han tra Idi chua hd't. quan Phap da nd siing.
Trua hdm dd, quan Phap chid'm dugc thanh. quan trieu dinh tan vd. Hoang Dieu vid't
di bidu giri tridu dinh rdi treo cd tudn tid't trong vudn Vo Midu (dudi chan Cot cd
Ha Ndi ngay nay) dd khdi roi vao tay giac.
Trudc hanh ddng xam lugc ciia thuc dan Phap. tridu dinh nha Nguydn hoang
mang va khid'p nhugc, vdi vang cdu cun nha Thanh. Ndm dugc ca hgi nay,

nha Thanh dua quim sang
nudc ta. Quim Thanh
ddng rdi rae d cac linh
Thai Nguyen, Tuydn
Quang. Hung Hoa. Cao
Bang. Lang Son va Bae
Ninh. ddng thdi bf mat
thuang thuyet vdi Phap dd
chia nhau quyen Igi d Viet
Hinh 108. Qudn Phdp chiem thdnh Hd Ndi.
Nam. Trong khi dd. vua
.xdy dimg Id cdi tren nen Dien Kinh Thien
Tu Dire vi vim nudi ao
tirdng dieu dinh vdi Phap ndn da ra ldnh riit quan len man ngugc va giai tan cac ddi
quan dja phucmg dugc hinh thanh trong phong trao yeu nudc chdng xam lugc.
Vd phia Phap. sau khi nhan them vidn binh. thang 3 - 1883 Ri-vi-e cho quan
chidm ddng vtmg md Hdn Gai, Quang Yen. sau dd true tid'p keo quan tir Ha Ngi
\udng danh chid'm Nam Djnh (27 - 3 - 1883). Ldn thd hai. hau hd't cac tinh thanh
\dn d vting ddng bdng Bdc Ki lai rai vao tay giac.
^ ^ - Vl sao tif sau nam 1874, thitc din Phap lai quyet tim chiem bing dugc Bic Ki 7
-Thuc dan Phap thUC hien im muu danh chiem Bic Ki lan thit hai nhuthenao 7
2. Nhan dan B^c Ki chong Phap chiem dong lan thur hai
Khi quan Phap no siing tan cdng. nhan dan Bdc Ki da anh dung diing Idn chie'n
dau. Nhirng kinh nghiem chidn dau cua 10 nam vd trudc lai dugc nhan dan ta ap
dung. O Ha Ngi, dgc .sdng Hdng, nhan dan tu tay dot nha minh, tao thanh birc tudng
lua lam cham budc tidn cua giac. Khdp nai dan chiing ndi trdng. mo. khua chidng.
c6 vu quan dan ta chidn ddu. Dudi sir chi huy cua Nguydn Ddng. hang nghin ngudi
tap hgp tai dinh Quang Van (phd Cira Nam) chudn bi tid'n vao thanh phdi hgp vdi
quan ciia trieu dinh danh giac. Nhung chua kjp hanh dgng thi thanh da mat ; quan
trieu dinh tan ra. Nhting ngudi dan Ha Ndi vdn kidn tri tiep tuc cudc dau tranh trong
long djch nhu : tid'n hanh dau dpe binh Ifnh Phap. khdng ban luang thuc cho giac,
ddt chay cac kho thudc sung ciia chiing trdn bd sdng Hdng...
Khi quim Phap md rgng pham vi danh chie'm cac tinh ddng bdng. di tdi dau
chiing cung vap phai siic chidn dau quyd't lidt ciia quan dan cac dja phuang.

0 Nam Dinh. nhan dan tu lay dot cha\ cac da\ phd doc sdng Vj Hoang dc ngan dich.
De doc Le Van Dieni. An sal Hd B;i On dem quan ra ngoai ihanh nghenh chien.
lai \ung iKtng ihoii. \gLi\en HCru Ban - con cua Niiuyi^n Mau Kien. ndi uep chi cha,
mo quan img nghia O nhung noi khae, nhan dan lich cue dap dap. cam ke can dich
Iren soivj
Trong khi Ri-vi-e keo quan danh Nam Djnh thi ttr phfa San Tay va Bdc Ninh,
quan dan ta ap sat Ha Ndi uy hidp quan Phap.
Thang 5 - 1883. tren chidn irudng Cdu Giay. quan dan la lai mdt lan niia giang
cho giac mgi ddn nang nd.
Ngay 19 - 5 - 1883, Ri-vi-e huy ddng 550 quan cd dai bae yem trg, mdcudc
hanh quan danh ra ngoai Ha Ngi theo dudng Ha Ngi di Son Tay. Ndm dugc y dd
ciia giac, quan dan ta da cung dgi quan Cd den cua Luu Vinh Phuc td chirc phuc
kich tai Cdu Giay. Quan Phap dai bai. nhieu sl quan, binh Ifnh djch bj chd't va bi
thuang. Ri-vi-e cung phdi bd mang. Tan quan Phap thao chay ve Ha Ngi.
Tran Cdu Giay ldn thii hai da lam mic Idng nhan dan cd nudc. bdi ddp thdm y
chi quydt tam lidu diet giac ciia nhan dan. Quan Phap hoang mang, dao dgng.
Tdn Dd ddc Phap thay the Ri-vi-e dinh bd Ha Ngi, Nam Dinh vd cd thu d
Hdi Phdng. Tinh hinh rat thuan Igi cho cugc khang chien.
Sau chien thdng Cau
Giay (19 - 5 - 1883),
trieu dinh Hue vdn tid'p
tuc dudng Idi hoa hoan
nhu trudc. hi vgng quan
Phap se nit quan nhu
nam 1873. Song tinh the
liic nay da khae trudc.
Lgi dung cai chd't cua
Hinh 109. Cudc chien giifa qudn Phdp vd qudn Ri-vi-e. Chinh phii Phap
Cd den tgi Cdu Gid\ thdng 5 - 1883
van ddng ddy manh
chien tranh va khan truong giri vidn binh sang Viet Nam. Tidp dd. quan Phap da
thdng qua mdt ke hoach md cugc tan cdng thdng vao Kinh dd Hud. bugc trieu dinh
nha Nguydn dau hang.
^ ^ - Nhan dan Ha Ngi va cac tinh dong bing sdng Hong di anh dung khang
chien chong Phap xam lUdc lan thUhai nhu the nao ?
- Trinh bay dien bie'n cua tran Cau Giay thing 5 - 1883. ke't qua vi y nghTa
cda chien thing dd.

3. Quan Phap tan cong cua bien Thuan An.
Hiep uoc Hacmang (1883) va Hiep uoc Patonot (1884)
Ngay 17 - 7 - 1883. vua Tu Dire qua ddi. Lgi dijng trieu dinh dang ban rgn vdi
viec chgn ngudi kd' vi, thuc dan Phap dem quan danh thdng vao cira Thuan An. sat
Kinh dd Hue, budc tridu dinh phai ddu hang.
Siiiiiz IN - S - l,S<S3. Dd ddc Cu6c-be giri tdi hau thu >CLI cau irieu dmh giao lai ca
cic phao dai. Den 16 izid chieu hdm do. Um chieii Phap bill dau nd stmg. Chien su
dien ra ac hei.
Ngay 20 - 8, quan
Phap chid'm toan bg cira
Thuan An. Trieu dinh
hoang sg vdi cir ngudi xin
dinh chien. Cao uy Phap
la Hac-mang de'n Hue,
dua ra mdt ban hidp udc
thao sdn (Hidp udc
Hacmang), bugc trieu
Hinh 110. Qudn Phdp dd bd ldn cdng dinh phai chap nhan.
ddnh chiein ciia bien Thudn An
Vdi hiep irdc mdi il^ - f^ -. 11^8.^). ve co ban. lir day Viet Nam da mat quven IU
chil tren pham vi ca nudc. iriû dinh Hue da chinh thuc thira nhan su bao hg cua
nudc Phap. mgi cdng vice chinh tri. kinh le. ngoai giao cua Viet Nam deu do Phap
nam. Tai Hue se dal chuc Kham su dc ihay mat Chinh phu Phap. vien chuc nay cd
quyen vao gap nha \ua hai ki luc nao xet ihay can iliiei (khoan I h : iai Ha Ndi.
Hai Phdng va moi so noi khae dal chuc Cong su cd quan dgi bao vc va cd quyen kiem
soat viec tudn phdng. quan \i viec thue \u. giam sat mgi sU thu chi. phu trach viec
thue quan (cac khoan 12. 1.^. 17, !K. ldi : khu \'Uc do trieu dinh cai tri chi cdn lai iir
Khanh Hoa ra tdi deo Ngang (tinh Binh Tliuan sap nhap vao Nam Ki. ha tinh
Thimh Hod, Nghe An, Ha TTnh sap nhap \ao Bae Ki), nhung trong khu vuc nay cac
viec thuong chinh, cdng chinh deu do Phap nam (cdc khoan 1.6): quan Phap ddng
ngay tai Thuan An va Hue (khoan 3l : mgi viec giao ihiep cua Viel .Nam \di
nudc ngoai (ker ea vdi Trung Qîdc) cung do Phap nam (khoan 1). \'e quan su,
ngoiii vice phai nhan huan ki>en \len \a s] quan chi hu\ Phap (khoan 23) : trieu dinh
phai iriet hoi sd quan iinh da dua ra B;ic Ki (khoan 4) : di Phap ddng nhiTng ddn binh
dnc ihco sdng Hdng vii nhung ncti xel thity can ihiet (khoan 21 ) : Phap cd loan qu>en
xu tri ddi quiin Cd den (khoan 22).
237
Hidp udc Hacmang da vap phai su phan ung quydt lidt trong dan chiing. Bdt chap
ldnh bai binh cua tridu dinh. quan dan Bdc Ki vdn tidp luc dung Idn khang chie'n.
Nhidu quan lai d cac dja phuang khdng chju ve kinh dd. kidn quydt d lai md nghla
binh danh giac nhu : Ta Hidn. Nguydn Thidn Thuat. Hoang Van Hoe. La Xu^n
Oai,., Didu dd da cd anh hudng tich cue ldi phai chii chien trong tridu dinh Hud'.
Thay khdng thd chdm diit
chien su bdng Hiep udc
Hacmang, ddu thang 12 - 1883,
sau khi cd them vien binh, thuc
dan Phap Iai tiep tuc td chiic
nhidu cudc hanh quan, md rong
pham vi danh chid'm Son Tay,
Bdc Ninh, Thai Nguydn. Hung
Hoa, Tuyen Quang... Quan Phap
tan cdng dd'n dau, cac don vj
quan Thanh nit tdi dd, chi cd dgi
quan ciia Luu Vinh Phiic cdn la
trd ngai ldn ciia quan Phap luc
bay gid.
Hinh HI. Qudn Phdp tdn cdng TlT ddu nam 1884, chid'n su
thdith San Tdy diln ra ngay cang ac liet d Bdc Ki.
Trong khi mgt so dan vj quan
Thanh tham gia chien dau thi tridu dinh Man Thanh da kf vdi Phap Quy udc Thidn Tan
ngay 1 1 - 5 - 1 8 8 4 , gdm 5 khoan, theo dd, quan Thanh se nit khdi Bdc Ki.
Trdn da thdng the, ngay 6 - 6 - 1884 Chfnh phii Phap da budc tridu dinh Hue ki
them Hidp udc Patond't gdm 19 didu khoan, can ban dua tren Hidp udc Hacmang
(1883), nhung trd lai cac tinh Binh Thuan va Thanh Hoa, Nghd An, Ha Tinh cho
tridu dinh Hue cai quan nhu cu. nhdm xoa dju sir cdng phdn cua nhan dan la va mua
chugc. lung lac quan lai trieu dinh nha Nguydn.
Hiep udc Palandt dat ca sd cho quydn dd hd ciia Phap d Viet Nam.
^ ^ Not dung cda Hiep udc Hicmang va Hiep Udc Patdnot cd nhCfng diem gi giong
va khic nhau 7 Neu nhin xet ve cic hiep udc dd.
238
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Lap bang nien bieu ve cac b[Xdc xam lirac Viet Nam ciia thirc dan Phap.
2. Thai dp cua thi/c dan Phap trong hai lan di/a quan ra danh Bae Ki co gi khae nhau ?
Tai sao lai co sir khae nhau do ?
3. Thdng qua bai hoc. hay so sanh thai dp ciia nhan dan va cua trieu dinh Hue trong
cupc dau tranh chong Phap xam lugc.
PHAN DOC THEM

Bao cao ciia Ri-gdn do Gio-nui-y vdi C h i n h p h ii Phap vao dau nam 1859 ve cugc
chien tranh xam lugc 6 Viet N a m
"Gang di sau vao tinh hinh Vucmg qudc A n Nam. cang ngay cac birc man cang dugc
ven len. Nhung Icfi tien dodn sai lam (ciia cdc gido sT) phai thii lieu di. Khdng the'
khdng cdng nhan rdng cugc chien Iranh chdng nudc nay cdn khd hon cugc chien
tranh chdng Vuong qudc Trung Hoa".
(Theo : Lich sir Viet Nam.
Tap I I , Sdd. tr. 38)
V^ thai do cua nhan dan Viet N a m sau Hiep uoc 1862
"Bdcac quan cfi,
Cho tha'y chfn triing hoa nghi ma tdm long dich khai no phoi pha.
Dtmg rdng ba tinh giao hoa ma cai viec cim thiJ danh bd do."
(Theo : Tho vdn yeu nudc nira sau the'ki XIX.

N X B Van hgc. H.. 1976. tr.l22)
T h u t r a lorj ciia T r u o n g D i n h k h i T u Diirc c u Phan T h a n h ( l i a n den yeu cau ong

ngimg khang chien de Phap t r a lal tinh V i n h Long
"Nhan dan ba tinh mudn nhu \ u a nen hg suy tdn chiing toi cdm dau. Chiing tdi khdng
the lam khdc hem dieu ma chiing toi dang Idm. Cho nen chiing tdi da chuan bi san
sang khdng chien a ca mi^n Ddng, d ca midn Tay. Chiing tdi chong dich. ddnh dich
va cudi cung se thdng dich. Neu ngai edn ndi ldi hoa nghi thi chiing tdi phan ddi menh
lenh ciia trieu dinh".
(Tlieo : Lich sir Viet Nam. Tap I I , Sdd, tr. 46)
239
TRAO LUU CAI CACH, DUY TAN 6 VIET NAM

TRONG NHUNG NAM CUOI THE KI XIX
Tir nhCrri^ nam TiO ciia the ki XIX, nhieu quan lai si phu tien bd
thdc thai cla dira ra cac de nghi duy tan ve noi tri. ngoai giao, kmh
te, van hoa - xa hoi, mong cho niroc nha cirtrng thinh, co the
duong dau vai su xam luac ciia cac niKA tu ban phirong Tay. Nhung
vl nhidu li do, cac de nghi cai each do da khong duoc thuc hien.
1. Tinh hinh Viet Nam niia sau the ki XIX va sir xuait hien trao luu
duy tan
Trong nira sau the ki XIX, nen kinh te Viet Nam tid'p luc lam vao tinh irang
khimg hoang nghidm trgng. Nong nghiep sa siil, thu cdng nghiep va thuong nghiep
bd' tdc, lai chi'nh can kiet. Nam 1860, khi chien su mdi nd ra it lau d Da Nang va
Gia Dinh, quan dinh than Nguydn Tri Phuong da lau : "Quan va dan cua da he't, su:c
da yd'u".
De ddi phd vdi linh hinh dd, tridu dinh nha Nguydn lang cudng bdc lot nhan
dan, tham chi ap dung ca nhijTig bien phap tieu cue nhu : cho nop lidn chugc lpi.
cho budn ban thudc phidn. cho mua quan, ban tude de thu lien... Bg may chinh
quydn tir trung uong dd'n dia phuong trd ndn sau mgt ; dia chu, cudng hao tha hd
due khoet. nhung nhidu dan lanh.
Nhieu cudc khdi nghTa va bao loan chdng trieu dinh vi the da nd ra.
Ihang 4 - lfSh2, .Nguyen riiiiih (Cai long \ a n g i khoi nghia o Bae Ninh. lliang
9 - 1X62, Nong Himg Thac khdi nghTa o Tuyen QLiang. Nam 1866. tai Kinh thanh
Hue nd ra cudc khoi nghla ciia binh linh va thg ihuyen iren cdng trucmg xdy dung
Khitm king cua lu Due, do Doan Huu Trung. Doan Tu True. Doan Hitu Ai chi hu>.
Tu nam IM6I den nam 1865. mgi cugc bao loan nd ra o \ung du\en hai Bae Ki, do
Ta \'an Phung cam dau...
Mac dti cud'i cimg cac cugc khdi nghla va bao loan deu bi dap ldt nhung da lam
cho tai luc, binh luc ciia trieu Nguydn thdm suy sup ; mau thu^n giira cac ldng Idp
nhan dan vdi giai cap phong kidn thdng tri ngay cang trd ndn sau sdc. Trong khi dd,
thuc dan Phap dang rao ridt chuan bi md rdng xam lugc nudc la.
Van nudc nguy nan da tac ddng ldi cac quan lai. sT phu ydu nudc tid'n bd.
Nhieu dd nghi cai each duy tan dugc dua ra.
240
^ Cic sTphu yeu nudc tien bg dua ra cac de nghi cai each duy tin trong boi canh
lich sCfnudc ta nhuthe nao 7
2. Mot so de nghi cai each, duy tan tieu bieu

Trong nhimg nam trudc khi Phap danh Ha Ngi lan thir nhat, d nudc ta da rg len
mot phong trao dd nghi cai each. Di dau trong phong trao dd la mgt sd quan chdc,
Sl phu cd hgc van cao, dac bidt la mgt sd si phu Cong giao cd dip ra nudc ngoai.
lam mat dugc rdng md. nhu ; Nguydn Hidp. Ld Dinh. Pham Phii Thir. Dang Du:c
Tua'n, Dang Huy Tru, Biii Vidn, Nguydn Lg Trach, Dinh Van Dien. Nguydn Trudng
To. Nhin tha'y rd su tri tre cua dal nudc, su bao thii ciia gidi hii nho va tac hai ciia
chinh sach "ddng cira khoa nudc", quay lung vdi nhtrng lien bg kl thuat phuang
Tay. phan ldn cac sT phu cd tu tudng cai each tuy vdn chap nhan che do phong kidn
nhung ddu mudn nudc ta di theo con dudng Duy tan ciia Nhai Ban,
Khi di sir sang Phap, Phan Thanh Gian tan mdt chiing kien sue manh va tdm
quan trong ciia ki lhu$t, cua cdng thuong. Ve nudc. dng da ddi ldn bay td y mudn
duy tan.
Nam 1868, Dinh Van Dien, mdt ngudi theo Cdng giao qud d huydn Ydn Md,
linh Ninh Binh, da mat trinh de nghi md mang vide khai md. ddng tau, bidt dai
ngudi phuang Tay, khai thdng vide budn ban, hgc tap binh thu, binh phap, huan
luyen quan ddi theo Idi mdi...
Cflng trong nam 1868, cac dng Trdn Dinh Tiic, Nguydn Huy Te di cdng can d
Huang Cang ve xin md cira bidn Tra Li (Nam Dinh) de thong thuang vdi bdn ngoai,
xay dung mgt "Huang Cang ciia Viet Nam".
Nam IS72, Vien Tliuifiig bae (CO quan ddi ngoai cua irieu dinh Huei de nghi mo ba
cira bien Da Ndng. Ba Lat. Dd Son.
Mdi sd quan lai khdc nhu ; Nguyen Hiep (di Xiem). Le Dinh idi Huong Cang). thay
nhidu dieu ha\ ciia thien ha. dd nghi trieu dinh nen hgc tap...
Tirnam 1863 dd'n nam 1871. Nguydn Trudng To (1828 - 1871). da kidn tri giri
dd'n tridu dinh gan 60 ban dieu Iran'", de nghi chan chinh bg may quan lai, phat
tridn cdng thuang, lai chinh, chan chinh vd bi, ngoai giao, cai td giao due.., Nhflng
dd nghi ciia dng da gay dugc tid'ng vang Idn trong xa hgi nudc ta luc dd.
Vao cac nam 1S77 va I8S2, .Nguydn Ld Trach i 1X52 - IK'^5), que d huyen Phong
Dicn, linh Thira Thien, da dang tridu dinh cdc ban Thoi vu sdch I I va 2i de \uai \'
kien nham gidi quyet cdc yeu cau biic thiet ciia thiri cuoc.
^ Neu nhCtng ngi dung cd ban cua cac de nghi cai cich cuoi the ki XIX.
; 1) Dieu trdn : ban lrinh bay y kien.
I6.UCHSU l l - N C - A 241
3. Ket cue cua nhung de nghj cai each duy tan cuoi the ki XIX
Xuat phat ttr long yeu nudc, lai cd tu tudng tid'n bg, mud'n duy tan, phat tridn
da't nudc dd ddi phd vdi am muu xam lugc ttr ben ngoai. mdt sd quan lai, sT phu
ducfng thdi da vugt qua nhtrng dinh kidn, ghen ghet, dd ki va ca su nguy hiem dd
giri Idn trieu dinh nhflng ban didu trdn, mong mud'n lam cho dan giau nudc manh.
Tuy vay. hau he't cac dd nghi cai each da khdng dugc thuc hidn. Trieu dinh nha
Nguydn thi bao thii, cd chap, khdng chiu thay ddi.
Co l>.in dicu Iran khi du.i i.i b.m luan da bi cac quan lai trong ineu phe la "chua hop
ihiti the". Cd ban ducfc vua khen la hav nhimg rdi bd rcri. khdng nghien ciru thuc hien.
Triing sd dd cii nhung ban dieu Iran sau sac, cd linh cd \\ (nhu dieu tran cua
Ngii\en Trudng Tgi.
Rdt cugc, CO hgi duy tan da bi bd qua.

Cho dil khdng dugc thuc hidn, nhung trao luu ddi cai each cudi the ki XIX da
cd tac dung tan cdng vao nhflng tu tudng bao thu va chuan bi cho sir ra ddi ciia
phong trao Duy tan sdi noi, rgng khdp d Viet Nam ddu the ki XX.
^ ^ Nhiyng de nghi cai each cuoi the k^ XIX cd nhC^g uu, nhUdc diem gi 7
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Cac sT phu de nghi cai each duy tan dat ni/dc xuat phat tir dpng co nao ?
2. Tai sao hau het nhi/ng de nghj cai each nay lai khong dirge thi/c hien ?
PHAN DOC THEM
Ve viec can thiet phai duy tan
Le Dinh di Hucmg Cdng vd, vua sai ngudi den hdi ed nghe thay gi vd ngudi ngodi cd
noi gi den viec nudc la. Dinh tau :
" M g i nude Thai Tay dugc phu cudng khdng ngoai viee budn ban va viec binh ma thdi.
Lay binh bao ve viec budn. dung buon nudi binh. cho nen chinh ddn viec thdng
ihuong cang khdn cdp. Gdn day, Nhat Ban budc kip Thdi Tay. bdn mat deu thdng
thucmg. Nudc Thanh cung bdt ddu Idm, da ddn ddn cudng thinh. Cd ngudi khen nudc
la cd sdn vat phong phii va eae loai md Ihan. md kim loai, ed nhidu ngudi kheo leo,
242
Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com 161ICHSU11-NC-B
vi biel phan phdi tir gdng sue lam thi cdi nghiep phii cudng cung khdng khd lam, chi
phdi van Ihu qud phidn. nhidu viec cû chap qua thdi",
Ldi tau ciia Le Dmh. ban than nd da la mgt su phe bmh chinh sach tridu dinh, mdt su
thuc giuc nen duy lan theo dudng ma Nhat da di.
Nha vua nghe rdi dd day.

(Theo : Trdn Van Giau. Chdng xdm Idng,
NXB Tiianh phd Hd Chi Minh. 2001. lr. 273)
Nguyen Trudrng Td noi ve viec hoc thirc dung
"Ggi rang hgc, tuc la hgc nhiJng didu chua biel dd cdu cho biet ma lam viec. Lam viec
gi va lam d dau, ddu la viec thuc trudc con mdt va d^ cho hiiu dung ve sau. Xet ra cai
hgc ddi nay. thdy day gi, ird hgc gi. toan la viec qua khu. ddu trong sdch ddi khi cd
chep mdt vai viec thiet ihuc. song cung khdng thd truyen lai dugc...
Nay ngudi nudc minh, liic nho hgc van tir thi phii ma trai lai Idn len ra ddi phai biel
hinh luat. lich sd, hinh phap : ltic nhd hgc tinh Son Ddng. Son Tay la nhiJng chd mdt
khdng hd thdy, ma trdi lai ldn len ra ddi cdn phai di Nam Ki, Bae Ki ; luc nhd hgc
thien van. dia li, chfnh su, phong tuc nudc Tau. ma trai lai Idn len ra ddi cdn phai bidt
thien van, dia li, chi'nh su, phong tue bd't ddng ciia nudc Nam ; Iiic nhd hgc Id nhac.
chien phat vd cdch dm thuc cu n'ch ciia ngudi Tau, ma trai lai, ldn len ra di^î can phai
biet Id nhac, chien phat va each dm thuc cu xir cua nude Nam.
Nhiing didu nhu the cd hang ngan. hang mudn. ke den bui cun muc can cung
khdng xiet".
(Theo : Tran Van Giau. Chdng .xdm Idng. Sdd, tr. 280 - 2 8 1 )
243
PHONG TRAO CHdNG PHAP

CUA NHAN DAN VIET NAM
TRONG NHUNG NAM CUOI THE KI XIX
Sau khi t)upc trieu dinli Hue ki Hiep uc/c P.itcrnol (1884), thgc dan
Phap vd c a ban da diit dirac ac h thdng trj tren toan bo Viet Nam.
Nhirng chung con phai mat them hon U) nam lien tuc, hao ngudi,
tdn cua de tien hanh cugc "binh d j n h " bang quan su, nham ddi
pho vai cupc dau tranh quyet liet cua nhan dan ta.
Phong trao yeu nuoc cuoi the ki XIX dien ra trong boi canh phdc
tap, nhang t u d i cung deu that bai. Tuy nhien, phong trao da
chdng td truyen thong yeu nirdc nong nan, y chi bat khuat chdng
xam lirpc t i i a nhan dan ta, dong thcri de lai nhirng bai hoc kinh
nghiem quy bau cho giai doan lich sd sau.
I - CUOC PHAN CONG CUA PHAI CHU CHIEN

d KINH THANH HUE. PHONG TRAO CAN VU'ONG
BUNG NO VA PHAT TRIEN
I.Tinh hinh Viet Nam sau Hiep uoc Hacmang (1883) va Hiep uoc
Patonot (1884)
Hai hiep udc Hacmang (1883) va Patond't (1884). ma thirc dan Phap budc trieu
dinh Hue kf ket, da cham diil sir ldn tai ciia nha nudc phong kien Viet Nam doc lap.
Tuy vay, phai chii chien, dai dien la Tdn That Thuyet, v^n nuoi hi vong khoi phuc
lai chil quy^n neu cd thdi co.
Dua \iio sU ung hd cua cac quan lai chu chien vii cua ddng dao quan chiing nhiin dan
cac dia phuong. Tdn Tliai n i u y e l (liic dd laTluRTiig thu Bo Binhi da ra siic xay dung.
tang cudng luc luting khdng chicn trong Irieu dinh. Ong bi mat cho xay dung can cu
Tan Sd iren mien rimg niii linh Qudng Tri, cho chuyen chd lutrng thuc, tidn bae. \u
khi ILT kinh dd va cac tinh vd dSy dd phdng khi cd bien se dimg den. Mdt sd ddn sim
phdng dugc \a> dung. Hai doi quan linh nhuc la "Phan nghia" \a "Doan kiet" dugc
lap ra. ngay dem luyen tap. sdn sang chicn dau. Cuiyc xung dot giira phai chii chidn
ciia Tdn Thai Piuyet va phdi chu hoa ngay cang gay giit. Mgt so nguoi cd tu tU(7ng
than Phap da bi ihii tiû. Cudi cung. phdi chii chien dua U'ng Lich cdn nhd ludi l^n
ngdi, Idy hicu la Ham Nghi.
244
Hanh ddng cua phai chii chien khien cho thuc dan Phap het su-c lo lang. Chting
biet rang se khdng the' thiet lap duoc nen bao ho d Hue neu khdng trir khir dugc
Ton Thai Thuyet va phe canh cua dng. Tir thang 10 - 1884, quan Phap bat dau
khieu khich, cho quan chiem ddn Mang Ca d gdc Ddng Nam thanh Hue va lim
each buoc Hoi ddng Phtj chinh do Ton That Thuyet diiiig dau phai giai tan.
Thang 6 - 1885, Tudng Dd Cudc-xi keo binh thuyen lir Bdc Ki vao Hue, dinh
diing ap luc quan sir loai bd phai chii chien, giai tan quan dpi trieu dinh, lap muu
bat Ton That Thuyet.
Trudc sir uy hiep ngay cang trdng tron cua ke thii, Tdn That Thuyet va nhtmg
cong su cua dng da quyet dinh no sung de gianh the chu dpng.
• Ndi bd trieu dinh Hue sau cac hiep Udc 1883 va 1884 ra sao 7
2. Cuoc phan cong cua phai chu chien tai Kinh thanh Hue (7 - 1 8 8 5 ) .
Phong trao Can vuong biing no
Dem mdng 4 rang sang 5 - 7 - 1885 (tire ngay 2 2 - 5 nam At Dau), trong khi
Dd Cudc-xi va cac si quan Phap dang say sua yen tiec tai toa Kham sd", Tdn That Le
(em rupt Tdn That Thuyet) chi huy dao quan thir nhat lang le vuot sdng Huong,
phdi hpp vdi luc lupng thuy quan cua tridu dinh ddng tai trai Thuy su, tan cdng vao
loa Kham sd.
B IEN DONG
Hinh 112. Lugc dd Kinh thanh Hue

Canh quan thir hai do dich than Tdn That Thuyet va Tran Xuan Soan chi huy,
bao vay ddn Mang Ca, nai tap trung nhieu binh h'nh va vu khi ciia Phap. Mot loan
quan khae phuc kich d cau Thanh Long.
Bi danh bat ngd, quan Phap hoang hdt ddi phd, dpi hinh rdi loan. Sau dd, chting
ciing cd lai luc lupng va rang sang 5 - 7 - 1885 thi td chtrc phan cdng, danh thing
vao thanh npi. Tren dudng lien quan, binh linh Phap trang trpn cudp bdc ciia cai va
tan sal vd ciing man rp nhieu ngudi dan vd lpi.
Trong luc hdn loan, Tdn That Thuyet da dua vua Ham Nghi cting doan tuy tting
rdi Kinh dd Hue. chay len scfn phdng Tan Sd (Quang Tri). Ngay 13 - 7 - 1885, dng
da nhan danh nha vua xudng chieu Cdn vuong, keu gpi van than ciing nhan dan ca
nudc dung len giup vua ciiru nudc.
O Quang Tri mpt thdi gian, de^ tranh su truy liing rao rie't cua quan Phap,
Tdn That Thuyet lai dua Ham Nghi ra son phdng Au Son (Huong Khe, Ha Tinh).
Tai day, ngay 20 - 9 - 1885, chieu Can vuong lan thif hai dupc phat ra.
Hinh 113. Vua Hdm Nghi Hinh 114. Tdn Thdt Thuvei
(1872 - 1943} (1835-1913)
Chieu Can vuong td cao am muu xSm lupc Viet Nam cua thuc dan Phap, su
phan bpi ciia mpt sd quan lai, tinh bat hpp phap cua trieu dinh Ddng Khanh do Phap
mdi dung len va khich le sT phu. van than va nhan dan ca nudc quyet tam khang
chien den cting.
Chieu Can vuong da thdi bimg ngpn Ida yeu nudc, vdn dang am i chay trong
quan chiing nhan dan va nhanh chdng bien thanh mpt phong irao ldn, keo dai hon
10 nam, tdi cudi the ki XIX mdi bi dap tdt.
246
^ - Neu diin bien cugc phan cong cda phii chd chie'n d Kinh thanh Hue (7 - 1885).
- Trinh biy ndi dung cd ban vi y nghTa cua chie'u Can vUdng.
3. Cac giai doan phat then cua phong trao C^n vuong
Phong trao chdng Phap nd ra ttr giira nam 1885 keo dai den nam 1896, tuy vdi
danh nghia Can vuong, nhung ihuc chat la mpl phong trao dau tranh yeu nudc,
chdng xam lupc ciia nhan dan ta.
Lanh dao cac cupc khdi nghia Can vuong la cac van than, si phu cd chung ndi
dau mat nudc vdi qudn chiing lao dpng, tu nguyen ddng ve phia nhan dan
chdng Phap.
Phong trao chia lam 2 giai doan : Giai doan 1 - ttr giu'a nam 1885 den thang
11 - 1888 va giai doan 2 - Id cudi nam 1888 den nam 1896.
a) Giai dogn I : tit giUa ndm 1885 den thdng JI - 1888
Ngay sau khi chieu Can vuong dupc phat ra, nhieu van than, si phu yeu nudc da
soi ndi hudng ung. Hp tap hop nghia binh, xay dung can cir, dau tranh quyet liet
vdi thuc dan Phap va tay sai, tren mpl dia ban rpng ldn, tap trung d cac linh Bdc Ki va
Tmng Kl.
"ITui ITnh ciia cac cuoc khiri nghia ldn. d khu \Uc Trung Ki cd : M.ii \u;in Tlimmg
(Binh Dinh) ; Le Trung Dinh, Ngu\en Tu Tan (Quang Ngai) ; \ g u \ c n Du\ Hicu.
Trdn Van Du, Phan Tiianh Phien (Quang Nami : Truong Dinh Ht>i. \gu\eii lir Nhir
(Quang Tri I ; Le True. Nguyen Pham luan (Quang Binh) : Lc Ninh, Plum E)iiih
Phung, Cao Tliang (Ha Tinh); Nguyen Xuiin On (Nghe .Am : Pham Banh. Dinh Cong
Trang (Thanh Hoai ; o Bae Kl cd : Nguven Quang Bich, Ngu\en Due Ngd iDdc
Ngur). Hoang Van Tliu\ iDe Kiem, Deo Van TTianh. Cam \'an Toa. Nguyen \ an
Giap, Ta Hien. Nguyen Thicn Thuat, Hoang Dinh Kinh...
Dac diem noi bat ciia phong trao giai doan nay la trong chtmg muc nha't dinh
phong trao cdn dat dudi sir chi huy thdng nhat ciia mpl trieu dinh khang chien, dirng
dau la Ham Nghi va Tdn That Thuyet.
Trudc nhirng khd khan ngay cang ldn, thang 12-1886 Tdn That Thuyet da sang
Trung Qudc cau vien. Cudi nam 1888, do su chi diem ciia Truong Quang Ngpc. vua
Ham Nghi roi vao tay giac. Nha vua da hien ngang cu tuyet mpi sir du dd ciia Phap,
chap nhan di day d An-gie-ri, mdt thupc dia cua Phap d Bdc Phi.
b) Giai dogn 2 : tif cudi nam 1888 deh ndm 1896
Su kien vua Ham Nghi bi bdt da it nhieu gay tam li hoang mang trong mpl bp
phan si phu. van than yeu nudc.
247
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khoi nghla khae
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//inA i75. Lugc dd nhCrng dia diem diin ra cdc cudc khdi nglua Cdn vu(/ng

Trong dieu kien chien dau mdi, nghia quan phai chuyen dia ban hoat ddng tir
vung ddng bdng len viing trung du va rimg niii, quy tu lai thanh nhirng cudc khdi
nghia ldn, cd trinh dp id chirc cao hon va duy tri cudc chien dau deo dai trong nhieu
nam cudi the ki XIX.
Tieu bie'u d giai doan nay phai ke den khdi nghia Bai Say (Hung Yen), khdi
nghia Ba Dinh va Himg Linh (Thanh Hoa), khdi nghia Huong Khe (Ha Tinh).
Cho dti da cd nhirng budc phat trien mdi, phong trao d giai doan nay vdn khdng
khdc phuc dupc tinh trang le te. dia phuong, thieu su lien ket va chi dao thdng nhat.
Them vao dd, viec thuc dan Phap dn dinh dupc nen thong tri ciia chiing va trieu
dinh nha Nguyen bi bien thanh tay sai... da khien cac cupc khdi nghia lan lupt
tha't bai.
Cudi nam 1895 - dau nam 1896. vdi viec cham diit lieng siing chdng Phap
tren nui Vu Quang trong khdi nghia Huong Khe, phong trao Can vuong coi nhu
ket thiic.
^ ^ 76m lugc cac giai doan phat then cua phong trao Can vUdng.
n - CAC cuoc KH6I NGHIA L6N

TRONG PHONG TRAO CAN Vl/ONG
1. Khoi nghia Bai Say (1883 - 1892)

Bai Say la mpt trong nhung trung tam khang Phap Idn d Bdc Ki cudi the ki XIX.
Phong trao d day hinh thanh td nam 1883, keo dai tdi nam 1892 mdi cham dirt.
Trong nhung nam lir 1883 den 1885, mpt vimg dia ban lau say ram rap thupc
cac huyen Van Lam, Van Giang, Khoai Chau. Yen Mi (Hung Yen) la can cd hoat
dpng ciia nghia quan dudi su chi huy ciia Dinh Gia Que. Ttr nam 1885, Nguyen
Thien Thuat dupc Ham Nghi giao trpng trach td chdc cudc khang chien d vung
chau thd sdng Hdng va trd thanh thii linh tdi cao cua phong trao.
Nguyen Thicn ITiuai sinh nam 1844. tjue o lang Xuan Due, Mi Hao. Hung "I'en. Ong
dd Cu nhan nam 1876. âu dd duoc phong chuc Tan tuimg i|uan vu tinh Hai Duong.
Thang K - ISK3. Phap chiem Hai DU).Tng. Nguyen Thien Tliua! da md i.|uan niuu
chiem lai nnli li. Vice khdng thanh. dng keo Ljuan len .S<tn Ta\ piidi liivp vdi
Hoang Ta Viem chdng Phdp. Khi trieu dinh ki Hiep udc Hacmang (IS83). dng bo
.sang Trung Qudc. Tliang 7 - IHXS. duoc tin Ham Nghi xudng chieu Can vuciig, dng
lap IUC iro vc, td chiic ph<^ng trao khdng chien d Himg Yen.

Dua vao dia hinh cac linh ddng

bang, noi cd nhieu tuyen giao thdng
quan trpng chay qua, nghia quSn da
triet de ap dung chien thuat du kich,
thudng danh up ddn trai giac Iren
dudng Ha Npi - Hai Phdng, Ha Npi -
Nam Dinh, Ha Npi - Bdc Ninh hoac
tren cac con sdng Idn nhu sdng Thai
Binh, song Hdng, song Dudng.
Nghia quan chia thanh tung loan tihd,
khoang 20 - 25 ngudi, tra trpn vao dan
de hoat dpng va tien hanh danh du kich
bdng each tap kich chdp nhoang hoac
phuc kich chan dudng giao thdng liep
Hinh 116. Nguyen Thien Thual
(1844 - 1926)
te va van tai ciia dich.
Ngoai can cu chfnh d Bai Say, nghia quan cdn xay dung can cii: Hai Sdng, thudc
viing nui huyen Kinh Mdn (Hai Duong), do Ddc Tit (Nguyen Ddc Hieu) phu trach.
BIEN
DONG
Viing can cCr cuoc khoi nghia Noi hoat dSng cua nghia quan
Hinh 117. Lugc do dia hdn hogt ddng ciia nglua qudn Bdi Say

Tir nam 1885 den cudi nam 1887, nghia quan ddy lui nhieu cudc can quel ciia
Phap d cac vtmg Van Giang. Khoai Chau va viing can cir Hai Sdng. Nhieu tran danh
ac liet da dien ra tren dia ban cac linh Hung Yen, Hai Duong. Bdc Ninh. Thai Binh,
Quang Yen, cd tran quan ta lieu diet ldi 40 ten dich, bdt sdng chi huy.
Sang nam 1888. dich tap trung luc lupng quyet lieu diet nghia quan Bai Say bdng
each thiei lap mot he thdng ddn bdt day dac de kie'm soat va limg sue, hdng lam
mdt chd dua ciia nghia quan. Ngoai ra. chiing cdn cho Hoang Cao Khai cam ddu
linh nguy, md nhieu cupc tan cdng vao Bai Say rdi bao vay chat can cd nay.
Den thang 7 - 1889, cudc khdi nghia da suy yeu ro ret. Hdu het nhirng ngudi
chi huy nghia quan da hi sinh. Nguyen Thien Thuat phai lanh sang Trung Qudc va
mat ddd nam 1926.
Cudi thang 7 - 1889, can cu" Hai Song bi quan Phap tan cdng. Trong the ciing,
Ddc Til phai ra hang giac (12 - 8 - 1889), rdi bi Phap day sang An-gie-ri. Phong
irao d Hung Yen va Hai Duong di vao giai doan ket thuc. Tuy vay. cac lire lupng
khang chien vdn dep tuc duy tri hoat dpng them mpl thdi gian. Den nam 1892, khi
thil linh cudi ciing ciia khdi nghia Bai Say la Ddc Vinh bi giei hai, phong trao mdi
tan ra bin.
Khdi nghia Bai Say la cupc khdi nghia lieu bieu nhat ciia nhan dan vtmg chau
ihd song Hdng cudi the ki XIX. Cupc khdi nghia da de lai nhieu bai hpe kinh
nghiem quy bau, nhat la kinh nghiem ve phuong ihirc td chuc hoat ddng va lac
chie'n tren dia hinh ddng bdng, dal hep, ngudi ddng.
^ ^ Neu nhCfng die diem ve to chifc vi hoat dgng cua nghTa quin Bii Say.
2, Khoi nghia Ba Dinh va khoi nghia Hung LTnh

a) Khdi nghia Ba Dinh (1886 - 1887)
Ba Dinh la mpl can cu" khang chien dupc xay dung tren viing dat thudc ba lang
Mau Thinh, Thupng Thp, Mi Khe (Nga Son), each linh li Thanh Hoa 40 km ve phia
bdc, an ngir con dudng chay tir Bdc vao Nam. Diing ddu can cii" la Pham Banh va
Dinh Cdng Trang.
Pham Banh do Cu nhan. lam .\n sat Iinh Nghe \n. que (V lang Tuong Xii. hu\cn Hau
L(>c. Iinh Tiianh Hoa. !:i mm vien quan chu chicn. da iieo an luqiian. \e i]iie \an ddng
nhan dan chong giac.
Dinh Cong 'irang que o lang Trang Xa, hu>en Thanh Liem, linh Ila Nam. la nidi cim
Chanh ldng. Ong da tung tham gia danh Phap voi Houng Ta \ iciii \a phoi lurp Lhien
dau \o\ Liru Vinh PIUIL khi Phap danh Bae Ki lan ihii hai ( ]HS2].

Lpi dung dia hinh. dia vat d day tucmg ddi thuan lpi, nam 1886 Pham Banh va
Dinh Cdng Trang da cho xay dijng mdt phao dai chdng Phap kien cd, nam ngay
giira vting ddng chiem trung nudc ngap menh mdng. biin dai lay thut.
Bao hoc .\ung quanh can <.u Ui lu\ ue day dac
\a mot he thdng hao rdng. rdi den mdt Idp
thanh dat cao den ? met. chan rdng lir 8 den
Hi met. mai thanh cd the di lai duoc. Phia
trong ihanh cd he thdng giao thdng hao diing
dc \aii ddng \a liep te khi chien dau, 0 nhung
noi xung yeu deu cd cdng sir vung chac. Cac
ham chien dau duoc dao theo kieu chii "chi".
Cac ngdi dinh cua 3 lang duoc hien thanh cac
chdt ddng quan. ndi \di nhau bang chien hao.
cd the hd trg cho nhau.
Tir Ba Dinh. nghia quan cd the loa

di cac noi. kiem soat cac luyen giao
thong quan trpng trong vtmg. l6 chdc
phuc kich, lieu diet cac doan xe van
lai ciia dich di lai tren con dudng
Hinh 118. Lugc do
Bdc - Nam. ddng thdi cd the tiep te
cdn cif Ba Dinh
iuong thuc, vu khi lijf bien vao bdng
thuyen manh.
Ngoai Ba Dinh. cdn cd mpt sd can cd hd trp khae d xung quanh nhu: can cu" Phi
Lai (Ha Trung) ciia Cao Dien. can cd Quang Hoa (Vinh Ldc) cua Tran Xuan Soan,
dang chu y nhat la can cd Ma Cao (Yen Dinh) do Ha Van Mao chi huy.
Luc lupng nghia quan Ba Dinh dupc luyen lua lu" cac lang xung quanh, vdi
khoang 300 ngudi. Trong hang ngu nghia quan, cd ca ngudi Mudng, ngudi Thai
tham gia.
Trang bi vQ khf ciia nghia quan chii yeu la sung hoa mai, guom. giao mac, cung
nd. Ngoai ra. cdn cd mot sd dai bae cd nhd, diic bdng gang. Ddng dao nhan dan hd
trp cho cupc chien dau d Ba Dinh bdng each tham gia phuc vu. van chuyen luong
thtjc. xay ddp cong siJ. tai thuong hay dpng vien. cd vu binh si.
Thang 12 - 1886, thuc dan Phap tap trung lijc lupng danh vao Ba Dinh, nhung
bi ddy lui. de lai nhieu xac chei va vii khi. Tuy vay. chiing vdn quyei dinh cdng pha
Ba Dinh bdng mpi gia.

Ngay 6 - 1 - 1 8 8 7 . dudi su chi huy ciia Dai la Bril-xd. khoang 2 500 quan Phap
thupc nhieu binh chimg khae nhau, cd phao binh yem trp, tan cong vao Ba Dinh.
Hang tram linh Phap da bi tieu diet, nhung ten cdn sdng sdt hoang mang. dao dpng.
Bril-xd chuyen sang chien thuat vay ham, cdt dudng liep le cua nghia quan.
phun ddu ddt chay cac luy ire de md dudng tien. cting liic lap trung dai bae bdn ddn
dap vao can cu. bien Ba Dinh thanh mpt bien lira. Cudi cting, nghia quan phai md
dudng mau rut lui ien Ma Cao trong dem 2 0 - 1 - 1 8 8 7 .
Sang 21 - 1 - 1887. quan Phap chiem dupc cu" diem Ba Dinh. chiing dien cudng
ddt pha, rdi bdt Irieu dinh nha Nguyen xoa ten ba liing tren ban dd hanh chinh.
Nghia quan vira mdi riit len Ma Cao, chua kip ciing cd lire lupng da hi Phap dudi
theo truy kich. Sau 10 ngay giao tranh ac liet, can cd nay cung bj pha vd. Nghia
quan tiep tuc bi ddy len mien Tay Thanh Hoa. sau dd sap nhap vao dpi quan ciia
Cdm Ba Thudc.
Liic nay, cac thu linh Nguyen Khe, Hoimg Bat Dat da hi sinh ; Pham Banh.
Ha Van Mao, tu sal ; Tran Xuan Soan lim dudng sang Trung Qudc. Dinh Cdng
Trang thoat khdi tay giac, du dinh gay dung lai phong trao. nhung den mtia he
nam 1887, dng bi Phap bdt va giet hai. Den day, khdi nghia Ba Dinh kei thiic.
Thai bai cua khdi nghia Ba Dinh do nhieu nguyen nhan, ma true liep la chien
thuat phong ngu bi ddng vdi viec lap chien tuyen cd thii lai mpl viing ddng chiem
trung, dia ban chat hep.
^ ^ Dua vio lUdc do, hiy mieu ta cdng su phdng thd d cin cU Ba Dinh. So sanh
chien thuit cua nghTa quin Ba Dinh vdi chien thuit cua nghTa quan Bii Say.
h) Khdi nghia Hiing Unh (1887 - 1892)

Sau khi can cd Ba Dinh bi that thu, d Himg Linh (Vinh Lpe - Thanh Hoa) lai
hinh thanh mpl trung tam khang chien thir hai. md rpng td vung ddng bdng len
mien rung nui phia tay, sal bien gidi Viet - Lao. Lanh dao chinh ciia cudc khdi
nghia la Tdng Duy Tan va mpl thii linh ngudi Thai la Cdm Ba Thudc.
Tdng Du> Tan nguiVi lang Bdng Trung. hu\en Vinh Ldc (Thanh Hoai, dd Ticn si nam
39 ludi. timg lam Tri huyen. rdi Ddc hoc Thanh Hoa. Ong tung cd nhieu ddng gdp
cho khdi nghia Ba Dinh. Nhirng nam 1886 - 1887. dng duoc phan cdng cung vdi
Cao Dien \ay dung can cu Phi Lai (Ha Trungi,
Ddu nam 1887, Tdng Duy Tan ra Bdc, gap go cac si phu yeu nudc. Trd lai Thanh
Hoa, dng lien lac vdi cac thii linh yeu nudc cdn lai nhu Cao Dien, Tdn Thai Han.
Cdm Ba Thudc va trd thanh ngudi chi huy chinh ciia phong trao khang Phap d
Thanh Hoa.
253
Ngoai can cir chinh. nghia quan con md rdng dia ban boat ddng, phdi hpp chien
dau vdi Di Kieu, Ddc Ngu d vting ha luu sdng Da va vdi nghia quan Phan Dinh
Phiing d vting rtmg niii Nghe An - Ha Tinh. Td chuc ciia nghia quan kha quy cu.
Mdi huyen cd mpl co binh, lay ten huyen dat ten cho don vi, vi du nhu Nong Thanh
eo (Ndng Cdng - Thanh Hoa).
Trong vdng 2 nam (1889 - 1890), nghia quan da chien dau anh dung, gay cho
Phap nhieu thiet hai, ndi lieng nhai la Iran Van Ddn (Ndng Cdng) ddu nam 1889
va tran Yen Lang (Xuan Yen - Thp Xuan) thang 3 - 1890.
Thuc dan Phap tap tnmg lire lupng truy quel, nghia quan phai vira chdng dd, vira
rut ddn len mien Tay Thanh Hoa. Luc lupng suy ye'u dan.
Do cd ke ehi diem, thang 10 - 1892 Tdng Duy Tan bi Phap bdt, Cao Dien phai
trdn ra Bdc. Khdi nghia den day coi nhu da that bai.
O mien Tay Thanh Hoa, Cam Ba Thudc cdn tiep luc duy tri cupc chien dau them
mdt thdi gian. Den khi dng bi bdt, phong trao mdi hoan loan tan ra.
^^ Cupc khdi nghTa Hung LTnh dien ra nhu the nao 7
3. Khoi nghia Huong Khe (1885 - 1896)

Huong Khe la mot huyen mien mii nam d phfa lay tinh Ha Tinh, la dai ban
doanh cua cupc khdi nghia ldn nhai trong phong trao Can vuong. Dia ban boat
dpng cua nghia quan bao gdm bdn tinh : Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh.
Quang Binh. Lanh tu cupc khdi nghia la Phan Dinh Phiing.
Phan Dinh Phung sinh nam I 847, que d lang Dong Thai inav thudc .\a Tung Anh),
huyen Ddc l l i o . tinh Ha linh. Nam 1877, dng dd Dmh nguven Tien si. duoc bd lam
Tri hu\en Yen Khanh (Ninh Binh), sao duoc goi vao Kinh dd Hue. sung vao Vien Dd
sal. giur chuc Ngu su. Nam 1883. \ o i tinh cuoiig iruc, ong d.i phan ddi viec phe trudt
Due Due. dua Hiep Hoa len ngoi cua phai chu chien uon^ iricii. \ i the da bi each chitc
\'a ihai hdi \e que. Nhung khi iricii dinh khang chieii cha\ ra Ha Tinh. dng vdn den
yet kien Ham Nghi \a Ton That Thuvet (1(1 - 1885) va duoc giat) trong trach td chUC
phong irao khang chien o Ha "linh.
Tro llut ddc luc cho Phan D'mli Phung la Cao Thang. Ong sinh nam 1864. irong mdi
gia dinh ndng dan. que ti Ham Lai (Stm Le - HLr<mg Strn - Ila r i n h i . Nam 20 ludi.
dng da tCmg tham gia cudc khoi nghia cua Ddi Luu (Tran Quang Cam. tCmg bj bai
giam tai nha lao Ha Tinh. Sau khi thoai lu, dng dii iir iigu)en dung dudi cd cua
Phan Dinh Phinii: khoi iiahia.
254
Dua vao dia the niii rtmg hiem yeu. nghia quan xay dung luc lupng va co sd
chien dau d hai huyen Hucmg Son va Huong Khe (Ha Tinh).
Khdi nghia Huong Khe cd the chia lam 2 giai doan chfnh :
Tif ndm 1885 deh ndm 1888 la giai doan chudn bi, xay dung lijc lupng va
ca sd chie'n dau.
Sau mpt vai tran tap kich dich khdng cd hieu qua, thay thuc lire cdn qua yeu,
ddu nam 1887, Phan Dinh Phung giao quyen chi huy cho Cao Thdng de ra Bdc lien
kei luc lupng. Cao Thdng d lai lo luyen lua. huan luyen nghia quan. sdm sua khf
gidi va xay dap cdng sir. Ong chii trpng phdi hop vdi cac loan nghia quan khae va
van dpng nhan dan tham gia khang chien ; che tao thanh cdng sUng irudng theo
mdu ciia Phap. Cao Thdng dupc coi la dng 16 cua nganh quan gidi nudc ta.
C 3 Noi nghTa quan

hoat dong
Hinh 119. Lugc dd khdt nglua Huang Khe
Tif ndm 1889 deh ndm 1896 la thdi ki chien dau quyei liet cua nghia quan.
Cudi thang 9 - 1889, Phan Dinh Phiing tu Bdc trd ve Ha Tinh, ciing vdi Cao Thdng
true tiep lanh dao cudc khdi nghia. md rdng dia ban hoat dpng ra khdp 4 linh :
Thanh Hoa. Nghe An. Ha Tinh. Quang Binh. Luc lupng nghia quan duoc chia thanh
15 quan thu"'. mdi quan thu dat dudi sir chi huy ciia nhiing tudng linh cd nang luc
(1) Xiiy dung iren cn sd cac don vi hanh chinh huyen hoiic \a \ a lay ten noi do de goi.
255
va uy tin. Dai ban doanh ciia cudc khdi
nghia dat d niii Vu Quang, thudc huyen
Huong Khe, lira lung vao day Trudng
Son. Ttr day, nghia quan cd the theo
dudng niii vao Quang Binh. Quang Tri,
ra Nghe An, Thanh Hoa hay theo dudng
sdng di xudng cac vimg ddng bang hoac
khi can thiei cd the lanh sang Lao.
Trong nhtrng nam tir 1889 den 1892,
nghia quan danh thdng nhieu Iran can va
tan cdng mpt sd ddn trai ciia Phap.
Sau nhting Iran thua dau, ddu nam
1892 thirc dan Phap md cudc ciin quel ldn
Hinh 120. Phan Dinh Phung vao khu Ngan Truoi. Di ddi phd vdi quan
(1847 - 189S) Phap, nghia quan bd tri mpt luc lupng
chdng tra tai chd. cdn mpt luc lupng
khae ludn ve hoat ddng d viing sau lung dich, budc chiing phai rut quan ve. Chinh
trong thdi gian nay. nghia quan da lao bao tap kich vao Ihi xa Ha Tinh, pha nha lao,
giai phdng Iti chfnh tri.
Quan Phap mot mat tang cudng can quel, thu hep pham vi hoat dpng ciia nghia
quan, mat khae dm each cdt dirt lien lac giira cae quan thu va giua nghia quan vdi
nhan dan.
De pha the bi bao vay va md rpng dia ban hoat ddng, dupc Phan Dinh Phiing
ddng y. thang 11 - 1893 Cao Thang dua khoang 1 000 quan md Iran tan edng ldn
vao tinh li Nghe An. Tren dudng hanh quan, nhieu ddn dich da bi pha bd. Nhung
trong Iran tan cdng ddn Nu (Thanh Chuong). Cao Thdng bi ihuong nang, rdi hi
sinh. Day la mpt ldn thai to Idn ciia nghia quan.
Lpi dtjng CO hpi dd. dich tang them binh ItJc rdi siei chat vdng vay. Nghia quan
cd gdng danh tra nhirng cupc vay quel. Cudi thang 3 - 1894, hp lai lap ki'ch vao thi
xa Ha Tinh. nhung sau dd phdi rut lui, ve ed thii lai nui Quat va niii Vu Quang
(Huong Khe). Cudi nam 1894. mac dii bi uy hiep manh, nghia quan vdn gianh dupc
thdng lpi Idn trong Iran Vu Quang ngay 17 - 10 - 1894. tieu hao nhieu sinh
luc dich.
Luc nay. Nguyen Than dupc trieu dinh Hue cd dem gan 3 000 quan bao vay can
eu Vu Quang. Trong mdt Iran giao ehien ae liet, Phan Dinh Phiing bi thuong nang.
Ong hi sinh ngay 28 - 12 - 1895.
Mudi hai ngay sau khi Phan Dinh Phiing mat, Nguyen Than mdi tdi duoc can
256
cii nghia quan. Y da sai linh dao md Phan Dinh Phung, ldy thi hai ddt thanh tro, rdi
nhdi vdi thudc sung bdn xudng sdng La. Sang ddu nam 1896, nhimg thu Iinh cudi
ciing ciia cupc khdi nghia da bi Phap bdt. Den day, cudc khdi nghia Huong Khe tan
ra. Mpl sd nghia quan trdn dupc sang Thai Lan, sau nay trd thanh co sd ciia
Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi va phong trao each mang Viet Nam nhiJng nam ddu the
ki XX.
Khdi nghia Huong Khe, dinh cao nha't ciia phong trao Cdn vuong cudi the
ki XIX, keo dai sudt 10 nam, cd quy md rpng ldn, cd td chdc tuong ddi chat che,
lap dupc nhieu chien cdng va gSy cho dich ton that nang n^.
Cudc khdi nghia da huy ddng de'n mire eao dd su ung hd va tiem nang to Idn ciia
nhan dan. Ve quan su, nghia quan da biet six dung nhihig phuong thde tac chien
linh hoat, chu ddng, sang tao trong qua trinh chudn bi luc lupng ciing nhu khi giao
chie'n vdi quan dich.
Khdi nghia Huong Khd thdt bai do nhieu nguyen nhan, chu yeu la do bp phan
lanh dao nghia quan chua biet lien ket, tap hop Iuc lupng, phat trien thanh phong
trao toan qudc. Dd eQng chinh la nhimg han che' ciia thdi dai, cua phong trao
Cdn vuong ndi chung.
^ ^ - Trinh bay nhCtng hoat ddng chu ye'u cua nghTa quin HiKJng Khe qua 2 giai
doan cda cudc khdi nghTa.
- Hay so sanh khdi nghTa Huang Khi vdi cic cugc khdi nghTa Can vuang khic.
Ill - KHdl NGHIA YEN THE VA PHONG TRAO

DAU TRANH CUA DONG BAO MIEN NUI
Trong nhdng nam cudi the' ki XIX, song song vdi cac cupc khdi nghia cua
phong trao Can vuong cdn cd eae eude da'u tranh tu phat ciia nhan dan cac dia
phuong 0 trung du va mien niii, ndi bat nha't la cupc khdi nghia Yen The'.
1. Khoi nghia Yen The (1884 - 1 9 1 3 )

Yen The' ndm d phia tay bdc tinh Bdc Giang, cd dien tich khoang 40 - 50 km^,
vdi da't ddi la chu ye'u. Phia bdc Yen The cd nhiing canhriJmgram rap. Ttr day cd
the di thong sang Thai Nguyen, Lang Son hay Tam Dao, xudng Vinh Yen,
Phuc Yen, Ha Npi.
Tmh irang sa siit \e nong nghiep \'iel Nam thdi nha Ngu\en da khien cho rai nhieu
ndng diin viing ddng bang Bae Kl phai bd lang mac di noi khae kiein sdng. trong dd
cd mot ho phan keo len 'I'en The. Tir giua the ki X I X , ho quy tu thimh lang \(Sm. id
chuc khai hoang va ddu iranh chdng ciic ihe luc lU ben ngoai de doa.
17LICHS0 n-NC-A 257

Khi thuc dan Phap md rpng pham vi
chiem ddng Bdc Ki, Yen The trd thanh
ddi tupng binh dinh cua chiing. De bao ve
—? <. cudc sdng eiia minh, ndng dan d day da
dung len lu ve.
Cupc khdi nghia Yen The bung n6
nam 1884, keo dai den nam 1913. Nhirng
ngudi lanh dao khdi nghia gdm phdn ldn
la ndng dan. Ngudi cd cong va ddng vai
yjv trd to Idn hon ca la Luong Van Ndm
(De Ndm) va tiep dd la Hoang Hoa Tham
Hinh 121. Hodng Hoa Thdm (De Tham).
(1858- 1913)
Hoiing Hoa Tliam len that la TrUimg Van Thiim. que d Tien Lu (Hung Yen). Icn Scn\
Tii) kiem sdng. sau lai len Yen Tlie. Ldn len. dng tham gia loan nghla quan ciia
D^ Nam vii ndi tieng lit ngudi irung ihuc, kien nghi.
Hoat dpng cua nghia quan Yen The cd the chia lam 4 giai doan :
Giai dogn 1 : tif ndm J884 deh ndm 1892. nghia quan cdn hoat dpng le te, ehua
cd su lanh dao va chi huy thd'ng nhat. Hang chuc toan nghia quan tung hoanh khdp
khu vuc Yen The, ddy lui nhieu Iran can cua Phap. Sau khi Di Ndm bi giei
(4 - 1892), DeTham da dung ra td chdc lai phong trao va trd thanh thii linh tdi cao
ciia nghia quan. Thuc dan Phap cho tay chan mua chupc, du dd, tim each am sat
Hoang Hoa Tham. nhung trudc sau chiing deu thai bai.
Giai dogn 2 : tit ndm 1893 den ndm 1897, nghia quan md rpng dia ban hoat
dpng ra nhieu vung thupc Bae Giang, Bdc Ninh va xay dung lai can cd Hd Chudi.
Luc nay, thuc dan Phap da dan ap xong cac cupc khdi nghla Bai Say, Ba Dinh
va phong trao d Tay Bdc va ha luu sdng Da, chung tap trung luc lupng danh len
Yen The. De cd dieu kien eiing cd luc lupng, Di Tham lap muu bdt cdc mpt sd ten
thuc dan, trong dd cd Set-nay, mpl chu thdu khoan kiem chu biit ld bao Tuong lai
Bdc Ki, gay xon xao trong gidi dia chu, tu san Phap.
Chinh quyen thuc dan phai chii dpng giang hoa vdi Di Tham, chude Set-nay
bdng mpt khoan tien Idn ddng thdi nil quan khdi Yen The va de cho De Tham cai
quan 4 tdng Nha Nam, Muc Son. Yen Le. Him Thupng. Thdi gian giang hoa bdt
ddu ttr thang 10 - 1894. Tranh thu thdi gian hoa hoan, nghia quan vtra lo san xudt,
vua ra sdc chudn bi luc lupng cho cupc chien da'u mdi.
258 17LiCHSU 11 NC-B
TRUNG
QUOC
Hinh 122. Lugc do khdi nghia Yen The
De'n thang II - 1895, Phap tdn cong trd lai. Nghia quan da phuc kich, tieu hao
nhiû sinh luc ciia dich, nhung ciing bi hi sinh, tdn thdt nhieu. Hp phai di chuyin
khdp bdn tinh : Bdc Giang, Bdc Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Vinh Yen .
Thang 12 - 1897, sau 2 nam hanh quan lien mien va bi thiet hai nang ne, giac
Phap phai ddng y theo de nghi cua Di Tham giang hoa ldn thd hai. De Tham be
ngoai id ra phuc tung, tuan thii cac dieu kien rang budc ngat ngheo do Phap dua ra,
phai nop vu khf va bai binh, nhung ben trong vdn ngam ciing cd luc lupng.
Giai dogn 3 : td ndm 1898 den ndm 1908, trong mpt thdi gian dinh chie'n keo
dai, nghia quan Yen The vdn gitr vimg tinh thdn chien da'u. Tai Phdn Xuong, nghia
quan td chuc san xudt, sdm sira vu khi, luyen tap quan su. Nhieu nha yeu nudc
iCr cac noi trong nudc nhu Phan Bdi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh, Nguyen Van Cdm
(Kl Ddng) da tim len Yen The'giao tie'p vdi De Tham. Trong thdi gian nay, thuc dan
Phap rao riet lap ddn bdt, md dudng giao thong, chudn bi danh ddn quyet dinh de
dap tdt eupc khdi nghia.
Giai dogn 4 : tif ndm 1909 den ndm 1913, thtrc dan Phap tan cdng trd lai, quyei
deu diet bdng dupc nghia quan Yen The, tao dieu kien cho viec khai thac vung
tmng du va thupng du Bdc Ki. Ttr day, phong trao suy yeu ddn, rdi tan ra il lau sau dd.
^ ^ Neu nhi^g net chinh ve cic giai doan cda cugc khoi nghfa Yin The.
259
2. Phong trao dau tranh cua dong bao mien nui va cac dan tpc
thieu so
Vtiiig trung du va mien mii la noi thuc dan Phap binh dinh muon hon. Phong
trao dau tranh d day nd ra sau vting ddng bdng, nhung tdn tai lau dai, ben bi bon.
Tir gitra the ki XIX. ddng bao Kho-me, Xiieng ... da iham gia chdng Phap trong
cudc khdi nghia Truong Dinh.
Tai vimg Thanh Hoa, nhiing nghia quan ngudi Mudng do Ha Van Mao chi huy
da cd mat trong cupc khdi nghia Ba Dinh. Khi Ba Dinh thai thii. hp rut len Ma Cao
liep tuc chien dau. Td thang 4 - 1887. khi Ha Van Mao bi giet, luc lupng
nghia quan mien niii Thanh Hoa lai lap hpp xung quanh Cdm Ba Thudc (Tu trudng
ngudi Thai), phdi hpp chien dau vdi nghia quan Hung Linh ciia Tdng Duy Tan va
ngiiia quan Huong Khe.
Tai Tay Nguyen, cac tu irudng ngudi dan tpc thieu sd nhu NTrang Guh. Ama Wah,
Aina Kol. Ama Jhao ... da keu gpi nhan dan rao lang danh Phap. Cupc dau tranh
keo dai sudt tir nam 1889 de'n nam 1905.
Tai viing Tay Bdc. cac dan tdc Tliai. Mudng, Mong da tap hop xung quanh
Nguyen Quang Bich. Nguyen Van Giap. Hp xay dung can cu d Phii Thp va hoat
dpng manh tren vting ha km sdng Da.
Vao nhiing nam 1884 - 1890, xuat hien nhieu thu linh ngudi Thai nhif
Deo Van Tri'", Ndng Van Quang, Cdm Van Thanh. Nhtrng nghia quan ngudi dan
tdc thieu sd da chien dau diing cam trong cac dpi quan cua Deo Chinh Luc,
Dang Phiic Thanh. Ban Van Sieu. Ha Qudc Trupng... d Son La, Yen Bai, Ha Giang,
Tuyen Quang.
0 viing Ddng Bdc. cd cac toan quan ngudi Dao. ngudi Hoa, lieu bieu la loan
quan ciia Luu Ki. Den ddu nam 1892, khi Luu Ki bi gidt hai, phong trao d day tam
thdi lang xudng.
Phong trao ciia ddng bao mien nui nd ra kip thdi. phat trien manh me da gdp
phdn lam cham qua lrinh xam lupc va binh dinh ciia thuc dan Phap.
^ ^ Phong trio chong Phap cua dong bio mien nui vi cic dan tgc thiSu so
cuoi the kiXIX diin ra nhu the nio 7
(1) Deo Van Tri la Tho ti \Lmg Lai Chdu. sau ra hang Phap.
260
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Nguyen nhan bung nd va dien bien cua phong trao Can vuang chong Phap.
2. Nhung nguyen nhan nao khie'n cho cac cupc khdi nghla chdng Phap cudi the ki XIX
thai bai ?
3. He thdng kie'n thirc ve phong trao dau tranh vu trang chdng Phap cudi the ki XIX
theo bang sau day :
T6n cuOc khdi Thdi gian Ngucri lanh dao Dia ban Nhu'ng Iran Nguyen nhan
nghTa tdn tai chu chdt hoat dpng danh tieu bidu that bai
PHAN DOC THEM

Chieu Can vifong ciia Ham Nghi
Dw .
... Nude ta gan day ngAu nhien gap nhieu viec. Tram tuoi ire noi ngoi. khong liic nao
khong nghi den tu cudng tir tri. Ke phai ciia Tay ngang buc, hien tinh niOi ngay mot
qua them. Hom truoc chung lang them binh thuyen den. buoc iheo nhijng diû minh
khong the! nao lam duoc ; ta chieu le khoan tiep, chiing khong chiu nhan mot thti gi.
Nguoi kinh dd nao so nguy ngay trong choc lat. Ke dai than iiiiru quoc. chi lo nghi
den ke yen xa tac ; trong irieu dinh. dan do ve hai dicu : ciii dau tuan mang, ngoi di
mail ca hdi. sao bdng nhin ihay ch6 am muu bien dpng ciia dich ma d6i pho truoc ?
Vi bdng vi6c xay ra khong ih^ tranh, thi cung con co cai viee ngay nay de miru t6i
cai loi sau nay. 3.y la do thai the xui nen \ a v Pham nhung nguoi da eiing du chia moi
lo nay, luimg ciing da du biei. Biei thi phai iham gia cong viec, nghien rang dung loc.
th^ giSi h6i giac, nao ai khdng co cai long nhu the ? le nao khong co nhung ngudi g6i
gucfm. cudp giao lan chum u ?'''. Va lai nhan thSn dirng d Triû. chi co theo nghia ma
ihoi. nghla da d dau la sd'ng chei d dd... Trim dtic mong. gSp bi^'n c6 nay khdng th6
Ml siJc giu: dupc. d^ do thanh hi ham. xa gia phai dtri xa. ldi d minh trim ca, that la
xa'u hd vd cDng. Nhung chi cd luan thudng quan he vdi nhau. bach quan khanh si
khdng kd Itjm nhd. tat khdng bo tr^m : ke tri hi6'n muti, ngudi dung hi^'n siic, giau cd
bd cua ra giiip quan nhu. ddng bao ddng trach chdng tir gian hi^m. nhu the la phai.
(1) Trong sit Trung Qudc cd Luu Cdn (dcri Tin) gdi dau len ngon giao dpi sang de chem dau giac ;
Td Dich (ddi Tan) qua sdng go vao mai cheo the khdng danh tan giac thi khdng trd lai ; Uai Tri
Kinh Dlic (ddi Dudng) mdi ngay lan chum hai lan vao sang va chieu toi de luyen chi khi danh giac.

CiJu nguy chd'ng dd, mo chd truan chien. giup noi ki^n bach, deu khdng tiec gi tSm
lire, ngo hSu long ngucri giiip thuSn, chuyan loan thanh tri. chuyen nguy thanh an. thu
lai bd cdi. Ay cai co hdi nay, phiic ciia tdn xa tiic la phuc ciia thdn dan, cung lo v^
nhau thi cung nghi vdi nhau, hi chang tdi Idm u ? Bang cai tam sp chei lang hem Idng
thucmg vua, nghi lo cho nha hon la lo cho nudc, lam quan thi mupn cd tranh xa. di
linh thi dao ngu trdn I^n, ngudi dan khdng biei trpng nghia curu cap viec cdng. ke si
cam bo chd sang di vao ncri ldi. vf khdng phai sd'ng thira d tren ddi, thi ao mii ma lim
ngua trau, ai no lam the' ? Thudng cung hau ma phat cung nang. Trieu dinh se co dien
hinh hin hoi, chd de' sau nay phai hdi ! Phai nghiem sp ma tuSn theo ! Kham thii.
(Theo : T r ^ Van Giau, Chdng xdm Idng , Sdd, tr. 557 - 558)
Nhan xet cua thuc dan Phap ve khoi nghia Ba Dinh :

"Trong chie'n dich thu - dong (1886 - 1887) thi cupc cdng ham Ba Dinh la cudc chie'n
da'u nghiem trpng nhai. Cupc chien da'u nay thu hiit nhiû quan nhai va lam cho ca'p
lanh dao lo ngai nhai".
(Theo : Trdn Van Giau, Lich suViet Nam tif 1858 - 1898.
NXB Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 2001, tr. 557 - 558)
Ke thil thira nhan y chi bat khuat cua ngiroii Viet Nam
"Chung ta khdng biei rang Viet Nam la mdt dan tdc kidn cudng, gan bd vdi lich sir
rieng ciia minh, vdi nhung the che' rieng ciia minh va thie't tha vdi nen ddc lap cua
minh. Chting ta khdng biei rang, Viet Nam chua bao gid chiu khuai phuc trudc ke
xam lupc... Tmh trang ciia chting ta la rai ddi khimg khiep vi chiing la phai duong dau
voi mdt dan tdc th6ng nhai ma y thtrc dan tpc cua hp khdng he bi suy yeu."
(Theo : F. Bernard, L 'Indochine - Erreurs et dangers

(Ddng Duong - Nh^g sai Idm va hiem hog). Pa-ri. 1901.tr. 11)

Chuang II
VIET NAM TIT DAU THE KJ XX
DEN HET CHIEN TRANH
THE Gldl THLT NHAT
sir CHUYEN BIEN vt KINH TE, X A HOI

VA TLT Tl/CJNG 6 VIET NAM
DAU THE KI XX
Sit t huyen bien ve kinh te, xa hpi a Viet Nam, clo cupc khai ihac
lan thli nhat ciia thirc clan Phap va cac trao liru tir tuong tu san tif
ben ngoai xam nhap vao, da dua toi su xuat hien phong trao yeu
nuoc mang tinh chat tu san dien ra kha ram ro a nuoc ta trong
khoang hon 10 nam dau the ki XX. Phong trao nay co nhieu net
moi, tien bo hon ban so vcri phong trao yeu nuoc truoc do.
1. Sir chuyen bien ve kinh te, xa hpi Viet Nam trong cupc khai thac
l^n thtr nhait cua thuc dan Phap {1897 - 1914)
Sau 40 nam xam lugc va binh (3inh nircfc ta v^ quan six. den nam 1897 thtrc dan
Riap bat tay vao khai thac Viet Nam vai quy mo lon - cuoc khai thac thuoc dia lan
thu: nhai.
Di phuc vu ddc luc cho cong cuoc khai thac. hoc lot kinh te. cung nhir dan ap
quan sir. thirc dan Phap da xay dung mot he thong giao thong duang sat va dudng
bd kha hien dai a Viet Nam ; day manh khai thac mo, ma truac het la mo than, di
dira ve nudc Phap, phuc vu cho n6n cong nghiep chinh qudc hay ban ra thi trudng
cac nudc. Chung tien hanh xay dimg mot sd nha may dien. nudc. xi mang, det, xay
xat gao... di lgi dung ngu6n lao dong doi dao, re mat d nudc ta, phuc vu cho nhu
cû tai ch6 ciia chiing. Ngoai ra, chiing cho xay dung d Viet Nam nhirng co sd cdng
nghidp, san xuai ra cac mat hang khong canh tranh dugc vdi cong nghiep chinh
qudc, dua lai lgi ich cao han la tir Phap chuyan sang.
263
Thuc dan Phap con day manh viec cudp ruong da't di lap d6n di6n trdng lua,
che, ca phe, cao su. Nong dan Viet Nam bi mat ruong ngay cang nhieu lai phai chiu
nhieu loai thue, kho cue tram bi.
Chinh sach cai tri, khai thac, boc ldt ciia thuc dan Phap da lam cho ca ca'u kinh
te d Viet Nam budc diu thay d6i, keo theo su phan hoa xa hdi ngay cang sau sic.
Mot bo phan nho trong giai ca'p dia chu phong kie'n trd nen giau co. Dua vac
thuc dan Phap, ho ra siic chiem doat ruong dat ciia lang xa, ciia ndng dan. Tuy vay,
mot sd dia chii vira va nhd bi de qudc chen ep, it nhieu co tinh thin chdng Phap.
N6ng dan Viet Nam vdn da thdng kho bdi nan thue' khoa, dia to, phu phen, tap
dich..., lai them nan cudp dat lap ddn dien, l^p nha may ciia thuc dan Phap. Binh
quan rudng dai vdn da tha'p nay con thap ban nira. O Bae Ki, cd tdi 80% sd h6
khong CO ruOng. Ma't dai, ngudi ndng dan phai tim dudng ra cac thanh phd, de'n cac
c6ng tnjdng, ham mo va ddn di^n, nhimg chi co mot sd it kiem dugc viec lam.
Nong dan Viet Nam la mot luc lugng each mang to Idn. Nhung do thieu su lanh
dao diing dan nen ho chua phai huy diy du siic manh ciia minh.
Mgi bd phan ndng cMn bi pha san vi de' qudc va dia chu phong kie'n cudp mail rupng
dat, phai bd lang xdm ra thanh thi, de'n nha may, ddn dien, him md de xin viec lam va
trd thanh c6ng nhan. Trudc Chie'n tranh the' gidi thii nhail, d Viet Nam cd khoang 5 van
cdng nhan chuyen nghiep lam viec trong cac co sd kinh le' ciia ngudi Hiap va ngudi Viet.
So vdi dan sd ca nudc, sd lugng cdng nhan tuy cdn it nhimg lai phan bd deu va rai tap
trung trong cac co sd kinh te' chu ye'u cua ihuc dan Phap.
Ngay lii diu the' ki XX, da cd mdt ldp ngudi diing ra hoat d6ng cdng thuang
nghiep, keu ggi md cira hieu buon ban hoac lap xudng san xult.
Miicu hieu buon cua ngudi Vict ra ddi iihu ; Hdng Tan Hung d Ha Ndi. Trien Dutmg
[lufong L|uan o Vinh. Nam Dung Huong o Sit! Gdn. Mot sd cdng ti duac thimh lap nhit:
cdng II del lua \a chieu (f Tliai Binh. cdng li Lien Tiianh san \uat nudc mam o Phan Thiet...
Dd la nhiJng ldp ngudi diu lien ciia ting Idp tu san dan tdc. Nhung ngay lit diu,
hg da bi thuc dan Phap khdng che', chen ep nen sd lugng nho be, the' luc ye'u dt.
Ting ldp tiû tu san nhu : nhffng ngudi budn ban nho, chu xudng nho, vien
chiire trong cac c6ng sd, tri thiic, hgc sinh, sinh vidn... cung ngay mdt ddng cung
vdi su md rgng khai thac cua thuc dan Phap.
Cac si phu Nho hgc cung cd nhiû chuyen bie'n vi tu tudng chinh tri. Hg khdng
chi dgc cac kinh sach Nho giao ma con dgc nhung cudn sach mdi cua cac lac gia
d chau Au va Trung Qudc, h6 hao lap trudng hgc, day hgc theo ldi mdi, md cac ca
sd san xult. kinh doanh.
264
^ - Thuc din Phip tien hinh cudc khai thac lan thUnhat trong hoin canh nao 7
- Cudc khai thic ay tic ddng den tinh hinh kinh te - xi hot d Viet Nam dau
the ki XX nhu the nio 7
2. Anh huong cua trao luu t u tuong dan chu t u san tir ben ngoai
vao Viet Nam
Tir nhiing nam cudi ciing cua the ki XIX, sang dau the ki XX, nhung thong tin
ve tinh hinh chinh tri the gidi, ma trudc hei la tir cac nudc chau A nhu Nhat Ban,
Tmng Qudc, da xam nhap vao Viet Nam.
Phong trao cai each chinh tri - van hoa d Trung Qudc, gin lien vdi nhung nhan
vat nhu Luang Khai Sieu, Khang Hiru Vi. tu tudng ciia Cach mang Phap vdi nhung
tac pham cua Ru-xd. Mdng-te-xki-o dugc dich sang tieng Han du nhap vao nudc
ta, Cach mang Tan Hgi (1911) nd ra d Trung Qudc... da anh hudng den tu tudng
ciia cac si phu Viet Nam.
Dac biet, Nhat Ban sau 30 nam tien hanh cugc Duy tan Minh Tri da trd thanh
mot cudng quoc tu ban, danh bai dugc ca nudc Nga Sa hoang nam 1905. Si phu
Viet Nam da nhan thay mudn dai nudc phat trie'n thi phai duy tan theo Nhat Ban.
Hon nua, Nhat Ban lai dugc coi la nudc "ddng chiing, d6ng van" vdi Viet Nam, co
the dua vao Nhat de danh dudi Phap.
Si phu Viet Nam dau the ki . W iihan thay du> laii dat nudc la mdt >eu cau hir|i vdi
.\u the \a la dieu kien de gianh doc lap cho dan tdc :
"Phen nav cdt kh' di tu

Tung kinh dgc lap o' chda duv lan ".
(Nguvcii Quven. Phen nav cat tdc di tu)
Ho hd hao theo tam gircmg Nhat Ban :

"Cif dgc lap dirng ddn phut tnrdc
Nlidt Rdn kia Id nirdc ddng vdn
A Ddng ndi hicn Jiiy fun
Nliui Hoang Mmh Tri anh ginin ai hi '.'...
... CiiUfitg Nihil Bun dal A Ddng
Ddng ta. ta phdi .\(u ihiing keo lam ... "
(Phan C'hJu IVioh //'(/( qudc hdn an
^ ^ - Tai sao dau thekiXX, cic sfphu Viit Nam cho ring viic cCtu nudc phii gin lien
vdi duy tin da't nudc 7
- Tai sao cic sT phu Viit Nam lai noi gUdng Nhit Ban 7
265
3. Phong trao giai phong dan tpc theo khuynh huong dan chu tusan
Trudc nhung chuyen bien ve kinh te - xa hgi Viet Nam va anh hudng ciia trao
lim tu tudng tu san tir ben ngoai dgi vao, bd phan si phu yeu nudc diu the' kl XX
da nhan ra ring cdng cudc giai phong dan tdc phai gin lien vdi duy tan va thay ddi
che do xa hgi.
Nhirng ngudi di tien phong trong phong trao yeu nudc va each mang diu the ki XX
la nhirng si phu tien bg ma tieu bieu la Phan Bgi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh.
Hg da mat niem tin vao che do phong kien, cho phong kie'n la sau mgt, la ke
due khoet dan, la thii pham lam cho dai nudc bi suy yeu roi mit ddc lap. Hg bit
diu cd y thirc ve dan chii, dan quyen, khai niem "dan" va "nudc" gin lien vdi nhau.
Trong Hai ngogi lui\ei fliu. Phan Boi Chau da the hien rd su Ihdng nhai giua "diin"
vil "nudc" :
"Nghin mudn ire trieu nguiri chung gdp
Xdv ddng mdi ct./ nghiep nirifc nhd
N'giri/i ddn ta. cua ddn la
Pcin Id ddn nifdc. nifirc Id ni(d\ dan".
Nhung ngudi d m nggn cd dan tgc dau the ki XX cho ring, de kh6i phuc lai
dgc lap dan tgc, khong chi han che trong khdi nghia vu trang nhu phong trao
Cin vuang ma can phai kei hgp nhieu bien phap nhu : doan kei dan tgc, chuin bi
thuc luc, van ddng giiip dd ttr ben ngoai, tien hanh phong trao cai each sau rdng,
ma dieu cd'l ye'u la phai nang cao dan tri, chan hung dan khi, lam cho ngudi dan y
thirc dugc quyen cua minh.
^ - NhCfng tic dgng tU bin ngoii vao Viet Nam dau thi' ktXX la gi 7
- Bg phin sT phu yeu nudc cd nhCtng nhin thUc gi mdi ve con dudng citu
nudc trudc nbCtng chuyen bie'n dd 7
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Neu nhirng net mdi ve kinh te, xa hoi cf Viet Nam dau the ki XX.
2. NhQng tu tudng chinh tri ti: Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban da tac dong den cac si phu
yeu nirdc tien bo nuOc ta dau the ki XX nhu the nao ?
266
PHAN DOC THEM

Khai thac md trong cuoc khai thac lan thii: nhat ctia thirc dan Phap
Nganh Old la nganh dupc tu ban thuc dan Phap quan lam vi nganh nay nhanh chdng
thu dupc nhiau loi nhuan. Sd giay phep tham dd toan Dong Duong tang iheo limg
nam. 19( )7 : 469 gia'y phep. 1908 : 664. 1909 : 859.1910 : 1251. 1911 : 2370. 1912: 3070.
Tdng san Iumg than khai thac nam 1912 : 41.'i 000 tan ; 1913 : 500 000 tan.
Phdn kVn sd than nay dupe dem ban cho mot sd nudc d Vi^n Ddng nhu Nhat Ban.
Trung Qudc ; mpt phdn dua sang Phap ; phdn con lai diing cho cdng nghiep Phap d
Viet Nam.
Ngoai Ihan. nhiû md kim loai eiing dupc day manh khai thac nhu : mo thiec
Tinh Tiic (Cao Bang); mo kem Trang Da. Lang Hich. Chp Don. Yen Binh, thupc cac
tinh Bae Can, Tuy^n Quang. Thai Nguyen ; md ddng d Van Sai (Scfn La) : md sit d
Thai Nguyen, Tiianh Hoa : md vang d Bao Lac {Cao Bing), Bdng Mieu (Quang
Nam)... Trong cac md vang ihi md vang Bdng Mieu la quan irong hon ca ; lir nam
1895 den 1914, mdi nam san xuai dupc khoang 100 kg vang.
(Tlieo : Dinh Xuan Lam (Chii bien)

Dgi cucmg Lich sir \'let Nam. Tdp 11 ,
NXBGiaoduc, H.,2000, lr. 118-119)
PHONG TRAO YEU NUOC VA CACH MANG

6 VIET NAM TIT DAU THE KI XX
w^M DEN CHIEN TRANH THE GI<3l THlT NHAT (1914)
Trong nhirng dien kien m a i , cupc van dong g i j i phong dan toe
dau the ki XX dien ra dirai nhieu hinh thiic khae nhau, song nhin
ehung deu gan eiru nuoe vai viee duy tan lam eho dat nuae phat
trien, gan viec danh dudi giac Phap vai cai bien xa hoi.
1. Hoat dong cuu nudc cua Phan Boi Chau

Phan Bdi Chau la si phu ndi tieng dai Nghe An va la lanh tu tieu bieu nhai trong
phong trao giai phong dan tgc dau the ki XX.
Plum BOI Ch.iii lien cii la Phan Van SLUM, hieu la Sao Nam. sinli nga> 26 - I 2 - 1867
Irong mpl gia dinh nha nho ngheo o huyen Nam Dim. tmh Nghe An. (')ng hi ngUdi
thong nuiih. nam 16 tudi do dait \u. nam ^^ indi da do dau ki (hi lluimg o Nghe An.
267
Phan Bpi Chau la "bae anh hung, vi ihien su. dang xa than vi doc lap. duoc 20 irieu
ct»n ngudi irong \dng nd le ton sting"'''. Phan Bpi Chau can lien \'di cuoc dau tranh
giai phong cua dan l<>c Viel Nam 25 nam dau the ki XX. Ong bi thuc dan Phap
baloTliUpiigHai]igay30-6- 1925. bi giam tting o Hue. Ong mai ngav 2 0 - 1 0 - 1940,
Phan B6i Chau chu tiircfng dung

bao dgng vu trang danh duoi Phap.
Ong da ciing cac d6ng chf ciia minh
chu truang t6 chiic lire lugng a trong
nudc va tranh thii su vien trg tit ben
ngoai, tru6c hei la Nhat Ban.
Din nam 1904, Phan B6i Chau
cung vcfi Nguyen Ham va mgt so ngudi
khae thanh lap Hgi Duy tan nham danh
duoi thuc dan Phap, gianh dgc lap,
thanh lap chi'nh the quan chia lap hien
Htnh 123. Phan Bdi Chdu o Viet Nam. Ong da sang Nhat Ban
11867 - 1940) cau vien, td chiJ"c phong trao Dong du
dua thanh thieu nien sang hgc tap 6 Nhat Ban de chuan bi iuc lugng chong Hiap.
Hiong trao Dong du ban dau dien ra thuan lgi, so hgc sinh len tcfi 200 ngucfi. Nhung ttr
thang 8 - 1908 trd di, thuc dan Phap cau kei vdi Chinh phu Nhat dan ap phong trao.
Thang 3 - 1909, Phan Bgi Chau bi true xuai khoi Nhat Ban. Hgi Duy tan cOng
ngimg hoat dgng.
Sau khi Cach mang Tan Hgi (Trung Quoc) thang Igi (1911), Phan B6i Chau va
cac d6ng chi cua minh thanh lap Viet Nam Quang phuc h6i (6 - 1912) vdi muc
dich : Danh dudi giac Phap, khoi phuc nu6c Viet Nam, thanh lap nudc C6ng hoa
Dan quoc Viet Nam. Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi chii trucmg danh dudi giac Phap
bang bao luc, nen da thanh lap Quang phuc quan.
Viet Nam Quang Phuc hgi da nhieu lan cu ngucfi ve nudc trtr khu nhQng ten thuc
dan dû so va tay sai dac luc ciia chiing. Cac cu6c bao dgng le te da khuay d6ng dugc
du luan trong va ngoai nudc. Nhung thuc dan Phap nhan dd tang cudng khiing b6,
nhiû ngudi bi bat, bi giei. Phan Bgi Chau va Cudng Di bi kei an tu hinh vang mat.
Chiing cdn mac ca vdi Long Te' Quang - Tdng ddc tinh Quang Ddng trong viec bat
(1) Hd Chf Minh. Todn tap. Tap 2, Sdd. lr 70.
268
Phan Bgi Chau va cac yeu nhan ciia Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi. Ngay 24 - 12 - 1913,
Phan Bgi Chau bi bat va bi giam d nha tu Quang Dong (Trung Quoc). Hoat
dong cua Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi noi rieng va each mang Viet Nam ndi
chung gap kho khan.
^ - Tai sao Phan Bgi Chau vi nhCmg ngudi sang lip Hdi Duy tan lai chd trUdng
dua vao Nhit Ban 7
- Qua mgc dich Hdi Duy tan vi Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi, em hieu gi ve tU
tuang citu nudc cda Phan Bgi Chiu 7
2. Hoat dong cuu nubc cua Phan Chau Trinh

va phong trao Duy tan 6 Trung Ki
Phan Chau Trinh la nha khoa bang
dai Quang Nam. Ong la ngudi tieu bieu
cho xu hudng canh tan. ciiu nudc d
Viet Nam dû the ki XX.
Phan Chau Innh. hieu la lay Hd. sinh nga\
9 - 9 - 1872 tai lang Tiiy Loc. huyen Tien
Phudc phu Tam K i . nnh Quang Nam.
Phan Chau Trinh dd Cu nhan nam 1''00. dd Phd
bang nam 1901. lam quan trong tneu dinh Hue.
Nlurng cuoi nam 1904. dng tir L|uan ve hoai
ddng ciru nudc.
Tliang 4 - 1908. Phan Chau Tnnh b| bat \a bi

diiy di Cdn Dao. Dau nam 1911. dng sang Phap ;
thiing .S - 1925 ve nudc. Ong mat d Sai d d n
Hinh 124. Phan Chdu Trinh 'V^^'> -"^ ^ -^ " ' " - f '
(1872 - 1926) p^^^ QYiian Trinh cung sang Nhat
Ban, Cling Phan Bgi Chau tham quan cac trudng hgc, khao cuu tinh hinh giao due,
chmh tri cua Nhat Ban. Ong hoan nghenh viec Phan Bgi Chau dua thanh nien ra
nirdc ngoai hgc tap va phd bien tai lieu tuyen truyen giao due trong nudc. nhung
6ng phan ddi chii trucmg bao dgng va tu tudng quan chii mudn dua vao ngoi vua
cua Phan Bgi Chau.
Phan Chau Trinh la ngudi giucmg cao nggn cd dan chu, cai each xa hgi ; chii
truong curu nudc bang viec nang cao dan tn'. dan quyen. Ong da vach tran che do
vua quan phong kien thdi mil va yeu cau Phap phai thay ddi thai do ddi vdi si dan
nudc Nam : sua ddi chmh sach cai tri di giiip nhan dan Viet Nam timg budc tien
len van minh. Ong de cao phucmg cham "tu lire khai hoa", van dgng nhung ngudi
ciing chf hudng thuc tinh dan chiing, tuyen truyen tu tudng dan quyen.
269
Vdi phucmg cham dd. Phan Chau Trinh da di khdp tinh Quang Nam va den cac
tinh Trung Ki de van dgng cai each.
Cugc van dgng duy tan dien ra vdi nhieu hinh thiic phong phii. Nhieu trudng
hgc da ra ddi. chuang trinh hgc gdm cac mon : Toan, Cach trf (Khoa hgc thudng
thuc), Ve sinh. Sir - Dia. The due... vdi ngi dung mdi. Nha trLrtvng ciing la ncfi tuyen
truyen md rgng cdng. thuang nghiep, day manh san xuai. phe phan bgn quan lai,
da pha phong tuc lac hau. thuc hien ddi sdng mdi ; nhieu hieu buon hang ngi hoa,
nhieu cdng ti lam nghe thii cong dugc thanh lap khap cac tinh Trung Ki.
Phong trao Duy tan ngay cang lan rgng trong khi nhan dan Trung Ki dang dieu
dihig vi nan thue khoa. bat phu ciia thuc dan Phap. Cugc van dgng di sau vao quan
chung da lam bting len phong Irao chdng di phu. ddi giam suu thue. Phong trao nay
bat dau tir Ihang 3 - 1908, d cac huyen Dai Lgc. Thang Binh. Tam Ki. Hoa Vang,
Duy Xuyen thugc tinh Quang Nam. sau dd lan sang cac tinh Quang Ngai,
Binh Dinh, Phii Yen. Thira Thien, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh.
Hinh 125. Nhung si phu yeu nude hi bdt sau cudc chdng thue'd Trung Ki
Chinh quydn thuc dan thang tay dan ap phong trao. ddng cua cac trudng hoc,
giai tan cac hoi budn. chem giet nhirng ngudi cam dau. Phan Chau Trinh,
Huynh Thuc Khang, Le Van Huan va hang tram ngudi khae bi bat day di Con Dao,
Lao Bao.
Phong trao ddi giam thue. chdng di phu tan ra dan vao cudi thang 5 - 1908.
Tuy thai bai. phong trao da the hien tinh than va kha nang each mang ciia ndng dan
trong su nghiep giai phdng dan tgc, ddng thdi cung bgc Id han che cua hg khi chua
cd mgt giai cap tien tien lanh dao.
Nam 1911, chinh quyen thuc dan dua Phan Chau Trinh sang Phap. Sudt nhiJng
nam d Pa-ri. dng van theo dudng ldi cai each, keu ggi thuc hien dan quyen, cai
thien dan sinh.
270
^ - Tu tuang cUu nudc cda Phan Chiu Trinh va Phan Bdi Chiu cd diem gi
giong va khic nhau 7
- Tai sao phong trao ddi giam thue, chdng di phu bung no nam 1908 d Tnjng Ki 7
~ Em cd suy nghigi khi quan sit bifc anh "NhCtng sTphu yeu nudc bi bit..." 7
- Nguyen nhin chd yeu dan den sU tan ra cda phong trio ddi giam thue,
ehdng di phu li gi 7
3. Dong Kinh nghla thuc

Noi gucfng Nhiit Ban de tu cudng la chu trucmg ciia Phan Bgi Chau, Phan Chau
Trinh va si phu Viet Nam yeu nudc dau the ki XX. Su ra ddi ciia Ddng Kinh nghia
thuc thang 3 - 1907 do Luong Van Can lam Thuc trudng, mo phdng theo Khanh
Ung nghia thuc d Nhat Ban, nam trong chii trucmg chung dd.
Luolig \'aii C"an suih naiii I S,>4 o lang Nhi

Khe, liu\en Thuifng Plun. lna\ la liii\eii
Tliudng "Fin), nnh Ha ra\. Ong dd Cu nhan
nam 21 ludi ; duoc irieu dinh ho iam Giiin ihu
phu Hoai Due nhung dng tir chdi.
I,iri7ng V;\n Can !a mdi irong nhung ngUoi

sang lap ra Dong Kinli nghla Ihuc \a dupc
bdu lain l l i u c trUi'tng. Khi Doug Kmh nghia
Ihuc bi ddng cira. dng hj bai nhung rdi dupc
tha \ i khdng du chung cu. Nam 1913. dng lai
bi Phap bat. da\ di Cam-pu-chia 10 nam.
Nam )*-'24. Luinig Van Can \'e nude \'a mat
nam 1927,
Hinh 126. Luang \ an Can Muc dfch cua Dong Kinh nghia
(1854 - 1927) thuc la : tuyen truyen, giao due, nang
cao long yeu nudc, chf tien thii cho qudn chiing ; truyen ba nhung hieu biei ve mgt
nin hgc thuat mdi va nep sdng van minh tien bg, phdi hgp hanh dgng vdi phong
trao Dong du eiia Phan Bgi Chau va phong trao Duy tan dang phat trien ; gdp phan
lam cho dat nudc thoat khdi lac hau, thoat khdi ach thdng tri cua ngoai bang, trd
Ihanh mgt qudc gia dgc lap.
Chucmg trinh hgc ciia trudng gdm cac mdn Lich su, Dia If, Cach trf, Ve sinh,
Toan phap, Kinh te, Ngoai ngtr, Luan li. The thao. Ve cac mon hgc tu nhien, trudng
diing sach giao khoa cua cac trudng tieu hgc Phap ; cac mdn khoa hgc xa hdi thi
271
nha trudng tu bien soan de giang day. Ngi dung cac sach rai chti trgng de cao truyan
thdng dung nudc va gitr nudc ciia dan tgc. Ngoai ra, trudng cdn cd mgt thu vien vdi
nhieu Tdn thu nha.p ttr Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban de hgc vien va cac dgc gia khae mugn
ve dgc.
Ngi dung hoat ddng ciia trudng rat phong phti. Ngoai chuang trinh day d tren
ldp, ve van hoa - giao due, nha trudng chii trucmg chdng tu tudng phong kien lac
hau, thuc hien cugc cai each van hoa - xa hgi. Trudc het la chdng cuu hgc. hii Nho,
chdng viec hge chtr Han va khoa cir Han hgc. Ve kinh te', Ddng Kinh nghia thuc ho
hao lap hgi budn. Nhieu hgi budn. cong ti kinh doanh budn ban ra ddi.
Ddng Kinh nghia thuc rai chti trgng den phucmg phap hgc mdi, cho phep hoc
sinh tu do ban bae, thao luan ; giang sach, dgc bao, binh van de cho "cai hg hge va
thi khdng trai nguge vdi cai hg phai lam".
Anh hudng ciia Dong Kinh nghia thuc ngay cang ldn, sd hgc sinh ngay cang
ddng (cd ltic len tdi 2 000 ngudi). Cac cugc binh tha, van da thu hiit nhieu ngudi
tham gia.
M O I bai \an Ihdi do da \ict :
Budi dien thinct. ngudi ddng nhif hdi
Ki hinh van. khdch den nhu intra.
Hoat ddng va anh hudng ciia Ddng Kinh nghia thuc lan ra nhieu dia phucmg
khae. Phan hieu nghia thuc da hinh thanh d Ha Ddng, Bae Ninh, Hung Yen,
Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Nghe An. Ha Tinh, Phan Thie't...
Ddng Kinh nghia thuc khdng chi la mgt trudng hgc ma cdn la mgt id chtrc each
mang, do cac si phu yeu nudc tien bg td chiic de hudng umg cugc van dgng giai
phdng dan tgc theo khuynh hudng dan chii tu san diu the' ki XX. Thang 11 - 1907,
thuc dan Phap ra lenh ddng cira trudng, sach bao cua trudng bi ca'm, mdt sd' nhan
vat chil chdt bj bat.
Tuy chi boat dgng dugc 9 thang. nhimg Dong Kinh nghia thuc da cd nhung
ddng gdp ldn trong cugc van dgng van hoa dau the ki XX.
^ ^ - Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc ra ddi trong hoin canh nio 7 Ngi dung va phUdng
phap day hgc cda trudng cd gi mdi 7
- Anh huang cda Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc trong phong trio cich mang Viet Nam
dau the kt XX nhu the nao 7
4. Vu dau doc binh linh Phap tai Ha Noi

Da sd binh Ifnh ngudi Viet trong quan ddi Phap dû xuai than ttr ndng dan bi
pha san vi suu cao, thue' nang, vi mai mua, ddi kem. Vao quan dgi. hg bi phan biet
272
ddi xiJr, khi ra tran thi bi day len phfa trudc lam bia dd dan, huge phai di dan ap ba
con, tan pha lang xdm ciia minh. Vi vay, cac si phu yeu nudc cd xu hudng bao ddng
va Hoang Hoa Tham rai chti y den viec tuyen truyen, van ddng, giac ngg binh Ifnh.
Vao cudi nam 1907, cting vdi nhiJng binh si dugc giac ngg, Hoang Hoa Tham
du dinh danh thanh Ha Ndi. Theo ke hoach, nghia quan Yen The' se keo ve phue
san xung quanh Ha Ngi; bdi bep bd thudc dgc vao thirc an, dau dgc binh Ifnh Phap
dong trong thanh. Khi cd phao lenh, binh si ngudi Viet se ndi day va tir trong danh
ra ; quan cua Hoang Hoa Tham ttr ngoai danh vao, nhanh chdng chie'm Ha Ngi.
Ke'hoach bi thay ddi nhieu Idn, den tdi 27 - 6 - 1908 viec dau dgc binh Ifnh
Phap dugc thuc hien. Han 200 si quan va binh Ifnh trung dgc. Khi cudc khdi nghia
con chua tie'n hanh thi bi td giac, thuc dan Phap da kip thdi ngan chan. Si quan va
binh Ifnh Phap dugc ctru thoat khdi bi ngg dgc. Binh Ifnh ngudi Viet bi tude hei vu
Idif va giam trong trai. Lenh thiet quan luat dugc ban bd. Nhtrng nai quan trgng
trong thanh phd duge eanh gae nghiem ngat. Nhieu dgi ki binh di tuan tieu, Iting
sue trong thanh phd va ngoai d.
Vu bao ddng tuy chua dien ra, nhung da gay tam If hoang mang, lo sg trong
Sl quan va binh Ifnh Phap. Chiing da thing tay dan ap, tra thti nhimg ngudi yeu
nudc. Ngay 8 - 7 - 1908, chting xir chem Dgi Binh, Ddi Cdc, Ddi Nhan. Thang
10 - 1908, ehung ke't an va xir tir them 13 ngudi khae, ke't an tir hinh vdng mat
6 ngudi, tu chung than mgt sd ngudi va nhieu ngudi khae bi ket an tu cd thdi ban,
mdt sd sT phu trong Dong Kinh nghia thuc cung bi budc tdi. Ddng thdi, chiing
quyei dinh md cudc tan cdng ldn len Yen The nham thanh toan can eir khang chien
ctia Hoang Hoa Tham.
Trudc mdt ke thu manh thi mdt vu ddu dgc hay mdt ke hoach danh up chiing
a Ha Ngi khdng thanh ciia mgt bg phan ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc la dieu de hieu.
Nhung nd cung the hien y thiic dan tdc va kha nang tham gia vao cudc da'u tranh
giai phdng dan tgc ciia bg phan binh Ifnh ngudi Viet Nam trong quan ddi Phap.
^ ^ - Nguyen nhin din den vg dau dgc binh linh Phap d Hi Ngi ngay 27-6- 1908
Iagi7
- Tai sao suphdi hdp gii/a nghTa quan Yen The vi binh linh ngudi Viet Nam
tie'n hinh khdi nghTa a Hi Ngi nim 1908 that bai 7
18.LICHSU ll-NC-A 273

5. NhQng nam cuoi cung cua khoi nghla Yen The
Cudc hoa hoan ldn thu hai (tCr thang 12 - 1897 den thang 1 - 1909) dien ra khi
nghia quan Yen The lam vao tinh the khd khan. Hoang Hoa Thiiin da tranh thii
thdi gian de eung cd cac ddn trai, md them mdt sd vi trf mdi d Bd Ha, Nha Nam ;
cho thudc ha di mua vu khf. vat dung d vung bien gidi ; chia mdng dat cho cac
gia dinh nghia quan cay cay ; mg them quan v.v...
Hinh 127. Mot sd tudng ITnh ciia nglua qudn Yen The
Vao nhimg nam ddu the ki XX, Phan Bgi Chau va Phan Chau Trinh da len
Yen The. Giiia Phan Bgi Chau va Hoang Hoa Tham da ed eam kei khi Trung Ki ndi
day thi nghTa quan Yen The se hudng ting, phdi hgp hanh ddng.
Sau vu dau ddc Ifnh Phap d Ha Ndi. phat hien thay cd su dfnh lfu ciia De Tham,
thuc dan Phap rao riei md cudc tan cdng quyei dinh len Yen The. Chiing lap them
ddn bdt, md them cac tuyen dudng thge sau vao vung thugng du nhu dudng sdt
Ha Ndi - Lang Scm (hoan thanh nam 1902), nhdm ehia cdt lire lugng nghia quan,
ngan chan cac con dudng tiep te vu khf, van ehuyen lucmg thuc cho nghia quan.
Cudi thang 1 - 1909. Phap huy dgng 15 000 quan gdm Ifnh Au - Phi. khd xanh,
khd dd vdi du cac binh chimg nhu phao binh, ki binh. cdng binh dudi su chi huy
274 IC UCHSU l l - N C - 6
cua tudng Ba-tay ta'n cdng vao ddn Phdn Xuang. Nghia quan da thuc hien ke hoach
di chuyen, tranh strc manh ciia dd'i phuang, danh mgt sd tran va gianh dugc mdt sd
thdng lgi nhu ; tran chg Gd. San Qua, Rtmg Phe (d Bdc Giang, thang 2 - 1909), dac
biet la tran ntii Sang (LapThach, Vinh Phiic. ngay 5 - 10 - 1909), tieu diet 50 si quan
va binh Ifnh Phap. Tlie nhung, nhirng cudc chien dau lien tiep, quyei liet va keo dai
da lam cho nghTa quan suy kiet ddn. Den ddu thang 11 - 1909, lire lugng nghia
quan chi cdn vai chuc ngudi, kho tang bi pha sach. Nhieu chi huy gidi nhu Ca
Trong, Ca Huynh, Ba Bieu, Ca Tuyen (con trai Nguyin Thien Thuat), ba Ba Can...
da hi sinh hoac sa vao tay giac. Mgt sd ngudi khae bugc phai ra hang.
Trude tinh the ay. De Tham quyei dinh trd lai khu vuc Yen The, dua vao dan
de tiep tiic chdng Phap. Ngay 1 0 - 2 - 1 9 1 3 , dng bi bgn tay sai ciia Phap giei hai
tai mot khu rtmg canh chg Gd (Yen The"). Su kien nay danh dau thai bai hoan toan
ciia cudc khdi nghTa Yen The.
Mac dii thai bai, khdi nghia Yen The da thd hien tinh thdn yeu nudc va strc
manh tiem tang ciia ndng dan Viet Nam.
^^ - NhCtng dieu kien nio bao dam cho cugc khdi nghTa Yin Thi' keo dii dUdc
30 nim ?
- Khdi nghTa Yen The cd dac diem gi khae so vdi cic cugc khdi nghTa cung thdi 7
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
1. Trinh bay cac khuynh hi;dng chu yû trong phong trao yeu nirdc dau the ki XX.
2. Cu6c van (!6ng giai phong dan t6c dau the ki XX co gi mdi, khae v6i phong trao
Can vi/ang chong Phap cudi the ki XIX ?
PHAN DOC THEM

Keu hon nudc (1907) itrich)
Hdn xua ddng ddi Lac Long.
Con nha Nam-Vi^t. ngudi trong gidng vang.
Chi-na chung mot ho hang,
Xi^m-la. Nhut-bon ciing l&ng A-ddng.
275
Troi Nam mdi dai non sdng.
Ngan nam co nghiep cha dng hay cdn.
Tit khi da Id sdng c6n,
Nudc non tro dd nao hdn 0 dû ?
Xin hdn da tinh dimg me,

Tinh ra rdi se lieu be khuyen nhau.
Khuyen nhau lay chO ddng hao.
Lay cSu ich qudc. la'y diû lgi ddn.
Dudng hdo chiing, nghTa /lop qudn,
Tu cudng ihi ay, duy tdn the nao ?
Su hoc la la'y lam ddu,
Cdng thuong moi viec lieu sao tinh 1 ^ .
Cting trong mdt bpn qudc dan,
Ganh giang son cung mot phdn irtn vai...
Than di ! Hdn nudc la di !
Tinh nghe ta goi ma'y ldi dong tam !
NGUYEN QUYEN
(Theo : Dang Thai Mai, Vdn they Cdch mqng Viet Nam ddu thekiXX,
NXB Van hoc giai phdng, H., 1976. tr. 232, 234)
276
VlfiT NAM TRONG NHIJNG NAM ,

CHIEN TRANH THE G l d l THlT NHAT
(1914 - 1918)
Ngay ] - 8 - 1914, Chien tranl"i the gioi tlui nhai bung no. Chinh
phu Phap cung tham gia vao cupc chien. Chinh sach cai tri thdi
chien ciia Phap da tiep tuc lam thay dot c o cau kinh te, xa hoi cac
nmrc thupc dia Phap, trong do co Viet Nam.
Trong thoi gian nay, phong trao yeu nudc Viet Nam dten ra soi
noi, vdi nhidu hinh thdckhac nhau.
I - TINH HINH KINH TE - XA H O I VIET NAM

TRONG N H I J N G NAM CHIEN TRANH
1. Chinh sach cai trj thoi chien cua Phap

Trong thdi ki dien ra Chien tranh the gidi thti: nhat, nha cdm quyen Phap d Viet
Nam mdt mat ciing ed, md rgng chd dtja xa hgi, tang cudng mgi hoat dgng de
phong phong trao each mang bung no, mat khdc tien hanh bdt linh, va vet ciia cai,
phiie vu cho cudc chieh tranh cua chting.
Thuc dan Phap ndi rgng phdn nao quyen han cho Chi'nh phii Nam trieu, tien
hanh mdt sd cai each, "chan chinh quan trudng" nhdm ciing cd he thdng quan lai
d Bdc Ki nhung quyen hanh vdn tap trung vao tay Thdng sir ngudi Phap. Ve ddi
ngoai, chinh quyen thuc dan md cac euoc thuang thuyet vdi Chi'nh phii Trung
Hoa de phdi hgp dan ap cac td churc each mang Viet Nam boat ddng tren ddt
Trung Qud'c.
Chi'nh sach cai tri cua thuc dan Phap trong thdi ki chien tranh nhdm vao viec
6n dinh tinh hinh Viet Nam de huy dgng den miic cao nhat strc ngudi, sure ciia phuc vu
cho cugc chie'n tranh de qudc.
^ ^ Chinh sich cai tn cua Phap d Viet Nam trong thdi ki Chiin tranh the gidi
thCi nhat cd gi mdi 7
2. Nhung bien dpng ve kinh te

Chien tranh bung nd, Toan quyen Ddng Duong tuyen bd : "Nhiem vu ciia Ddng
Duong la phai cung cdp tdi da nhan luc. vat luc va lai luc". Nhan dan Viet Nam
277
phai ddng nhieu loai thue, phai mua cdng trai , "phieu qudc phdng", gdp tien vao
quy "chie'n tranh", nop tien cho chinh quyen Ddng Duong va cae dia phuang dat ra.
Trong 4 nam chien tranh, thuc dan Phap da thu dugc han 184 trieu phrang
tien cdng trai va gdn 14 trieu phrang tien quyen gdp"*, ciing hang tram tdn luong
thuc, lam san va hang van tdn kim loai cdn thiei cho san xuat vii khi de chd vi Phap.
Chinh quyen thuc dan cd gdng khdi phuc, duy tri, md rgng nhieu ea sd cdng
nghiep de' bti ddp cho cdng nghiep chi'nh qudc. Nhtrng md dang khai thac dugc bo
them vdn, nhu : md thiec Tinh Ttic (Cao Bang), md kem Chg Ddn (Bdc Can), md
vang d Bdng Mieu (Quang Nam)... Mgt sd edng ti than mdi xudt hien nhu : Cdng ti
than Tuyen Quang (1915), Ddng Trieu (1916)... Cac nganh phuc vu true tiep cho chien
tranh nhu san xudt thudc nd, sira chtia vu khi... dugc phuc hdi. Tai ca deu nhdm dap
ung cho nhu edu ngay cang ldn ciia nen cdng nghiep chien tranh ciia Phap.
Do chien tranh, hang hoa ttr nudc Phap ehd sang Ddng Duong giam rd ret. Chinh
quyen thuc dan phai duy tri nhihig co sd san xuat ed sdn, md them mdt sd co sd
mdi va phai ndi ldng ddc quyen cho cac hgi budn, cdng ti tu ban ban xti: md mang
kinh doanh. Cac co sd san xuat, budn ban, giao thdng van tai ciia ngudi Viet Nam
dugc cimg cd, md rdng va xuat hien nhieu ca sd mdi.
Ngu>en Huu "Fhu irudc chien tranh chi la chii mdt hang xc keo d Hai Phdng. trong
chien tranh cd tdi hang chuc chiec lau chay tr^n sdng, biiJ'n. sang Huong Cang.
Xin-ga-po ; Bach Thai Budi cd tau chay khap sdng va bien d Bae va Trung Ki, canh
tranh vdi cac cdng ti lu han cua Phap va Hoa ki6u. Cac nha tu san Truang V;\n Ben.
Tran Van Truoiig, Ngd Khae Man. Truitng Hoa Phat... da cd chan irong cac lap doan
cao su cua Phap. O nhieu nganh khae da .xuat hien nhung nhii kinh doanh ngudi Viei
nhir \u<Vng son ciia Nguyen Scm Ha iV Hai Phdng. xu(ing thuv (inh CliUtîg NTT d
Ha Ddng. cdng ti xa phdng Qi'^'riy Hung Long cr Ha Noi.... nhicu xircmg ihu cdng
cOng duoc moc ILMI, 0 Nam Ki. tu san Viet Nam tap trung vao kinh doanh xay xat
gao. Ciic nha nui\' .\ay cd trudc chien tranh. nhu nha may Nguyen Thanh Liem.
nhii ma> Due Khai. dugc tang cudng. Nam 1^>15. mgt nhii ma} xay mdi dugc xa\
dtmg d MT Tho. Nam l'>16. mot nha ma\ \a\ bdt d Rach Gia ra ddi.
Ndng nghiep ttr chd dgc canh Itia da chuyen mdt phdn sang trdng cay cdng
nghiep phiic vu chien tranh nhu thdu ddu, dau, lac... Trong nhirng nam chie'n tranh,
ndng nghiep trdng Itia d Bdc Ki gap nhieu khd khan do han ban, lut lgi, vd dfi...
^ ^ - Chinh sach kinh te cua Phip trudc vi trong chien tranh cd gi khic nhau 7
- Chinh sich cua Phap trong chien tranh di tic ddng den nen kinh te
Viet Nam nhu the nio 7
(i) Triin Viin Giau - Dinh XuSn Lam. Lich sif can dqi Viet Nam, Tap III, NXB Giao diic. H..1961. tr. 236.
278
3. Tinh hinh phan hoa xa hoi
Chinh sach cai tri va nhtrng bien dgng ve kinh te' d Viet Nam trong nhtrng nam
chien tranh da day manh su phan hoa xa hdi Viet Nam.
Nan bat linh ma ddi tugng chi'nh la ndng dan da lam cho siic san xuat d ndng thdn
giam sut; nan chiem doat rugng ddt, suu thue ngay cang nang, bao lut, ban han xay
ra lien tiep. cac khoan edng trai, "phieu qudc phdng", "quy chien tranh"... lam cho
nong dan ngay cang kiet que, ban cting.
Giai cap cong nhan tang ien ve sd lugng. Cac nganh cdng thuang nghiep ctia tu
san Phap va tu san Viet Nam deu thu nhan cdng nhan nhieu hon. Trudc chien tranh, cac
co sd kinh doanh cua Bach Thai Budi chi cd vai tram, nay da len tdi ban 1 000 ngudi.
Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nhdt da tao cho tu san Viet Nam phat trien ca ve sd
lugng va the' luc kinh te ; d mdt sd nganh da canh tranh dugc vdi tu san Hoa kieu
va tu san Phap, tieu bieu la cdng ti Bach Thai Budi, xudng che scm eiia Nguyen Son Ha.
Cac tdng ldp tieu tu san thanh thi gom tieu chii, tieu thuong, cdng chiic, hgc
sinh, sinh vien cung ngay mgt ddng han. Trong hoan eanh mdt nudc thudc dia, tuy
ddi sdng cd kha hon chiit it so vdi ddi sdng ciia nhan dan lao ddng, nhung ndi
chung hg cung bi chen ep, bae dai, ludn ludn bi cai ddi, cai ret. nan thai nghiep...
de doa.
Mac dti tang ldp tu san cd vai trd nhdt dinh trong kinh te va tdng ldp tieu tu san
tang them ve sd lugng nhung ca hai tang ldp nay deu chua trd thanh nhimg giai cdp
trong thdi ki Chien tranh the gidi thtr nhdt (1914 - 1918).
^^ Hay niu tinh hinh phin hoi xi hgi d Viit Nam trong thdi ki Chien tranh the
gidi thUnhat (1914 - 1918).
II - PHONG T R A O YEU Nl/6C

TRONG NHITNG NAM CHIEN TRANH
1. Hoat dong cua Viet Nam Quang phuc hpi
Sau nhtrng hoat ddng khdng thanh cdng trong nam 1913. nha't la tir sau khi
Phan Bgi Chau bi bdt, Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi gdn nhu khdng boat dgng. Khi
Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nhat bting no, trudc sir thay doi ciia linh hinh qudc te va
trong nudc, Hgi da to chtrc nhieu euoc bao ddng.
279
Dd Chan Thiei, mdt hdi vien Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi, da thanh lap chi hdi d
van Nam ma da sd hgi vien la cdng nhan va vien chiic hod xa tren luyen dudng sdt
Hai Phdng - Van Nam. Hg du dinh lien ket vdi binh linh Viet Nam de danh thanh
Ha Ngi. Ke hoach bi Id, Dd Chan Thiet va 58 ngudi khae bj bdt.
Ttr cudi nam 1914, Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi chuyen hudng ve boat dgng trong
nudc. Hgi da tien hanh mot sd cugc bao dgng nhu : tan cdng binh linh Phap d tinh
li Phu Thg, dot kich Luc Nam (Bdc Giang), Bat Xat (Lao Cai), Ddng Van (Ha
Giang) v.v... O miin Trung, ngay 28 - 9 - 1915. dudi su chi huy ciia Truong Ba
Kieu (hdi vien Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi) va Hd Ba Kien (yeu nhan ciia Duy tan
hgi). tu nhan d Lao Bao (khoang 200 ngudi da tham gia phong trao Ddng du. Viet
Nam Quang phuc hdi. phong trao Duy tan va phong trao chdng thue...) da ndi day
giei h'nh canh, cudp vii khi, pha nha lao, rdi rut vao rimg chien ddu. Nhimg do cac
til nhan bj giam lau ngay, siic khoe suy kiet. bi cd lap, cud'i cung cugc bao dpng
thai bai. Nhflng ngudi lanh dao deu hi sinh trong chien ddu.
Cudi ciing, Viet Nam Quang Phuc hgi tan ra sau dgt khung bd ldn ciia giac Phap
va tay sai vao nam 1916.
^ ^ - Luc lUdng tham gia vi hinh thUc hoat dgng cda Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi
trong nhCtng nam dau cda Chien tranh thegidi thUnhat cd gi dang chu y 7
- Tai sao cic cugc bao dong cda Viet Nam Quang phgc hgi deu that bai ?
2. Cuoc van dpng khoi nghla cua Thai Phien va Iran Cao Van (1916)
Lgi dung su phan irng eiia hang nghin binh linh ngudi Viet Nam dang tap trung
d Hue (chudn bi xudng tau sang chau Au de Iam bia dd dan) va cua nhan dan
Quang Nam, Quang Ngai. Hue..., Trdn Cao Van va Thai Phien da rao riei van dgng
nhan dan, binh linh va mdi vua Duy Tan tham gia khdi nghia.
Tran Cao \'iin lii mot sT phu \ eu nudc tien bg. que d Quang Nam. da timg bi tii vl tham
gia phong Iriio chdng thue d Trung Kt. Nam 1908, het han tu. dng lien he vdi
Thai Phien. mgt Ihanh vien cua Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi ddia phuong. d^ chuiin bi
khdi nghla.
Hoang iiT Nguyen VTnh San len ngdi vua nam 1907. liic mdi 8 tudi. lay hieu la Duy
Tan. Tuy cdn tre tudi nhung vua Du\ Tan la ngudi rai cuong nghi \ii cd tinh than chdng
Phap. Vl vay, Tran Cao Viin vii Thai Phien dii mdi dng ciJng bim muu khdi ntzhTa.
280
Trudc khf the sue sdi hudng ting
cua nhan dan, dac biet d hai tinh
Quang Nam va Qudng Ngai, Thai
Phien va nhtrng ngudi chi huy quyei
dinh khdi sir ngay.
Theo du tinh, khdi nghia se diln ra
vao giu'a thang 5 - 1916, nhung vi ke
hoach bi Id nen thuc dan Phap da ra
lenh gidi nghiem, tude vfl khi va
giam binh h'nh ngudi Viet trong trai,
Iting bat cac nha yeu nudc. Theo ke
hoach, dan binh keo ve tinh li Quang
Nam, Quang Ngai va Hue de phdi
Hinh 128. Vua Duy Tdn hgp hanh ddng, nhung khdng thay cd
luc mcri len ngdi
da'u hieu gi nen phai rut lui.
Thai Phien va Trdn Cao Van dua vua Duy Tan ra khdi kinh thanh, dinh rut
ve Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, nhung ca ba deu bi bdt. Khdi nghia khdng thanh,
Trdn Cao Van, Thai Phien bi chem ddu, edn vua Duy Tan bi thuc dan Phap day
ra dao Re-uy-ni-dng (chau Phi). Ong mdt thang 10 - 1945.
^ ^ Tai sao Thii Phien vi Tran Cao Vin mdi vua Duy Tin tham gia khdi nghTa 7
3. Khoi nghia cua binh linh Thai Nguyen (1917)

Thai Nguyen la mdt tinh cd tdm quan trgng ve chinh tri va quan su ddi vdi mien
rtmg nui va trung du Bdc Ki, noi cd phong trao chdng Phap dien ra lien tuc. Thuc
dan Phap bd tri d day mgt luc lugng quan su manh va nhtmg ten chi huy khet tieng
tan ae. Thai Nguyen lai la noi giam giu" nhimg ngudi yeu nudc bi bdt trong phong
trao Ddng du, Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc, khdi nghTa Yen The... Mdi quan he gitra tii
chinh tri va binh linh yeu nudc lam viec trong nha tii dugc thiet lap. ke hoach ndi
day dugc hinh thanh.
Lanh dao cugc khdi nghia la Trinh Van Can (Dgi Can) - mdt binh sT yeu nudc
va Luang Nggc Quyen - Uy vien quan sir ciia Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi, dang bi
giam d nha tti Thai Nguyen.
I9LICM5LJ n-NC-A 281

Cudc khdi nghia nd ra dem 30 rang
^ 0 ^ ^ ^ sang 31 - 8-1917. Nghia quan giei ten
j^^fl^Hk Giam binh Nd-en, pha nha lao, tha tu
j/^F^ \ chinh tri, ldn lugt chiem toa sti", toa an,
xa, trtr trai linh Phap. Nggn cd "Nam binh

phuc qudc" bay tren bdu trdi tinh li Thai
Nguyen. NghTa quan phat hich tuyen bd
Thai Nguyen ddc lap, dat qudc hieu la
Dai Hung, keu ggi nhan dan tham gia
khdi nghia. Luc lugng nghia quan len tdi
600 ngudi vdi vu khf, trang bi tuang ddi
Hinh 129. Trinh Vdn Cdn
(? - 1918) ddy dil.
Nhan dugc tin cdp bao Thai Nguyen thai thii, bgn dau sd Phap d Ddng Duong
va Bdc Ki da cir ten Tong chi huy quan dgi Ddng Duong dua 2 000 quan, cd sting
ldn, xe thiei giap yem trg len dan dp. Cugc chien ddu dien ra ac liet, lien tuc trong
nhieu ngay lien. Nhieu ten dich bi giet, bi thuong. NghTa quan cung tdn thai ldn,
Luong Nggc Quyen chi huy cugc chien dau da hi sinh. Ddi Cdn quyet dinh nit quan
ra khdi thi xa Thai Nguyen, tien hanh cugc hanh quan gian kho sud't 6 thang qua
cac tinh VTnh Yen. Phtic Yen, rdi ve Thai Nguyen trudc su truy liing ciia ke thu.
Sang U - 1 - 1918, nhan thdy khdng the chdng cu dugc nii'a, Dgi Can da tu sat de
giu' trdn khf tiei. NghTa quan Thai Nguyen tan ra.
Tie'p ndi vu muu khdi nghTa ciia binh Ifnh d Ha Ngi (1908) va binh h'nh d
mien Trung (1916), cugc khdi nghTa Thai Nguyen la ddn danh manh vao chfnh sach
"dtmg ngudi Viet tri ngudi Viet" ciia Phap, the hien tinh than yeu nudc ciia nhung
ngudi ndng dan mac ao h'nh trong quan dgi Phap.
^ ^ - Vai trd cda binh linh ngudi Viet trong phong trao yeu nudc thdi ki Chien
tranh the gldi thUnhat the hien nhu the nao 7
- Tai sao phong trio yiu nudc cda binh linh nhanh chdng bi that bai ?
4. Nhung cupc khoi nghla vu trang cua dong bao dan tpc thieu so
Trong nhung nam Chien tranh the gidi thtr nhdt, phong trao ddu tranh chdng thue
dan Phap cdn dien ra d nhieu vung rung niii, vdi sir tham gia ciia ddng bao cac dan tdc
thieu sd. Tieu bieu la cac cugc khdi nghTa ciia ngudi Thai d Tay Bdc (1914 - 1916),
282 19.l!CHSLf ll-NC-B

cua ddng bao Mdng d Lai Chau (1918 - 1922), cua binh linh ddn Binh Lieu d
Quang Ninh (1918), ciia ddng bao Mndng dTay Nguyen (1912 - 1935).
Cugc khdi nghia ciia ddng bao Thai d Tay Bdc do Ludng Bao Dinh, Bae Cdm
Chan, Ludng Van No... lanh dao, dien ra tir ddu thang 11 - 1914 tren mdt dia ban
rong gdm Lai Chau. Son La va phdn ldn tinh Phong-xa-li. NghTa quan danh chiem
nhieu ddn dgc bien gidi Viet - Lao va da lam chii dugc ca vung Tay Bdc. Phap phdi
huy dgng tdi gdn 3 000 quan de dd'i phd. Den thang 3 - 1916. cugc khdi nghTa mdi
chdm dut.
Nam 1918, Giang Ta Chay lanh dao ddng bao Mdng vting Lai Chau khdi
nghTa. NghTa quan hoat ddng tren mdt dia ban rgng 40 000 km". Nhieu cugc dung
do da dien ra ac liet, cd nhflng tran quan dich vira chet vtra bi thuang den hang tram
ten. C^gc khdi nghia keo dai den nam 1922. khi Giang Ta Chay bi sat hai, thi cham dut.
0 vung Ddng Bdc, dem 16 - 11 - 1918, binh linh ddn Binh Lieu ndi day, ldi
cudn nhieu ddng bao cac dan tgc Han, Niing, Dao tham gia chiem ddn Binh Lieu.
Hoanh Md rdi vugt bien gidi lien he vdi hdi vien Viet Nam Quang phuc hgi d hai
tinh Quang Ddng va Quang Tay (Trung Qudc) hoat dgng tren mdt dia ban rdng. tir
song Tien Yen de'n tan bien. Nghia quan da uy hiep ca viing md Quang Yen va cac
dao tit Mdng Cai den Hai Phdng. Den nam 1919, thuc dan Phap mdi dap tdt dugc
cugc khdi nghia.
(j Tay Nguyen, ddng bao cac dan lgc thieu sd nhieu ldn dting len chdng Phap,
tieu bieu nhdt la ddng bao Mndng do NTrang Long chi huy dien ra tiJr nam 1912.
NghTa quan da thdng nhieu tran ldn. TCf nam 1916, thuc dan Phap bao vay va triet
dudng tiep te mudi, nhung cugc khdi nghTa van liep tuc keo dai tdi nam 1935 mdi
cham diit.
^ - Trong phong trio diu tranh cda ddng bio din tgc thieu so thdi ki
Chien tranh the gidi thU nhat cd nhung cugc khdi nghTa Idn nao 7
- Y nghTa cda cac cugc khdi nghTa dd trong phong trio giai phdng din tgc .
5. Phong trao hpi kin 6 Nam Ki
Nam Ki la noi Phap ap dat dugc bd may cai trj sdm nhat. nhung phong trao yeu
nudc ciia nhan dan vdn tdn tai trong cac td chirc hgi kin nhu Thien dia hgi. NghTa
hoa hdi, Phuc hung hdi... Cac hdi kfn thudng mugn hinh thiic tdn giao, sir dung bua
chii de de tuyen truyen, van ddng.
283
Trong 4 nam Chien tranh the gidi thtr nhat, hdi kfn d Nam Ki phat trien manh,
nhdt la d Bien Hoa, Be'n Tre, Chau Ddc... Thanh phan tham gia ddng nhdt la ndng
dan va dan ngheo thanh thi. Cac hgi kfn hoat dgng dgc lap, nhung tdt ca deu suy
tdn Phan Xfch Long lam hoang de.
Hoat ddng cd tie'ng vang ldn trong phong trao hdi kfn Nam Ki la cugc dot nhap
vao Sai Gdn. muu pha kham ldn de giai thoat cho Phan Xfch Long. Ba gid sang
1 5 - 2 - 1 9 1 6 , khoang 300 ngudi mac ao den, qudn trdng, khan trdng quan co.
mang dao, giao, kiem va biia hg menh chia lam nhieu nga tien vao Sai Gdn. Cugc
giao chien giu'a quan khdi nghTa va linh canh kham ldn nao dgng ca thanh phd, mdt
sd ten giac bi giei. Trudc su phan cdng ciia quan thii, nghTa quan tan vd. Nhieu hdi
kfn d cac tinh ndi day hd trg nhung deu bi dan ap.
Sau vu pha kham ldn Sai Gdn, thuc dan Phap thing tay dan ap cac hgi kfn, hang
tram ngudi bi bdt, gdn 40 ngudi bi xir tir. Phong trao tam ldng xudng.
Phong trao hgi kin d Nam Ki thuc chdt la phong trao dau tranh cua ndng dan,
nhung vi chua cd su lanh dao dting ddn nen da nhanh chdng thdt bai.
^ ^ - Cac hgi kin hoat dgng nhim muc dich gi 7
- Tai sao cic hgi kin lai mitdn hinh thUc tdn giio vi sd* dung bua chu trong
to chdc va hoat dgng cda minh ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Hay cho biet cac phong trao yeu nudc tieu bieu trong thoi ki Chien tranh the gidi
tht/ nhat.
2. Tai sao cac phong trao yeu nudc each mang VIgt Nam trudc va trong Chi^n tranh
thg gidi thir nhat deu that bai ?
3. Lap nien bieu cac cupc dau tranh trong phong trao yeu nudc dau thg ki XX.
PHAN DOC THEM
Hjch Thai Nguyen khoi nghla
Dai Hiing da'qud'c nam thii nhai, thang Bay, ngay 14, Thai Nguyen tinh. Quang Phuc
quan, Dai dd ddc Trinh, bd cao cho dan chiing ddng bao dugc biei :
Hdm nay thdi co da den, trong nudc thi cd nhung ban d6ng tam ddng chf ciing ta tudt
guom chTa siing, danh giei quan thij : ben ngoai thi cd nhung nha each menh ta ba'y
284
lau tru ngu ben Tau, ben Nhat, gid nay sdp sira dem quan nhu khf gidi ve giup ta. hgp
luc vdi ta danh dudi Phap tac.
Ta chieu tap nhimg anh em cd tinh than tu do ddc lap, cd nhiet tam yeu nudc
thuong noi. lap thanh nhtmg dao binh cuu qudc va hdm nay ta bat dau khdi phuc
la^y linh Thai Nguyan. La ca nam ngdi sao da keo len phap phdi tren ki dai. ta da
tuyan bd Thai Nguyan ddc lap.
Cung la con dan nudc Viet Nam, chung ta phai coi nhau nhu anh em rudt thit mdt
nha. Vay ai la ngudi thdng minh hoc thiJc, cd the' den day vl ta trii muu hoaeh sach.
lam nhung viae fch igi chung. ai la ngudi cd sue khoe manh thi mau mau dem bdp
thit canh tay da'n giup dd ta trong cuoc chien dau.
Anh em ta cd sue pha'n khdi phen nay, ddng tarn hiep luc. da dao quan Ihu.
Nhihig ai dimg vao hang ngu ta, ciing ta tudi guom giei giac ; la rai hoan nghenh. ta
d^ cho mdi ngudi dugc thi thd tai nang sang kien trong cudc tranh da'u tit do ddc
lap chung.
Cdn nhiing ke nao van manh tarn nd le, phd la quan thia thi hay coi chimg. la se lay
dau khdng tha !
Nay bd cao.
(Theo ban djch cua Dao Trinh Nhai,
Luimg Nggc Quven vd cudc khdi nglua Thdi Nguyen ndm 1917.
NXBTan Viet, H.. 1951)
^N
Sir KHOI DAU CUA MOT KHUYNH HUONG

Cijtj NUdc Mdi TROiVG PHONG TRAO
GIAI PHONG DAN TQC VIET NAM
Ddu the ki XX, phong trao each mang Viet Nam tiep tuc rai vao
tinh trang khiing hoang ve duong loi va giai cap lanh dao. Trong
boi canh do, NguyC'n Tat Thanh - Nguyen Ai Qudc da ra di tim
dirdng cuu nuoc. NhCrng hoat dong cua Nguoi trong nhu'ng nam
1911 - 1918 la s u k h a i dau cho mot khuynh hirong cuu nudc mdi
6 Viet Nam.
1. Phong trao cong nhan Viet Nam tir dau den het Chien tranh
the gioi t h u nhat
Giai cdp cdng nhan Viet Nam ra ddi trong qua trinh khai thac cua tu ban Phap
trudc Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nhdt. Ngudn gd'c chu ye'u eiia giai cap cdng nhan la
tir ndng dan hi pha san.
285
Trudc Chie'n tranh the gidi thii nhat, edng nhan Viet Nam ed khoang 10 van
ngudi. trong sd dd cd khoang 5 van cdng nhan chuyen nghiep d cac ca sd cdng
nghiep, ddn dien. thuong mai. Trong nhtrng nam ehien tranh. cdng nhan Viet Nam
phat trien them ve sd lugng.
Cdng nhan Viet Nam ra ddi da tiep thu dugc truyen thd'ng yeu nudc, da'u tranh
bat khudt ciia dan tdc ; sdng va lam viec trong dieu kien khdc nghiet, bi tu ban Phap
ap btrc bdc lot nang ne, gia lao dgng re mat, ddi sdng khd khan nen da sdm ddu
tranh chdng lai tu ban Phap - ke thii ciia giai cap minh, ddng thdi la ke thii cua dan toe.
Trudc Chie'n tranh, d Viet Nam da dien ra 61 cugc ddu tranh cua cdng nhan*'*
vdi cac hinh thtrc : bd viec, pha giao keo. danh lai bgn cai ki, dua don yeu cdu,
tham gia khdi nghTa, bai cdng... Tieu bieu la cugc dau tranh ciia toan bg cdng nhan
vien chiic hang Lien hiep thuang mai Ddng Duong d Ha Ndi, thang 5 - 1909 ;
cudc bai cdng ciia cdng nhan xudng sira chtra tau Ba Son, nam 1912 ; cdng nhan
md thiec TTnh Ttic (Cao Bang) bd viec ra di tap the, thang 7 - 1914.
Trong chien tranh, cac cudc dau tranh cua cdng nhan tiep tuc dien ra. Thang
2 - 1916. ntt cdng nhan nha may sang KeBaoda nghi viec de phan ddi hi cup phat
luang. Nam 1917, cdng nhan md than Phdn Me va Na Luang tham gia khdi nghTa
do Dgi Can lanh dao. Nam 1918, 700 cdng nhan md than Ha Tu ddt nha ten Bang
Sam hdng hach, thudng hay doa nat, danh dap cdng nhan.
Phong trao cdng nhan Viet Nam trudc va trong thdi ki Chien tranh the gidi thii
nhat la su tiep ndi ciia phong trao cdng nhan ttr ddu the ki XX. Tuy cdn hoan toan
mang tfnh chat tu phat, song day la phong trao ddu tranh cua mdt lire lugng xa hgi
mdi, dang trudng thanh nhanh chdng d Viet Nam.
Sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thtr nhat, cdng nhan Viet Nam bdt ddu tie'p nhan chu
nghia Mac - Lenin va chuyen ddn sang ddu tranh tu giac.
v v Tai sao ngay tU khi ra ddi, cdng nhin Viet Nam di diu tranh chong lai
^ tu ban Phip 7
2. Hoat dpng cua Nguyen Tat Thanh tir nam 1911 den nam 1918
Nguyen Ta't Thanh, hdi nhd ten la Nguyin Sinh Cung, nam 1901 ddi la
Nguyen Tai Thanh, sinh ra trong mdt gia dinh trf thtrc yeu nudc va ldn len d mgt
que huong giau truyen thdng yeu nudc va each mang.
Tir rat sdm, Nguyen Tdt Thanh da cd chf "dudi thuc dan Phap, giai phdng ddng
bao"'-'. Ngudi rat kham phuc tinh thdn yeu nudc cua Phan Bgi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh
(1) Mdt so viin de ve lich sU giai cd'p cdng nhdn Viet Nam, NXB Lao dgng, H., 1974, tr. 202.
(2) Tran Dan Tien, Nhifng mdu chuyen ve' ddi hogt ddng cda Hd Chu tich, NXB Chfnh tri Qudc gia
H., 1994, d". 12.
286
va cac nha yeu nudc khae d ddu the ki XX. nhung khdng di theo con dudng cua hg
VI Ngudi da nhin thdy su be tdc cua cac eon dudng cu\i nude dd.
Nam 1906. Nguyen Tdt Thanh theo cha vao Hue. Trong thdi gian hgc d trudng
Tieu hgc Phap - Viet va trudng Qudc hgc Hue. dugc tiep xtic vdi nen van minh
Phap, vdi nhfing khdu hieu 'Tu do. Binh ddng. Bae ai". Ngudi rai mudn sang Phap
tim hieu xem nhting gi dn nau ddng sau nhting tir ay.
Sau khi tham gia cudc bieu tinh chdng thue ciia ndng dan Thtra Thien - Hue
(5 - 1908), Nguyen Tat Thanh bi mat len dudng vao Nam. Tren dudng di, Ngudi
da dimg chan day hgc d trudng Due Thanh {Phan Thiet) - trudng hgc do mgt sd nha
nho yeu nudc lap ra. Ddu nam 1911, Ngudi vao Sai Gdn lim cohgi di ra nudc ngoai
de "xem xet hg lam nhu the nao"'", rdi trd ve giiip ddng bao. giai phdng dan tdc.
Hinh 130. Ben cdng Nhd Rdng ddu theki XX

Ngay 5 - 6 - 1911. tren chiec tau budn Phap mang ten Dd ddc La-tu-so Ta-re-vin.
Nguyen Tai Thanh rdi ben cang Nha Rdng (Sai Gdn) ra di tim dudng cuu nudc. vdi
quyei tam "tdi se lam viec, tdi se lam tat ca viec gi de sdng va de di". Thang 7 - 1911,
Ngudi den cang Mac-xay, sau dd qua nhieu nudc d chau Phi. chau MT. chau Au.
Dac biet, Ngudi da dCmg chan khdo sat kha lau d ba nudc de qudc ldn nhat thdi dd la
MT, Anh va Phap.
Vdi nhung chuyen di. nhiing cugc khao sat dd. Idng yeu nudc d Nguyen Tat Thanh
c6 nhiing chuyen bien mdi. Su ddng cam vdi ddng bao minh da dugc nang ien thanh
sir ddng cam vdi nhan dan lao ddng. vdi cac dan tdc bj ap biic.
CQng qua dd, su nhan biei ciia Ngudi ve dien mao ke thii trd nen sau sac hon.
khdng chi ddi vdi thirc dan Phap, ma ca chii nghia thuc dan. chii nghia de qudc
(1) Triin Dan Tien. Nhimg mdu chuyen ve ddi hogt ddng ciia Hd Chit tich. Sdd. tr. 13.
287
ndi chung. Tren co sd dd, Ngudi nit ra mdt sd kei luan co ban : d dau bgn de qud'c,
thuc dan cung tan bao, dgc ac ; d dau ngudi lao ddng cung bi bdc lot, dp biic
nang ne. va "dii mau da cd khae nhau, tren ddi nay chi cd hai gidng ngudi :
gidng ngudi bdc lot va gidng ngudi bi bdc lot. Ma eung chi cd mdt mdi linh hiru ai
la that ma thdi : tinh hiru ai vd san""'.
Ddu thang 12 -1917, Nguyen Tdt Thanh rdi Luan Ddn (Thu dd nudc Anh) ve
Pa-ri (Thil dd ciia nudc Phap) boat dgng.
6 Phap, Nguyen Tdt Thanh hang hai hoat dgng trong phong trao yeu nudc ciia
Viet kieu va phong trao ddu tranh ciia cdng nhan Phap. Cac phong trao dd dang
phat trien manh dudi anh hudng cua Cach mang thang Mudi Nga. Ngudi nhanh
chdng trd thanh nhan vat lanh dao chii chdt ciia td chirc Hdi ngudi Viet Nam yeu
nudc d Pa-ri. Ngudi ket ban vdi nhieu nha hoat dgng chfnh tri, xa hdi va van hoa
cd uy tfn cua Phap.
Nhirng nhan thtrc va hoat dgng cua Nguyen Tat Thanh tuy mdi budc ddu, nhung
rat dung hudng, la dieu kien cdn thiei de sau Chien tranh the gidi thii nhat Ngudi
den vdi chu nghia Lenin, tim ra con dudng each mang diing ddn cho dan tdc
Viet Nam.
^ ^ Dung ban do the gidi. tnnh bay cugc hanh trinh tim dUdng cifu nUdc cua
Nguyen Tit Thinh.
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. NhuTig hinh thirc dau tranh cija cong nhan Viet Nam tir dau den nam 1918 la gi ?
2. Trong hoan canh nao Nguyen Tat Thanh ra di tim dudng ciru nu6c ?
3. Qua trinh tim dudng cCru nuOc cua Nguyin Tat Thanh co gi khae vdi nhiing ngudi
di tnrdc ?
PHAN DOC THEM

Ben cang Nha Rong nhumg nam dau the ki XX
Ltic anh Thanh den Sai Gon, ben cang 0 day co ba cau tau. N6'i vdi thanh ph6' la chi^c
"cau quay", hang ngay quy dinh gid cho ghe thuy&n va ngiroi di bp qua cau' '. Trudc
cang CO ng6i nha Idu cua so dai If hang hai ciia Phap. Nha Idu xay theo kiû Au - A
h6n hgp. trdn noc ddp hai con rdng udn lugn chdu vao hinh mat trang, ntn thdi d'y
nhan dan quen goi la "cang Nha Rdng". Sau cang la canh ddng sinh Idy, thdng vdi
(1) Hd Chi Minh, 'Todn tap. Tap I. NXB Chinh iri Qudc gia. H., 2000, tr. 266.
{2) Cdu dugc xay dung tirnam 1903. den nam 1906 hoan thanh.
288
sdng Sai Gdn. Cac gia dinh ngheo d sau tinh Nam Ki dang tdp irung v^ cang tim viec
lam thue kiem sdng.
Xu Nam Ki dang chim ngap trong chinh sach md rdng khai thac tai nguyen ciia thuc
dan Phap. Cac tau bi^n mang cd hieu nudc ngoai ddu day trong cang. Thuydn budm
vao ra tap nap. Cang Nha Rong dang md them cau tau, dung them kho. Cac thii tai
nguyen cua Nam Ki dang iin iJn dd vg cang de chd ra nuac ngoai. Trong ihanh phd.
cac hieu budn, khach san. tiem nha\. quan tra. quan ca phe... mgc len d nhidu ncri.
Khap cac neo dudng nhung ta'm bidn. nhirng td quang cao hang cua hieu budn ve
hinh, ke chu dii kieu. Canh tugng na\- khae han \cri thanh phd Hue, thi xa Vinh va cac
thi Iran d xii Trung Ki ma anh Thanh da sdng va di qua.
(Ban nghien cuxi lich sir Dang Tinh uy Nghd TTnh,

Nhung mdu chuyen ve thdi nien thieu ciia Bdc Hd.
NXB Su that. H., 1985. lr. 70)
Q SO KET LICH SLT VIET NAM

(1858 - 1918)
1. Nubc Viet Nam trubc nguy co xam lupc cua t u ban Phap
Tir the ki XVIII, che do phong kien Viet Nam da budc vao giai doan khiing
hoang trdm trgng. Nhirng mau thudn xa hdi nay sinh, bieu hien bdng hang loat cudc
khdi nghia va chien tranh ndng dan bimg phat tren pham vi ca nudc. Nen kinh te
tieu ndng dang edn dugc phat trien da vap phai trd luc ldn la che do chiem htm va
boc lot phong kien ldi thdi.
Yeu cdu lich sir liie nay la thdng nhat dai nudc, tao dieu kien cho nen kinh te
hang hoa va thi trudng dan tdc phat trien, gidi phdng siie san xudt va cai thien ddi
sdng nhan dan.
Ddu the' ki XIX, sau khi danh bai trieu Tay Son, cac vua trieu Nguyen, tir
Gia Long. Minh Mang, Thieu Tri. den Tu Diic da ra siic ciing cd che do phong kien
tap quyen. Bdng viec thi hanh hang loat chfnh sach hep hdi. tham chf di ngugc lai
quyen lgi dan tdc. nha Nguyen da ddy dat nudc vao tinh trang suy yeu, ddi sdng
nhan dan khd khan, qudc phdng yeu kem, tai chfnh kiet que.
Trong khi dd, cac nudc tu ban phucmg Tay dang rao riei banh trudng the luc
sang phucfng Ddng.
289
Sau mdt thdi gian dai "nhdm ngd" nudc ta, tu ban Phap da tiep tuc tim each tham
nhap vao Viet Nam thdng qua hoat ddng eiia cac giao sT trong Hdi truyen giao nudc
ngoai cua Phap. Bdng nhieu thii doan, chting da thiei lap dugc nhiing co sd chfnh
tri, xa hgi ddu tien tren dat nudc ta, dgn dudng cho cudc chien tranh xam lugc
sap tdi.
^ ^ Vi sao tht/c dan Phip im muu xam chiem nudc ta 7
2. Thuc dan Phap no sung xam lupc Viet Nam va cupc khang chien
cua nhan dan ta
Ngay ttr cudi the ki XVIII, tu ban Phap da chii truang can thiep vao nudc ta bdng
vu luc. Lgi dung cac dieu khoan cua Hiep udc Vecxai (1787), chung dinh dem
quan sang Viet Nam mgt each hgp phap. Tuy vay, nhiing dien bien ve chinh tri
nam 1789 va dieu kien khd khan ve kinh te tai chfnh da khdng cho phep tu ban
Phap thuc hien y dd den tdi tren.
Den giira the' ki XIX, khi mau thudn Phap - Anh da diu bdt, thuc dan Phap mdi
cd dieu kien tap trung luc lugng, td ehtic cugc tan cdng danh chiem Viet Nam.
Ngay 1 - 9 - 1 8 5 8 , Lien quan Phap - Tay Ban Nha no sting danh vao cua bien Da
Ndng, md man cugc chien tranh xam lugc.
Quan va dan ta chdng tra quyet liet. Tuy vay, do vua quan trieu dinh Hue thieu
y chf quyei tam, lai khdng cd dudng ldi chi dao dting ddn, kip thdi, luc lugng lai
chenh lech cd lgi cho ke thti..., nen cac viing lanh thd Viet Nam lan Iugt roi vao tay
Phap. Cudi ciing trieu dinh Hue' da huge phai cdt dat cdu hoa, rdi di ttr nhugng bg
nay den nhugng bd khae. Hiep udc ngay 6 - 6 - 1884 {Hiep udc Patond't) danh ddu
sir thai bai hoan toan cua trieu dinh phong kien nudc ta trudc the luc xam lang la
tu ban Phap, kei thiic giai doan tdn tai ciia Nha nudc phong kien Viet Nam ddc lap.
Trai ngugc vdi thai do yeu dud'i cua trieu dinh Hue, ngay tir ddu nhan dan
Viet Nam da dting day. Hg chien dau ngoan cudng vi nen ddc lap, tu do ciia To
qudc, vi cugc sdng binh yen cua que huong. Cugc chien tranh nhan dan dien ra lien
tuc, deu khdp, vdi tinh thdn dung cam vd song... da khien thuc dan Phap phai chiu
nhieu ton thai va phai mat 26 nam de tien hanh cudc chien tranh xam lugc mgt nudc
Viet Nam nhd be. Sau dd, chting lai phai mdt them 11 nam ntra de tien hanh cudc
binh dinh quan sir. mai den cudi the ki XIX mdi tam thdi dn dinh dugc nen thdng
tri tren toan eoi Viet Nam.
Ttr giua nam 1885, sau khi nha Nguyin ddu hang hoan toan, mgt phong trao yeu
nudc mdi dudi khdu hieu "Cdn vuong" da dugc phat dgng. Thuc chai day la phong
290
trao chdng xam lugc ciia nhan dan la vdi muc tieu giai phong dan ldc dudi nggn cd
lanh dao ciia cac si phu, van than yeu nudc, theo he tu tudng phong kien.
Phong trao Cdn vucfng nd ra ddng thdi vdi phong trao dau tranh tu ve d cac dia
phuong, tieu bieu nhdt la cudc khdi nghia cua ndng dan Yen The, la bieu hien cu
the, sinh dgng ve tinh thdn quat khdi ciia nhan dan ta. Mac dii thai bai do nhieu
nguyen nhan khach quan va chii quan khae nhau, trong dd chii yeu la do thieu mgt
luc lugng xa hgi tien tien, cd dii nang lire lanh dao. phong trao yeu nudc cudi the
ki XIX da danh mdt mdc son trong trang sir chdng ngoai xam ciia dan tgc ta va de
lai nhieu bai hgc kinh nghiem quy bau.
A Thai do cda nhin dan ta vi trieu dinh Hue tritdc cugc xim lugc cda thuc
dan Phip nhuthe nao 7
3. Nhung bien doi trong doi s6ng kinh te - xa hpi Viet Nam dau
th^ ki XX
Ttr nam 1897, sau khi dan ap xong cugc khdi nghia cud'i ciing trong phong trao
Cdn vuong la khdi nghia Hucfng Khe va tien hanh giang hoa vdi Hoang Hoa Tham
tf Yen The, thuc dan Phap bdt tay vao cdng cudc khai thac bdc lot quy md, ed he
thdng tren loan cdi Ddng Duong.
Viet Nam dan ddn trd thanh mot nudc thugc dia nira phong kien, hi bien thanh
noi cung cap strc ngudi, strc cua re mat cho tu ban Phap.
De dam bao lgi nhuan td'i da, thuc dan Phap da tang thue cu, dat them nhieu
thli: thue mdi. Chiing cd tinh kim ham su phat trien ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam, cdt
chat kinh te nudc ta vao nen kinh te chfnh qudc.
Tuy nhien, cdng cudc khai thac ciia thuc dan Phap da lam nay sinh nhtrng nhan
td mdi, ngoai y mudn cua chting. O Viet Nam, dau the ki XX, da xuat hien thanh
phdn kinh te tu ban chii nghia. Thanh thi mgc len. Nhieu co sd cdng nghiep ra ddi.
Co cdu xa hgi bien dgng. Mdt so giai tdng mdi xudt hien d ca thanh thi va ndng
thdn. Giai cdp cdng nhan Viet Nam ra ddi nhung cdn trong giai doan tu phat. Tu
san va tieu tu san thanh thi xuat hien cting vdi su nay sinh cac nhan td mdi, song
vdn chua trd thanh giai cap thuc thu. Mac dii vay. cac tdng Idp xa hdi nay, ciing vdi
bd phan sT phu dang tren con dudng tu sdn hoa, da ddng mgt vai trd kha quan trgng
trong viec tiep thu nhting ludng tu tudng each mang mdi, de day len mdt cugc van
ddng yeu nudc tien bd, mang mau sdc dan chu tu san d nudc ta ddu the ki XX.
^ NhCtng bien doi Idn trong xi hgi Viet Nam dau the kt XX li gi ?
291
4 . Phong t r a o yeu nuoc va each m a n g
Cudi the' kl XIX, nggn cd phong kien da td ra ldi thdi. Giiia ltic dd. mdt trao
luu tu tudng each mang bdt ddu tham nhap manh me vao Viet Nam. Dang trong ltic
be tdc. cac sT phu yeu nudc Viet Nam thdi dd da hd hdi ddn nhan nhting anh hudng
cua trao luu tu tudng dan chii tu san (cho dii da trd nen lae hau d phucmg Tay. nhung
vdn la mdi me va tien bd ddi vdi phuong Ddng). Hg co suy cho "van minh tan hoc"
va md cugc van dgng ddi mdi tren nhieu ITnh vuc : kinh te, chfnh tri, tu tudng, van hoa.
Tuy nhien. do tdm nhin ban che va cd nhirng trd luc khdng the vugt qua, cud'i
cting. cugc van ddng yeu nudc ciia cac sT phu ddu the ki XX da bi that bai.
Nhtrng cd gdng dang kham phuc cua hg rdt cugc cung mdi chi tao ra dugc mdt cugc
van dgng theo khuynh hudng dan chu tu san chir chua cd kha nang lam bimg nd
mgt cugc cdch mgng tu sdn thuc sir d nudc ta.
Ben canh eude van dgng yeu nudc theo khuynh hudng dan chu lu san vdi cdc
phong trao nhu Ddng du. Ddng Kinh nghTa thuc, Duy tan.... trong thap nien ddu the
ki XX vdn tiep tiic bimg nd phong trao dau tranh ciia ndng dan, dien hinh la khdi
nghTa Yen The va cac cudc ndi day cua ddng bao dan toe thieu sd.
Ddu the ki XX, phong trao yeu nudc chd'ng Phap tiep tuc rcfi vao tinh trang
khiing hoang ve dudng ldi va giai cap lanh dao. Nhieu cugc dau tranh, nhat la cac
cudc dau tranh ciia ndng dan va binh linh, bi mdt phucmg hudng, hi dan ap ddm
mau va thai bai nhanh chdng.
Chfnh trong bd'i canh lich sir dd, Nguyen Tdt Thanh da ra di tim con dudng cvlu
nudc mdi cho dan tgc. Nhirng hoat dgng ciia Ngudi trong thdi ki nay la ca sd quan
trgng de Ngudi xac dinh con dudng ciiu nudc diing ddn cho dan tgc Viet Nam.
^ ^ Phong trao yeu nudc. cich mang cda nhan din Viet Nam dau the ki XX
diin ra nhU thi' nio ?
CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

1. Ttr su that bai cua cac phong trao yeu nudc (cuoi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX) co
the rut ra nhtrng bai hoc gi ?
2. Lap bang he thong cac sir kien tieu bieu cua phong trao yeu nudc giai phong dan
tpc tir giaa the ki XIX d§'n het Chien tranh the gidi thCr nhat.
3. Suu tam tu lieu Ijch sir dja phuang ve phong trao yeu nudc chong Phap cudi
thg kl XIX - dau the ki XX.
292
MUC LUC
Phan mot
LICH SLf T H 6 Gldl CAN DAI
Chitang /. CAC CUOC CACH MANG TL/ SAN (Tl/ GIL/A THE Kl XVl D E N CUOI THE Kl XVIII)
Bai 1. Cach mang Ha Lan giua the ki XVl 4

Bdi 2. Cupc Cach mang tu san Anh giUa the ki XVll 9
Bai 3. Chien tranh gianh doc lap cua cac thupc dia Anh d Bdc MT nCra sau the ki XVIII 15
Bai 4. Cach mang tu san Phap cudi the ki XVIII 21
Ct^lfang li CAC NU(:JC AU - Mf (DAU THE Kl XIX - OAU THE KJ XX)
Bai 5. Chau Au tt; chien tranh Na-po-le-ong den Hpi nghj Vien 32
Bdi 6. Cach mang cdng nghiep (Nira sau th§' ki XVl 11 - giua the ki XIX) 37
Bdi 7. Hoan thanh each mang tu san d chau Au va MT (giua the ki XIX) 43
Bai 8. Cac nudc tu ban chuyen sang giai doan de quoc chu nghTa 52
Bai 9. Cac nudc tu ban chuyen sang giai doan de qudc chu nghTa (Tiep theo) 58
Chuang III. PHONG TRAO CONG NHAN (TLT OAU THE Kl XIX D^N DAU THE Kl XX)
Bai 10. Phong trao dau tranh ciia cdng nhan nCra dau the ki XIX 66
Bai 11. Si; ra ddi ciia chii nghta xa hpi khoa hoc - Qudc te thir nhat 71
Bai 12. Cong xa Pa-ri (1871) 76
Bai 13. Phong trao cdng nhan qudc te (Cudi the ki XIX - dau the ki XX). 80
Bai 14. V.l. Le-nin va phong trao cdng nhan Nga dau the ki XX -
Cach mang Nga 1905-1907 84
Chuang IV CAC NUOC CHAU A (TL/GiaA THE Kl XIX OEN DAU THE Kl XX)
Balis. Nhat Ban 88

Bai16. An Op 94
Bai 17. Trung Qudc 100
Bai 18. Cac nudc Ddng Nam A (Cud'i the ki XIX - dau the ki XX) 108
293
Chi/aiig V CAC N JOC CHAU PHI, Ml LATINH THOI CAN OAI
Bai 19. Chau Phi 117

Bai 20. Khu vuc MT Latinh 121
Chitang VI. CHIEN TRANH THE GlOl THLT NHAT (1914 - 1918)
Bai21. ChientranhthegidithLrnhat(1914-1918) 125

Bai doc them. Nhung thanh tuu van hoa thdi can dai. 132
Bai 22. On tap lich sir the gidi can dai 138
^ Phan hai
LICH SlT THfi' GIOI HlfiN DAI
( P H A N 11/ N A M 1917 D£'N N A M 1945)
Chuang Vll. CACH MANG THANG ML/OI NGA NAM 1917

VA CONG CU(DC XAY DONG CHU NGHIA XA HOI 6 LIEN XO (1921 - 1941)
Bai 23. Cach mang thang Mudi Nga nam 1917

va cupc dau tranh bao ve each mang (1917 - 1921) 142
Bai 24. Lien Xd xay dung chu nghTa xa hpi (1921 - 1941) 151
Chitang VIII. CAC Nl/OC T J BAN CHU NGHiA

GIQA HAI CUC)C CHIEN TRANH THE GlCJl (1918 - 1939)
Bai 25. Khai quat ve cac nudc tu ban chu nghla

giuahaicupcchien tranh thegidi (1918- 1939) 160
Bai 26. NudcOiicgiuahaicupcchien tranh the gidi (1918- 1939) 166
Bai 27. NudcMTgiQahaicupcchien tranh thegidi (1918 - 1939) 173
Bai 28. Nhat Ban giQa hai cupc chien tranh the gidi (1918 - 1939) 179
Chuang IX. CAC NL/OC CHAU A GILTA HAI CUOC CHIEN TRANH THE Gldl (1918 - 1939)
Bai 29. Phong trao each mang d Trung Qudc va AnDd (1918 - 1939) 184
Bai 30. Cac nudc Odng Nam A giua hai cupc chien tranh the gidi (1918 - 1939) 189
Chuang X. CHIEN TRANH THE GIlOl THL/HAI (1939 - 1945)
Bai 31. Chien tranh thegidi thir hai (1939 - 1945) 197
Bai 32. On tap Ijch sir the gidi hien dai (Phan ti/nam 1917 den nam 1945) 214
294
Phan ba
LICH SLT VlfiT NAM (1858 - 1918)
Chitang I. VIET NAM T J N A M 1858 DEN CUOI THE Kl' XIX
Bai 33. Viet Nam trudc nguy cd bj Phap xam lupc 218
Bai 34. Cupc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap xam luoc (1858 - 1884) 222
Bai 35. Trao luu cai each, duy tan d Viet Nam
trong nhung nam cudi the ki XIX 240
Bai 36. Phong trao chdng Phap cua nhan dan Viet Nam
trong nhu'ng nam cudi the kf XIX 244
Chuang il. VIET NAM Tl/DAU THE Kl XX

DEN MET CHIEN TRANH THE GIOI THU NHAT
Bai 37. Sir chuyen bien ve kinh te, xa hdi

va tu tudng o Viet Nam dau the ki XX 263
Bai 38. Phong trao yeu nudc va each mang d Viet Nam tir dau the ki XX
den Chien tranh the gidi thir nhat (1914) 267
Bai 39. Viet Nam trong nhang nam Chien tranh the gidi thCr nhat (1914 - 1918) 277
Bai 40. Su khdi dau cua mot khuynh hudng ciru nudc mdi
trong phong trao giai phdng dan tdc Viet Nam 285
Bai 41. Sd ket lich sirViet Nam (1858-1918) 289
295
Chiu trach nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem T6ng Giam ddc NGO TRAN AI
Pho T6ng Giam ddc kidm T5ng bien tap NGUYEN QUV THAO
Bien tap ldn ddu: LE HONG SON - LlTU HOA SON

Bien tap tdi hdn : LE HONG SON
Bien tap kT thudt: HOANG MANH DlTA
Trinh hdy hia : LUtJ CHI DONG
Bien ve lugc dd : CU DlTC NGHIA
Sua bdn in : PHONG SU'A BAN IN (NXB GIAO DLJC TAI HA NQI)
Chebdn CONG TY c 6 PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG
Sach cd sir dung moi so anh tu liû tir:

Lich su Cdch mqng XHCN thdng Mudi Nga vT dqi ; History of the world in XX centurv.
Volume I (1900 - 1945) : An introductory History : Lich sif the gim 1917 ~ 1925 cua
Xin-ga-po : Viet Nam - Cugc chien 1858 -1975 . Dqi cucmg Lich suViet Nam - Tdp II...
vd mgt sd trang web nudc ngodi.
LICH S i r 1 1 - N A N G CAO
Mas6:NHn5T8
In 9.500 ban (QD 26GK). khP 17 x 24cm lai Cdng ty c6 phan in Sach
gido khoa tai TP - Ha Noi. Sd xuat ban: 720^2007/CXB/663-1571/GD.
In xong va nop luu chieu thang 12 nam 2007.
296
VUONG MIEN KIM CUONG

CHAT LUONG QUOCTE
I.TOAN HOC
\ ^
SACH GIAO KHOA LOP 11
7. DIALI 11
7
. D A I SO VAGIAI TiCH 11 8. TIN HOC11
. HINH HOC 11 9. CONG NGHE 11
2. VATLl 11 10, GIAODUCCONGDANH
3. H O A H O C I I 11. NGOAI NGU
4. SINH HOC 11 .TIENG ANH 11 . TIENG PHAP 11
5. NGQ VAN 11 (tap mot, tap hai) .TIENG NGA 11 . TIENG TRUNG OUOC 11
6. LICH 31/11
S A C H G I A O K H O A LOP 11 - N A N G C A O
Ban Khoa hoc Tu nhien : . T O A N HOC (DAI SO VA GIAI TICH 11, HiNH HOC11;
. VAT Ll 11 . HOA HOC 11 . SINH HOC 11
Ban Khoa hoc Xa hpi va Nh^n van ; . NGCTVAN 11 (tap mot, lap hai)
. LICH SL; 11 . D I A Li 11
. NGOAI NGU ITIENGANHII.TI^NGPHAPII,
TIENG NGA 11, TIENG TRUNG QUOC 11)
8 y34y8ul'806630
Tron Bo SGK: https://bookgiaokhoa.com i§.îl.UA00d ^

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GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

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NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC

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720 - 2007/CXB/663 - 1371/GD Ma so : NH 11 ?T8

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CACH MANG HA LAN GI0A THE KI XVI

I - TINH HINH NE-DEC-LAN GILfA THE KI XVI

1. Sy phat then kinh tei cua Ne-dec-lan

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ll - DIEN BIEN CUA CACH MANG

1. Giai doan 1 5 6 6 - 1572

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2. Giai doan 1 5 7 2 - 1648

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Ill - KET QUA VA Y NGHIA LICH Stf

CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

PHAN DOC THEM

Tuyen bo cua Dong minh U-trech (1579)

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c u o c CACH MANG TlTSAN ANH

I - NHLTNG TIEN DE CUA CACH MANG

1, Sir phat trien kinh te

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Hinh 3. Qiuing canh Liuiii Don theki X\'!I

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1. Giai doan 1642 - 1648

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De bao ve quy^n lgi ciia minh. quy

Ill - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA LICH SLf

CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

PHAN DOC THEM

(Theo : A. Ma-le va J. l-sa-ae. ThekiXVII vd Will,

CHIEN TRANH GIANH DOC LAP

I - VIEC DI DAN DEN BAC MI VA CHE DO

Hinh 6. Luoc dd 13 thuoc dia ciia .Anh <f Bdc Mi

2. Che cJo thuc dan Anh 6 B^c Mi

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1. Nguyen co va khoi dau chien tranh

Tir ngay 5 - 9 den ngay 26 - 10 - 1774,

Ill - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA LICH SlT

CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

dja Anh a Bae IVT ?

PHAN DOC THEM

Tuyen ngon Ddc lap ngay 4 - 7 - 1776

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CACH MANG TlT SAN PHAP

I- NHITNG TIEN DE CUA CACH MANG

1. Tmh hinh kinh te nuoc Phap truoc nam 1789

3. Cupc dau tranh tren Unh vuc tu tuong

4. Cach mang bung n6

Hinh 13. Tdn cdng phdo ddi - nhd tti Ba-.xti

II - CHE DO QUAN CHU LAP HIEN - NEN CONG HOA

m - NEN CHUYEN CHINH D A N CHU

V - TINH CHAT vA Y NGHIA CUA CACH NL^NG

CAU HOI VA BAI TAP

PHAN DOC THEM

Ve bai hoc cua Ciieh mang Phap

(Ho Chi Minh. Tndn lap. Tiip 2. Sttd. ir. 274)

CHAU AU Ttr CHIEN TRANH NA-PO-LE-dNG

1. Chi^n tranh Na-p6-le-6ng

(1) Ten mpl king, each Miil-\ca-va khoiing 120 km.