CACH IHUC DAY HOC TAc PHAM HAN NOM THUONG THUNG HOC CO SO

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0 , •

THID HRUNGMINH Glil VAN BAN lOAN DU OUA Bil "NAM OUDe SON Hi"l
~i.
~, PHAM HAl LlNH*

Abstract: Starting from the practical need for teaching reading skills, along with each
subjects are literature compositions written in Sino and Nom characters, the article affirms
the importance of the approach of "from words to compositions". Using the example of 'Warn
Quoc Son Ha ", the article specifies some requirements, contents, and methods of organizing
lectures of Middle Ages literature works in general.
Keywords: analysis, composition, Middle Ages, Han Nom, Nam Quoc Son Ha.

1. Minh giai van ban (MGVB) - mQt nQidung than than", "Nhling cau hatcham biem";sau tac pham
quan trQngtrong quatrinh d~y dQchi~u cac tac nay, H Sse hoc ''Tl,Jnggia hoan kinh sv" (Tran Quang
ph§m Han Nom Khai), "Thien Truang van vonq" (Tran Nhan Tong).
MGVB la cum thu~t ngli dvqc cac nha van ban Nhvv~y, trong chuonp trinh, "Nam quoc son ha" c6
hoc Han Nom Stl dl,Jng rQng rai. Trang giai nghien gia tr! ma dau cho vi~c giai thi~u cac tac pham Han
CLrUHan Nom, MG VB thvang dvqc hieu co nhiern Nom trong nha trvang.
vu chinh la to chtrc dicb thu~t va chu thich - d~n giai Tnroc khi soan day "Nam qucc son ha", giao vien
cho van ban (VB). Dvang hvang trQng tam clla cong (GV) phai doc kTnhling djnh hvang trong chuonq
tac nay can dvqc xac d!nh r6nhvsau: Tren cO'sacac trinh: "Ben canh nhi~m Vl,Jphat trien nang ILfctq_oI~p
tv li~u v~ VB (h~ thong d! ban - ban saol tien hanh VB cho HS - mQt nhi$m Vl,Jma chvO'ng trinh truy~n
phan tich, so sanh, doi chieu, bi~n lu~n de tim ra mQt thongv~n chuy, mon NgrJvanhi~n hanh c6nhi~m Vl,J
VB co tinh quy phq_m, kha dTphan anh trung thLfc phat trien nang ILfcdQc van, va rQng hO'n la nang Ilfc
nhatydo cua ngvai tq_o tac ra VB. Tudo, can CLrVaO tiep nh~n VB. Nhi~m Vl,Jnay doi hoi thay doi phvO'ng
chlinghTa clla VB, tien hanh giaithich, phan tich VB phap dq_yva hQc mQtcach mq_nhme. Tvtvang quan
mQt cach chi tiet, nh~m cung cap nhling dinh hvang trQng cua chvO'ng trinh Nglivan sau 2000 la chuyen
cho tim hieu cac phvO'ng di$n gia tri clla tac pham. tu phvO'ng phap giang va~ sang phvO'ng phap dQc
Nhvv~y, MGVB la khau dOq_ncO'So', cotinh chat hieu VB. Dola mQt bvac tien trong phvO'ng phap DH
a
n~n tang, giup cho vi~c tham d!nh cac tac pham Han van nha trvang pho thong. Theo d!nh hvang nay,
Nom vai tat ca gia tr! chan xac clla no. Giang dq_yvan dq_yvan thLfc chat la dq_ycho H S cach thLrckham pha,
hQc hi~n nay ratcoitrQngvan d~dQc hieu VB. MGVB giai ma VB - t,k pham, tLrdo hinh thanh nang ILfctLf
chinh la thao tac khoa hQc hvang den ml,Jctieu giup hQc, tLfdQc, tLftiep nh~n van hQc noi rieng va VB noi
cho viec doc hieu VB mot cach tich cvc nhat. ''Tu chli chung. Cac ml,lc tieu cao d~p khac d~u thong qua
nghTa 'den 'VB, tac pham" la con dv&ng xuat phat tu ml,lCtieu trlfc tiep nay, tLrCthong qua dQc hieu ma dq_t
nghien CLrucac phvO'ng di~n daisong yangon tuclla dvqc" (1). Nhv v~y, mQt trong nhling ml,lc tieu hang
VB de tu do di sau vao cac khia canh noi dung va dau cua chvO'ng trinh la nh&m phattrien nan~ Ilfc d9c
ngh$ thu~t clla tac pham. Khong th~ hieu dvqc gia tri hieu cho HS, daivaicac tac pham thO'LyTran la gan
cua tac pham neu nhv khong hieu dvqc chat li$u tq_o li~n vo; MGVB.
nen tacpham ay. Doivo; cactac pham Han Nom, von De co CO'So' d~ xuat cach thLrc DH tac pham
xa Iq_,kh6hieu vai ngvO'idQc hom naythivi$c MGVB "Nam quac sO'n ha" til goc dQ MGVB, nam hQc
nay Iq_icang tra nen can thiet. 2014-2015, chung toi da tien hanh tim hieu thLfc
2.£)~cdi~m bai hQcva thlfc tien d~y hQc(DH) tien DH tac pham "Nam quoc sO'n ha" tq_imQt so
VB "Nam quac san ha" trvang: Trung hQc CO'So' va Trung hQc pho thong
Theo Ngu van 7 (t~p 1), trvac khi hQc "Nam
quac sO'n ha", hQc sinh (HS) da hQc "Nhling cau hat * NCS. Khoa Ngti' van, Tniong BiJi hQc SU'phiJm Hii Nqi

261 T~p chi Giao dye so 369 (ki 1-11/2015)

 Nguyen nit Thanh (Ha NQi),Trung hoc co so Ly de c~p toi hi$n tuqng am phu nay theo "nguoi doi .
TI.!TrQng (Quang Ninh) va Trung hoc co so Yen truyen r~ng", tuc '~I,lCtruyen",cOnggiong nhu '~.!1O'ng
Thinh (Thanh Hoa), Da so GV uu tien huong to' truyen" trong Vi~tstJ tieu an cua Ngo Thi Si. a day
cturc cho HS tim hieu VB theo cac yeu to cua mQt khong he noi den tac gia dich thl.!c cila bai fho. Ly
VB tho thong thIf<1ng,qua nhling tungti, hinh anh Thuong Ki$tchila tuong duqc am phu, khong phai la
de rut ra nQidung khai quat can n~m b~t. Hau het tac giabaitho. Loai VB ghi than doc tho giup La Hoan
GV cho r~ng, thoi gian phan bo cho bai hoc 1 tiet chong Tong nhu sach Unh Nam chich qua;' Narn
nhu trong phan pho] chuang trinh la du, la phu 981, Hau Nhan Bao, Ton Toan Hung cam dau dao
hqp neu chi voi yeu cau can d~t nhu SG K va sach quan xarn luqc nuoc Nam. f)en songf)~iThan (gan
GV de ra. Thl.!Cte la GV chi t~p trung vao vi~c song Cau, song ThuO'ng),hai ben dOiluy cung cam
huong dan HS tim hieu nQidung theo yeu cau cua cl.!voi nhau. le f)9i Hanh duqc mQngbao cua than
mI,lCKef qua can oc?tthong qua h~ thong cau hoi TruO'ngHong, Truong Hat: "Nay quan Tong ph~m
trong SG K ma chua co sl.! quan tam thau dao ve coi, lam khO'sinhlinh nuoc ta, cho nen anh em than
ngon ngti VB, y nghia hinh tuqng, mOi quan h~ den yet kien, xin nguy$n cung nha vua danh gi~cd~
lien VB ... Nhin chung, cac GV khong co y dinh Ct1usinh linh".Canh ba dem sau, troitoi den, mua to
v~n dl,mgkien thuc MGVB vao DH tac pham, neu giolon dung dung...hai d~o am binh ao tr~ng,ao do
co thi chu yeu moi chi dung I~i ovi~c giai nghia tu. cung xong vao tr~i gi~c ma danh. Quan Tong kinh
Nhieu GV van to' chuc cac gio hQc dQc hieu VB hoang, xeo d~pvao nhau mach~ytan ...f)~iHanh tro
duoi cac hinh thuc quen thuQc: dOi tho~i, thong ve an mung, phong thuong cong than, truy phong
bao giaithich, giang binh ...Vi~c DH tac pham "Nam cho haivithan nhan, saidan phl,lngtho, huong huyet
quoc sOn ha" duong nhu van con thien nhieu ve thuc doi doi".
sl.!tiep nh~n VB mQtcach cam tinh, chua thl.!c sl.! .f)t1ng trlfOCnhieu nguon tu Ii$u tham khao nhu
giai ma VB mQtcach khach quan, khoa hQc. tren,GV can phaicocai nhin khach quan va khoa hqc
3. MQtsakhia c~nh MGVB tac ph~m "Nam de minh giaicho chinh xac. Ben c~nh do, trong Ngli
quae san ha"
van 7 (t$p 1),nguoi so~n sach da quan ni$m "chua
3.1. Khia clJnh nguo'n go'c, nien dlJi, tac {/ia ro tac gia laai". Vi v$y, GV khOngnhat thiet phai truy
f)~ MGVB "Nam quoc son ha", truoc het GV tim tacgiachinh xac bclithO'ma tuy vao doi tuqng HS,
phai minh giai ve boi canh ra doi va tac gia cua tac GV cothe gioithi$uSO'luqc mQtsolOituO'ngtruyenve
pham. Ve xuat xu, co VB ghi than dQCtho giup Le tac giava hoan canh ra dOideHS thayduqc tinhthan
Hoan chong Tong, co VB ghi than dqc tho giup Ly thai d~i ly Tran trong do.
Thuong Ki~tchong Tong, I~ico VB ghi than dqc tho 3.2. Khia c€lnh ngon ngii- van tlf-hinh tU{J11g
giupcale HoanvalyThUcl'ng Ki$tchongTong.Trong - tu tutIng tac pharo
f)c?iVi~tstJki toan thll co ghi I~i: Nam 1076, quan Voi quan diem DH dqc hieu: tuVB, tren VB, bam
Tong do Quach Quy chi huy, keo sang xam luqc sat VB, chung toi nh$n thay, de finh h¢i nhling giatri
nuoc ta.Vua sai lyThuOng Ki~tdem quan ch~n gi~c VB tac pham Han Nom, GV va HS can phai di tu
tren dqc phongtuyensong Nhu Nguy$t,quan dich bi MGVB. Trang qua trinh DH dqc hieu tac pham Han
qanh b~i,chethan ngan nguOi.NguOidithuyentruyen
Nom, MGVB c6 nhling yeu cau va d~cthu rieng,baa
rang Thuong Ki$t lam hang rao thea dqc song de co
quat tat c~ cac thao tac, cong vi$c, khau do9n, cach
thu. MQtdem quan si chqt nghe otrong den Truong thuc...nham giaithich tuong t$n tatca cac khia C9nh
tuong quan co tiengngam to r&ng:Nam quaeson ha
lien quan den vi~c hieu dung, hieu du, hi~u sau va
Nam oe'Cll!Ti~t nhien pMn ojnh {c?ithienthll.lNhll danh giachuan xac giatri cua "chtinghia" noiriengva
ha nghjch k51aixamph?m ?INhOoang hanh khan!hu
bc?ihll! VB - tac pham noi chung. ''Tlichlinghia den VB, tac
pham" la can duong xuat phat tli nghien Ct1ucac
Truong tuong quan 0 day la hai anh em TruO'ng phuO'ngdi~n doi song va ngon tli cua VB de tli d6 di
Hong, TrlfO'ngHat,con gqi laf)uc thanh Tam Giang,
sau?vaocac khia cc;mhnqidung vangh$thu$tcua tac
than song Nhu Nguy$t, la hai vien tuong da tling
pham. "Chti nghia" cua VB c6 thebao gom: tli ngli,
chien dau duoi ngqn co yeu nuoc cua Tri$u Quang
dien tich, dien co, thi van Ii~u;cu phap cua cau, cua
Phl,lc.NhoO'nTruO'ngHong, Truong Hat, nhan dan
doan mach VB va cau trucchlnh the cua toan be VB.
I~pdenthoven song Cau va song Thuong: Nhuv$y,
tu Ii$ulichsLfdangtin c$y trong f)?i Vi~tstJkytoanthll
a day, tinh uoc I~,bieu trung, da nghia ...cua tu'ngti,
hinh anh, hinh tuqng, cau truc... can duqc luu tam

(ki 1- 11/2015) T,p chi Giao dye so 369/27

 a
mqtc,kh thoa dang. bu6'cdQchie;ungon tv, ~GV~
Narn Han nam 938, cham dLrtac~do h(>cuaphLfO'ng
chinh laqua trinh dich giang nghTa,so sanh doi chieu
Bac sau 1000 narn rang, ngai van chi xLfngYUO'ng,
di ban d] van de;danh gia VB quy pharn, so sanh ban
ca
djch nghTav6'iphien am. Tv MGVB cap dq ngon tv, va ke tv Iuc ay den sau nay, phLfO'ngBac cOng
buoc doc hieu hinh tLfQ'ng,doc hieu tutLfang tinh cam khong he cong nh~n vi vua nao cua nLfacta la "de".
tac gia, dQChieu thuang thuc moi di~n ra dong thai, Bai theo nr tuang hong nach cua phLfong B~c,
nhat quan. C6 the thay, v6'id$c thu cua chu Han, khi "de" la chi Hoang de, la thien tti, la nguoi cai quan ca
tien banh MGVB ngon ngu, GV se thay dLfQ'Cgia trj thien na, c6 quyen phong vLfong cho vua cho cac
nqi dung tutuang cua tac pha'm. MGVB giong nhu nLfac chu hau. Bau trai chi co mot mat trai va trai dat
m(>tlat c~t rna thong qua d6 b6c tach dUQ'ctlrng l6'p ch Ic6 mqt thien tti. Cac vi hoang de phuong B~c luan
lang ngon ngutac pha'm. tlfcho minh lab~cthien tutaicaocua toan thien h9' la
Nam bat dLfqc vai tro cua cong vi$c MGVB vai b~c hoang de trung tam cua troi dat, nhl]ng nLfac
qua trinh dQChieu,d~cdiem ngon ngutac pha'm"Nam xung quanh Ian c$n chilacac nLfac ChLfhau phaithan
quacsO'nha", GV can kethQ'plinh h09tcacthao tac to phl,!c.Do d6chung chi coi ngLfOidtingdau nLfacNam
chLrcminh giai vai cac phLfO'ngphap DH tich CLfCde lavLfO'ng.
phathuytinh than chu dqng, sang t90 aHS. Vi d0, khi Tim hieu nhLfv$y dethay r~ng,vi$cdung tV"Nam
MGVB "Nam quac san ha", GV nen It/achQnmQtvai de" c6 y nghia th$t Ian lao. 6ng cha ta d§ phu nh$n tu
"nhan tt/' de t~p trung lam sang to y nghia bieu trung tLfang ng90 m9n cua phong kien Trung Hoa, r~ng
a
cua n6. NhLf cau dau ''Nam quoc son he} nam de' duai vom troi nay khong chi c6 mqt hoang deTrung
a
ct/',GV gQ'iydeHS phat hi$n ra van de cua cau thO' Hoa. Neu phLfO'ngBac co Bac de thi phLfO'ng a
b~ng cach It/a chQn phLfO'ngan: Co the thay tCr"de" Nam cOng c6 Nam de, dia vj ngang b~ng, khong
bang tv "vLfO'ng"duQ'ckhong? T9i sao? NhLf v~y, han kern gi nhau. Day laslfkhang dinh dau tien V~slf
GV t90 tinh huang bUQCHS dLfara cach Ii giai dellfa binh dang gil]a hai dat nLfaCva cling latien de khang
chQn cach giai quyet tai LfUnhat. HS can phan bi$t dinh a nLfac Nam cOng c6 ngLfaidUng dau lam chu
dLfqchai tCr"de" va "vLfO'ng"va chQn cach giai quyet dat nLfacmqt cach dqc I$p, khong he phI,!thuqc vao
van de. Tuy nhien, trong MGVB, HS chi dong vai la phLfO'ngBac.
ngLfaiIlfa chQn.Can phLfong an Ilfa chQnphai do GV NhLf v$y, vi$c minh giai ngon ngli luon di song
de d9t. Trong caY,thO'nay, chu "de" chinh la tien de song vai minh giai hinh tLfQ'ngva nqi dung, tLftLfan~
cho nhLi'ngslf khang dinh m9nh me ve dQc I~p chu cua tacpha'm. GV khitochuc MGVB cho HS can bat
quyen cua mrac Nam. De HS Ilfa chQn la "de" hay trung nhling tvngudetvd6 HS hieu dLfQ'Clap y nghia
"vuO'ng", GV can minh giai 2 tv nay cho HS hieu ve bieu trLfngva thay dLfQ'Ctinh than cua tac pha'm.
net nghia bieu trung, gia tri hinh tLfQ'ngva nqi dung, tLf 3.3.Khia c?nh bim djch
tLfangma2 chUd6thehi$n. GV cothedLfa ra thong Trong Ngu van 7 (t$p 1), ngLfoibien S09n d§ sti
tin cho HS nhLfsau:
dl,!ng ban dich cua Le ThLfaC,Nam Tran, dong thai,
su
Theo truyen thuyet, khai dau cua lich Trung trong ml,!c f)Qc them, SGK giai thi$u them ban dich
Hoa la thai Tam Hoang - Ngli De; tiep sau dai Tam cua Ngo Linh NgQc. Tren thlfc te, co den han mLfai
d9i (H9, ThLfO'ng,Chu), den cuai Chien quac, nha ban dich VB "Nam quac san ha" kheic nhau. Tuy
Tan than tinh xong sau nLfac (Nguy, Yen, Han, Te, nhien, GV khOng c6 quyen Ilfa chQnban dich, cong
Sa, Tri$u) thang nhattoan c6iTrung Hoa, vua Tan la vi$c d6daduQ'cngLfOibienS09nsach thlfc hi$n.NhLfng
Doanh Chinh thay cac chu VLfO'nglCong (nhLi'ngtv khong phai vi the ma GV bo qua tinh hoai nghi cua
chi ngoi vua thai Xuan Thu - Chien quac) chLfaxting nguoi lam cong vi$c minh giai. GV nen dLfaHS vao
vaitam v6c, chLfan6i hetdLfQ'Cuy quyen thang tri nen nhLi'ngtinh huang c6van dedetim ra cach dich nao la
d§ tlf xLfng la Hoang De, thanh Thuy Hoang De (vi hQ'pIi, khach quan va khoa hQc.C6 nhLf v$y, cong
vua dau tien cua nLfacTan sau khi thang nhatTrung
vi$c MGVB mai thlfc slfphat huy tac dl,mgtrong gio
Hoa). Cac trieu d9i sau cOng noi theo va deu xLfng DH doc hieu.
nhLfvay.
a Vi'dV, khidQc hieu chli"CLf"acau "Nam quacsO'n
nLfaCta, tLftllang xLfng de tuy d§ xuat hi$n tCr ha nam de CLf",c6 nM nghien cuu thay dich chli"cU'"
lau, khi Ly Bi xLfng la Ly Nam De. NhLfng den nay,
la "C/', c6 nha nghien Ctlu dich chli "CLf"la "ngt/'; c6
chung ta bietqua itcac CLrIi$ulic~suxac thvc ve trieu ngLfoi dich la "chu", la "quan", GV dLfa HS den tinh
d9i nay. Sau do, khi Ngo Quyen danh thang qUEm huang Ilfa chQn:

28/ T~p chi Giao dye so 369

(ki 1- 11/2015)
 GV hoi: Theo em, each dich nao la chinh xac?
GV co th€ gqi y cho HS b~ng each chi ra nhLing net
nghia khac nhau cua tCr"CL1", dong thai d~ttCr"ctf'vao
boi canh ra dai cua tac pham d€ H S dua ra phLfO'ng
an Ilfa chon. GV minh ~iaitLl "CLf"nhir sau: Theo nhu
¥
loi viet h(>i ban dau cua chI] "CLf"trong chI] Han thi
chI] "CLf"gam hai chI] '1hr' va "kl". Theo tl,lC1$xua cua
ngLfai Trung Hoa co dai, tr~ng tel~ xira bao giacling
'1hi"d€ tLfqng trLfng cho than linh ma hQthLfang ~hQn
tre nho tam hai, ba tuoi lam thi d~t ngoi tren kl de lam
than chu ma teoNhLfV~y vai y nghia do, "ctf'la ngLfai
codia vi dLfqcton thO'.TLlday, "ctf' man~ nghia "ngLfOl
lam chu". Tuy nhien chCr"CL1"khong chi dCrngISiion,et
nghia do. NgLfai lam chu khi 0 CLfO'ngvi dUng dau
phai co trach nhi~m xvii mQi vi~c. V~y nen trong cac
10SIitCrdi€n, tt! di€n quan trQng cua Trung Hoa nhLf
"TLI nguyen", "Han ngCrd~i tCrdi€n",,,. deu giai thich
"ctf'tuc la "Xlf' (CLf,xv da). Ngay nay, ngLfai Vi~t v~n
dLJngchCr"CLf"vai nghia do trong nhieu tLl nhLf "CLf
tang" la tht!c hi~n cong vi~c ngLfai dang co tang, "CL1
quan"la ganh vac cong vi~c cua ngLfai larl) quan.
NhLf v~y, "Nam de ctf' tuc la Nam de thlfC hi$n
mQi cong vi~c ma b~c (hoang) de nLfac Nam phai
dam nhi~m. NhLf v~y dich "CLf"la "quan" thi I~i cang
hqp Ii. NLfac Nam la do vua Nam lam chu ~a vua
nLfaCNam cotoan quyen dieu hanh, quan Ii datnLfaC
cua m inh. MQi cong vi$c tren da! Nam k~ong ~e lien
quan, can ~t!tai vua phLfO'ng Bac va chac chan vua
phLfO'ngBac khong dLfqc phep dLJngtai.
Neu dich la "(I' nhu ban dich ma SGK ILfachon thi
r6 rang lam matdi netnghia t'hieng lieng c6a chao Khi
da ducc dich dung thi cau fho con giup ta mot phan
thay dLfqc qu~n ni~m ve ruroc cua thai Trung d~i r~ng
quoc gia thi gan lien v6itrieu d9i. Nhl1v~y, okhia canh
ban dich, GV rat can Slrdl,mg cacmao iac cua MGVB
de hLfang HS den nhCrng gia tri chan xac cua tac
pham. £)0 cling la hLfang di dung d~n clla qua trinh
dQChi€u tac pham thO'trCrtinh noi chung.
***
Tren day chung toi da l!fa chQn nhLing n(>idung
kien thuc MG VB cotheap dLJngvao vi~c DH tac pham
"Nam quoc san ha" m(>t cach phu hqp, thiet thlfc.
MGVB khong nhCrng gop phan lam sang to nhCrng
van de ve ngon ngCr,hinh tLfqng, tLftLfong von ton tSii
va dLfqc tiep thu m(>t cach dan gian, cam tinh trong
gia DH tac pham van chLfO'ng; ma con phat huy tinh
than chu d(>ng,sang t~o cua HS. 0
Tai Iifu tharn khao
I. B¢ GD-DT. Chuang trinh gido d{lc phtj th6ng man
Ngu van. 2005.
2. Phan Tr9ng Lu~n. PhU'O'Dgphap d~y hQcvan. NXB
D9i h9C Su ph9m, H. 1998.
3. Nguyen Dang Na. Con dmmg giiii rna van hQc
trung d~i Vift Narn. NXB Cido dlj.c, H. 2008.
4. Nguyen Kh~c Phi (t6ng chu bien). Ngfr van 7
(t~p I). NXB Cidodlj.c Vif{ Nam, H. 2014.

MDt. so gdi. j Ve viee. khai thac ... nghia tCrvao thai diem thich hqp nhattrong tien trinh
baid~y. C6nhLfv~y, gi&d~y m6idam baocho HS ren
(Tiep theo trang 25) luy~n dLfqc KN dQc, vCragiup cac em hieu dLfqc n¢i
nghia tLlphu hqp (dinh nghia, v~tth~t, hinh anh tinh dung van ban dQc. Quan trQng han, thong qua d~y
ho?c d(>ng,ban do, sa do, video clip, ...); Ilfa chQn ngCr T?p 09C, t~o dLfqc d¢ng cO',hUng thu, niem vui hQc
lieu giai nghia tLldam bao tinh chinh xac, khoa hQcv~ t~p cho HS. TCrd6, cac em dam me dQc sach, quy
t6 chLic ILfUtrCrtren maytinh theo bai hQc,tuan hQc de trQng sach, coi sach nhLf"cay den than" luon soi sang
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