TO CHIiC 001 THOAI• THONG VIEC

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LUA CHON KltN THIiC ToAN HOC
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.. DUNG vAo GIAI QuvET cAe BAI JOAN IlJ'JHlJ'C

VAN . . liEN
ThS. NGUYEN PHUONG THAO* - HUYNH THANH LlEM**

B ai viet duqc thiet I~p nh~m giup hoc sinh (HS)

suy nghi, phan tich va dira ra quyet dinh II/a
chon kien thuc loan hoc phu hop dev~n dunq
vao giai quyet cac bai toan thl/c ti~n (BTTT) rna cac
em g~p phai trong cuoc song. TCt do, HS hieu duqc
duang cho Bong gan cau Hoang Di$u. Hai nha may
IQcruroc nay duqc thiet ke tgi hai diem A each ba 3m
va B each ba 4m, v6'iA, B n~m cung phia v6'inhau so
v6'ibasong. Hay tim mQtdia diem C(n~m tren b6') de
xay dl/ng mcttram phatdien dua di$n ve cho hai nha
nhung dieu Ii thu, bo ich ma toan hoc mang lai; co may sao cho chi phi danh cho duang day dan di$n la
dQngII/c hoc t~p va hQCt~p tot rnon Toen; duqc cung it nhat.
a
co, hoan thi$n han nhung kien thuc da hQc truang
pho thong.
sa
1. CO' Ii Juan
_Trong dgy hQctoan, vi$c to chuc doi thogi thuang
dien ra qua 4 b~6'c:: BLl6'c 1:Tgo ra tinh huang doi
thogivCtasuc, hap dan (cac kithu~t co the slidl:lng la:
d~tcau hoi,slidl:lng cau hoicoketthuc ma, cau hoi I~t
nguqc van de...); - BLl6'c2: HS giai quyet van de mQt
cach dQcI~p,tien hanh trao doi v6'icac bgn khac (cac
ki thu~t giao yien (GV) co .thesli dl:lng: cho HS mQt
thai gian nhat dinh de suy nghi sau khi dua ra cau
hoi,cosl/hu6'ng dan cho HS khi can...); - BLl6'c3:Cac Kien thuc toan hQcduqc II/a chQn vao giai quyet
nhom trinh bay ket qua da thao lu~n (cac ki thu~t van de nay la:."Cho hai diem A, B n§m cling phia do/
thuang slidl:lng: GV khuyen khich HS trinh bay van v6i dLlo'ngthang (d). Xac djnh vj tri cua diem C [fen
(d) sao cho d916'nAC + BC la be nha'r:
de, ket lu~n nhtlng ketqua dung cua HS ...); - BlI6'c4:
Tong ketva ket lu~n. Tuy theo trinh dQ cua HS ma GV co the lam ro
Theo chung toi, mQttinh hu6ng doi tho~i can thoathong tin de BT tra nen d~ dang han: Hai nha may
man mQt trong cac yeu cau sau: - Tinh huong c6 duqc xay dl/ng ben ba mQtcon song t~i hai dia diem
A va B, v6'i A(2;3); B(-1;4). Hay tim c~nh ba song
nhie~ cach flicii quyet, tCtdo, HS se tim duqc phuang
an toi Uu de ma rQng ho~c dao sau van de; - Tinh(duqc xem nhutrl:Jchoanh) mQtdia diem Cv6'itQadQ
C(x,y) nh~m xay dl/ng mQttrgm bam dua nu6'c ve
huong dan den HS de mic sai lam, chua dlfng nhtlng
kho khan de H,S tham nh~p van de; - Tinh huong cho hai nha may, sao cho dQdai dU6'ng6ng dan nu6'c
chua dl/r1gnhieu n9i dung phong phu, GV can co thOi la ng~n nhat.
gian de dgy hQChqp tac mang tinh chat gai dQngca. 2) Dat
I"
CBUhoi: ItNe'uern
,,,
Is..."
2. MQtsobi~n phap thl{c hi~n vi~ct6chuc doi 1. Bat dau tltmQtvan de duqc d~t ra trong thl/c teo.
tho~i tro,ngd~y hQctoan 2. To chuc van de theo cac khai niem toan hoc va
1) To chticcho HS dol tho9i de'v?n dL.mgkie'n xac dinh kien thuc toan hQcphu hqp. . .
thtic toan hgc vso giai quyet BTTT thon; qua 3. Khong ngCtngxem xet thl/c te thOng qua cac
vi~c giBi thfch cac hi~n tLl{J1lgTT banp kien t~tic qua trinh nhu: d~t gia thuyet, tong quat va hinh thuc
toan hgc, ho?c rno hinh hoa tinh huong TT bang hoa, chuyen cac van de thl/ctethanh mQtST d~i di~n
ngon ngtJtoan h9c; sau do, chuye'n BT tti TT ve' cho b6i canh thl/c teo
cac BT trong toan h9C.
Vi dl! 1:T~i TP. Long Xuyen, nguai ta mu6n xay * Truong D~i hqc An Giang
hai nha may IQcnu6'c tren nhanh song H~u dQctheo ** Cao hqc khcia 19, Truong D~i hqc Can Tho

(ki 1- 8/2014)
'IiIP chi Giao dye so 3391 S5
 4. Giai quy~t BT. Nhu v~y, co th~ dieu chlnh I~iloi giai:vi tri d~t cay
5. Tim mQt loi giai cho BT co y nghia trong boi den chinh latam dUO'ngtrOnbe nhatchua tam giacdo,
canh thl/c t~, sau do xac dinh nhvng han ch~ cua loi ho~c la trung di~m ella canh dai nhat ella tam giac.
•?
glal. Vi d¥ 3:Tinh huong duq'Cdira ra nhu sau: "Nghl
GV co th~ yeu c~u HS d~t minh vao trong tinh he, An ra cnaphI! giup me ban cam senn. An muon
huong khixli Iicac BT thl/c t~. Quy trinh giaituan theo trunq bay m9t quay cam th~t chdc chdn, d~p nhLlng
quy trinh sau: chi c6 m9t khay dl./l1ghinh tron, hinh vuong, hinh ch[f
5 nh~t v6i d9 r9ng JO'nnhal cila khay tam 40cm (co the'
Llti giai thuc tS Uti giai toan hoc d?t tol de 6-8 qua theo chie'u r9ng nhBf cila khay).
Loay hoay mai rna An cnue bief ch9n ra bao nhieu
qua de?c6 the'xe'p len khay. Ne'u em la An, em se tinh
toan the' nao de?co so' qua cam can thief dung de'
1,2,3 trLlng bay'~ .
v§nclS toan hoc HS sa xac di~h: hinh dang ella khay la y~u to
quy~t dinh each sap x~p eac qua cam sanh.

Th@ gi&i to an hQc

Vfd¥2(BT PISA): HQidong thanh phoquy~tdinh

dlfng mQtcay den duong trong mQtcong vien nho
hinh tam giac sao cho no chi~u sang toan bQcong
vien. Ne'uem languOico quyen quy~tdinh, em sad~t
noadAu?
HS coth~suy nghivan detheo cac khia c~nh sau:
1. B~td~u b~ng mQtvan de co tlnh huong thl/c t~:
a
"e?t cay den dLlO'ng ch6 nao trong cong vien".
2. T6 chvc van de theo cac khai ni~m toan hQc:
Cong vien co the?dong vai tro la m9t tam giac, vi~c
chieu sang tli m9t cay den nhLl!8 m9t hinh tron rna
cay dim la tam cila no.
3. Khong nglmg bi~n d6i thong tin thong qua cac
qua trinh: d~t gia thi~t ve cac y~u to quan trQngclla
van de, t6ng quat hoa va hinh thvc hoa (chuy~n van
de thl/Ct~ sang BT d~i di~n cho tinh huong);
BT duQ'Cchuyenthanhvi~ xacdinh tam clla duoog
trcmngo~i ti~p tam giac.
4. Giai quy~t BT: Dung kie'n thuc ve'tam cila m9t
dLlO'ngtron ngo?itiep tam giac lagiao die'mcac dLlO'ng
trung tfl/c cila cac c?nh, dl./l1ghai dLlO'ngtrung trl/c
cila hai c?nh tam giac. Giao diem cila hai dLlO'ngtrung
trl/cla tam cila dLl6'ng tron.
5. Lien h~ giva y nghia IOigiai clla BT vai tinh
huong thl/c t~: Lien h~ kef qua nay v6i cong vien trong
thl/c te'va d~ dang nh~n ra: neu m9t trong ba goc cila
cong vien la tu, thi lOtgiai khong hqp If vi cay den se
nAm ra ngoai cong vien (co khi khong the' xac dinh
dLlQ'cvi tri d?t den); vi tr!, kich thLlO'ccila cac cay trong
cong vien /a nhtlng yeu to'anh hLlong den tfnh ling
d¥ng cila lOtgi8i B T.
.) b) oj d)
Hinh 1. Nh[tng cach s§p qua cam cua An
. GV co th~ gQ'iY cho HS each giai quy~t BT vai so
t~ng it han; vi dl,l:hay sdp xep cac qua cam chong len
nhau den tang thu 3-4-5-6 va cho bief co bao nhieu
cach sdp xe'p nhLl v~y?
Sau khi HS giai quy~t BT vai caeh x~p dan gian,
GV co th~ ma rQngvan de: neu nha An co khay to
hon thi can bao nhieu qua cam ?Vai van de nay, HS
khong d~m dUq'eb~ng tay ma phai v~n dl,ln~ ki~n
thve toan hQcd~ giai quy~t: Trong m6i cachsap xe'p,
neu thl/c hi~n xe'p den tang thu 30, can it nhBf bao
nhieu qua cam? Cach xep nao can it qua cam nhaf?
Ki~nthve duq'cslidl,lng d~giai quy~tvan detren la
dl/a vao t6ng cae day so. Cl,lth~:
TrLlong h9P 1:Xep qua cam theo hinh tam giac
(hinh 1a). Muon tim t6ng so qua cam x~p d~n t~ng
thv30 (d~m tLttren xuong duai) la bao nhieu, c~n tim
eong thvc t6ng quat tinh t6ng so qua cam x~p d~n
t~ng thv n (t~ng d~). £)~ thl/e hi~n dieu nay, ta ti~n
hanh theo cae buae:
BLlO'c1:Chia eaequaeam x~p chong len nhau ra
thanh nt~ng: 1,2,,,., n. Tuang (tng vo; m6i t~ng la mQt
so h~ng ella day so: (u): 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,21,."
.,
1 6 10
c&
Hinh 1a
15

561 Tf!lp chi Giao dye so 339 (k,i1 - 8/2014)

 Bil6c 2:Tim sohq_ng tong quat uncua day so. Ta _ 2 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
co: UI =1,u2 =3=2+u"u3 =6=3+u2, U4 =IO=4+u3, ...
Un = U, + ... + Un = 1 + ...+ n = .6
Un_I =(n-I)+un_2'Un =n + Un_I V~y, tong so qua cam xep dan tang thu n la:
CQng va v6'i va: u, + U2 +...+ Un = 1 + (2 + u,) + n(n + 1)(2n + I)
_u = __;___;_-=-------'-
n 6
(3 + u2) +...+ (n + un_,)
Suy ra, tong so qua cam xap dan tang thu30 la:
=(1+2+ ... +n)+(u, +u2 + ... +un_,)
u30 = 30(30 + 1)(2.30+ I) = 9455
n(n + I) n2 + n 6 .
=», =1+2+ ... +n= =--.
2 2 Trilcmg hop 3: Xep thea hinh file giae. TLlO'ngtl/,
2 muon tim cong thuc tong quat tinh tong so qua cam
So hanq tong quat u" = n ; n , nghTa la tal tang xap dan tang thu n, ta co the tian hanh thea cac bircc:
Bil6e 1:Chia cac qua cam xep chong len nhau ra
, , n2 +n ?
fhun.co -2-quaeam. fhanh tUng tang: tang 1, tang 2, ..., tang n.
Bil6e 3: Lan ILlQ1xap cac tang chong len nhau
thea thutl/: ta dLlqc cong thuc tong quat tinh tong n so
hq_ngdau tien cLladay:
- e
+ 1 ...+-2-=2
U" =ul+ ... +U" =-2-+ n2 + n 1 [( 1 + ... +n 1 l) +(1 + ... +n )] .
= .!_[n(n +1)(2n +1)+ n(n + 1)] = n(n + 1)(n + 2) (; mOitang dLlqeehia, co hai dq_nghinh: la fllegiae
2 6 2 6 va fllCgi8e dell xen ke nhau. Khi do, co the chia cac
V~y, tong so qua cam xap dan tang thu n la: tang tren fhanh 2 phan: - PM'n 1:gom nhling tang co
_ n(n+I)(n+2) hlnh Il,ICgiac deu, tLlO'ngU'ngv6'i moi tang la mQt so
U = --'-__;:....:._~
n 6 hq_ngcLla day so sau: (u): 1,7,19,37, ...; - PM'n 2:
Suy ra, tong so qua cam xep den tang thu 30 la: gam cac tang co hlnh Il,ICgiac, tLlO'ngU'ngv6'imoi tang

U;o = 30(30 + 1)(30+ 2) = 4960

la mQt so hq_ngcLla day so: (u:): 3, 12,27,48, ...
6 Bil6e 2:Tlm so hq_ngtong quat unva u: cLla hai
Trilong hqp 2: Xep thea hinh vuong (xem hinh day so tren.
1b). TLlO'ngtl/, d~ tim cong thue tong quattinh t6ng so
qua cam xep den tang thun (tang day), ta coth~thl/e Xet day (un)' co: /'=1, y{=Y;+6.1,
hien thea cac bLl6'csau: y{ = y{ +6.2, y{ = y( +6.3 ... ;K-: = Jk{ +6(n-2),
. Bil6e 1:Chia cae qua cam xep chong len nhau ra
thanh tUng tang: ttrtang 1 den tang n. Tl1O'ngU'ngv6'i Un =;K-: + 6(n-l)
moi tang la mQt so hq_ngcLla day so: (u): 1,4,9,16, CQng ve thea ve:
25,36, ...
Un = 1+ 6[ 1+ 2 + ... + (n - I)] = I + 6(1 + 2 + ... + n) - 6n

=1+3n(n+l)-6n=3n2-3n+l (1).

,rm
.~
co.
~
Xet day (u:): I. =3.1, y;' = I. +3.2+3.1,
u,=1 u,=4 ,,>=9 u,=16
Hinh 1b
u,=25 u,=36
Y; = y: +3.3+3.2, y: = y: +3.4+3.3,
Bil6e2: Tim sohq_ngt6ng quat UnCLladaysotren. JJr;: = Jk{ +3(n-I)+3(n-2), u: = Jk{ +3n+3(n-I).
Viday so gam eac so chinh phLlO'ng nen so hq_ng CQng va thea ve:
tong quat un = n2• u: =3n+6[1+2+ ...+(n-1)]=3n+6(1+2+ ...+n)
.Bil6e 3: Lan ILlQ1xep cac tang chong leA nhau -6n = 3n(n+ I)-3n= 3n2 (2)
thea thutl/: uI'U2"'" un' ta dLlqc cong thuc t6ng quat Bil6c 3:Lan ILlQ1xap cae tang a phan 1 va phan 2
tinh tong n so hq_ngdau tien cLla day la: chong dan xen v6'i nhau thea thu tl/:

(ki 1-8/2014)
T,p chi GiGO dye so 3391 57
 cac BT ducc chon II/a phai phu hop v6'ithl/c te, kh6ng
qua phuc t9P, vCta suc doi v6'i HS va th~hi~n tinh kha
UI =UI =1,U2 =ul +U;,U3 =UI +U; +U2 =U2 +U2'
dl:mg, kich thich cac em giai quyet van de. r:J
U 4 = UI + U;+ U2 + U; = (UI + U2 ) + (U; + U;)
Tal lieu tham khao
1. Alfred Renhi (Van Nhir Cuong dich). Doi thoai ve
toan hoc, NXB Khoa h9C va ki thuat, H. 1975.
2. Nguyen Ba Kim. PhU'011gphap day hoc men Toan.
NXB Dai h9C su pham, H. 2011 .

SUMMARY
Khi do, ta co cong thuc: Articles are designed to help students to think.
analyze and decision making choices appropriate math-
ematical knowledge to apply to resolve the practical
~~=~~ u, + u, + ...+ u.) + (u; + u; +...+ u:) (3) problems they encounter in life. From there. students
{ learn things interesting. useful drugs bring mathemat-
U2n+1 - U2n + Un+1 ics; motivated learning and good learning math.

M~t khac, thea (1) va (2):

UI+ ...+ Un =(3.12 - 3.1+ I) + ... +(3n2 -3n+ I) To chic d,V hOC t,i ...
= 3(12+ ... +n2) -3(1 + ...+ n) +(1 + ...+ I) (Tiffp thea trang 60)

:::3 n(n + 1)(2n+ I) 3 n(n + I) + n:::nJ 3. Pham Quang Tien - Nguyen Th] Chi. "Phuong thuc
6 2 khai thac giao due moi truong tit chuong trinb giao
due btJc rieu h9C". Tap cht Nghien cuu phat trien Mn
n(n + 1)(2n + I)
u;+ ... +u:=3.e+ ... +31l2=3 ( e+ ... +n2 ) 2 vilng, 1/2009.
4. Corina Fiore. Hands-on learningforchildren, 2003.
un+1 =3(n+I)2 -3(n+I)+1 =3n2 +3n+1 http://www.ehow.com/print/facts 5192514
Cong thuc (3) tra thanh: hands on-Iearning-children.html
J n(n+ 1)(2n+I) 2 5. Dee Dee Donato. Definition of Hands-on training,
UI:::l,U2,,:::n + 2 ,U2n+I=U2n+3n +3n+1
eHow.com
4nJ+3n2+n 4nJ+9n2+7n+2 6. Donna Thacker, What impact does hands-on
=> UI ::: I,U211 ::: 2 ,U2n+l::: 2 learning have on kids? eHow, 2003. http://www.ehow.
Suy ra cong thuc tong quat xep den tang thu n la: com/print/facts 5815129 impact-hands on-
learning-kids .html
7. Mary Ghazarian. Important of Hands-on activities
in learning, 2008.
4nJ +3n2 + n
U2n 2
SUMMARY
U :::4nJ + 9n2 + 7 n + 2
211+1 2 Teaching in the field is the arrangement of teach-
ing activities in the real world combined with assign-
V~y, tong so qua cam xep den tang thu 30 la: ing pupils of rights and responsibilities to solve study
tasks through positive activities such as personal
activities. group discussion. collection of responses.
U 30 --U 2.IS -
_4.153+3.152+15_7095
2 - . etc. in order to satisfjr pupils' interest in study and
enhance teaching effectiveness. Teaching in the field
Ngoai ra, con co cach xep thea hinh thang, hinh has many good pOints. e.g.: stimulating pupils' ac-
thai, hinh binh hanh ... Tuy nhian, cac cach xep do tiveness. cross-cunicular teaching, highly practical.
can mQtsolLtqng cam l6'nhan so v6'i3 cach tran nan able to combine many positive teaching methods and
khOng can thiet. . forms at many locations such as parks. public gar-
dens. museums. etc. and will proy/de pupils with
*** learning environmen t and conditions to self-discover
Trang d9y hQctoan, khi to chuc cac tlnh huang and gain knowledge together. Among subjects in el-
ementa.ry education. Natural and Social studies in
doi th09i cho HS, GV thLt6'ngsu dl,mg cac hlnh thuc the 1st• 2nd and 3rrl grade and Sciences in the 4th and
doi th09i nhLt:tl!doith09i; doi tho9i gilia GV - HS, HS 5th grade provide teachers with many chances to apply
- HS. £)6 qua trlnh to chuc doi th09i d9t hi~u qua cao, this teaching method.

581 T~p chi Giao dye so 339 (ki 1-8/2014)