DtlY HOC KHilM PHA KHOA HOC THEO DINH HutNG
PHIT TRIEn nAnG Lue
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noUol HOCTRono
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DAY••
HOCBAI
"QUAn HE OIOA ooe TOI UA OOC HHDC HA"
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(UAT
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u 9)
a
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Vi~tNam,tCrnam 2001, mqtsophuO'ngphap
day hoc tich CL!cda dircc trien khai rqng rai
vim to chuc day hoc V$t IIcap trung hoc cO'SO'
nhu: day hoc theo phuO'ng phap thL!c nqhiem, day
hoc c6 heat dqng nh6m, d?y hoc giai quyet van de
(GOV£» ... Trong do, phuO'ng phap day hoc GOV£>
a
ducc trien khai chu yeu va hai cap dq: Cap dq mqt
trlnh bay neu van de (giao vien (GV) neu van de va
GOV£>, hQcsinh (HS) theo doi, tiep thu); Cap dQhai
tim toi mqt phan (GV neu van de, HS dUQ'ctham gia
mqtvai cong doSinGOV£». MLrcdQcao nhatla tim toi
kham pha (GV giao nhi~m vl,J,HS xac dinh van de, tim
phuO'ngan giai quyet, trL!ctieplam thi nghi~m (TN), xv
IIsoli~u, GOV£» chua dUQ'cdua VaGthL!cti§nVInhieu
IIdo khac nhau. Oua so sanh chung toi thay, d?y hQC
theo dlnh huang tim toi kham pha tuO'ngUngvOimLrc
dq cao nhat cua d?y hQCGOV£> ket hqp vOiphuO'ng
phap thl!c nghl~m va to chLrCho?t dQngnh6m. Bai viet
chia S9 ket qua nghien CLru,v$n dl,mg d?y hQckham
pha VaGd?y hQcbai Quang h9C(V~t II9).
1. Khili ni~m ve tim tai· kham pha khoa hQc
Theo Tudien Tieng Vi~t,'11mtoi labonhieu cong
phu dethay ra, nghira (n6i khai quat). Suy nghi, tim
toi decosang kien. Tim toi trong cac sach co. NhOng
tim toitrong khoa hQc"(1 ;tr993), "kham phalatlm ra,
phat hi$n ra cai an giau, bi m~t. Am muu da bj kharn
pha. Kham pha bi m~t cua tl! nhien" (1; tr 491).
Theo dlnh nghia cua HQidong nghien CLruquoc
gia Hoa Kl, tim toi - kham pha khoa hQCde c~p den
cac each thLrckhac nhau trong d6 cac nha khoa hQc
nghifm CLrUthe gi6'itl! nhien va de xuatcac giai thichl
gia thuyetdl!a tren nhling b~ng chLrng, dlili$u thong
tin thu dUQ'cICrcacnghien CLrucua hQ.Trang hQct$p,
tim toi - kham pha de c~p d~n c~c hOSitdQn~ cu~
ngu'O'ihQctrong do hQphattrien kien thLrCva hieu biet
ve cac van de khoa hQc,cung nhu hieu biet va cach
thLrcmacac nha khoa hQcnghien CLruthegiOitl!nhien.
D?y hQcdL!atren tim toi, kham pha ~hoa hQC(viet
ng~n gQnia d1?-Y hQckham pha) la phuO'ng phap d?y
(ki 1- 6/2015)
ThS. va VAN THONG*
hoc cung cap cho HS co hQidetrai nghi~m qua trinh
nghien cuu khoa hoc. Notao dieu ki~n cho HS bqc IQ
nhOngquan ni$m sai lam von cccua ho, khuyen khich
ho trao dol, thao lu$n v6'inhau ve cac quan sat, dlili~u
thu th$p diroc nr doi tUQ'ngnghien cuu, de xuat cac
gia thuyet, xay dl!ng cac ke hoach hanh dqng, tien
hanh cac TN, thu th~p thong tin, tim kiem b~ng chUng,
nham kiem chLrng cac giathuyet ban dau, tCrdorut ra
cac ket lu$n mang tinh khoa hQc.
Cau truc cua d~y h9Ckham pha:
. / GVneu van de hQC~p
DCl-Y hQckham pha ~ ,
HS hqp lac GOV£)
2. Cae giai do~n d~e trung ella to ehlic d~y
hQctim tai kham pha: - HS tiep nh$n nhi~m VI,J (GV
dua ra du6'i d?ng c8.U hoi, SO'do, bang bieu, ...); - HS
tim kiem, kham pha du6'i sL!hu6'ng dan va dieu khien
cua GV; - HS bao cao ket qua tru6'c l6'p, c6 Sl! chat
van va thao lu$n cua ca 16'p; - Phan tich va danh gia ket
qua (HS tL!danh gia,GV danh gia).
I Co S\f ye~ trQ cua GV I
MQt so giai dO~ln d~c trung khi chLrCd?y hQcto
kham pha:
Giai cJoan 1: fJat ra cac C8Uhoi khoa hoc. GV
dua ra cau hoi du6'i d9ng quan sat, xem sa do, mQt
bang bieu, phim, ... roi d~tcau hoi ''t?i sao", hay "nhu
the nao".
GiaicJo~n 2:fJLfa ra g;8 fhuye'tldl/cJoan khoa h9C
lam cO'sacho vi?c tra Id'icau hoikhoa h9C.HS phan
tlch, tim kiem, kham pha cac dli li$u, de dua ra gia
thuyet lam cO'SO' eho vi~c tra 100i
cau hoi khoa hQc,giai
thich/chUng minh cac qua trinh, hi$n tUQ'ngkhoa hQc
da quan sat duQ'C.
* Khoa TIl nhUm,Truong Cao dang su' ph~mNgh~An
T~p chi Giao dye so 359145
 Giaicioq.n 3: Tien henh cec TNde'kiem chtJnggia.
t~uyeta6. MQigia thuyetdeu phai duoc ki~m chLrng
bang thlfc nghi~m, nghia la gia thuyet hay h~ qua
ducc suy r~ tll' gia thuyet can phai phu nop voi cac
a
quan sat, bang chUng chi ra cac TN moi do H8 de
xuatva tien hanh. Neu gia thuyet h~ quaduoc suy ra
tll' gia thuyet khong phu hqp voi cac quan sat, bang
a
chLrngchi ra cac TN rnoi,thi nghia lagiathuyet sai,
phaiquay tra lai, phan tich qua trinh, hi~ntuqng dang
nghien CLrUde alIa ra giathuyet khac.
Giai aoan 4: Ruf ra ket luan. 8au khi tien hanh TN
ki~m chLrnggia thuyet cho thay gia thuyet dung thi ta
can rutra ketlu~n khoahQcvevan denghiencLru.f)o
chinh la ketqua nghien CLru.
Giai do?n 5: Bao cao va bao v? ket qua nghien
eLlU. H8 cong bo ket qua nghien CLrUtruoc lop, tra lai
nhling cau hoi lien quan den nQidung nghien cCrud~
bao v~ Slfdung d~n cua ket lu~n khoa hQcd§.rut ra.
3. D~yhQckham pha bai "Quan h~ giua goc
t6i va goc khuc x~" (V~t Ii 9)
Mljc tieu cua bai hQc:- Kien thLrc:H5 hi~u duqc
moi quan h~ gii]a goc khuc X<;1 va goc toi khi tia sang
truyen tll'khong khi sang moi truang trang suot khac
va nguqc l<;1i; - Kinang: H8 lam duqc TN th§hi~n moi
~ quan h~~ilia go~ khuc X<;l va 9§Ctal. , tia sang 811alabem?tthuac do d9)·Chieutia sang 81
ChuanbjthietbjTNchomoinh6m3-4HS:Mien9
thuytinh ho?c nhlfa trong suot hinh ban nguy~t, binh
thuy tinh ho~c binh nhlfa trang suot hinh hQp chli
n~~td~dlfng nuac, nuac s<;1ch,ca muc nuac, ta~
xop phang, dinh ghim, thuac do goc, but d<;1,nguon
sang (butlaze).
Tien trinh to?chucdq.yhQcClj the:'
_Giai doan 1: f)at ra cac cau hoi khoa hoc. Bai
cCl:f)ien tv th'ich hqp'vao cho trong (GV trinh' chieu
PowerPoint):
+ Khi tia sang truyen tvkh6ng khi sang nuac, goc
khuc X<;1 goc tal.
+ Khi tiasang truyen tvnuac sang kh6ng khi, goc
khuc X<;1
gectal.
+ GV hoi: Tv S N
bai cClcac em dlf
doan xem khi tia
sang truyentv moi
truang trong suot
nay sang moi
truang trang suot
khac thi goc khuc X<;1 se nhu the nao so vai goc tai?
Tim phuong an mo ta, ki§m chLrngslf thay doi cua
goc khuc x<;1 khi goc tai tang ho?c giam.
461 '~p chi GiGO d,:,c so 3~9
- Giai doan 2: Dira ra gia thuyetldlfdoan khoa
hoc lam co so cho viec tra lai cau hoi khoa hoc. f)au
ti&n, GV cho H8 tlf do xung phong de xuat'cac du
dean. Sau do, GV cho H8 lam viec theo nhorn dua
ra cac gia thuyet. Co it nhat 2 gia thuyet:
Gis thuyet 1:
+ Trlfong hQPfia sang truyen ftl khong khf sang
nlfac:Dung den laze chieu vao ruroctrang binh thuy
tinh hinh hQpch~~t. f)~ so sanh?Q Iongoc,t6'iSI,!
va goc khuc XC). KIN', ta dung mQttamxop phang gan
len mQtthuac do dQdlfng thang dUngtrong binh thuy
tinh dlfng nuoc sau do ta chieu tia sang 811alabe m$t
thuac do dQva tam xOp.Khi chieu tia sang 51ocac
phuong chieukhac nhau (cac goc SIN khac nhau) ta
S8so sanh duqc dQIon cua goc SiN yOig6c KiN'.
+ TrlfOnghQPtiasang truyen ftlnlfaC sang khOng
khi fa tam ngU'Q'cI?i.
+ Trlfong hQ'pfia sang fruyen ttl khong khf sang
v~t rdn trong su6l: Dung mQt mieng thuy tinh ho~c
mieng nhlfa trong suothinh ban nguy~tg~n len mQt
cai thuO'cd9 dQ,sau do d~ chung len m$t ban ho~c
tam xop phang. f)§ so sanh dQ1O'n goc tai SIN va goc
khuc x<;1KiN' ta dung den laze chieu vEwmiengthuy
tinhho?cmiengnhl,fatrongsuothinh bannguy~t(chieu
acac phuong chieu khac nhau (cac goc SiN khac
n~) ta S8so sanh duqc dQIancua goc SiN v6'igoc
KIN'.
+ TrlfonghQ'Ptiasangtruyenttlv~trdntrongsu6t
sang khong khf ta lam nglfQ'cI?i.
GM thuyet 2:
+ Trlfong hQ'ptia sang truyen ttl kh6ng khf sang
nlfac: Dung f!lQt bin~ thuy tinh ?hin~hQpphO'nh~t
dlfng nuac, lay mQttam xop phang d~t thang dLrng
trong binh thuytinhdlfll9 mfaC,sau doc~m dinh Qhim
VaGtam xop t9i diem A ngang vO'iday binh, t9idiem B
ngang m~t nuac sau d6 c~rn dinll ghim t~i C (»vi tri
tren tam xop trong khong khi sao cho khid?tm~tnhin
thay dinh ghim C che khuat ca hai dinh A va B. C~m
a
dinh ghim B, C cac phuong khac nhau sau delay
tamx~_!_en"dungthl1acdogocdodQlangocSiNva
g6c KIN' raiso sanh.
+ Twong hQPtiasang truyen ttlnlfaC sang khOng
khf ta lam nglfQ'cI?i.
+ Truong hQ'pfia sang truyen ttl khong khf sang
V?t rdn trong su6t: Dung mQtmieng thuy tinh ho~c
mieng nhlfa trong suot hinh ban nguy~t g~n len mQt
tam xop ph~ng sau do c~m dinh ghim vao tam xop t<;1i
diem A ngang vai day mieng thuy tinh ho?c mieng
nhlfa trong suot hinh ban nguy~t, t9i diem B ngang
(hi 1- 6/2015)
m$t thLlYtinh hoac mieng nhua trong suet hinh ban
nguy~tsau do cam dinh ghim t~i C avj tritren tam xop
trong khong khi sao cho khi d$t mat nhin thay dinh
ghim C che khuatca hai dinh A va B. Cam dinh ghim
a
B, C cac phL1o'ngkhac nhau sau do lay tam xop ra,
Phieu hc;>c~ bai "Quan h~ gifra g6c t6i va g6c khuc x~"
- Khi tia sang truyen tLrkhong khi sang cac rnoi trubng trong suOt
lang, rful khoc nhau thl g6c kh(X:;X? g6: tOi.
- Khi tia sang truyen tLr cec mot tru6ng trong sua Img, rful khac
nhau sang khong khi thl g6: kh(X:;X? qoc t6L
- Khi g6: tOi tang (giam) thl g6: kh(X:; X? .

dung thL10Cdo qoc do dQ Ion goc SIN va goc KiN' - Khi g6: t6i bang 0° thl g6: khoc X? bang tia sang khong b]
roiso sanh. . khi truyen qua hai mol trL1Ong.
+ TrLlong hQ'ptia sang truyen ttJ'V?tran trang suot
nh$n xet, chinh sua, bo sung va thong nhatca lOp.Tat
sang khong khf fa lam ngLlQ'c1E,Ji.
- Giai do~n 3: Tien hanh cac TN de ki~m chung ca H,Sdoi chieu va hoan thi$n phieu rai ghi I?inQidung
gia thuyet do. GV giao dl:mg Cl,l,v$t li~u TN cho ca€: phieu da hoan thien vaG vathl1c hanh. GV neu mot
n~om ho$c giao H S tlftim dl,lng Cl,l,v$t Ii~u TN va yeu vai hi~n tL1qngtrong thlfc te co'lien quan va yeu cau
cau cac nhom phan cong cong viec cho cac thanh HS v~n dl,lng kien thuc m6id~giaithich vagiao nhi$m
vien. C~c nhor!} tien hanh Tf~ quan s~thi~n tL1qng,thao vu ve nha cho HS .
lu$n thong nhat ghi chep sOli$u hi$n tL1qngxay ra va va
. 4. Nhfrng van de can luu y khi t6 chuc dc,lY
hinh th~ hi$n. Trong qua trinh HS tien hanh TN, GV hQc kham p~a: - Li$t ke cac bai hQc co th~ ap dl,lng
quan sat, theo doi, nhac nha, hotro'cac nh6m khi can dl1o'c; - GV can chuan bi trl10c cac TN dl1 kien' - Su
thiet. G V c6th~ dL1ara nhO'ng gqi '1,' hL10ngdan d~ cac dl,lng CNTT ho trq cho bai d?y dung luc,'dung' cho,
nh6m di dun~ hL1ong,tuy nhien khong lam giup. hqp Ii; - Chia nhom tv 3-4 H S/nhom va bo tri ban ghe
G.Y...£9the gqi '1 HS d~ so sanh dQ Ion g6c ."fiN va phu hqp; - ~ho~g chQn hoan toan cac quan ni$m
goc KIN' ta hoan thanh bimg sau: dung ban dau de dl1a ra thEWlu$n; - KhOng binh lu~n
h~y nh$n ,xet gi ve tinh dung sai cLla cac y kien ban
So sanh de)Ian
G6c toi i G6c khuc X<;l r
g6c i v6'i g6c r
dau; - Chap nh$n cac quan ni$m - dlfdoan vva dung
~ 0

1 0'
vva sai; - ChQn vj tri thich hqp de g~n cac bai V9 cua
2 30' H S; - Khong neu !en bai hQc trl10c khi hQc; - Su dl,lng
3 45' thl1~ng xuyen de rEm cho HS ki nang ho~t dQng;
4 60' - Can thlfc hi$n cac bl10Csau khi d~y hQc: + Xac'djnh
Chu '1: trong qua trinh tien hanh cac TN, HS thay cac kien thuc can deWtrong bai, lo~i kien thuc trQng
gia thuyet 1 va 2 chL1achinh xac, can dieu chinh thi tam can d~y; + Xay dlfng tien trinh hinb thanh kien
HS dieu chinh cho phu hqp. thuc theo cac phaibl10c gqi ytrong bang; + S09n giao
-Giai doan 4: Rutra ketluan. Khicac nh6m thL1c an, trong do t~p trung chuan bj cac h09t dQng (cac
hien TN xong, GV yeu cau vi~t ket qua va th~ hi§n yeu cau, nhi$m Vl,l,cau hoi ... doi vOi H S) djnh hL10ng
hinh va cLla nhom m inh vao to' giay Ao d~ chuan 'bi cLla GV va Slf dap Lrng cua HS.
***
trlnh bay trL10clop. GV di chuy~n, quan sat, nam bat
nhanh ket qua cua cac nhom va chQn nhUng nhom co D?y hQCkham pha t?Onhi~u co' hQIphattri6n nang
ket qua "sai" nhieu nhat de yeu cau len trlnh bay trl1oc. Ilfc a H Strong d9y hQc V?t If va thlfC te ap dl,lng cho
- G iai dOc,ln5: 8ao cao va baa v$ ket qua nghien thay,d~yhqc kham pha la phu'o'ng phap d?y hQcvua
cuu. GVyeu cau cac nhom HS treo to' giay A da va giup HS n~m vL1ngkien thuc, phattri~n nang Ilfc, vva
giup HS phattri~n kinang lam TN, kinang giaotiep,
hinh rna ta ketqua len bang de so sanh, bao ~ao ket
qua TN va thao Juan. 8ai dien cac nhom HS bao kI nang noi trl10c dam dong, ki nang lanh d?o, ki nang
cao ket qua TN cU~ nho~ va'tra lericac cau hoi cLla to chuc va tang tinh tlftin, tlfchju trach nhi$m. 0
nhom b~n lien quan den nQi dung nghien cuu d~ (I) Hoang Phe (chii bien). Til' dien tieng Vi~t. NXB
bao v$ slf dung dan cLla ket lu$n khoa hQc cLla nhom fJa Ndng, 2002.
da rutra. GV cothe neu cac cau hoideHS giaithich Tili li~u tham khao
them ve cac ket qua TN thu dl1qc sau do GV thong I. Yo Quang (t6ng ChLI bien). V~t Ii 9. NXB Ciao d~IC
nhat cac ket lu~n chinh va phat cho moi HS mQt Vift Nam, H. 2013.
phieu hQc t~p va yeu cau H S dien tLrVaOnhling cho 2. Yo Quang (t6ng chii bien). V~t Ii9 (sach giao vien).
con trong. NXB Ciao dflC Vi?! Nam, H. 2013.
HS trao dOi,thao lu$n d~hoC:mthi$n phieu hQct$p.
GVyeu cau mQtsoHS dQcphieu dadit9n hoan chlnh, (Xem tie'p trang 42)

(ki 1- 6/2015)
Tt;lp chi Giao d,:,c so 359147
 2) Hay chi ra mai qu~n h~ gitJ'ahai dvang th~ng
trong cac cap dvang thang sau: AC va BD; AC va
A'C'. Ta noi hai dvang thang AC va B'D' la cheo
?
nhau. Trong khong gian, cho hai dvang thang phan
bi$t a va ?b,hay chi ra cac vi tri tvang doi cua hai
dL1angthang do?
3) Hai dvang th~ng goi la dong ph~ng neu chuno
cung narn trong mQt?m~t ph~ng. Em hay neu djnh
nghia ve hai dvang thang song song, hai dvang thang
cheo nhau.
- Giao vien xac nhfm kie'nthuc:
1) AC va BD cung 'n~m trong mp (ABCD); AC va
A'q' cung n~m trong mp (ACC ',f.'); kh6ng co m~t
phang nao chLra ca hai dvang thang AC va B '0'.
2) AC va BD c~t nhau, AC vaA'C' song song v6'i
nhau. Hai dvang th~ng phEln bi~t a, b co the song
song, cat nhau ho$S cheo nhau.
3) Hal dvang thang gQi la song song neu chung
dong phang va kh6ng co diem chung. Hai dvang
th~ng gQilacheo nhau neu chung kh6ng dong ph~ng.
***
Theo tac ~iaNguy~n Ba Kim: "TrithLrckhang phBi
la aie'uc6 the de dang cho khang. fJe?d?ympttrithrlc
nao a6; tMy giao fhuong khang the?trao ngay cho
. Va nhOOgyeu to...
Thue. trang
(Tie'p theo trang 44)
tL!danh gia dvqc ket qua hQCt~p qua h09t dQng TH
cua ban than thong qua bai kiem tra, thao lu?n .hay
tieu lu~n, ....TLtdo, dieu chlnh hqp Ii han neu ket qua
chva thL!c sL!phu hqp.D
Tai li~u tham khao
I. Nguyen Xuan B1nh. Van de tt! hQC cua sinh vien
nam thtr nhat Tnrang Cao dang Y Ie Hh N¢i hi~n nay.
Tgp chi Gido duc, s6 270/20 I I.
2. Nguyen Canh TO~II1.Lu~n ban va kinh nghi~m ve
tl;1' hQc. NXB Cido duc, H. 1999.
3. Thai Duy Tuyen. Pllll'Ong phup d~y hQc truyen
thong va doi mai. NXB Ciao duc Vi~t Nal1l,H. 20 IO.
SUMMARY
Trainingmethodologyin the form of creditsrequired
students' self - study have to account for two thirds in
comparisonwith the time at classhours. However,how
to study effectivelyis a big problem which has been
facingwithcurrentstudents.Thisarticlementionsabout
the finding of our current research. The sUIvey was
carriedout on 214 students at the Hanoi Universityof
Pharmacyto determine the status of the operation of
self-studycoursesProbabilityand Statisticsofstudents
and factors affecting such activities.
421 T':Ip chi Giao dye so 359
HS aie'utMy muan d?y, cech lam tat nMt thuang la
cai a?t tri thLrcdo vaQnhtlng tinh huang thich hop de?
HS chiem finh no thang qua ho?tdpng /Lfgiac, tich
cue, chi} dpng va sang teo (1; tr 127). G i6'ith i~u nQi
II
dung day hoc voinr each 13 mqttlnh huang gqivan de
lam cho nqi dung do trO'nen hap dan, tao kha nang
kich thich heat dqng tich cue cua HS.D
(1) Nguyen Ba Kim. Phuong phap day hoc rnon Toan,
NXB Dgi h(Jc SLI' ph r;1I1f , H. 2010.
Tili Ii~u tham khao
I. Errington E.P. Developing scenario-based
learning: Practical insights for tertiary educators.
Pall1lerston North, N.Z. Dunmore Press, 2003.
2. Louise McHugh - Alina Bobarnac - Phil Reed.
Teaching Situation-Based Emotions to Children
with Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Springer Science
Business Media, LLC 2010.
SUMMARY
Situation-based teaching is an interesting and
practical f01711
of teaching. In this paper. the author
presents some ways to create a situation in math-
ematics teaching and designsomespecificsituations
that use to teach some concepts and definitions of
the solid geometry.
Day. hoc. kham pha khoa hoc. ...
(Tiep thea (rang 47)
3. Phf,lm Xuan Que - Ngo Di~u Nga - Nguyen Van
Bien - Nguyen Anh Thuan - Nguyen Van Nghi~p-
Nguyen TrQng Sfru. Tili /ifu tQP hu{tn kie'm tra,
(16nh gia trong qua trll1h dQ)' hQc theo dinh hu'ong
phdt trie"n nang lu'c h(Jc sinh trong truimg trung
hQc caso. 2014.
4. National Research Council. National Science
Education Standards. 1996.
SUMMARY
In reality, in Vietnam. since 2001 some active
teaching methods have been widely used in teach-
ing. However. they are at the common level "Teach-
ers issues. students take part in some steps to sol~'e
the problem ". The highest level is to find and solve
the problems. Teachers assign, students identify
problems. find the solution, do experiments,process
data and solve problem. The aim of this writing is to
share with you the research tesult of teachingimpli-
cations of finding solutions in the lesson "Refraction
of light" physics of the grade gth of the secondary
school. This also helps the learners get the knowl-
edge about refraction of light. develop their abilities
and skills.
(ki 1- 6/2015)