VON DUNG PHIJONG PHIP D(lY HOC KHAM PHA

VAO D(lY HOC "PHAN SO THAP PHAN" ITOAN 51

NGUYEN TH! HLJONG GIANG*

T
rong chvang trinh Toan 5, Phan sf/th?p phan Bai hQc: Phan so'th?p phan (Toan 5; tr. 8).
la m(>t n9i dung quan tr9ng . Bai vietde c$p vi$c M1,1c tieu: Giup HS nh$n biet cac phan so th$p
v$n d1,mg phuang phap dq.y hQc kham pha phan , nh$n ra nhling phan so co the viet thanh phan
(PPDHKP) vao dq.y h9c phan "PM~ so'th?p phan" so th$p phan va biet each chuyen cac phan so d6
nh§.m giup h9c sinh (HS) ITnh hQi kien thvc m6i m9t thanh phan so th$p phan .
each chu d(>ng, sang tq.o. Tien trinh d?Y hQc:
1. D~y hQC kham pha (DHKP) - GV yeu cau HS dQc to cac phan so sau:
DHKP lam<}t PPDH khuyen khich HS dLia ra cau 21 1 3 21 114
va
tra IO'i !L! tim ra cau tra loi, tCr do HS rut ra nhli~g 2s .2'5' 25, 2000 '
nguyen tac tCr nhling vi dl;l hay kinh nghi$m thL!c tien.
co th~higu , trong DHKP, n(>i dung chinh khong duqc - HS: Thlfc hi$n theo yeu cau cua GV.
- GV chuan bi 5 bai toan (d9ng dien vao 6 trong so
gidi thi$u tru6'c ma phai do HS tL!kham pha. PPDH KP
thich hqp) tren giay A0 va giao cho 5 nh6m thL!C hi$n
thu'O'ng c6 ba d$c digm sau: - Khao sat ya giai quyet
trong 3 phUt, sau d6 dinh len bang theo v! tri da quy 116'c:
vEin de d8' hinh thanh , khai quat h6a kien thvc; - HS
du'o'C th LI hut VclO cac hoq_t d(mg hQC t$p, hQC t$p dlfa , I Ix[] [] , 3 3x(] (]
tre~ sl! hvng thu; -Thuc day slf lien ket gilia kien thvc nhom 1: 2= 2 x[ (10; nhom 2: 5= sx[ (TO;
rndi va VOn kien !hltC da ~6 CUa ngl1Cti hQC.
J. Bruner la nguoi dau tien dua ra PPDH kham 2 1 21 x[] []
nhom 3: nh6m 4:
pha, ong cho r~ng vi$c hQc t~p phai la m(>t qua trinh, 25=25 x [ (100
trong do H~ kie~ t?o ytu&ng m~i hay khai ni$m mc5'i
11 4 114:[] []
du'a tren von kien thltc da c6. 8oi vc5'i HS_ tieu hQC, ta
2000 = 2000: [ ] = 1000'
n~n sLr dt,Jng PPDHKP c6 hu6ng dan (Guided
discovery). - GV cho HS thao lu~n . sau d6 gQi m(lt vai em
2. C6 nhieu mo hinh duqc Stldt,Jng trong d?Y hQC len bang trlnh bay. GV bao quat lap de k!p thc'ti phat
toan nh~m giup HS tL! kham pha kien thvc mc5'i cho hi$n nhling cho sai ma HS c6 the' m~c phai:
ban than. Theo (1 ), c6 4 mo hinh hinh thanh k_hai
I lx5 5 3 3x 25 75 21 2! x 4 84
niem theo con dl!c'tng quy n?p:- Mo hlnh tuang dong -=-=-· -=--=- -=--=-
2 2 x 5 IO' 4 4 x 25 100' 25 25 x 4 100'
-tl.rn kiem; -Mo hinh tllang dong tim doan ; -Mo hinh
di bi$t-tim kiem; -Mo hinh di bi$! tlm doan . ovai day, 11 4 114:2 57
-=--
chung toi v~n dt,Jng hai trong so 4 mo hinh tren vao 2000 2000:2 1000 ·
DH KP phan Phan scfth?p phan: - GV yeu cau HS nh~n xet ket qua tren bang va
1) DHKP phan "Phan so'th~p phan" v6i mo xac nh~n ket qua dung, neu nhfrng tinh chat CCI ban
hinh tucrng cf6ng-tim ~iem. Bu6c, chuyeu nhatcua CUa phan SO de thL!C hi$n yeu cau CUa bai toan.
mo hlnh nay la HS tlm kiem tinh chat chung trong cac - HS: Neu tinh chat CCI ban cua phan so.
vi dl,l giao vien (GV) dua ra. Mo hinh nay c6 cac bl16'c
sau day: - Bl16'c 1(quan sat): HS quan sat m(>t so vi - Gvkh oan hk e.'t qua cac ph.an so•' 5 75 84 57
10 .100., 100 , 1000
? ,

du dUa ra; - Bll6'c 2(tim kiem): GVyeu cau HS nh~n

x~t, tim ra d$c digm chung cua cac vi dt,J; - Bl16'c 3 b~ng phan mau khac va yeu cau HS neu nhling d$c
(khai quat h6a): Khi HS nh$n ra nhling thu(>c tinh diem CJ mau so cua cac phan so nay:
chung de' dinh nghia khai ni$m, GV yeu cau cac em
phat bie'u dinh nghia trong trvang hqp tong quat. * Khoa Stt ph~m, Trttong O~i hQc Tr:3 Vinh

54
LTct1P chi Giao dye so 317 (ki 1 - -9 I 2013)
 - HS neu dvqc: mau solan luqtla 10, 100, 1000. - GV giao ca,c bai t$p tro ng SGK cho HS.
GV gqi machfrso ah~ng cao nhat la 1, tat ca cac ch ti Khi HS da nam dvqc n<)i dung cua tiet hQC thl vi$c
so hang con lq.i deu bang 0. thl/C hi$n cac b~i tap trong SG K la kh6ng kh6 khan va
- GV nh~c lq.i vcti HS: nhting phan so c6 dq.ng cung kh6ng mat thai gian.
3. Sv dl,mg PPDHKP vao d~y ~QC phan Phan so'
2012
~ 75
~ 57
.~. ,... dVo'C oi la han th?,p phan nham giup HS c6 the nam vG'ng, hieu sau
I 0' I 00 ' 100' I 000 I 0000 I 00000 · g· p kien thvc m<)t each tl/ nhien, kh6ng go ep; dong thai
so tMp phan . Sau do, GV d~t cau hoi: nhting phan phat huy tinh !ich ClfC , kho'i d$y long dam me, hLrng
so nhv the nao dvqc gQi la phan so th$p phan? . thu hQC t$p do[ Vcti m6n hQC Va phat trien tV duy Cho
-GV mong dqi HS tra lai: nhfrng phan so c6 mau cac em . GV can v$n dl,mg linh hoq.t PPDH nay trong
la 10, 100, 1000, 10000, ... gQi la cac phan so th$p dq.y hQc toan &tieu hQc.o
phan (cho m<)t vai em phat bieu).
- GV yeu cau HS chinh xac lq.i vi$c m6 ta kha: ( I) Nguyen Phu Loe. Giao trlnh Xu hu&ng dr;iy h9c
khong trny~n tlufng. Trnong D~i hoc Can Tho, ?007.
ni$m phan so th$p phan.
, -HS suy nghiva chinh xac h6a lq.i khai ni$m phan Tai lieu tham khao
I. Do ·Dinh Hoan (chu bien). Toan 5. NXB Ciao dftC,
so th~p phan.
H. 2006.
2) DHKP phan "f!han sf/ th?p phan" v6i mo
hilJh dj bi~t - tim kiem . Trong m6 hlnh di bi$t - tlm SUMMARY
ki~m, GV cho HS quan sat vi dt,tya phan vi dt,t va yeu In the present trend of teaching method innova-
cau cac em tlm nhvng tinh c~at chi c6 m~t trong vi tion. the implementation ofactive teaching methods
dl). DH KP theo m6 hinh nay g6m cac bvctc sau: Bude help students actively acquire knowledge. A positive
1 (quan sat):,GV cho HS quan sat m<)t so vi dt,t va approach discussed here is learning by discovery.
phfon vi dl) ve kh~i ni$m trong bai h9c; - BucJc 2 (tlm Students learn by discovery will help them hold their
kiem): GV yeu cau HS tlm ra cac thu<)c tinh chung own knowledge better when they learn the passive
cua cac vi dt,t ma phan vi dt,t kh6ng c6; - BucJc 3 (khai attitude and mind machines. This paper gives a way
to teach the concept of decimal fractions for stu-
quat h6a): Khi HS tlm - r~ nhfrng thu<)c tinh chung de dents in grades 5 through learning by discovery.
djnh nghia, GV yeu cau HS phat bieu dinh nghia
t~ong trvong hqp, t6ng quat.
so
Bai: Phan th?p phfJn (Toa,n 5; tr. 8). ,·
Cac yeu to anh hUong...
Ml!c tieu: Giup HS nh$n bi,et cac phan s6 th~p
phan, nh$n ra avqc c6 m<)t s6 phan so c6 the viet (Tiep theo trang 30)
thanh phan so th$p phan va biet each chuyen cac
phan so do thanh phan so th$p phan. d~n ve KTDH va cac yeu to tac d<)ng, anh hv&ng den
Tien trinh dq.y h9c: vi$c ho an thi$n KTD H la rat can thiet.D
· GV yeu cau HS dQC to cac phan so sau (viet
(I) Nguyen Van Giao - Nguyen Hfru Qu ynh - Vu Van
' 5 84 57 6 47 806
theo 2 nhom):1o·100·1000(a);11·300'109o(b). Tao- Bt1i Hien . Tfrdien Giao dl}C hQC. NXB Titdie'n
bach khoa, H. 200 I.
- HS: Thl/C hi$n theo yeu cau cua GV.
(2) Nguyen Hfru Chau - Vo Qu6c Chung - Nguyen Thi
- GV yeu cau HS tim ra nhtJ'ng d~c diem ma cac
San. PhU'O'llg phap, phmmg ti~n , ki thu~t va hinh
a a
phan so nh6m (a) co ma nhom (b) kh6n~ c6. thuc t6 chti'c di;ty hQc trong nha tru&ng. NXB D9i
- HS: c6 the dva ra nhieu nh$n xet, chang hq.n h(JC sir phc;im. H. 2005.
nhv: + Mau so la 10, 100, 1000; +Mau so cua cac (3) Tran Ba Hoanh. Ki thu~t di;ty hQC Sinh hQC. NXB
a a
phan so nh6m (a) deu c6 chv so hang cao nhat la Gitto dFc, H. 1996.
1, tat ca cac q,hfr so hang con lq.i deu b&ng 0. (4) Dang C(lng san Vi~t Nam. Van ki~n Di;ti h(ii di;ti
- GV: khang djnh lq.i nhfrng nh$n xet cua HS va bit!u to~·m quoc Ian thu XI. NXB Chinh tr! quo'c gia -
't ' h 5 84 57 I 0 12 d . Sfcth(it, H. 2011.
ru ra : cac P an so IO"ioo" I ooo. I oooo .. .. vqc g91
A •'

la nhung phan soth$p phan. Sau d6, GV d~tcau hoi:
Em nao c6the phat bieu dvqc nhvng phan so nhv the
nao dvqc gQi la phan so th$p phan?
- HS thl/C hi$n theo yeu cau cua GV.
- GV: chinh xac lq.i m6 ta cua HS.
SUMMARY
The technique ofteaching is an important part to
m ake a good teacher. The teachers have to practise
continuously to perfect in many aspects. the tech-
niqu e of teaching is one of these. This article talks
about the main factors to help the teachers to per-
fect his own technique of (eaching.

T~p chi Giao dye ~o 317 j ss

(ki 1- 9/2013)