Civil Engineering November Review Innovations Transportation Engineering 1

2020
HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS ∑t = sum of the time traveled by all vehicles R = min. radius of curvature
∑d = sum of the distance traveled by all vehicles e = superelevation in m/m
 Accident rate for 100 million vehicles per miles of ∑ (1/ ui) = sum of reciprocal of spot speed f = coefficient of side friction or skid resistance
travel in a segment of a highway: ∑ui = sum of all spot speed v = design speed in m/s
g = 9.81 m/sec2
R  A100,000,000
n = no. of vehicles

ADT  N  365  L  Rate of flow

A = number of accidents during period of analysis q = rate of flow in q

vehicles/hour
= k Us e
ADT = average daily traffic k = density in vehicles/km
N = time period in years Us = space mean speed in kph 1m
L = length of segment in miles
 Minimum Time Headway (hrs) = 1/q 2. Centrifugal Ratio (CR) or Impact Factor (IF)
 Accident rates per million entering vehicles in an
intersection:  Spacing of vehicles (km) = 1/k CR or IF
 v2
gR
R  A1,000,000  Peak hour factor (PHF) = q / qmax
v = design speed of car in m/s
ADT  N  365 g = 9.81 m/sec2
A = number of accidents during period of analysis  Capacity of a Single Lane in vehicles/hour R = radius of curvature in meters
ADT = the average daily traffic entering the intersection CR or IF = e + f = F / W
from all legs S = Vt + L
N = time period in years
S = average center to center spacing of cars HIGHWAY SAFETY AND ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
 Severity ratio (S.R.) (m) V = average speed of cars (m/s)
t = reaction time (sec.) Problem 1:
L = length of one car (m) A 20 km stretch of a highway had the following reported
fatal(f)  injury(i) accidents:
SR  fatal(f)  injury(i)  propertydamage(p) C = 1000(𝑉) YEAR FATAL INJURY PROPERTY ADT
𝑆 DAMAGE
C = capacity of a single lane (veh/hr) 1991 4 42 110 1000
V = average speed (kph) 1992 2 54 210 1200
 Space Mean Speed of vehicle (us) 1993 5 60 182 1250
1994 7 74 240 1300
DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE 1995 6 94 175 1350
 d n
US
US  1  1. Min. radius of curvature: a. Find the severity ratio.
t 
v2 b. Determine the rate of injury accidents.
 Ui  R c. Compute the rate of total accidents.
 Time Mean Speed (Ut)
ge  f 
d 
Ui
US 
US  t n n
Problem 2: VEHICLE TIME (min.)
Five vehicles were traversing a 2-km highway and the 1 1.8
following data were taken: 2 1.4
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Civil Engineering November Review Innovations Transportation Engineering 1
2020 3 1.6 Problems for Practice:
4 1.5 1. There are 5 vehicles passing a certain point on the
5 1.3 observation road in a period of 20 seconds.
Vehicle Spot Speed (kph)
a. Find the density of traffic in vehicles/km. 1 34.20
b. Find the space mean in kph. 2 42.40
c. Compute the time mean speed in kph. 3 46.30
4 41.10
Problem 3: 5 43.40
The table shows a 15-minute volume counts during the Compute the density of traffic per length of roadway in
peak hour on an approach of an intersection. vehicles/km.
TIME VOLUME OF TRAFFIC Answer: 21.92 vehicles/km
6:00 – 6:15 PM 375
6:15 – 6:30 PM 380 2. Six vehicles are observed in a 200 m section of a
6:30 – 6:45 PM 412 highway. If the average time headway is 4 seconds,
6:45 – 7:00 PM 390 determine the space mean speed in kph.
Answer: 30 kph
a. Determine the Peak Hour Volume (PHV).
b. Compute the Peak Hour Factor (PHF). Situation 1:
c. Find the Design Hourly Volume (DHV) of the In a certain portion of a highway, the recorded Peak
approach. Hour Factor (PHF) during rush hour is 0.90.
The highest 5-minute volume is 250 vehicles and the
DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL CURVE space mean speed is 90 kph.
Problem 4: 3. Find the volume of traffic in vehicles per hour.
A car having a weight of 40 KN is moving at a certain 4. Find the density of traffic in vehicles per km.
speed around the curve. Assuming no lateral pressure 5. Find the spacing of vehicles in meters.
between the tire and pavement and considering a Answers: 2700 veh/hr
centrifugal ratio of 0.30. 30 veh/km
a. Compute the force that will tend to pull the car away 33.33 m
from the center of the curve.
b. If the degree of curve is 40 determine the maximum Situation 2:
speed that the car could move around the curve. The speed of a car moving on a single lane is 60 kph. If
c. Compute the angle of embankment to be provided for the length of the car is 4.2 m and the value of the reaction
this speed if the skid resistance is 0.12. time is 0.7 sec.,
6. Compute the average center to center spacing of cars in
meters.
7. Determine the capacity of the single lane in vehicles
per hour.
8. Compute the average density of traffic in vehicles per
km.
Answers: 15.87 m
3780.72 veh/hr
63.01 veh/km

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