Lecture # 5, 6 & 7

ENGINEERING DRAWING
& GRAPHICS

(Projection Methods)
Course code: 115206
Instructors: Dr. Bilal Ahmad
Mr. Behram Khan
Mr. Farhan Shareef

Institute of
Space Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering
Contents of today’s lecture:

 Introduction to Projection Method.

 Orthographic projections.
 Glass Box Approach.
 First and Third Angle Orthographic Projection.
 Second and Fourth Angle Orthographic
Projection.
Introduction to Projection Method
Introduction to Projection Method
PROJECTION METHOD

Perspective Parallel

Oblique Orthographic

Axonometric Multiview
Introduction to Projection Method
Drawings
(Some Types)

Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Drawings Zoological Drawings
(creatures, animals etc.) Engineering Drawings
( maps etc.) (projections.)

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections
Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)
(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms)
or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
(Working Drawings 2-D type)
Introduction to Projection Method
Projection based drawing
It is a technical drawing in which different views of an object
are projected on different reference planes observing
perpendicular to respective reference plane
Different reference planes are
• Horizontal plane (HP),
• Vertical frontal plane (VP)
• Side or profile plane (PP)

Different views are front view (FV), top view (TV) and side
view (SV)

FV is a view projected on VP
TV is a view projected on HP
SV is a view projected on PP
Introduction to Projection Method
Projection theory

The projection theory is used to graphically represent

3-D objects on 2-D media (paper, computer screen).

The projection theory is based on two variables:

• Line of sight
• Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
Introduction to Projection Method
Line of sight
Line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and Converge (perspective)
Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
Introduction to Projection Method
Plane of projection
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane which the image is
created. The image is produced by connecting the points where the
LOS pierces the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection
Introduction to Projection Method
Disadvantage of Perspective Projection

Perspective projection is not

used by engineer for
manufacturing of parts, because
1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
shape and size.
Width is distorted
Orthographic Projections
Orthographic Projections
Definition

Orthographic projection is a parallel projection technique in which the

parallel lines of sight are perpendicular to the projection plane.

Object views from top

1

2
1 5 2 3 4

5
3

Projection plane
Orthographic Projections

Another definition of Orthographic Projections

Orthographic Projections are a collection of 2-D drawings

that work together to give an accurate overall representation
of an object.
 Orthographic Projections
Orthographic View
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object to
the line of sight.
Rotate
Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt

More than one view is needed

to represent the object.

Multiview drawing
Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
Orthographic Projections
Orthographic View
Orthographic projection technique can produce either

1. Multiview drawing
that each view show an object in two dimensions.

2. Axonometric drawing
that show all three dimensions of an object in one view.

Both drawing types are used in technical drawing for

communication.
Orthographic Projections
Axonometric (Isometric) Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric

drawing

Circular hole
becomes
ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse

angle.
Orthographic Projections
Multiview Drawing

Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view

drawing)
Orthographic Projections
Which Views to Present?

General Guidelines
• Pick a Front View that is most descriptive of object.
• Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the width
(or depth).
• Most common combination of views is to use:
– Front
– Top
– Side View
Orthographic Projections
Defining the Six Principal
Views or Orthographic Views:
Orthographic Projections
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Steps:

• Place the object in a glass box.

• Freeze the view from each direction (each

of the six sides of the box) and unfold the
box.
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
Glass Box Approach
First and Third Angle Orthographic
Projections
First and Third Angle Projections

Third-angle Projection

First-angle Projection
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
Glass Box Approach

Use 3rd angle projection to draw mutiviews of Locating

Stand shown in in Figure.
Types of Planes Planes

PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP

AUXILIARY PLANES

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.V.P.
 to Hp &  to Vp


PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
This is a pictorial set-up of all three planes. Arrow direction is a normal way of
observing the object. However, only VP and a view on it (FV) can be seen in this
direction. The other planes and views on those can not be seen.

Procedure to solve above problem:-

To make those planes also visible from the arrow direction,
a) HP is rotated 900 downward
b) PP, 900 in right side direction.
This way both planes are brought in the same plane containing vp.

VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV

HP

Actual pattern of planes & views of

HP is rotated downward 900 and PP is rotated in right side 900 and orthographic projections drawn in first angle
brought in the plane of VP. brought in the plane of VP. method of projections
 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( FV above X-y, TV below X-y ) ( TV above X-y, FV below X-y )
Symbolic presentation of both
methods with an object
standing on HP ( ground) on
it’s base. TV
FV

X Y X Y

FV
TV
G L
 First Angle Projection For t.V.

In this method, the object is

assumed to be situated in
first quadrant means above
HP & in front of VP.

Object is in between
observer & plane.

VP PP
FV LSV
x y
TV
HP

Actual pattern of Planes & views in

First angle method
of projections
 FOR T.V.
1

Orthographic projections

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

x y

Pictorial presentation is given TOP VIEW

Draw three views of this object
By first angle projection method
 FOR T.V.
2

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 FOR T.V.
3

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
 4
FOR T.V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

X Y

TOP VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
First Angle Projection
First Angle Projection
First Angle Projection: The Unfolded Glass box
Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection: The Unfolded glassbox
Second and Fourth Angle Orthographic
Projections
Second and Fourth Angle
Orthographic Projections

• For a projection of a point in Second or Fourth quadrant,

both front and top views lie above XY line in case of
Second quadrant and lie below in case of Fourth
quadrant.
• This happens because of the rotation of HP clockwise
direction which is a fundamental procedure to obtain top
view for better visualization.
Second and Fourth Angle
Orthographic Projections
 Any Questions?

Institute of
Department of
Space Technology Mechanical Engineering