Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (IJEEEMI)

Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal eISSN: 2656-8632

Manuscript received November 10, 2020; revised March 3, 2021; accepted April 21, 2021; date of publication April 28, 2021
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1109/IJEEEMI.v1.i1.1
This work is an open-access article and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Comparative Analysis of Water and Oil Media

on Temperature Stability in PID Control-Based
Digital Thermometer Calibrator
Mohchammad Sofyan1, Andjar Pudji2, and Syaifudin.3
1, 2, 3
Jurusan Teknik Elektromedis Politeknik Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Surabaya
Jalan Pucang Jajar Timur Nomor 10, Surabaya, 60245, Indonesia

E-mail: #sofyanmochammad17@gmail.com, andjar.pudji@gmail.com, nyong74@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT A digital thermometer is a measuring instrument needed to perform temperature

measurement actions, and must be calibrated regularly according to standard measurement methods. The
purpose of developing this tool is to add PID control to the calibration media where the PID control aims to
regulate the stability of the temperature setting to be achieved. This is achieved by studying and evaluating
the effect of temperature stability on the heater and temperature sensor LM35DZ. This study uses the
Arduino Nano system for data processing and controlling the PID system and the LM35DZ temperature
sensor on the heater which is regulated by the 2 Channel SSR module using the PID system then the
temperature generated by the heater will be read by the LM35DZ and displayed on the LCD. In this study,
the measurement of the digital thermometer calibrator was successfully carried out by comparing 3 digital
thermometers with different brands, namely Omron 343F, Omron 245 and ThermoOne. The error value in
oil media is 3-4% and in water media 2-4% with time stability values in water media for 3-3.3 minutes and
on oil media for 1-2 hours. This comparison of calibration media is expected to help in temperature
measurement with better and more effective results.

INDEX TERMS Thermometer, PID, Temperature, LM35DZ, Heater.

I. INTRODUCTION thermometers, and six-bellani thermometers. The

Currently, many digital thermometer calibrators based on
infrared or temperature sensors have been made [1], [2].
However, the design of this thermometer calibrator only uses
water or dry media in the form of Dry Block / Dry Well
Calibrator with temperature variations of -350C to 1650C.
Making a thermometer calibrator by comparing the use of
water and palm oil as a medium is important to know the
collegial properties and concentration of the solution so that
digital thermometer calibration can be carried out effectively
and accurately. Temperature is a measure of the degree of
cold or heat of an object to determine the amount of
temperature a measuring instrument is needed, namely a
thermometer [3], [4]. Examples of thermometers used, such
as room thermometers, laboratory thermometers, clinical
thermometer has a time period and accuracy value to be
declared suitable for use [5]. To get optimal measurement
results, the thermometer really needs to be calibrated [6].
There are several media that can be used in the process of
calibrating a thermometer [7]. Calibration is an activity to
determine the conventional truth of the value of measuring
instruments and measuring materials by comparing them to
traceable measuring standards to national and international
standards for units of measure and/or international and
certified reference materials. [8].
In 1997, Andrew C. Germanow et al.,
designed a thermometer calibrator where
the tip of the thermometer is clamped with
a thermostat heating medium, when the hot
temperature is reached the tool will turn off
automatically, the drawback of this

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Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (IJEEEMI)
Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal
research is that there is no display of
temperature achievement on the tool
making it difficult to compare. the results
of temperature measurements on calibrated
tools and thermometers [9]. In 2014 Min
Zhang et al., designed a measurement
system to reduce temperature fluctuations
in thermostats for thermocouple calibration
by applying heat conduction theory
periodically. The purpose of this research is
to obtain a liquid environment and obtain a
controlled constant temperature for
thermocouple calibration measurements.
The experimental results show that the
temperature stability in this measurement
system is superior to that of the traditional
multipoint thermocouple system, which can
be calibrated simultaneously and the
acquisition and control of data is automatic,
the drawback of this research is that the
instrument is only used for thermocouple
calibration and has not been developed for
thermometer calibration [10]. In 2015,
Hohmann, M., Marin, S., Schalles, M., et
al. made a calibrator Dry Block Calibrator
with increased internal temperature
homogeneity in the field was developed for
the range from room temperature to 6000C
to overcome the main problem of
conventional Dry Block Calibrator which is
an axial temperature gradient which is
divided into three parts which has a heat
flux sensor between the parts and the
calibration results are strongly influenced
by geometry and testing of the thermal
properties of the thermometer with an
internal reference to control the absolute
value of the temperature [2]. In this design,
only dry media is used. In 2019, Handayani
designed a body temperature thermometer
calibration media with an Arduino-based
DS18B20 sensor. In the design of the tool,
it only uses a dry heater so that the error
value on the display of the tool against the
comparison thermometer is high [11].
Ardelina, et al. also made an Arduino-
based Dryblock digital thermometer
calibrator using a dry heater and an LM35
temperature sensor so that the error value
on the display of the device was set to high
[12]. According to the author, the spread of
heater heat through the air is less than
optimal due to loose air particles that affect
heat propagation. In 2020, Ardelina et al.
developed his research by designing a
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digital thermometer calibrator using water
media based on PID control and on / off to
assist in routinely checking the body's
digital thermometer according to standards
before or after use at certain intervals. The
design of this calibrator consists of a heater
circuit with water media and an LM35
temperature sensor circuit. This study
shows the design of a digital thermometer
calibrator using water media with the
smallest correction value using PID
control, namely 0.1%[13]. Avilia et al. also
made a design of a PID control-based body
thermometer calibrator by evaluating the
temperature stability of the calibrator media
currently used to respond to the relatively
long time to achieve a stable temperature.
This study uses the Arduino system as data
processing, using the PID system as a
temperature controller on the Peltier
element, the DS18B20 sensor as a
temperature sensor and LCD as a display.
The measurement according to the
Calibration Working Method has a
correction value of 0.07% and the
thermometer can be calibrated when the
temperature stabilizes after 2 minutes. It
can be concluded that the PID control is
suitable to be used as a temperature
stability control on the thermometer
calibrator [14]. However, in this study there
was no other media as a comparison.
Based on the description of the literature
study above, there are several things that
need to be resolved through a study,
including: 1) Use of calibrator media which
will affect the time to achieve temperature
regulation 2) PID control for temperature
stability. Therefore, in this study, a
comparison analysis of water and oil media
will be carried out on a digital thermometer
calibrator based on PID control with the
aim of comparing the calibration media,
which is expected to assist in checking and
getting better and more effective results.
The use of this design is more effective
because it has advantages in terms of 1)
Knowing the effect of the properties of
each calibration medium on the time of
achieving a stable temperature according to
the temperature setting 2) Knowing the
effectiveness of PID control for
temperature stability.
This article consists of 5 parts, part II
contains the methods and developments
1
Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (IJEEEMI)
Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal eISSN: 2656-8632

that will be carried out, Part III, is the C. The Flowchart

results obtained in this study, Part IV is a
discussion of the findings, and Part V is a
conclusion.
II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
A. Experimental Setup
This research uses three Thermometer brands Omron 343F,
Omron 245, and ThermoOne. Measurements in the
temperature setting range of 370C – 410C. Data were
collected 5 times repeatedly on oil and water media.
The workings of the flow chart Figure 2 above when the tool
is turned on the program will initialize the LCD and the PID
control starts running according to the temperature setting
driver. When the heater driver has reached the set
temperature, the Analog voltage from the temperature sensor
reading is converted into a digital voltage and processed on
the Arduino ADC to be converted into binary numbers so
that it can be displayed in the form of numbers on the LCD
according to the measured temperature.
Begin
LCD Initialization

1) Materials and Tools

Temperature Setting
In this study, the design of the tool uses the LM35DZ sensor
as a temperature sensor, and uses a heater as a heater in water
and oil media. Arduino Nano Microcontroller IC is used to ADC Reading

convert analog signals to digital and control system tools.

Temperature
Conversion
2) Trial
No
In this study, after the design of the tool was completed, the
temperature response was tested using the PID control Temperature
system. Data collection was carried out at a temperature = setting
setting of 370C – 410C then compared the temperature
measurements on 3 Omron 343F, Omron 245, and
ThermoOne brand thermometers. The time for reaching the LCD Display
setting and stable temperature on oil and water media was Temprature
measured using a stopwatch.
END
B. DIAGRAM BLOCK
When the power supply switch is turned on, the entire circuit Figure 2. The Flowchart
will be active. Users can choose the temperature setting in
the temperature range of 370C – 410C. In this system, there D. CIRCUIT
are two chambers for water and oil media equipped with an
LM35DZ temperature sensor. The LM35DZ temperature 1) Driver Heater
sensor will change the voltage according to the measured The Heater Driver circuit consists of an SSR (Solid State
temperature, and will process the ADC data on the Arduino Relay) Module and a heater. SSR is an electromechanical
Nano. The digital data is then displayed on a 16x2 character switch that is semi-conductor with an output circuit that
LCD. When the setting temperature has not been reached, the adopts thyristir and high-power transistors to connect and
heater driver remains on and vice versa when the temperature disconnect the load current. The SSR module used in this
has been reached, the heater driver will turn off. The working circuit is a 2 Channel SSR Module using a 5VDC voltage
system of the tool as shown in Figure 1. which can be used to control 240VAC to activate the heater
as shown in Figure 3.

LCD
Setting Arduino
Character
Temperature Nano
16x2

Temperature
Sensors Driver Heater Heater
LM35DZ

Figure 1. Diagram Blok System

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Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (IJEEEMI)
Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal eISSN: 2656-8632

Figure 3. Driver Heater Circuit if (set_value_up == LOW){

delay(200);
2) Temperature Sensor setpoint_suhu += 0.5;
The design of the tool uses the LM35DZ Sensor as a }
temperature sensor whose output voltage is directly if (set_value_down == LOW){
proportional to the temperature in degrees Celsius. The delay(200);
temperature sensor circuit as shown in Figure 4 consists of an setpoint_suhu -= 0.5;
LM35DZ and a resistor. if (setpoint_suhu < 37){
setpoint_suhu = 41;
}
if (setpoint_suhu > 41){
setpoint_suhu = 37;

2) Listing Program PID

Figure 4. Temperature Sensor Circuit
III. RESULT
This device uses Arduino Nano microcontroller for data
processing, LM35DZ Sensor module, Heater Driver
consisting of SSR and Heater. The LM35DZ sensor is used
to display time data as X axis on a graph. While on the Y
axis shows the temperature of the sensor readings. This can
be seen in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Digital Thermometer Calibrator Device Design
A.  Digital Thermometer Calibrator Device Design
Figure 5 shows the components used in the module design.
The analog part consists of the Heater Driver and the
LM35DZ Sensor. The digital part consists of the Arduino
Nano microcontroller which is the main board of the ECG
module and a LCD16x2 character.
B. Result Digital Thermometer Calibrator Device
Program
In this paper, the program is divided into two parts, namely
for programming Temperature Settings and PID.
1) Listing Program Setting Suhu
Listing temperature setting program as in Listing Program 1.
Program listing 1. Temperature Setting Program
The listing program for PID functions for temperature
control in water and oil media is shown in Listing Program 2.
Program listing 2. PID program
if (menu == 1){
PID_eror_1 = setpoint_suhu1 - suhu_1;
PID_eror_2 = setpoint_suhu2 - suhu_2;
if (suhu_1 <= setpoint_suhu){
PID_P_1 = 0.01 * KP_1 * PID_eror_1;
PID_I_1 = 0.01 * PID_I_1 + (KI_1 * PID_eror_1);
timePrev_1 = Time_1;
Time_1 = millis();
elapsedTime_1 = (Time_1 - timePrev_1) / 1000;
PID_D_1 = 0.01 * KD_1 * ((PID_eror_1 -
previous_eror_1)/elapsedTime_1);
PID_1 = PID_P_1 + PID_I_1 + PID_D_1;
if (PID_1 < 0){
PID_1 = 0;
} if (PID_1 > 255) {
PID_1 = 255; }
if (suhu_2 <= setpoint_suhu){
PID_P_2 = 0.01 * KP_2 * PID_eror_2;
PID_I_2 = 0.01 * PID_I_2 + (KI_2 * PID_eror_2);
timePrev_2 = Time_2;
Time_2 = millis();
elapsedTime_2 = (Time_2 - timePrev_2) / 1000;
PID_D_2 = 0.01 * KD_2 * ((PID_eror_2 -
previous_eror_2)/elapsedTime_2);
PID_2 = PID_P_2 + PID_I_2 + PID_D_2;
if(PID_2 < 0){
PID_2 = 0;
} if(PID_2 > 255){
PID_2 = 255;
}
C. RESULT MEASUREMENT
1) Temperature Measurement in Oil and Water Media
PID data that has been processed from Arduino can be
displayed on the telemetry viewer. The data displayed is a
graph of stability and the time the temperature setting is
reached on oil (t_temperature 1) and water (t_temperature 2)
media. Figure 6 shows the results of the comparison of

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Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (IJEEEMI)
Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal eISSN: 2656-8632

temperature measurements at the 370C temperature setting on 343F

the oil medium, adjusting the temperature setting with the T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2
sampling rate to 47500, which is for 75 minutes. While the 37 2% 4% 2% 4% 4% 5% 4% 2%
38 3% 4% 3% 4% 4% 4% 3% 5%
water medium is still stable according to the temperature
39 3% 4% 3% 4% 2% 4% 4% 4%
setting of 370C. 40 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 2% 4% 4%
41 3% 2% 3% 2% 2% 4% 3% 3%

1) Measurement of Stable Temperature

Achievement Time According to
Temperature Settings

The length of time for achieving a stable temperature at a

temperature setting of 370C - 410C was measured using a
stopwatch and is shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the
variation in the length of time for achieving a stable
temperature measured on oil (T1) medium of about 1 - 1.3
hours and water (T2) with length of time 3 - 3.3 minutes. The
Figure 6. Temperature Measurement Chart on Telemetry Viewer time to achieve a stable temperature in oil media is longer
than in water media.
1) Measurement Error Value
The measurement data collection for the device function test Table 4. Stable Temperature Reach Time
was carried out 5 times and repeated up to 3 times according Time
to the BPFK calibration standard. Tables 1, 2, and 3 show the Setting
T1 T2
error values for each measurement according to the Temp.
(hours) (minute)
temperature setting from 370C - 410C on the LCD display 37 1.2 3.3
and the Omron 343F, Omron 245, and ThermoOne calibrated 38 2 3
thermometers. The highest error value in the measurement is 39 1.2 3.3
5% of the TermoOne thermometer reading with oil media is 40 1 3
shown in Table 3 and the lowest is 2% on LCD, Omron 41 1.3 3.3
343F, Omron 245, and ThermoOne thermometers on water
and oil media in Tables 1, 2, and 3. IV. DISCUSSION
When the author's module was tested according to the
Table 1. Measurement Error Value 1 BPFK calibration measurement procedure and compared
Error 1 using three calibrated digital thermometers, namely the
Setting Omron Omron 343f, Omron 245, and Thermo One brands and the
LCD Omron 245 ThermoOne
Temp. 343F results of the error value when measuring on water media
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 were less than ±2% and on oil media, namely ± 5%. The
37 3% 4% 3% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% average time for achieving a stable temperature on oil media
38 3% 4% 3% 4% 4% 4% 3% 4% with a certain temperature setting is 1.3 hours and on water
39 3% 4% 3% 4% 3% 4% 4% 4% media 3.2 minutes. Error values can occur due to several
40 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 2% 4% 4% things such as differences in the properties of substances in
41 3% 4% 3% 4% 3% 4% 3% 4% oil and water media so that there are differences in the heat
propagation process from the heater and the length of time
Table 2. Measurement Error Value 2 for achieving a stable temperature according to the
Error 2 temperature setting. The mechanical design that the author
Setting Omron made for this research is to use a heater with the same power
Temp.
LCD Omron 245 ThermoOne
343F to heat water and oil media. The size of the chamber
T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 T1 T2 (container) in the design of the tool for water and oil media is
37 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 2% the same. The characteristics of the sensor to measure the
38 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 5% temperature in water and oil media are using LM35DZ and
39 3% 4% 3% 4% 2% 4% 4% 4% each is controlled using a PID system. The use of oil as a
40 3% 4% 3% 4% 2% 2% 4% 4% calibration medium takes a longer time to reach a stable
41 3% 2% 3% 2% 4% 4% 3% 3%
temperature compared to water media.
Table 3. Measurement Error Value 3 The performance of this tool has been compared with the
Setting Error 2 design of a digital thermometer calibrator using water media
Temp. LCD Omron Omron 245 ThermoOne based on PID and On/Off control by Ardelina Ramadhani et

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Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (IJEEEMI)
Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal eISSN: 2656-8632

al, which only uses one calibration medium, namely water Kesehatan.” p. 2015, 2015.
and has not measured the time for achieving a stable [6] B. P. Monitors et al., Inspection and
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Rahayu, and I. sari Ratu, “Kalibrasi,”
V. CONCLUSION
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